Novartis Pharma GmbH, Nürnberg,
1 Rheumatology, Benjamin Franklin University Hospital, Berlin,
2 Institute for Pharmacology, Regensburg and
3 German Rheumatology Research Centre, Berlin, Germany
SIR, In active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) the greatest increase in joint destruction is found in the first and second years of the disease course [1]. Therefore, it has become a primary goal to suppress and even stop inflammation in RA as early as possible [2]. Methotrexate (MTX) is currently regarded as the disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) with the best efficacy in relation to its toxicity. However, in about half of all RA patients MTX does not suppress inflammation sufficiently. In these patients, combinations of different DMARDs and combinations of DMARDs with glucocorticoids are used increasingly and successfully [35]. The aim of our study was to assess the efficacy of adding cyclosporin A (Cs) to the treatment of early RA patients without previous DMARD or steroid treatment who did not respond sufficiently to a high dose of parenteral MTX combined with a moderate dose of glucocorticoids given for 8 weeks.
Twenty-six patients (17 females, nine males; mean age 46 yr, range 4174 yr; 58% were positive for rheumatoid factor) fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA [6] with a disease duration of less than 2 yr (median disease duration 11 months, range 323 months) were treated daily for 8 weeks with MTX 15 mg intramuscularly and oral prednisolone (Pred) 20 mg initially, the dose being tapered to 5 mg over the 8-week period. The modified disease activity score (DAS) (28-joint count) was used to monitor disease activity [7]. All patients had active disease at study entry, as indicated by a DAS >4 [mean (S.D.) DAS 6.21 (0.81)].
Thirteen of the 26 patients (50%) responded to 15 mg MTX in combination with steroid treatment after 8 weeks. In these 13 patients, the DAS declined significantly from a pretreatment value [mean (S.D.)] of 6.17 (0.88) to 2.48 (0.80) (P<0.001) after 8 weeks. No serious side-effects were observed during the 6 months after the start of the study.
Thirteen patients (50%) were regarded as non-responders after 8 weeks (DAS decreased by less than 1.2 and was still above 4 after treatment) [DAS before treatment, 6.24 (0.8); DAS after treatment, 6.0 (10)]. These patients were then randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive additional treatment with Cs in capsules (starting at 2.5 mg/kg body weight and increasing to 3.5 mg/kg; n=7) or placebo (n=6), starting 8 weeks after the beginning of MTX/Pred treatment. The Cs dose was increased after 4 weeks if there was no improvement in the DAS (change in DAS less than 1.2) and if no side-effects had occurred. There were no differences between the Cs and placebo groups regarding age, sex, disease duration and rheumatoid factor positivity. In the patients treated with Cs, the DAS had improved significantly from 6.2 (1.1) to 4.0 (1.6) (P=0.018; MannWhitney U-test) 6 months after the start of the study (Fig. 1A). No significant improvement was found in the placebo group [DAS before treatment 5.6 (0.9), after treatment 5.1 (1.3)] (Fig. 1B
). When the differences before and after treatment were compared between the two groups, the Cs group showed a significantly greater change (decrease of 2.2 in DAS) than the placebo group (decrease of 0.5) (P<0.05; t-test).
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There are few reports on the aggressive treatment of RA patients with early disease [810]. To control disease activity effectively, combination therapy has been used both as a step-up [3] and a step-down [8] treatment. In our study, we started with a high dose of MTX and used it in combination with a steroid; steroids have an immediate effect and are regarded as bridging therapy. Disease activity was reduced in about 50% of our patients with early RA, from DAS 6.17 to 2.48, which comes close to remission. Thus, 50% of the patients would have been overtreated if they had been started with a step-down protocol.
To avoid delay in the suppression of inflammation, Cs was added after 8 weeks in patients in whom treatment had failed. Cs has been used in previous combination treatment studies only in patients with long-standing RA [3]. Our study investigated for the first time the application of Cs in a step-up protocol for patients with early RA. Although the two groups who failed to respond to MTX/Pred alone contained only small numbers of patients, our data indicate that such an approach can be used and is effective. The main side-effects of Cs treatment are arterial hypertension and deterioration of renal function. In our study only one patient had to stop Cs treatment because of hypertension. No other side-effects were observed.
Recently, it has been demonstrated that the new biologicals that inhibit TNF- can stop the progression of disease nearly completely [11]. However, the general use of such treatments is hampered both by their high cost and by lack of knowledge about long-term side-effects. Therefore other, cheaper treatments have to be used as the first-line therapy, and only if they fail does the use of anti-TNF-
seem to be justified at present. The treatment protocol investigated in this study is one option.
Notes
Correspondence to: J. Sieper, Rheumatology, Medizinische Klinik I, University Hospital Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany.
References