Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Nord UPRES EA 3409, 125 route de Stalingrad, 93009 Bobigny Cedex,
1 Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, avenue de Magellan, 33604 Pessac Cedex,
2 Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de Lagny, Marne-la-Vallée, 31 avenue du Général-Leclerc, 77405 Lagny Cedex and
3 Department of Pathology, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Nord, 125 route de Stalingrad, 93009 Bobigny Cedex, France
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Abstract |
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Methods. We describe two patients who developed CSS after starting treatment with montelukast, a new antileukotriene drug.
Results. Both patients presented with CSS after 45 months of treatment with montelukast. Neither patient received long-term systemic steroids for asthma, but both were on inhaled steroids. One patient had a myocardial involvement and experienced a stroke. Our two patients were treated with systemic steroids and cyclophosphamide.
Conclusions. CSS does not appear to relate to steroid tapering in our patients. The other hypotheses are a coincidence or a direct adverse effect of the antileukotriene. Long-term data on these drugs are lacking and leukotriene's role in vasculitis remains to be elucidated.
KEY WORDS: ChurgStrauss syndrome, Montelukast.
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Introduction |
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Case reports |
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In September 2000, the patient was hospitalized because of further deterioration of his clinical symptoms, general weakness, persistent fever and chest pain. The physical examination detected neither wheezes nor rhonchi. Cardiovascular, abdominal, neurological, joint and cutaneous examinations were normal. The patient had bilateral temporal headaches; the temporal arteries were palpable and not indurated. Laboratory findings were a white blood cell count of 16.6x109/l with 6.8x109 eosinophils, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 116 mm/1st h and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration 27 mg/l. The chest X-ray showed bilateral basal interstitial infiltrates, which were also seen on computed tomography (CT) scanning. The patient underwent fibre-optic bronchoscopy with endobronchial biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). The bronchial biopsy showed interstitial inflammatory infiltration with lymphocytes, neutrophils and a few eosinophils. The BAL fluid was consistent with this finding. Testing for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) was negative.
A diagnosis of CSS was advanced; oral prednisone (1 mg/kg/day) was started and generated rapid improvement. Blood gases improved and the eosinophil count decreased. The patient underwent a temporal artery biopsy because of temporal headaches. Histological examination of the temporal artery showed severe occlusion of the lumen surrounded by a granuloma comprising a lymphocyte infiltrate in the internal lamina elastica, which was slightly fragmented; no giant cells, eosinophils or necrosis were seen. The histological changes indicated an organized thrombus complicating non-giant cell temporal arteritis.
The disease was well controlled with systemic steroids but corticosteroid dependence became evident during tapering at 5 months and asthma recurred. Cyclophosphamide was added 1 month later to facilitate steroid sparing.
Case 2
A 50-yr-old man with a history of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension had been followed for asthma and recurrent sinusitis for 5 yr. In 1998, he underwent nasal meatotomy; the sinus mucosa was diffusely oedematous with associated 20% eosinophil infiltration. For 2 yr the patient received maintenance therapy consisting of inhaled salmeterol and fluticasone. Asthma flares were treated with short-term betamethasone. In June 2000, the patient experienced a more severe and more prolonged asthma exacerbation that required a 10-day course of betamethasone. At that time, montelukast (10 mg/day) was started. In October 2000, he had lost 12 kg over 3 months and presented with asthenia, fever of 38.5°C and dysaesthesias of the lower limbs. He had stage III dyspnoea. Physical examination detected bilateral and diffuse wheezes and rhonchi. He had bilateral hypo-aesthesia of the lower limbs and ankle reflexes were absent. Laboratory findings were a white blood cell count of 21x109/l with 9.66x109/l eosinophils, ESR 55 mm/1st h, CRP 85 mg/l, fibrin 6.4 g/l, normal creatinine, microscopic haematuria and proteinuria (0.9 g/24 h). Chest X-ray showed bilateral interstitial infiltrates. Fibre-optic bronchoscopy was normal. BAL fluid contained 775 000 cells/ml with 30% eosinophils. An electromyogram showed axonal demyelination polyneuropathy. A neuromuscular biopsy showed severe axonal involvement. Testing for ANCA was negative.
These clinical findings were consistent with a diagnosis of CSS. Montelukast was discontinued and the patient was given an intravenous bolus of 750 mg methylprednisolone, after which he developed acute pulmonary oedema. An ECG showed left atrial hypertrophy and negative T waves. An echocardiogram showed ventricular hypokinesia. This severe congestive heart failure was treated successfully with diuretics. A few days later, he experienced a confusional state with anosognosia and right lateral homonymous hemianopsia. Cerebral CT scanning and magnetic resonance imaging detected an ischaemic stroke in the left posterior cerebral artery region with haemorrhage. Oral prednisone (1 mg/kg/day) was given and the patient improved. The confusional state disappeared but the peripheral neurological disorders persisted. Three months later, at the time of steroid tapering, respiratory symptoms deteriorated. Immunosuppressive therapy combining cyclophosphamide and steroids was prescribed and the patient improved.
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Discussion |
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The role of leukotrienes in asthma has been suspected for many years [12]. The cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4) have proinflammatory actions, including contraction of the smooth muscles of the airways, increased vascular permeability and mucus secretion, and inflammatory cell infiltration of lung tissue [13]. LTB4 has been found to be a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils and eosinophils [13].
Developed to treat asthma, the antileukotriene drugs zafirlukast, pranlukast and montelukast are selective competitive antagonists of cysteinyl leukotriene receptors, and zileuton, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, inhibits the synthesis of LTB4 and the cysteinyl leukotrienes. Antileukotriene drugs may have a steroid-sparing effect, similar to that of salmeterol and theophylline, and may become the best type of drug to combine with inhaled steroids to treat asthma [14]. Leukotriene antagonists are safe and well tolerated in most patients [14]. The most common adverse effects are mild abdominal pain and headaches. Nevertheless, the manufacturers' post-marketing surveillance and several authors [110] have reported cases of CSS following antileukotriene treatment.
Most cases of antileukotriene-induced CSS have been reported in association with zafirlukast [14]. In early 1998, another leukotriene receptor blocker, montelukast, became available. Although its chemical structure differs from that of zafirlukast, several cases of CSS have been reported in association with it [510] and one case associated with pranlukast [15]. The clinical features of the disease are consistent with typical CSS. Most patients have a history of multiple asthma attacks, occurring from 3 days to 9 months after starting treatment (Table 1).
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Because some cases of antileukotriene-associated CSS have occurred without concomitant oral steroid treatment, other mechanisms are probably involved. Moreover, tapering of oral steroids did not precede CSS in some patients [24, 68] and other patients, like our two patients, were not on oral steroids at the onset of CSS (Table 1). Indeed, one of our patients (patient 23 in Table 1
) had never taken oral steroids and our other patient (patient 24) received only short-term courses of betamethasone for asthma attacks, but both patients were on inhaled steroids. Even though some authors [19] have indicated that CSS can be masked by oral or inhaled steroids, on the basis of our two patients we think that inhaled steroids are not sufficient to prevent a flare of a non-diagnosed forme fruste of CSS.
Although the occurrence of CSS in patients treated with antileukotrienes might be coincidental, this hypothesis can be excluded because of the rarity of CSS, the increased number of cases reported after antileukotriene treatment [5] and the temporal relationship between antileukotriene treatment and systemic vasculitis. A hypersensitivity reaction to leukotriene antagonists is not likely because allergic vasculitides are more often leucocytoclastic than granulomatous. CSS has, nonetheless, been described following administration of macrolides [20], oestrogen replacement therapy [21] and carbamazepine [22]. Finally, the blockade of the cysteinyl leukotriene receptors could provoke an imbalance in leukotriene receptor stimulation, leading to an increase in circulating LTB4 [23]. This leukotriene is a strong chemoattractant for neutrophils and eosinophils [13] and could trigger an eosinophilic state, and thereby initiate vasculitic involvement. CSS has also been reported in association with zileuton (Food and Drug Administration, Freedom of Information Act, data on file, 1999 [5]), an inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase, which also blocks LTB4; this makes the LTB4 chemoattractant hypothesis less likely.
Respiratory symptoms recurred in both patients, as is often observed when steroids are tapered. This does not reflect, in the absence of concomitant extrapulmonary symptoms, the relapse of CSS. In leukotriene receptor antagonist-induced vasculitis, disease outcome is not different from that observed in other CSS patients, and the majority of patients recover and do not relapse. In case 1, non-giant-cell arteritis was observed on temporal artery biopsy. This biopsy site can be recommended for the diagnosis of necrotizing vasculitis, especially when biopsies of muscle or other organs are negative.
When the role of an antileukotriene is suspected in a patient with CSS, the drug should be withdrawn. However, it is not sufficient merely to control the disease, and steroids should be prescribed, in combination with cytotoxic agents when there are severe manifestations. The outcome of antileukotriene-induced CSS is usually favourable.
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Notes |
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References |
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