Great Ormond Street NHS Trust, London, Birmingham,
1 Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne,
2 Wexham Park Hospital, Slough and
3 Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University of Leeds, UK
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Abstract |
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Methods. A postal questionnaire was sent to all 92 members of the British Paediatric Rheumatology Group, representing 61 units providing a paediatric rheumatology service in the UK and Eire.
Results. Fifty-five replies were received representing a 60% completion rate of doctors and 84% of units on the mailing list. The majority of respondents were adult rheumatologists (n = 36, 65%) with 42% of respondents based in teaching hospitals. A median of 24 patients (new and follow-up, range 1225) were seen in a median of two paediatric rheumatology clinics (range 015) per month. Eighteen per cent of units had a dedicated adolescent clinic (n = 9) with a median of one clinic per month and a median number of new patients per month of two (range 024) and 10 review patients (432). All the adolescent clinics involved an adult rheumatologist with five having a paediatrician in clinic and four having access to a paediatrician. The majority of clinics involved a specialist registrar (n = 6), a nurse specialist (n = 6), an occupational therapist (n = 6) and a physiotherapist (n = 5). The majority of clinics had flexible entry and exit criteria. In seven clinics there was a standardized process of transfer, first discussed at a median age of 13 yr (range 1216) but no unit provided literature or organized pre-visits for this process. A demand for patient information resources (e.g. disease and drug information, careers) specifically aimed at adolescents with rheumatic diseases was identified. Generic health issues were only addressed by two clinics. Obstacles to current service provision and ideas for future developments were identified.
Conclusions. This survey identifies a heterogeneity of provision of healthcare for adolescents with rheumatic disease and highlights the potential for further research and development.
KEY WORDS: Adolescents, Young adults, Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Transition.
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Introduction |
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Transition has been defined as a multifaceted, active process that attends to the medical, psychosocial and educationalvocational needs of adolescents as they move from child-oriented to adult-oriented life-style and systems [11]. This movement includes the transition from school to work, from paediatric to adult healthcare systems and from family home to independent living in the community. Different models of transition for young people with chronic illness and disabilities have been described [1113] and there is emerging evidence that such transitional programmes are associated with positive outcomes, e.g. improved patient satisfaction [14], improved follow-up attendance rates [15], and improved disease control [16].
A key element in the development of transitional care services is knowledge of current practice. Hence, the adolescent subcommittee of the British Paediatric Rheumatology Group (BPRG) conducted a survey amongst members during 1998. The aim was to ascertain current provision of rheumatology services for adolescents and young adults in the transition years.
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Methods |
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Results |
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The majority of respondents were of consultant status (n = 49, 89%) and the majority were adult rheumatologists (n = 36, 65%) (Table 1). Twenty-three (42%) of these physicians were based in teaching hospitals serving local and regional populations and 30 (54%) were based in district general hospitals serving local populations and two (4%) had dual commitments.
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Current adolescent rheumatology practice
Of the 51 units who responded, nine had a dedicated adolescent clinic (18%) with two other units in the process of planning one (Table 2). Clinic environments were paediatric (n = 4) and adult (n = 5). Eight had a separate waiting area for adolescent patients. In the respondents' opinion, all were user friendly to young adults but only three to children.
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Table 3 details the personnel currently involved in the nine adolescent rheumatology clinics identified by this survey. Many of the existing adolescent clinics had formal contact and access to services including Young Arthritis Care (n = 6), careers advisors (n = 5), disabled employment advisors (n = 5), Lady Hoare Trust social workers (n = 4) and psychology (n = 5).
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Amongst the respondents with adolescent clinics, medical personnel felt the clinics were worthwhile and enhanced patient care with free text comments including: (They) encourage patient self-responsibility from a young age and the development of confidence and assertiveness. (They) facilitate a holistic approach with educational transitional plans for those who need them; (They) provided opportunity to explore the adolescent's concerns separate from the parent(s). In some clinics, the continuity of care provided by the same rheumatologist in the paediatric, adolescent and adult clinics was highlighted as a strength.
In units where there was no dedicated clinic, current provision for adolescent patients was varied and included shared care between paediatricians and adult rheumatologists in a paediatric adolescent unit and the support of a nurse specialist.
The survey invited suggestions to improve the development of adolescent rheumatology in the UK. There were 31 respondents whose comments are summarized in Table 5. Clearly there is enthusiasm to expand the current level of services and especially to increase patient educational resources and inter-agency liaisons.
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Discussion |
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The need for adolescent rheumatology services
The outcome of JIA into adulthood supports the need for continuity for care in the transitional period. At least one third of children with JIA continue to have active inflammatory disease into their adult years [68] and up to 60% of all patients continue to have some limitation of their activities of daily living [6, 810]. Furthermore, it has been shown that for many young people in the UK with chronic arthritis, unemployment is common and does not correlate with educational achievement or level of disability [8, 17].
Some critics would say that the numbers of patients do not justify the development of adolescent rheumatology. It was therefore interesting that whereas several respondents explained their lack of a dedicated adolescent clinic as due to limited demand, others reported the small size of the clinic as a strength in view of the transition needs of this patient population. Data from the BPRG diagnostic register show that 27.3% of incident cases of JIA develop their disease between the ages of 10 and 16 yr (P. Woo, personal communication). In a national healthcare need assessment, the presentation of several musculoskeletal diseases in the 1524 yr old age group was shown to be not uncommon [18]. Although for most patients the problems are self-limiting, for many the course becomes chronic and this has a major impact on resource planning for this age group. In summary, therefore, the development of transitional care services is justified both in our ability to respond and in terms of numbers of young people.
Transition process
The aims of transition are:
Acknowledging the above, the adolescent rheumatology clinic aims to facilitate the transition from the traditional paternalistic paediatric care to the typical adult general rheumatology clinic format where the patient is expected to take on more responsibility for their own healthcare. The process of transition is not clearly defined, although several different models have been proposed [11, 15]. Key elements of an effective transition programme in the UK have been proposed [3]
White stresses the importance that the process should begin the day of diagnosis for children with disabilities, their families and the providers [11]. The process of developing a transition plan reaffirms the ability, not disability, of the adolescent [11]. A survey of service providers in the rehabilitation, education and medical care of children in the USA showed that not planning for transition was second only to financing as the most common reason for failure of moving successfully into an adult-oriented system [20]. An unsuccessful transition process may be due to fear of the unknown and failure to recognize that there is a need to move on into adult-oriented care, and serves only to reinforce the negative image of the young person not becoming an adult and that they are different from their non-disabled peers. If anticipated as described, however, it serves as an important positive message to the young person and their family. Preparatory literature and pre-organized visits to the transition and/or adult clinic may be useful but were not provided by any of the units in this survey.
Patient empowerment, including education, communication and self-advocacy skills, is integral to successful transition and is a key area in current National Health Service policy. One of the (many) objectives of transition in adolescent healthcare is for the young person to take over gradually the responsibility for their therapy, i.e. to become their own advocate. An individualized goal-setting yet flexible policy is appropriate. Plans for self-medication, self-injection of subcutaneous methotrexate, patient-held monitoring forms, provision of personal copies of clinic letters for the adolescent themselves are current examples identified from the survey.
It is important that the transition plans must address the evolving role of the parent(s) who should be actively involved in the transition process whilst encouraging independence for the patient. This must be individualized to the family, be flexible and acknowledge the difficulties faced by parents on whom the young person has hitherto been dependent. In this survey, only five adolescent clinics described a policy of patient consultations separate from the parents. Details regarding parallel transition programmes for parents were not specifically requested in the current survey, although one clinic reported a patient/parent support group.
Paediatricadult rheumatology interface
Many of the studies of outcome in JIA within the UK have been based in tertiary referral centres and therefore prone to selection bias. Furthermore, many paediatric patients have been lost to adult clinics or discharged to community care from where they may be later referred with complications due to their disease. A co-ordinated approach in the transitional period is therefore required to provide continuity of care for the patient and facilitate prospective research. It was interesting to note, therefore, that 65% of respondents to this survey were adult rheumatology consultants and all adolescent clinics had an adult rheumatologist. Conversely, four respondents identified the lack of adult rheumatology support as an obstacle to the development of adolescent rheumatology service provision in their locality. The significant involvement of adult rheumatologists both in the adolescent rheumatology clinics identified and in the BPRG as a whole will aid the future development of such services in the UK. Adult rheumatologists, however, may need further training and must liaise closely with adolescent health teams and paediatricians. The interested adult rheumatologist with experience in paediatric rheumatology may facilitate the transition process further in provision of young adult clinics (1625 yr), allowing continuity of care from the paediatric to adult healthcare systems and facilitating prospective outcome research. This need was recently identified by one of the authors in Newcastle upon Tyne where a paediatric rheumatology clinic had existed since 1996. In the first 18 months of this young adult rheumatology clinic, referrals have grown steadily and currently include 190 patients with JIA.
Resource provision
This survey identified a demand for patient information resources specifically aimed at adolescents, an area ideally suited for collaboration between the BPRG, Arthritis Research Campaign and Young Arthritis Care. There is a paucity of literature aimed at the adolescent with arthritis, a point highlighted at the recent Arthritis Research Campaign Education Week 1999. Recent patient surveys demonstrate support for separate adolescent clinics and demand for more information (especially on JIA, medication, orthopaedic surgery as well as relationships and benefits) [21] (B. Beresford, personal communication). Lang et al. reported a needs assessment in order to develop an effective transition programme [22]. The need most frequently ranked as important or very important by the adolescents was to be involved in decision-making about their disease (80%). The needs ranking next highest were: education about new developments in the area of their disease (72%), understanding medication side-effects (70%) and learning how to manage pain (70%) [22]. Similar needs assessment processes should be considered prior to the development of new transition services in the UK. Preliminary results from a national study of adolescents with chronic illness in the UK (including JIA) report that adolescents would also like to choose the gender of the doctor (if possible), that the doctor be interested and would respect them, give them time and talk direct to them, giving them an opportunity to ask questions (B. Beresford, personal communication).
Provision of resources regarding other health issues, e.g. drug misuse, alcohol, contraception, pregnancy, etc. should also be considered in any adolescent healthcare service [23] and were only addressed by two of the clinics identified. Issues such as alcohol and contraception/pregnancy are important areas for general health and also impact upon the use and monitoring of disease-modifying therapy such as methotrexate. Carrol et al. reported that adolescents with chronic illnesses reported more age-related concerns (e.g. acne, alcohol/drugs, contraception, sexual health) than their peers [24]. Interestingly, in the Canadian study, one of the areas of greatest discrepancy was the need for education about drugs/smoking/alcohol, endorsed by 97% of parents compared with 56% of adolescents [22]. From this it could be postulated that either the adolescents are truly naive or actually know a lot more than they are letting on!
Information and advice regarding careers was another area of need identified by this current survey. Preliminary results from a national study of adolescents with chronic illness (including JIA) report that adolescents identify a need for early and appropriate career counselling, mentoring, and information about benefits (B. Beresford, personal communication). The trend towards unemployment starts in adolescence. Successful career development in young people with chronic illnesses and/or disabilities requires consideration of not only educational achievement but also such issues as, e.g. prior work experience; psychological factors such as self-esteem; expectations of both the young person, their family but also teachers, health professionals; knowledge of availability of resources, e.g. career services; and societal attitudes towards chronic illness and/or disability [25].
Inter-agency liaison
Inter-agency liaison is important in the transition process but may be disadvantaged by the hospital-oriented care of many of the paediatric and adolescent rheumatology clinics. At least half the adolescent clinics had formal access to key agencies including Young Arthritis Care, Lady Hoare Trust, disability employment advisors, etc. A community-based generic transition co-ordination model has been recommended to be more useful in this regard [26] and is well established in Leeds. It is noteworthy that this survey identified some units (n = 6) where although there was no formal adolescent service, there was use of a young disability team in the locality. Determining which transition model is best may not be the same for all areas or indeed for all adolescents and further study is required.
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Summary and recommendations |
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Acknowledgments |
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Notes |
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References |
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