1 Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Molekulare Genetik, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg and 3 German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract |
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Keywords: antibody engineering/bispecific antibodies/bivalent antibodies/dsFv/recombinant antibodies
Abbreviations: Fv, antibody fragment consisting of the variable region of light and heavy chain VH, variable region of heavy chain VL, variable region of light chain dsFv, disulfide-stabilized Fv antibody fragment phOx, 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-one
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Introduction |
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In recent decades, recombinant antibody technologies were developed which allow the addition of new functions to the antigen binding domains of immunoglobulin derivatives. The production of various Fab, scFv or dsFv fusion proteins with heterologous partners has been reported (Breitling and Dübel, 2000). Further, homologous fusions, i.e. bispecific antibodies, allowed the cross-linking of two different antigens, e.g. on two different cells. These molecules are particularly useful to redirect T-cells to tumor cells that are not originally recognized by the cellular immune system (Hombach et al., 1993
; Arndt et al., 1999
). The application of hybrid hybridoma (quadroma) technology initially developed to produce bispecific antibodies was hampered by problems of cell line stability, yield and purification of the desired antibody since the co-expression of two antibodies in one cell leads to the production of 10 different heavy and light chain combinations. Therefore, various recombinant approaches have been employed to generate bivalent and bispecific antibodies in heterologous expression systems (Breitling and Dübel, 2000
; Dübel and Kontermann, 2000
). Particularly promising is the diabody format (Holliger et al., 1993
). Bispecific diabodies are heterodimers consisting of two scFv antibody fragments in which the VL and the VH domains of the two Fv antibody fragments are present on different polypeptide chains. The oligopeptide linkers between these domains are too short to allow pairings between VH and VL domains at the same chain (Perisic et al., 1994
; Poljak, 1994
). Diabodies have been employed in immunoassays (Kontermann et al., 1997a
; Watkins et al., 1999
) or to recruit C1q, resulting in efficient lysis of antigen-coated sheep erythrocytes (Kontermann et al., 1997b
). Bispecific diabodies with one arm directed against the target antigen and the other against the serum Ig were able to recruit complement, induce mononuclear phagocyte respiratory burst and phagocytosis and promote synergistic cytotoxicity towards colon carcinoma cells in conjunction with CD8+ T-cells (Holliger et al., 1997
). Other diabodies have been used successfully to target directly cytotoxic T-cells to tumor markers, lymphoma cells or cytokine secreting cells in vitro (Holliger et al., 1996
; Zhu et al., 1996
; Helfrich et al., 1998
; Krebs et al., 1998
; Denton et al., 1999
; Holliger et al., 1999
) and in vivo (Arndt et al., 1999
). A major disadvantage of the diabody design is that the two antibody polypeptide chains are not covalently cross-linked. This facilitates dissociation of the polypeptide chains followed by aggregation. Further, diabodies are usually not very flexible since they have two linker peptides between the Fv fragments which have to be very short to prevent monomer formation. Some diabody constructs lead to the formation of oligomers of higher valency (Kortt et al., 1997
; Lawrence et al., 1998
; Atwell et al., 1999
).
It was therefore suggested to combine two dsFv antibody fragments by a single, flexible linker to obtain bispecific disulfide-stabilized antibody molecules (Breitling and Dübel, 1997a). The covalent connection of two dsFv molecules should improve the stability of the antibody construct by providing covalent coupling of the antibody polypeptides. Further, it should improve flexibility by using a single linker peptide which may be longer than in diabodies since it is not necessary to keep it short to ensure dimerization. Finally, these two improvements can potentially reduce the immunogenicity of the protein in a therapeutic approach.
Improved stability and tumor localization were reported for diabodies with disulfide cross-linked VH and VL domains of an anti-CEA antibody (FitzGerald et al., 1997). These constructs, however, still required two short linker peptides. Recently, Bera et al. (1998) reported the production of a bivalent Fv immunotoxin based on the assembly of two polypeptides. In this construct, the VH and the VL domains of the anti-erbB2 antibody e23 were covalently linked to each other by a disulfide bond. The two VH domains of the dsFvs are connected by a single flexible polypeptide linker. They further fused this bivalent, but not bispecific (dsFv)2 antibody molecule to PE38, a truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin, to generate a recombinant immunotoxin.
In this paper, we describe for the first time the construction and functional expression of a bispecific dsFvdsFv' construct, which was generated by connecting two disulfide-stabilized Fv antibody fragments of different antigen specificity by a single 10 amino acid residue linker.
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Materials and methods |
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All standard cloning procedures were carried out as described by Sambrook et al. (1989). The construction of the vectors pOPE51215(GS), pOPE51b215(Yol), pOPE101215(Yol), pOPE511215, pOPE111215 and pOPE511phOx has been described previously (Kontermann et al., 1995; Schmiedl et al., 2000
). The vector pOPE51Cys(44)VH(215)Yol Cys (43)VL(phOx) was obtained by introducing the Cys (44)VL(phOx) coding region cleaved out of the vector pOPE511phOx with the restriction enzymes EcoRV and NotI (New England Biolabs, Schwalbach, Germany) into the vector fragment pOPE51b215(Yol) digested with the same enzymes.
The vector pDOPE511Cys(105)VH(phOx)/Cys(100)VL (215) was obtained in several steps. First, the plasmid pDMI.1 (Lanzer, 1988) was digested with HindIII (New England Biolabs), treated with Klenow fragment (New England Biolabs) and ligated to the PCR product obtained from pOPE51215(GS) using the oligonucleotide primers 5'-GTA TCA CGA GGC CCT TTC and 5'-GGT CGA CGT TAA CCG ACA AAC AAC AGA TAA. Unwanted restriction sites for NcoI in the kanamycin resistant gene and MluI in the lac Iq gene of the resulting vector pDOPE51215b were mutated which led to the vector pDOPE51215(GS). To obtain pDOPE511215, the dsFv(215) coding region was cleaved out of pOPE511215 with NcoI (New England Biolabs) and NotI and ligated to the vector fragment of pDOPE51215(GS) cut with the same restriction enzymes. Finally, the vector pDOPE511Cys(105)VH(phOx)/Cys(100)VL(215) was generated by introducing the Cys (105)VH(phOx) coding region from pOPE511phOx into the plasmid pDOPE511215 using the restriction enzymes NcoI and HindIII. The vector pOPE101Cys(44)VH(215)YolCys (43)VL(phOx) was obtained by introducing the Cys (44)VH(215)YolCys(43)VL(phOx) coding region from pOPE51Cys(44)VH(215)YolCys(43)VL(phOx) into the plasmid pOPE101215(Yol) using the restriction enzymes EcoRI and BglII (New England Biolabs). To obtain pDOPE111Cys(105)VH(phOx)/Cys(100)VL(215) the vector pOPE111215 was digested with KpnI and StuI (New England Biolabs). The resulting fragment was ligated to the vector pDOPE511Cys(105)VH(phOx)/Cys(100)VL(215) cleaved with the same restriction enzymes. The vectors pOPE101Cys(44)VH(215)n-Cys(43)VL(phOx) (n = 10, 8, 5 or 3) were obtained by exchanging the linker coding region of pOPE101Cys(44)VH(215)YolCys(43)VL(phOx) with the respective insert sequences coding for a 10, eight, five or three amino acid residue linker. New linker coding regions were generated by the synthesis of the overlapping oligonucleotide forward primers 5'-TCA GGT GGA GGC GGT TCA GGC GGA GGT GGC TCA GAT, 5'-TCA GGT GGA GGC GGT TCA GGC GGA GGT GAT, 5'-TCA GGT GGA GGC GGT TCA GAT or 5'-TCA GGT GGA GGC GAT and the reverse primers 5'-ATC TGA GCC ACC TCC GCC TGA ACC GCC TCC ACC, 5'-ATC ACC TCC GCC TGA ACC GCC TCC ACC, 5'-ATC TGA ACC GCC TCC ACC or 5'-ATC GCC TCC ACC, respectively. The corresponding oligonucleotides were phosphorylated, hybridized and ligated to the vector pOPE101Cys(44)VH(215)YolCys(43)VL(phOx) digested with the restriction enzymes Bsu36I (New England Biolabs) and EcoRV. The vector pOPE111Cys(105)VH(phOx)/Cys(100)VL(215) was obtained by introducing the Cys(105)VH(phOx)/Cys(100)VL(215) coding region cleaved out of the plasmid pDOPE111Cys(105)VH(phOx)/Cys(100)VL(215) with the restriction enzymes NcoI and NotI into the vector fragment of pOPE101Cys(44)VH(215)/Cys(43)VL(phOx) digested with the same enzymes. The vectors pDOPE101Cys(44)VH(215)n-Cys(43)VL(phOx) (n = 10, 8, 5 or 3) were generated by introducing the Cys(44)VH(215)n-Cys(43)VL(phOx) coding regions cleaved out of the plasmids pOPE101Cys(44)VH(215)n-Cys(43)VL(phOx) (n = 10, 8, 5 or 3) with the restriction enzymes EcoRI and BamHI (New England Biolabs) into the vector fragment of pDOPE111Cys(105)VH(phOx)/Cys(100)VL(215) digested with the same enzymes.
All vectors and ligation products were electrotransferred into Escherichia coli XL1-Blue competent cells (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) and clones with open reading frames were identified by colony lifts (Breitling and Dübel, 1997b) on Protran BA 85 nitrocellulose (0.45 mm, Schleicher und Schuell, Dassel, Germany) after induction with 100 µM IPTG and immunostaining with mouse monoclonal antibody Myc19E10 (Calbiochem, Cambridge, UK). The correct insertion of each gene fragment in productive clones was confirmed by restriction analysis and partial sequencing. The production of antibody constructs after induction with 20 µM IPTG (when using pOPE vectors) or 100 µM (when using pDOPE vectors) for 3 h was confirmed by electrophoresis of total cell lysates on 12% polyacrylamide SDS gels followed by immunoblotting and by ELISA.
SDSPAGE and immunoblot analysis
SDSPAGE was carried out according to Laemmli (1970) on 12% polyacrylamide gels stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250 (Serva, Heidelberg, Germany). Immunoblots were performed according to Towbin et al. (1980). Unspecific antibody binding was blocked with 2% (w/v) skimmed milk powder (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) in PBS (137 mM NaCl, 3 mM KCl, 8 mM Na2HPO4, 1 mM KH2PO4, pH 7.3) containing 0.05% (v/v) Tween 20 (MPBST). The mouse monoclonal antibody Myc19E10 (Calbiochem) recognizing the c-myc-tag, the rat monoclonal antibody Yol1/34 (Harlan Sera-lab, Sussex, UK) recognizing the Yol-tag or a rabbit serum `A' recognizing exclusively the processed N-terminus of the VH domain (Dübel et al., 1992) were used as primary antibodies for immunodetection (1/1000 in MPBST). Subsequently, HRP-conjugated antibodies to mouse, rat or rabbit immunoglobulins (Dianova, Hamburg, Germany) were applied (1/2000 in MPBST). TMB Stabilized Substrate for HRP (Promega, Madison, WI) was used for visualizing bound enzymatic activity.
Functional expression of antibody fragments into the periplasm of E.coli
Overnight cultures of E.coli cells transformed with combinations of pDOPE and pOPE vectors (Figure 1) were diluted 1:20 into LB-medium containing 100 µg/ml of ampicillin (Biomol, Hamburg, Germany), 50 µg/ml of kanamycin (Serva) and 100 mM glucose and grown at 37°C to an OD600 nm of 0.6. The promoters were induced by the addition of 100 µM isopropyl-ß-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). After an additional 3 h of shaking at room temperature, the bacteria were harvested by centrifugation at 5000 g for 10 min. The total cell lysate was analyzed by SDSPAGE followed by immunoblotting using the mouse monoclonal antibody Myc19E10 for immunodetection.
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For the preparation of periplasmic extracts, the harvested bacteria were resuspended in 1/10 of the original culture volume of spheroblast solution [50 mM TrisHCl (pH 8.0), 20% (w/v) sucrose and 1 mM EDTA], left for 20 min on ice with occasional shaking and harvested by centrifugation at 4°C and 6200 g for 10 min. The supernatant representing the periplasmic enriched fraction was cleared by centrifugation at 4°C and 30 000 g for 30 min, dialyzed against PBS and used for functional studies in ELISA. The bacterial pellet was resuspended in 1/10 of the original culture volume of 5 mM MgSO4 and left for 20 min on ice with occasional shaking. After centrifugation at 4°C and 30 000 g for 30 min, the supernatant representing the osmotic shock fraction was also dialyzed against PBS.
Enrichment of soluble Fv fragments from periplasmic extracts
The fusion protein was further enriched by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) utilizing the carboxy-terminal His-tag of the VL domains. The IMAC column, containing a 2 ml bed volume per liter of original bacterial culture of chelating Sepharose (`fast flow' loaded with NiCl2; Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden), was equilibrated with PBS containing 10 mM imidazole and 1 M NaCl (pH 7.5). The periplasmic extracts were pooled, adjusted to the same buffer composition and applied to the column. After subsequent washing with 10 bed volumes of PBS containing 10 mM imidazole, 1 M NaCl (pH 7.5), 10 bed volumes of PBS containing 50 mM imidazole, 1 M NaCl (pH 7.5) and a final washing step with 10 bed volumes of PBS, the proteins were eluted from the column using an imidazole gradient from 50 to 500 mM in PBS containing 1 M NaCl (pH 7.5) over 10 bed volumes and with another 10 bed volumes of PBS containing 500 mM imidazole and 1 M NaCl (pH 7.5). Fractions were analyzed by SDSPAGE followed by immunoblotting using mouse monoclonal antibody Myc19E10 (Calbiochem). The Fv antibody fragments were further purified by anion-exchange chromatography using Mono Q HR 5/5 (Amersham Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden). Protein-containing fractions obtained from IMAC were pooled, dialyzed against 30 mM TrisHCl (pH 7.8) and applied to the column equilibrated with the same buffer. After washing the column with 5 ml of 30 mM TrisHCl (pH 7.8), the antibody fragments were eluted from the column using a biphasic NaCl gradient in 30 mM TrisHCl (pH 7.8) increasing to 250 mM in 20 ml, then from 250 mM to 1 M in 2 ml. For final elution, 5 ml of 1 M NaCl in 30 mM TrisHCl (pH 7.8) were applied. The fractions were analyzed by SDSPAGE followed by immunoblotting using mouse monoclonal antibody Myc19E10 (Calbiochem). Total protein was determined photometrically using Bradford solution (Bio-Rad, Munich, Germany). The amount of the bispecific dsFv(215)dsFv(phOx) antibody molecule was estimated from SDSPAGE.
ELISA
To determine the antigen binding activity of the different constructs, 96-well Immuno Plates (MaxiSorp F96; Nunc, Wiesbaden, Germany) were coated overnight at 4°C with 0.1 µg of antigen (215-epitope ß-galactosidase fusion protein, control peptide ß-galactosidase fusion protein, BSA or BSAphOx) in 100 µl of 0.1 M NaHCO3 buffer (pH 8.0) per well. The ß-galactosidase215 epitope fusion protein is an E.coliß-galactosidase extended by a peptide tag containing the 215 epitope (Kontermann et al., 1995). ß-Galactosidase fused to another peptide tag served as a specificity control. The recombinant ß-galactosidase fusion proteins were purified from E.coli inclusion bodies as described (Kontermann et al., 1995
). Phoxylated BSA was prepared by incubating a 20-fold molar excess of 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-one (phOx; Sigma, Deisenhofen, Germany) with BSA (Sigma) in 0.1 M NaCO3 (pH 8.5) for 2 h. To remove uncoupled 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-one, the reaction mixture was dialyzed twice against PBS.
Unspecific antibody binding was blocked with 400 µl of 2% (w/v) skimmed milk powder (Oxoid) in PBS (MPBS) for 6 h at room temperature. Volumes of 100 µl of extracts containing the antibody fragments were added per well. The mouse monoclonal antibody Myc19E10 (1:1000 in MPBST) was used for immunodetection. Subsequently, HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibodies were applied (1:2000 in MPBST), before 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB; Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) was used for the detection of bound enzymatic activity. The mouse monoclonal antibody ARNA3 (Progen, Heidelberg, Germany) recognizing the 215 peptide (Kontermann et al., 1995) was used as a positive control.
To determine the bispecificity of the antibody constructs, 96-well Immuno Plates (MaxiSorp F96; Nunc) were coated overnight at 4°C with 0.1 µg of phoxylated BSA in 100 µl of 0.1 M NaHCO3 buffer (pH 8.0) per well. Unspecific antibody binding was blocked with 400 µl of MPBS for 6 h at room temperature. Volumes of 100 µl of fractions containing the antibody fragments were added per well. HRP-labeled streptavidin [Amersham Pharmacia, Braunschweig, Germany; 8:1000 in PBS, 0.05% (v/v) Tween 20], which was pre-incubated with 0.1 nM of a biotinylated 215 epitope peptide (biotinLPHFIKDDYGPESRGFVENSYLAGLTPSE), was used for detection. Another biotinylated peptide (biotinKESRAKKFQRQHMDEGEEF) served as a control. Biotinylated peptides were supplied by the central peptide synthesis facility of the Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie, Heidelberg, Germany. TMB was used for the detection of bound enzymatic activity.
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Results |
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We designed a compatible set of two E.coli vectors to allow the production of three polypeptide chains necessary to form a bispecific disulfide-stabilized FvFv' antibody molecule (Figure 1). In the resulting molecule, the heavy and the light chain of each of the two different Fv fragments are expected to be connected to each other by an interdomain disulfide bond (see Figure 7
, bottom).
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To generate the bispecific antibody fragment, the heavy chain of the dsFv(215) antibody fragment and the light chain of the dsFv(phOx) antibody were genetically connected by short sequences coding for a flexible polypeptide linker. To assess the effect of the linker length on the folding properties of the complete molecule, we generated a set of vectors encoding bispecific dsFv(215)dsFv(phOx) antibody constructs with linkers consisting of three, five, eight or 10 amino acid residues (Figure 1). The gene encoding the Cys(44)VH(215) domain was connected to the gene for the Cys(43)VL(phOx) domain by respective oligonucleotides and cloned into the pDOPE vector, a derivative of pDMI.1 (Lanzer, 1988
). The genes encoding for the Cys(105)VH(phOx) domain and the Cys(100)VL(215) domain were cloned into the expression vector pOPE111 (Schmiedl et al., 2000
). Each of the two genes was separately cloned in-frame between a pelB-leader sequence (Lei et al., 1987
) for the secretion of the antibody fragments into the periplasmic space and a small coding region for C-terminal tags facilitating detection and purification. In case of the Cys(105)VH(phOx) domain, the tag contains the linear epitope `EEGEFSEAR' recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody mAb Yol1/34 (Kilmartin et al., 1982
; Breitling and Little, 1986
). At the C-terminus of both VL domains, a short peptide tag of the proto-oncogene product c-myc was located containing the linear epitope `EEKLISEEDL' recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody mAb Myc19E10 (Evan et al., 1985
) followed by six histidine residues. The resulting vector pOPE111VH(phOx)/VL(215) and the set of four different variants of pDOPE101VH(215)n-VL(phOx) (n = 10, 8, 5 or 3) encoding different linkers between their variable heavy and light chain regions are shown in Figure 1
. The two backbones encode for compatible origins of replication and different resistance markers. A combination of a pOPE and pDOPE vector can thus be propagated in the same E.coli cell after co-transfection.
To confirm the function of the individual vectors first, all plasmids were separately electrotransferred into E.coli XL1-Blue competent cells. The production of the antibody components after induction of their promoters with 100 µM IPTG (when using the vector pDOPE101) or 20 µM IPTG (when using pOPE111) for 3 h was confirmed by electrophoresis of total cell lysates on 12% polyacrylamide SDS gels followed by immunoblotting using the mouse monoclonal antibody mAb Myc19E10 for immunodetection (data not shown).
Expression of the recombinant bispecific dsFv(215)dsFv(phOx) antibody construct
E.coli XL1-Blue competent cells were co-transfected with one of the plasmid variants of pDOPE101VH(215)n-VL(phOx) containing different linker lengths (n = 10, 8, 5 or 3) and pOPE111VH(phOx)/VL(215) to express the three polypeptides required to form the bispecific disulfide bond-stabilized antibody construct within the same cell. The production of antibody fragments after induction with 100 µM IPTG for 3 h was confirmed by electrophoresis of total cell lysates of induced and non-induced culture samples on 12% polyacrylamide SDS gels (Figure 2A) followed by immunoblotting using the mouse monoclonal antibody Myc19E10 for immunodetection (Figure 2B
). After induction, the expected bands corresponding to the processed translation product Cys(44)VH(215)n-Cys(43)VL(phOx) (calculated molecular mass 27.4 kDa for n = 10) as well as the processed translation product Cys(100)VL(215) (calculated molecular mass 14.8 kDa for n = 10) were detected. The two bands appear to be produced in similar amounts as concluded from their almost identical intensities. The production of the Cys(105)VH(phOx) domain (calculated molecular mass 15.3 kDa) was confirmed by immunoblotting using the rat monoclonal antibody Yol1/34 (data not shown). To confirm the observations in respect of the processing, immunoblots were further analyzed with rabbit serum `A', which recognizes the sequence QVQLQ located at the N-terminus of the VH (215) domain (Dübel et al., 1992
). Serum `A' does not react with QVQLQ when presented as an internal epitope and can therefore be used to confirm the proteolytic removal of the signal sequence from the antibody fragment. The VH domain of the phOx antibody fragment does not contain the QVQLQ epitope and could not be detected in this approach. However, the expression and the correct processing of a substantial fraction of the VH domain of the dsFv 215 molecule could be confirmed (Figure 2C
).
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Functional bispecific dsFv(215)dsFv(phOx) molecules can be produced in E.coli
To check for a correct folding and assembly of all three polypeptide chains, separate binding studies by ELISA on both antigens (215 epitope ß-galactosidase fusion protein and phoxylated BSA) were performed. First, periplasmic extracts of induced and non-induced cultures were prepared and subjected to antigen ELISA. Bound antibody fragments were detected by their c-myc peptide tag. All dsFv fragments retained the antigen binding specificity of the original antibodies. (Figure 3A). The antibody construct containing the 10 amino acid residue linker showed the strongest binding activity to both of the two antigens.
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After proof of principle for the production of bispecific dsFvdsFv' antibody molecules, the antibody construct containing the 10 amino acid residue linker was selected for further studies. Different IPTG concentrations were employed to determine the optimum IPTG concentration for the production. The highest amount of functional protein was obtained after induction with 100 µM IPTG as shown by ELISA (Figure 4). Higher IPTG concentrations led to larger amounts of total protein, but an increasing portion of the expressed antibody fragments still carried the leader sequence and formed aggregates (data not shown). This observation is in good accordance with results obtained for the production of scFv antibody fragments from a related vector (Dübel et al., 1992
).
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Following these observations, the disulfide-stabilized, bispecific antibody construct containing the 10 amino acid residue linker was purified from the periplasm after induction with optimized IPTG concentrations. As a first purification step, the antibody fragment was enriched from periplasmic extracts by IMAC (Lilius et al., 1991). The fractions contained a significant amount of E.coli proteins. Therefore, they were further subjected to ion-exchange (Mono Q) chromatography (Figures 5 and 6
).
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Discussion |
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The results demonstrate for the first time that three different antibody domains can be covalently assembled to form a functional molecule in the periplasm of E.coli. However, careful balancing of the production rates of all three polypeptide chains is essential. Before we came to the final design of the vectors as described in Figure 1, we had generated a set of vector derivatives with the respective antibody fragment coding inserts exchanged between the pOPE and pDOPE vectors. In these cases, however, the Cys(44)VH(215)n-Cys(43)VL(phOx) polypeptide chains were expressed to a higher amount in comparison with the Cys(100)VL(215) chains. We obtained similar 215-epitope and phOx-binding activities with crude periplasmic extracts but only a low antigen cross-linking activity, indicating the prevalence of products with only one correctly formed dsFv fragment.
Several approaches have been used previously to generate recombinant bivalent or multivalent Fv antibody molecules. The protein designs include disulfide-linked antibody fragments, mini-antibodies and diabodies (Cumber et al., 1992; Gruber et al., 1994
; Hayden et al., 1994
; De-Jonge et al., 1995
; Holliger et al., 1996
). To produce bivalent Fab (Rodrigues et al., 1993
) or scFv molecules (Adams et al., 1993
, 1995
; McCartney et al., 1995
), an unpaired cysteine located at the C-terminus of the antibody fragment has frequently been employed. Oxidation led to the formation of an interdomain disulfide bond between the two fragments, thus generating bivalent antibodies with enhanced affinity. However, the stability under physiological conditions has not yet been assessed. Further, the unpaired cysteine led to problems with E.coli production (Schmiedl et al., 2000
). To generate bivalent or multivalent Fv fusion proteins, a variety of self-associating secondary structures such as helix bundles, coiled coils or hybridizing oligonucleotides were further investigated (Pack and Plückthun, 1992
; Plückthun, 1992
; Plückthun and Pack, 1997
; Zahida et al., 1999
). Tetravalent mini-antibodies were designed by attaching the modified leucine zipper sequences at the carboxy-terminal end of scFv fragments via a hinge region or by introducing a helical dimerization domain between two scFv fragments (Müller et al., 1998a
). Again, the stability of these constructs under physiological conditions has not been reported and all constructs contained substantial heterologous domains that may give rise to an immune reaction against these domains which may interfere with therapeutic applications. The latter is to a much lesser extend expected from the minibody format conceived first by Hu et al. (1996). The fusion of an scFv molecule directed against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) to the CH3 domain of an IgG1 led to the formation of bivalent molecules with excellent tumor-targeting properties such as rapid and high tumor uptake combined with rapid blood clearance. A similar approach to produce bispecific miniantibodies was reported by Müller et al. (1998b), who fused the CH1 domain of an IgG1 to an scFv fragment and the CL domain of a kappa light chain to another scFv fragment. The domain assembly led to a functional bivalent and bispecific mini-antibody.
Another strategy for the production of bispecific antibody molecules without fusion of the Fv fragment to heterologous domains is the production of scFvscFv' antibodies (`tandem antibodies') (Mallender et al., 1994a,b
). Two scFv molecules of different specificity were covalently cross-linked via a flexible polypeptide linker. These molecules were able to bind two adjacent epitopes on the same antigen (Neri et al., 1995
) or cross-linking antigens on two different cells (Kurucz et al., 1995
). Of similar size but consisting of two separate polypeptide chains is the diabody design with two antigen binding sites (Holliger et al., 1993
) which can be bivalent or bispecific. Bispecific diabodies are heterdimers of two `cross-over' scFv fragments in which the VH and VL domains of the two parent antibodies are present on different polypeptide chains. A potential disadvantage of this design is that the polypeptide linkers between these domains have to be shorter than in scFv fragments to prevent pairings between domains on the same chain (Kortt et al., 1997
). High-level diabody secretion of functional diabodies from E.coli is possible, as demonstrated by the recovery of a humanized bispecific diabody in yields approaching 1 g/l (Zhu et al., 1996
) and has been improved by domain interface engineering (Zhu et al., 1997
). Humanized or human diabodies pose little risk of immunogenecity since the only non-natural sequences are the short linkers between variable domains (Carter and Merchant, 1997
); even these can be humanized by recruiting residues from the CL (Holliger et al., 1996
). The major disadvantage of both the tandem and the diabody design is that the domain interfaces of the two Fv fragments are not covalently cross-linked and thus prove the dissociation-related aggregation typical for all scFv derivatives. This problem has recently been addressed by the production of diabodies in which one Fv domain is disulfide stabilized (ds diabodies). These constructs confirmed the predictions obtained from monovalent dsFv fragments that a higher stability and improved tumor localization can be expected after disulfide stabilization (FitzGerald et al., 1997
).
In general, owing to the necessity to have two very short linkers between their variable domains, diabodies are ridgid and not very flexible, which may lower the chances of obtaining optimum binding to both antigens to be cross-linked in an in vivo situation. The new design described in this paper addresses this potential disadvantage, as well as the stability and immunogenicity issue, in trying to combine proven features of previous designs (Figure 7). Therefore, the dsFvdsFv' is expected to be of particular value in therapeutic or in vivo diagnostic applications. A confirmation, however, can only be separately obtained for each particular in vivo targeting situation, since it is expected to be strongly dependent on the type, density and tissue localization of the targeted antigens. Improvements are also required in the production system. All antibody fragments shown in Figure 7
can be produced and correctly folded in the periplasm E.coli, but with a decrease in yield roughly proportional to the number of chains and intrachain disulfide bonds. Since an assembly of three different polypeptide chains is necessary for the production of bispecific (dsFvdsFv') antibody fragments, eukaryotic production systems are expected to allow higher yields than E.coli. The yeast Pichia pastoris, for example, was shown to be better suited for the production of bispecific disulfide bond-stabilized diabodies (ds diabodies) than E.coli (FitzGerald et al., 1997
).
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Notes |
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4 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: stefan.duebel{at}urz.uni-heidelberg.de
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Acknowledgments |
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References |
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Received April 26, 2000; revised July 28, 2000; accepted August 10, 2000.