1 School of Pharmacy, 2 Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, and 3 Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract |
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Methods. A total of 349 concentrations from 29 patients, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were recorded. Based on an increased serum creatinine, 12 patients were considered to have organ rejection. Rejection was confirmed by biopsy in five of these. The median trough concentration of tacrolimus over the first month of therapy, or until the time of first rejection was compared in rejecters vs non-rejecters.
Results. Median trough concentrations of tacrolimus were found to be lower in biopsy-proven rejecters vs non-rejecters (P=0.03) and all rejecters vs non-rejecters (P=0.04). The average median concentration (±SD) in the biopsy-proven rejecter group was 5.09±1.16 ng/ml, compared to 9.20±3.52 ng/ml in the non-rejecter group. After exclusion of an outlier, the average median concentration in all rejecters was 5.57±1.47 ng/ml, compared with 9.20±3.52 ng/ml in non-rejecters. A rejection rate of 55% was found for patients with a median trough concentration between 0 and 10 ng/ml. This compared with no observed rejection in patients with a median concentration between 10 and 15 ng/ml.
Conclusion. A significant relationship exists between organ rejection and median tacrolimus trough concentrations in the first month post-transplant, with patients displaying low concentrations more likely to reject. In order to minimize rejection in the first month after renal transplantation, trough concentrations greater than 10 ng/ml must be achieved.
Keywords: adult renal transplant; concentration; biopsy-proven rejection; pharmacodynamics; tacrolimus; therapeutic drug monitoring
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Introduction |
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While a number of studies have been performed to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of tacrolimus [818], a greater understanding of the relationship between trough concentration measurements and the development of organ rejection is required. It is still not definitively known whether low tacrolimus trough concentrations are related to the development of organ rejection in kidney-transplant recipients, or how low trough concentrations can be before rejection is likely, with conflicting reports from different investigators [11,12,14,18]. Should the lower limit of the concentration range be 2 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, or 20 ng/ml in the important initial time after transplantation?
The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the relationship between median tacrolimus trough concentrations and the development of organ rejection in the first month following renal transplantation.
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Subjects and methods |
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Immunosuppresive therapy
During the study period, all patients received a triple immunosuppressive regimen of tacrolimus, prednisolone, and azathioprine. The recommended initial dose of tacrolimus was 0.075 mg/kg, twice daily. Tacrolimus was administered orally or via a nasogastric tube, beginning on the day of transplantation. Subsequent doses were adjusted on the basis of clinical evidence of efficacy and toxicity, and to try and maintain target whole-blood trough concentrations within the range 1020 ng/ml within the first 3 months after transplant. All patients received 1 g of intravenous methylprednisolone on the day of transplantation and 500 mg intravenously the following day. Oral maintenance prednisolone therapy was subsequently initiated at a dose of 30 mg per day, reduced to 25 mg per day on day 14 and to 20 mg per day on day 21. All patients received an oral pre-operative dose of azathioprine of 3 mg/kg, followed by an oral maintenance dose of 22.5 mg/kg per day, starting on day 1 post-transplant.
Tacrolimus monitoring
Whole-blood samples, used for the determination of 12 h tacrolimus trough concentrations, were collected on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 21, and 28 post-transplant and on an ad hoc basis deemed clinically necessary by the physician. Blood for trough concentration measurements was collected before the morning dose. Tacrolimus concentrations were determined at a single centre (Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane) by ELISA [19].
Clinical parameters
Rejection was classified as one of two types, biopsy-proven acute rejection or presumed rejection. In clinical practice suspected rejection is not always confirmed by biopsy, but is sometimes treated empirically, due to the risk associated with performing a biopsy. Biopsy-proven acute rejection was diagnosed from renal biopsy findings scored according to the BANFF criteria [20] and recorded in the trial records. A rejection episode was suspected clinically if there was a rise in serum creatinine of more than 30 mmol/l without obvious cause. Obstruction was ruled out with ultrasound examination. Clinical signs of rejection included fever (temperature of more than 37.5°C), graft tenderness, and oliguria. The BANFF criteria for scoring renal biopsies for acute rejection were: Normal or Other; Borderline changes; Mild Acute Rejection (Grade 1); Moderate Acute Rejection (Grade 2); Severe Acute Rejection (Grade 3), Other (Tacrolimus) Toxicity; Other Acute Tubular Necrosis; and Chronic Transplant Nephropathy. Patients in this study were considered to have biopsy-proven rejection if according to the BANFF criteria they had Grade 1, 2 or 3 Acute Rejection. Presumed rejection was defined as a rise in serum creatinine of more than 30 mmol/l with clinical signs of rejection, treated with high-dose methylprednisolone over 3 days without biopsy, and for which no other clinical explanation was recorded in the trial results. For rejecters, median trough tacrolimus concentration was determined from the time of transplantation to the day of biopsy-proven rejection (in biopsy-proven rejecters) or the day of initiation of intravenous methylprednisolone (in presumed rejecters). For non-rejecters, median trough concentration was determined from the time of transplantation to day 30 post-transplant.
Other clinical information was collected on the type of transplant patients received (cadaveric or live related), whether it was the patient's first or second kidney transplant, HLAa, HLAb and DR mismatching, peak PRA, and cold ischaemia time.
Statistical analysis
The median trough concentrations of tacrolimus in biopsy-proven acute rejecters vs non-rejecters, and all rejecters vs non-rejecters were compared. Similarly, information on transplant type, mismatching, peak PRA and cold ischaemia time was compared between all rejecters and non-rejecters. Statistical significance between two groups was determined using Student's t-test. Alternatively, where the data failed the KolmogorovSmirnov normality test or the Levene median equal variance test, the MannWhitney rank sum test was performed (Sigmastat, Jandel Scientific Software, San Rafael, CA, USA). Probability values <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
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Results |
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In the study group, five patients were diagnosed as having biopsy-proven rejection, seven patients presumed rejection, and 17 patients no rejection. A mean number of 4.2 samples (range 16) per patient were collected from the biopsy-proven rejecters, a mean of 8.6 samples (range 515) per patient from the presumed rejecters and a mean of 15.8 samples (range 623) per patient from the non-rejecters.
On examination of the data it appeared that one of the presumed rejecters was a likely outlier with a median trough concentration (23.9 ng/ml), nearly three times the average median trough concentration in this study (8.3 ng/ml). With inclusion of the outlier in analysis the data failed a KolmogorovSmirnov normality test. A MannWhitney test was performed to determine whether a statistically significant difference existed between the different outcome groups. Median trough concentration of tacrolimus were found to be significantly lower in biopsy-proven rejecters vs non-rejecters (P=0.03) and all rejecters vs non-rejecters (P=0.04) (Figure 1). The average median concentration (±SD) in the biopsy-proven rejecter group was 5.09±1.16 ng/ml, compared to 9.20±3.52 ng/ml in the non-rejecter group. After exclusion of the outlier patient, the average median concentration in all rejecters was 5.57±1.47 ng/ml, compared to 9.20±3.52 ng/ml in the non-rejecter group. There was also a statistically significant difference between the last recorded tacrolimus concentration prior to diagnosis of rejection, in biopsy-proven rejecters (P=0.02) and all rejecters (P=0.04), compared to the average median concentration in the non-rejecter group. The last recorded tacrolimus concentration, in biopsy-proven rejecters and all rejecters (±SD) was 5.0±1.38 ng/ml and 6.25±3.65 ng/ml respectively, compared to an average median concentration (±SD) of 9.20±3.52 ng/ml in non-rejecters.
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Discussion |
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To date, four studies, two in liver transplant recipients [13,17] and two in kidney transplant recipients [14,12], have reported a correlation between tacrolimus trough concentrations and rejection episodes. No statistics were published in two of these studies to validate their conclusions (Takahara et al.'s study having only six subjects [14]). Winker et al. [17] conducted a large study involving retrospective analysis of 16 000 blood samples obtained from 449 patients receiving tacrolimus. A low trough concentration of tacrolimus in blood, but not plasma was associated with graft rejection in the liver transplant recipients within the study group. Kershner and Fitzsimmons [12] conducted an analysis of the relationship between tacrolimus blood concentration and the occurrence of toxicity and rejection from data collected from four clinical trials. Trough tacrolimus concentrations within a 7-day window before the onset of rejection were analysed using logistic regression models. In kidney (n=92) but not liver recipients (n=721) a significant correlation between tacrolimus concentrations and incidence of rejection was seen (P=0.02). One study involving 66 kidney recipients has reported that mean area under the curve measurements of tacrolimus are significantly lower in patients who experience acute rejection compared to those who remain rejection free [15].
Other studies have shown a lack of correlation between plasma and whole blood concentrations and rejection episodes [811,18]. In these investigations tacrolimus concentrations were not low in patients experiencing acute rejection, but rather in the same range as during stable patient course and development of drug toxicity.
In several studies to date, the criterion for recognition of organ rejection has not been provided. Some studies have been multi-centre with the possibility of non-comparable tacrolimus assays and immunosuppressant regimens being employed at different sites. Other factors that may influence rejection, such as type of organ received or antigen mismatching, have not been considered to ensure they are not confounding results.
Although this is a retrospective study and patient numbers are limited, results obtained were statistically significant and clinically relevant. Patients were well matched for type of transplant, HLAa, HLAb, DR, peak PRA, and cold ischaemia time, factors that can influence the likelihood of rejection. Furthermore as all patients in this study were participating in a larger clinical trial their post-transplant care and concomitant drug therapy was reasonably controlled and similar. Patients received the same initial dose of tacrolimus and were on the same dosing protocol for prednisolone, azathioprine, and methylprednisolone therapy. All patients were cared for at the same hospital and all blood samples collected were measured at the same centre using ELISA.
On examination of the data it appeared that one of the presumed rejecters was an outlier, with a median trough concentration (23.9 ng/ml), nearly three times the average median trough concentration in this study (8.3 ng/ml). As this patient's rejection was never biopsy proven, it is possible that the rise in serum creatinine that the subject experienced was due to nephrotoxicity rather than rejection. Indeed, several past studies have demonstrated a correlation between high tacrolimus concentrations and nephrotoxicity [8,9,11,14,1618]. If this outlier is excluded from analysis, the mean of the median trough concentrations recorded in all rejecters is 5.57 ng/ml compared to 9.20 ng/ml in non-rejecters. When only patients with biopsy-proven rejection are considered, the statistical difference between the two groups is even stronger, with average median concentration in the biopsy-proven rejecter group of 5.09 ng/ml, compared to 9.20 ng/ml in the non-rejecter group.
Of trough concentrations collected in this study, 75.4% were in the reported therapeutic range for tacrolimus of 520 ng/ml, while 39.0% of trough concentrations were in the local hospital range of 1020 ng/ml. Patients who experienced rejection tended to suffer their first rejection episode within the first 12 weeks after transplant at a mean of 8.2 days (range 519 days). These findings indicate that to minimize graft rejection in the first month after renal transplant, tacrolimus trough concentrations of at least 10 ng/ml should be achieved as quickly as possible.
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Acknowledgments |
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Notes |
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References |
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