1 Biochemistry Laboratory and 4 Nephrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, 2 INSERM Unité 500 Epidemiology of chronic diseases and ageing,3 Centre Hémodialyse Languedoc Méditerranée, 5 AIDER and 6 Renal Research and Training Institute, Montpellier, France
Correspondence and offprint requests to: Professor Jean-Paul Cristol, Biochemistry Laboratory, Hôpital Lapeyronie, 371 Av. Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France. Email: jp-cristol{at}chu-montpellier.fr
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Abstract |
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Methods. We measured cTnI and hs-CRP at baseline (March 10 to November 16, 2001) in 191 HD patients without clinical signs of acute coronary artery disease [median age 66.7 years (range 22.393.5), 94 females, 97 males]. We used a cTnI concentration with a total imprecision of 10% (0.03 µg/l), determined in the laboratory, as the analytical threshold value. Patients were followed for mortality until 1 January, 2003 (median follow-up 418 days). The adjusted relative risks (RRs) of death and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models.
Results. A significant proportion (25.1%) of patients had elevated CTnl, 0.03 µg/l; 40.3% of patients had CRP concentrations
10 mg/l. During follow-up, 29 patients died, 44.8% due to cardiac causes. Elevated cTnI or CRP levels were associated with increased mortality [RR adjusted for age, sex and duration of dialysis 4.2 (1.99.0) for cTnI
0.03 µg/l and 3.6 (1.68.1) for CRP
10 mg/l], cTnI being particularly predictive of cardiovascular death. Moreover, the combination of elevated hs-CRP (
10 mg/l) and circulating cTnI (
0.03 µg/l) dramatically impaired the HD survival rate [adjusted RR for all-cause mortality 16.9 (4.563.8)].
Conclusion. Circulating cTnI was associated with poor prognosis, especially when combined with elevated CRP, strongly supporting the adoption of regular cTnI testing in HD patients.
Keywords: cardiovascular disease; haemodialysis; mortality; troponin
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Introduction |
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Several assays have been developed by different groups allowing rapid and quantitative determination of troponin concentration. Unfortunately, the lack of standardization in cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assays has led to different norms and to confusion about levels indicative of myocardial infarction.
Since coronary artery disease is highly prevalent in patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF), and vascular events account for more than half of deaths in them, haemodialysis (HD) patients have to be monitored carefully to detect subclinical signs of cardiac damage. Previous studies have suggested that troponins could be a predictive tool in coronary heart disease in ESRF [48]. However, troponin levels in the HD population could be influenced by factors other than ischaemic damage, such as retention due to lack of epuration (their molecular weights being 22 00037 000 Da), or uraemic cardiomyopathy [9]. In addition, it has become clear from epidemiological studies that an elevation of C-reactive protein (CRP) is strongly associated with coronary heart disease and with poor prognosis in ESRF [1012]. Due to the uncertainty of the use of cTnI assays in the dialysis population, threshold values should be determined in this population and compared with the predictive value of CRP. Our present study analysed prospectively the relationship between cTnI values and all-cause or cardiovascular disease mortality, and compared it with CRP levels.
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Materials and methods |
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Patients and baseline data
The subjects were on either standard HD or haemodiafiltration (HDF) treatments with on-line ultrapure bicarbonate-based dialysate for 1215 h per week. Their medical charts were reviewed to collect data on age, sex, weight, height, primary renal disease, time when started on dialysis, previous transplantation and duration of transplantation, history of diabetes, smoking habits and current medications. Hypertension was defined as a blood pressure 140/90 mmHg at dry weight, or a documented history of hypertension.
The clinical characteristics of the 191 patients are summarized in Table 1. The group included 94 women and 97 men with a median age of 66.7 years (22.393.5). Their median time on dialysis was 4.8 years (0.0630.3), and their averaged Kt/V was 1.46±0.02; 51 of them were smokers. All patients were stable on HD, as documented by the low incidence of hypotensive episodes during HD (<4% of episodes requiring saline infusion). CAD defined as documented angina pectoris or history of myocardial infarction was present in 62 patients at baseline.
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Laboratory analysis and procedures
At a single mid-week dialysis session pre- and post-dialysis, blood samples were collected at baseline as a part of our routine patient follow-up and quality assurance process. Routine parameters and highly sensitive CRP (hs-CRP) were determined on an Olympus AU2700 apparatus (Rungis, France). Total serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured by enzymatic methods (KonePro, Konelab).
cTnI was measured using an AccuTnI assay based on a chemiluminescence method on an Acces II Immunoassay system (Beckman-Coulter) [13]. Linearity was investigated by the serial dilution of different sera containing high amounts of cTnI. As recommended by the joint European Society of Cardiology and the American College of Cardiology [3], an increased value for cTnI was defined as values exceeding 0.04 µg/l, corresponding to the 99th percentile. In addition, functional sensitivity was defined as the lowest concentration with an acceptable imprecision [coefficient of variation (CV) <10%]. The 10% CV was determined through 20 replicated analyses of samples ranging from 0.01 to 0.04 µg/l.
Statistical analysis
Data are expressed as mean±SE for normally distributed variables and as median and range for non-normally distributed variables. Significance was set at P<0.05. The SAS software was used for statistical analyses.
Differences in cumulative survival rates were compared first between patients with circulating cTnI (10% functional sensitivity) and undetectable cTnI levels, and secondly between patients with elevated CRP (
10 mg/l) and normal CRP (<10 mg/l). Exposure was computed from the date of first blood draw until the date of death, with censoring for renal transplantation. Adjusted relative risks (RRs) of death and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models in a two-step analysis: first, we estimated age-, sex- and duration of dialysis-adjusted RR using multivariate Cox models. Next, potential confounders (diabetes, hypertension, smoking, total cholesterol, triglycerides, dialysis centre and HD modality) were added to the model to obtain fully adjusted RRs.
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Results |
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Troponin and CRP distribution at baseline
A significant number of patients had elevated cTnI regardless of the cut-off criteria chosen: 13.6% 99th percentile (0.04 µg/l) and 25.1%
10% CV (0.03 µg/l) (Table 1). In comparison, in the reference population of the laboratory, those threshold values are exceeded only by 2 and 3%, respectively. No significant association could be detected between cTnI levels and gender, coronary pathology, diabetes, smoking, time spent in dialysis, hypertension, dyslipidaemia or CRP levels. In contrast, cTnI significantly increased with age (P = 0.0039).
The median of CRP level in our cohort was 7.3 mg/l (0.3099.4), compared with 1.8 mg/l in the reference population of the laboratory. Inflammation, based on a CRP >5 mg/l, was present in >60% of our subjects. In addition, 40.3% had CRP levels >10 mg/l.
Follow-up
The patients were followed-up for a median of 418 days (15483). There were a total of 29 deaths, including 13 from cardiovascular causes. In addition, six major cardiovascular events (three myocardial infarctions, two vascular interventions for peripheral arteriopathy and one pulmonary oedema) occurred. Patient exposure was censored for renal transplantation (n = 14). Of the 191 patients, eight were transferred to other renal dialysis units (seven from one to another dialysis facility in Montpellier and one to outside the Montpellier area). However, clinical data were available for all these patients.
Troponin and CRP as prognostic indexes
Patients with positive circulating cTnI, defined by serum levels above the functional sensitivity at 10% CV (0.03 µg/l), had significantly worse outcomes than patients with negative cTnI [RR adjusted for age, sex and time spent in dialysis 4.2 (1.99.0)]. After further adjustment for traditional risk factors (diabetes, smoking, hypertension, total cholesterol, triglycerides, dialysis centre and dialysis modality), all-cause mortality remained significantly associated with cTnI levels
0.03 µg/l (Table 2). No significant interaction was evidenced between the level of cTnI and time to death. In addition, of the six patients who had non-fatal cardiovascular events, only one had a cTnI level >0.03 µg/l.
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Inflammation was also predictive of all-cause mortality, as demonstrated by the significant RR associated with CRP levels 10 mg/l after full adjustment [RR = 2.7 (1.16.5)] (Table 2). However, the threshold value of 5 mg/l could not be tested due to the insufficient number of deaths among patients with CRP levels between 5 and 10 mg/l. CRP >10 mg/l also tended to increase cardiovascular mortality [fully adjusted RR = 1.3 (0.44.9)].
Combination of inflammation and circulating cTnI reliably identified high-risk patients. Indeed, patients with high CRP levels (10 mg/l) or cTnI-positive results (
0.03 µg/l) had an enhanced mortality rate [adjusted RR = 7.1 (2.025.1); fully adjusted RR = 6.5 (1.823.6)] compared with patients with both low CRP and cTnI. The combination of CRP
10 mg/l and cTnI
0.03 µg/l was associated with a dramatic increase in all-cause mortality [RR = 16.9 (4.563.8); fully adjusted RR = 12.0 (3.048.1)].
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Discussion |
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Elevated cTnI was associated with a significantly increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. The relative risk of death remained significantly increased after full adjustment for recognized risk factors such as age, sex, diabetes, time spent in dialysis, hypertension, smoking, total cholesterol, triglycerides, dialysis centre and dialysis modality. Previous studies with special emphasis on cTnT have demonstrated that high circulating troponin concentrations are associated with poor survival [5,6]. Data concerning cTnI are thought to be less consistent and are more difficult to interpret, since no standardization between assays using different antibodies exists [14]. Interestingly, cTnI measured with a highly specific and sensitive test [13] was also predictive for all-cause and cardiovascular death in patients without a history of CAD documented in their medical charts, whether clinically determined or angiographically proven. Since cTnI is highly specific to myocardial injury, cTnI could originate from a silent ischaemic episode, which is observed frequently in ESRF and is associated with poor prognosis [15]. Alternatively, the release of cTnI could be linked to non-ischaemic cardiac damage such as uraemic cardiomyopathy [9]. Indeed, interactions of metabolic abnormalities and toxin retention related to uraemia result in cardiomyopathy and left ventricular hypertrophy. Such cardiomyopathy has been recognized as a pejorative prognostic factor for arrhythmia, cardiovascular events and sudden death [9]. It was shown recently that left ventricular mass was a strong predictor of elevated cTnT levels in HD patients [16].
CRP has been recognized as an important predictor of morbidity and mortality in uraemic patients and is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease [11,12,17] and uraemic cardiopathy [18]. The development of highly sensitive CRP assay kits has shown that the increased mortality could be associated with 5 mg/l (or even lower CRP) levels [11,12]. However, the classical threshold of 10 mg/l, first proposed by Stevinkel et al. [10], has been confirmed recently by Chauveau et al. [19]. The statistically significant adjusted RR associated with CRP >10 mg/l, measured with a high sensitivity test, confirms previous reports of the epidemiological association between CRP and all-cause or cardiovascular deaths in HD populations. Moreover, this study provides evidence that the combination of high CRP and circulating cTnI levels dramatically impairs the HD survival rate [fully adjusted RR 12.0 (3.048.1)]. This original finding suggests that CRP and elevated cTnI are independent markers of uraemic cardiopathy [16,18] and that they could act synergistically to worsen cardiovascular prognosis. This hypothesis is supported further by the positive linear relationship recently observed in HD patients between cTnT and CRP or interleukin-6, which is a more upstream marker of the inflammatory cascade [20].
In conclusion, elevated circulating cTnI was found to be associated with poor prognosis in HD patients, especially when occurring in concert with high CRP. These data present a plea for the regular measurement of both CRP and cTnI in HD patients, to best stratify cardiovascular risk or to initiate more aggressive exploration and treatment. Prospective interventional studies are required in order to evaluate the benefit of regularly monitoring these markers and their potential role in therapeutic intervention.
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Acknowledgments |
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Conflict of interest stastement. None declared.
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References |
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