1 Department of Nephrology and 2 Department of Dermatology, Ege University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
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Abstract |
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Methods. We reviewed the records of 502 patients who had been followed up at our transplantation unit between October 1, 1987 and December 30, 1998. Twelve patients (2.4%) with KS were included in the study.
Results. The mean age of KS patients was 38±11 years (one female, 11 males). All were on prednisone, azathioprine (AZT) and cylcosporin treatment. KS was encountered at a mean of 18±10 months post-renal transplantation. Typical Kaposis lesions were present in the skin of 11 out of l2 patients. In the only patient without skin involvement, who died from haemophagocytic histiocytic syndrome caused by septicaemia, KS was diagnosed post-mortem in a lymph node. In five patients only skin involvement was present, while the others also had visceral involvement (oropharynx in two patients, trachea and lung in three, lymph node in two, stomach and duodenum in two). Cyclosporin was stopped within 1 month after KS diagnosis, and AZT was stopped in three patients. Both cutaneous and visceral KS manifestations disappeared and no patient was lost due to KS. During a follow-up period 46±19 months, KS recurred in the lungs in one patient together with lung tuberculosis, while he was on prednisone and AZT. Two patients lost their graft due to chronic rejection. The remaining eight patients currently have a functioning graft with a mean creatinine level of 1.4±0.5 mg/dl.
Conclusion. KS is the most frequent post-transplant neoplasia (80%) in our country. In the present study cohort, half of the patients had visceral involvement. Reduction or discontinuation of immunosuppression caused complete remission in all patients without surgical intervention, chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
Keywords: Kaposi's sarcoma; kidney transplantation; malignancy
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Introduction |
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In 1969, the first case of KS in association with immunosuppression in a renal transplant patient was diagnosed. Since that time a number of renal and other organ allograft recipients receiving prednisone and azathioprine (AZT) have developed KS after the onset of immunosuppressive therapy [4]. The tumour is seen more commonly and earlier in cylcosporin (Cs)-treated patients than in patients on prednisone and AZT [5]. The incidence of KS in immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients was increased 400- to 500-fold over that seen in a control population of the same ethnic origin [6]. The tumour is more frequent among renal transplant recipients of Mediterranean, Arabic, Jewish and black origin [7]. The male:female ratio is 3:1. In 46% of cases, tumour occurs in the first year post-transplantation. Sixty per cent of patients who reported to the Cincinnati Transplant Tumor Registry (CTTR) had non-visceral KS confined to the skin, conjunctiva, or oropharingeal mucosa, and 40% had visceral disease that involved mainly the gastrointestinal tract, lungs and lymph nodes, but other organs were also affected [8].
Many treatment modalities have been used for post-transplant KS: surgical excision, radiation therapy, intralesional injection of chemotherapeutic agents, such as etoposide, bleomycin and vinblastin, reduction of immunosuppressive therapy, administration of -interferon or cancer chemotherapy, or a combination of these various treatments. Most authorities agree that the first priority is to reduce immunosuppression. Clinical management of renal transplant patients who develop KS is difficult and requires a balance between the risk of death from generalized KS and the risk of graft rejection and complications of renal failure that may occur if immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued.
The aim of this study was to review the experience with KS in our renal transplant recipients and to analyse clinical presentation and response to treatment.
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Subjects and methods |
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All patients received the following immunosuppressive regimen: methylprednisolone (500 mg i.v. before and after transplantation, and 250 mg i.v. every 12 h for three doses post-operation), AZT (2 mg/kg i.v. before transplantation, followed by 2 mg/kg/day orally, adjusted to maintain the white blood cell count at >3.5x109/l), prednisone (1 mg/kg/day orally, tapered by 0.1 mg/kg every other day to 0.20.3 mg/kg/day, and reduced 0.1 mg/kg/day after 1 year) and Cs (58 mg/kg/day, adjusted to maintain the serum cylcosporin level within a specified target range). The Abbott TDx assay was used, with a target range of 180220 ng/ml for the first year, 140180 ng/ml for the second year, and 100140 ng/ml for the third and subsequent years. Episodes of acute rejection were treated with a 1 g i.v. bolus of methylprednisolone on 3 consecutive days.
Immunosuppressive therapy was reduced or withdrawn once KS was diagnosed. First, cyclosporin dosage was reduced by 50% and then stopped within 1 month in all patients after diagnosis; AZT was also stopped in two patients. Neither chemotherapy nor radiotherapy was used. In five patients, an acute rejection episode occurred and was treated with pulse steroids before KS diagnosis. Anti-lymphocyte antibody treatment (ATG or OKT3) was not used. All patients were screened for anti-HIV ELISA. Tests for human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) were not performed.
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Results |
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The average time to appearance of KS was 18±10 months (range 932 months) after transplantation (see Table 1). Diagnosis was made by skin biopsy in 11 of 12 patients. In two of four patients in whom endoscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract was performed, stomach and duodenum involvement was detected. Thorax CT was performed in seven patients and revealed lung involvement in three. With bronchoscopic examination of these three patients, KS-associated lesions were also seen in the trachea and bronchial system (Table 1
).
In one patient (patient 4), KS was diagnosed on necropsy of the lymph node. She was admitted to hospital with fever and weight loss in the 10th month post-renal transplantation. Right posterior cervical lymph node enlargement, splenomegaly and pancytopenia were found under physical examination. Bone marrow examination revealed haemophagocytic histiocytic syndrome. The patient died due to multiple organ failure as a result of septicaemia.
Mean follow-up period was 46±19 months (range 2573 months). Immunosuppressive therapy was reduced or withdrawn in all of 11 patients after diagnosis (see Table 2). Once KS diagnosis was made, Cs was stopped in 10 patients on this treatment. The regression of KS lesions in skin and visceral organs occurred in eight patients and completely disappeared within 6 months (complete remission). In two patients (patients 8 and 11) whose KS lesions did not regress within 2 months after discontinuation of Cs, AZT was also stopped (see Table 2
). In patient 11, KS lesions were widespread (he also had visceral involvement), one of which regressed within 6 months; the others were localized.
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During a mean 46±19 months of follow-up, graft loss due to chronic rejection occurred in two patients (patients 8 and 9). Two patients were lost during follow-up: patient 1 died due to myocardial infarction 43 months after occurrence of KS, and the condition of the other, patient 4 (diagnosed post-mortem), is summarised above. All data are summarized in Tables 1 and 2
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Discussion |
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The mean age of our patients was 38±11 years and did not differ significantly from that of CTTR. Male preponderance was more pronounced in our study. The time of occurrence of KS after renal transplantation in our study was 18±10 months, as opposed to 21 months in CTTR.
In the Cincinnati Registry, visceral involvement was present in 40% of cases. Similarly, we detected visceral involvement in nearly half of all patients investigated for this.
In the Cincinnati Registry, 42% of patients with KS had complete remission after various treatments; 38% of these were the result of reduction or cessation of immunosuppressive therapy [11]. In the Cincinnati Registry, after immunosuppression had been reduced, KS disappeared in 17% of 213 patients with mucocutaneous involvement and 16% of 143 patients with single or multiple visceral involvements [8]. Qunibi et al. [7] reported that in Saudi Arabia, complete remission following reduction or cessation of immunosuppression was achieved in 28% of cases. Only Ponticelli et al. [12] reported impressive results against Penn. Their complete remission rate following reduction or cessation of immunosuppression was 61% and graft loss rate was 31%. These were not higher than that reported in the literature. In our group, reduction or discontinuation of immunosuppression caused complete remission in all patients, with a graft loss rate of 20%. Our results were similar to, and probably better than those of Ponticelli.
Mortality rates vary widely from study to study. In the CTTR series, 57% of patients showing visceral involvement died. Moreover, 72% of deaths were accompanied by KS. In a French study, 21% of patients with KS died and all had visceral involvement. Despite the fact that nearly half of our patients had visceral involvement, no patient in our group was lost directly as a result of KS. All patients were treated with no other therapy. We think that our experience of KS is important in this respect, and our results are very impressive. Patients were shielded from the side effects of chemotherapy, radiotherapy or other therapies, and this approach was also cost effective.
An increased risk of post-transplant KS may be associated with serological evidence of HHV-8 infection (also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus or KSHV), which has been described in patients with HIV infection and KS [13]. In a study of renal transplant recipients from Saudi Arabia, Qunibi et al. [14] found a markedly higher incidence of specific anti-HHV-8 antibodies in patients with KS compared with those without this malignancy (92 vs 28%; P>0.001). Cattani et al. [15] and Diociaiuti et al. [16] reported pre-transplantation HHV-8 seropositivity as a risk factor for KS in kidney transplant recipients. In 400 consecutive renal transplant recipients, 32 had antibodies to HHV-8 at the time of transplantation. At 3 years post-surgery, 28% of antibody-positive patients had developed KS compared with no cases in antibody-negative patients [17]. Unfortunately we do not have the serological data for our group: HHV-8 testing was not performed due to technical difficulties.
The apparently higher risk of KS within a population of HHV-8-positive kidney transplant recipients is a strong argument in favour of systematic screening of HHV-8 serological features before transplantation. The challenge in the future will be to prevent the development of KS in these HHV-8-positive patients by avoiding overimmunosuppression.
It is well known that KS lesions may regress as a result of reduction or modulation of immunosuppressive therapy. However, clinical management of renal transplant patients who develop KS is difficult and requires a balance to be struck between the risk of death from generalized KS and the risk of graft rejection and renal failure complications that may occur if immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued.
Management of KS in our study consisted of progressively tapering immunosuppressive therapy, regardless of KS dissemination. Chemotherapy was prescribed only when a functional disability persisted, and polychemotherapy was prescribed for life-threatening disease. Barete et al. [18] reported that one (5%) of 20 patients died of KS progression. The rate of remission was 45% in their group, with a mean follow-up of 35 months. In our study we did not lose any patient due to KS progression.
In conclusion, KS is the most frequent post-transplant neoplasia (80%) in Turkey and half of our patients had visceral involvement. Reduction or discontinuation of immunosuppression caused complete remission in all patients without surgical intervention, chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Reduction of immunosuppressive therapy is sufficient, and also safer and cheaper than other therapies, for these patients.
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Notes |
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Correspondence and offprint requests to: Soner Duman, Ege Üniversitesi Tip Fakültesi, Nefroloji Bilim Dali, Bornova 35100 Izmir, Turkey. Email: dumans{at}med.ege.edu.tr
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References |
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