1 Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and 2 Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Correspondence and offprint requests to: Derek M. Fine, MD, Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument Street, Suite 416, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Email: dfine1{at}jhmi.edu
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Abstract |
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Methods. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 37 obese patients who underwent TJKB at our centre. The kidney was approached via the right renal vein in 31 patients. Under fluoroscopy, core biopsies were obtained from the lower pole with a 19G biopsy needle. Post-procedure venogram was performed to assess for contrast extravasation indicating capsule perforation or communication with the collecting system. Patients were followed for procedure-related complications. Mean weight was 128 kg (range: 77187 kg) and body mass index was 44 kg/m2 (range: 3464 kg/m2). Mean creatinine was 2.2 mg/dl (range: 0.56.5 mg/dl). Fifteen patients had diabetes, five of whom were nephrotic; 10 other patients had nephrotic range proteinuria.
Results. Of the 37 patients, six were hospitalized at the time of biopsy and three were admitted for observation. All patients returned to baseline activity the day following procedure. Histopathological diagnosis was made in 33 cases (89.2%) with a mean of 19.2 glomeruli (range: 062 glomeruli) per patient. There was one major complication: a delayed retroperitoneal bleed requiring multiple transfusions. Contrast extravasation outside the capsule occurred in five patients and extravasation into the collecting system occurred in three. Body mass index was not associated with number of glomeruli obtained or complication rate.
Conclusions. TJKB in obese patients is a relatively safe, reliable and minimally invasive procedure with an excellent diagnostic yield.
Keywords: body mass index; complications; diagnosis; obesity; transjugular kidney biopsy
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Introduction |
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Despite technical advances in radiographic imaging and tissue-sampling biopsy equipment, high-risk patients frequently do not undergo biopsy or are subjected to invasive open or laparoscopic surgery. This group of patients includes those with bleeding risk due to coagulopathy or platelet dysfunction, solitary kidney [6] and those in whom there is poor visualization of the kidney due to body habitus or abnormal kidney location.
The obese patient is considered to be at potential high-risk for the ultrasound-guided percutaneous approach, due to poor kidney visualization by this technique. Poor visualization can potentially result in both technical failure and bleeding complications. These patients do not have an intrinsic bleeding risk associated with their obesity. The same patients may be difficult to biopsy by CT guidance, being too heavy or too large for the scanner. To our knowledge, there is no published study that has assessed complications of percutaneous biopsy specifically in the obese patient. In the obese patient population, laparoscopic biopsy has been utilized successfully when the percutaneous approach is not possible. Though relatively safe and having a very high diagnostic yield, this procedure requires general anaesthesia and lengthy recovery times [7,8].
Transjugular kidney biopsy (TJKB) has been used in high-risk patients in several series [913]. Most of these patients underwent biopsy via this approach due to risk of bleeding, though morbid obesity was described as an indication in some patients. High diagnostic yield and low complication rates have been described in those studies.
The theoretical advantage of the transjugular approach is a lower likelihood of capsular perforation with the inside-out approach in comparison to the 100% capsular perforation rate with percutaneous biopsy. In addition, there is less chance of large vessel perforation, since the biopsy needle is directed away from larger vessels and is advanced as distally as possible into the medullary interlobar veins and, moreover, when bleeding does occur, it will do so back into the venous system [6]. The disadvantage compared with ultrasound-guided biopsies is the potentially low diagnostic yield due to the need to traverse the medulla first in order to reach the more distal cortex, which is approached cautiously due to its proximity to the capsule.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the safety, feasability, diagnostic yield and potential complications of the transjugular approach in obese patients.
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Subjects and methods |
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Demographic, clinical and relevant laboratory data were abstracted from the patient hospital records and entered into a dedicated database. The number of glomeruli seen by light microscopy, immunoflourescence and electron microscopy was recorded from pathology reports, as was the diagnosis. Regression analysis was used to determine the association of body mass index (BMI) with other factors. All analyses were two-sided and used a type I error rate of 0.05. All analyses were performed using the Stata 6.0 statistical package (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA).
Procedural technique
Biopsies were performed by six interventional radiologists with standard fluoroscopic equipment. All biopsies were performed with the Liver Access and Biopsy Set (Cook, Indianapolis, IN, USA), which comprised of (i) a 7F, 50.5 cm transjugular sheath with a 14G inner stiffening cannula; (ii) a 5F, 80 cm multipurpose catheter; and (iii) a 19G, 60 cm biopsy needle with a 2 cm throw length. The procedure began with the insertion of a 9F vascular sheath (Cordis, Miami, FL, USA) into the right internal jugular vein under direct sonographic guidance. This was followed by insertion of a standard Bentson wire (Cook, Bloomington, IN, USA) into the inferior vena cava. Selective catheterization of the renal vein was achieved with the multipurpose catheter. The right renal vein was used unless there was technical difficulty, in which case the left vein was cannulated. After the catheter was manipulated into the posterior lower pole branch of the renal vein, the Bentson wire was exchanged for a 145 cm Amplatz Super Stiff Wire (Boston Scientific Corp., Watertown, MA, USA). Subsequently, the 7F transjugular sheath with the metal inner cannula was advanced into the selected lower renal vein. Injection of either iodinated contrast (Omnipaque 300®; Amersham, Princeton, NJ, USA) or gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist®; Berlex Laboratories, Wayne, NJ, USA) into the sheath was performed to confirm position in the renal vein. The operating radiologist determined which contrast agent would be used, based on baseline renal function. Gadolinium was used for patients with serum creatinine >2.0 mg/dl. Kidney biopsies were performed by advancing the 19G, 60 cm biopsy needle gently through the metal cannula as distally as possible into a medullary interlobar vein of the lower pole of the kidney. An average of 5.5 passes was made during each kidney biopsy session. Renal venogram was performed at the end of procedure to evaluate for extracapsular penetration or communication with the urinary collecting system. When significant extravasation was noted, follow-up injection was repeated after 5 min to determine if any additional treatment, such as embolization of the bleeding vessel, would be necessary. Outpatients were observed for 6 h in the recovery area with vital signs every 15 min prior to discharge. Tissue samples were processed in a standard manner for evaluation by light microscopy, immunoflourescence and electron microscopy. Specimens obtained were examined by one of two pathologists.
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Results |
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Table 2 summarizes diagnoses by underlying conditions. Nine of 15 diabetic patients had diabetic nephropathy as a primary diagnosis. Four of these patients had superimposed pathology requiring separate intervention. It is notable that five diabetic patients had other non-diabetic glomerular pathology. Lupus patients had the full range of lupus-related histopathology, as shown in the table.
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Only one patient had a serious complication. This patient was an inpatient at the time of biopsy. Approximately 7 days after the biopsy, he was noted to drop his haematocrit by 12% (from 41.3% to 29.3%). CT scanning revealed a large haematoma in the right retroperitoneum. This patient required nine units of blood and though there was no bleeding visualized on angiography, he underwent two selective embolizations of the inferior branch of the right renal artery, the presumed site of the ongoing bleed. The patient was massively volume overloaded at the time and was overtly uraemic, requiring renal replacement therapy. It should be noted that this same patient had suffered a spontaneous left-sided retroperitoneal bleed while on anticoagulation 6 months earlier. No obvious bleeding diathesis was discovered.
Two patients were thrombocytopenic (platelet count: <100 000 per min3). Both patients had liver disease with coagulation studies showing international normalized ratio (INR) elevations at 1.4. No other patient had an INR outside the normal range. There were four patients with elevated partial thromboplastin time (PTT) prior to procedure. Two of those patients had lupus with evidence of a circulating anticoagulant. The other two patients had underlying liver disease. None of these patients had a complicated procedure.
There were four patients receiving anticoagulation prior to the procedure. One with antiphospholipid antibodies received enoxaparin until the night prior to the procedure. The enoxaparin was restarted within 48 h after the procedure along with coumadin at that time without complication. Three patientsone with a mechanical aortic valve, one with history of stroke and one with a deep venous thrombosishad their warfarin discontinued 5 days before the procedure and restarted the day after without heparinization. All were anticoagulated thereafter without complication. One of these patients had extracapsular extravasation of contrast at the time of procedure, unrelated to his anticoagulation.
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Discussion |
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The first large series of patients undergoing kidney biopsy via the transjugular approach was described in 1990 by Mal et al. [11] in 50 patients with contraindications to percutaneous approach. In their report on 200 consecutive cases, Mal et al. [12] demonstrated a high diagnostic yield of 83% and a relatively safe procedure. Despite the high-risk nature of this population, only four (2%) patients required blood transfusion, three of whom had large perirenal haematomas and one excessive haematuria. Cluzel et al. [9], in the largest study to date of 400 consecutive patients, described excellent diagnostic yield (94%) and safety, with major complications in only 1% (rates comparable to a control group undergoing percutaneous approach). The number of obese patients biopsied in both studies was only 17 and five subjects, respectively. Despite the success with this procedure, its use has remained somewhat limited, particularly in the United States.
Of the 32 patients studied in the first large series of patients undergoing laparoscopic biopsy [7], 14 were obese. All cases had sufficient tissue for histopathological diagnosis. Half of the patients were discharged on the day of the procedure. Two major complications occurred, with one patient developing a perinephric 300 cc bleed, while the other died from apparent unrelated gastrointestinal bleeding. Though this procedure was considered by the authors to be safe, reliable and minimally invasive, all surgeries required general anaesthesia and mean time to recovery to normal physical activity was 1.7 weeks. In an update of this study by the same group, 30 of 74 had the procedure due to obesity; the results reported were less detailed, but not significatly different from the earlier series [8].
Sam et al. [13] in their recent series of 29 patients with liver disease undergoing transjugular renal biopsy felt that three criteria needed to be met in order for this procedure to be more widely accepted. First, an adequate sample needs to be obtained to allow accurate diagnosis and, second, the procedure needs to be sufficiently safe for high-risk patients. Finally, it needs to be documented that the information obtained is helpful in the clinical decision-making process and, hence, will influence the quality of care delivered. In the obese population in whom this procedure was performed at our institution, we feel that we have been able to meet those three criteria.
The tissue samples obtained in this study were sufficient in 33 of the 37 patients and helpful in establishing specific diagnoses in another two patients. In addition, 30 patients (81%) had more than 10 glomeruli for analysis and the average number of glomeruli (19.2) processed is comparable to the number obtained (19.4) by Sam et al. [13]. Although the diagnostic success rate in this study of 89% is slightly less than that reported by Sam et al. (97%) [13], who had an on-site pathologist review specimens, it is comparable to the 78.6% [12] and 94% [9] diagnostic rate reported in larger series. Though performed in a different population, the yield of percutaneous biopsy generally ranges from 95.5% to 98.8% [4,9,14].
The procedure was relatively safely performed in this cohort. There was one major complication in this study: a retroperitoneal haematoma. The patient required 9 U of red blood cells and underwent two angiograms with embolizations, though no focal contrast extravasation was ever visualized. As described previously, the bleeding was highly unusual as it occurred 7 days after the procedure. All other complications were self-limited, as described. The major complication rate was similar to that described in larger studies of transvenous biopsy [9,12]. Major complication rates from percutaneous biopsy have been described in <1% in one study [4] to 6.6% in another [5]. It should be noted that other than obesity, few of the patients in the current study had other high risks, namely bleeding diatheses or thrombocytopenia, as has been observed in other cohorts.
The procedure was well tolerated, with all patients returning to their baseline activity the day following the procedure. This is in contrast to laparoscopic biopsy patients who require significantly longer recovery times (average: 1.7 weeks) [7]. In addition, most of our patients were discharged after 6 h of observation. As there is evidence in the percutaneous biopsy literature that bleeding may not be evident in 20% of patients until after 8 h of observation [5], caution is required with decisions regarding the length of observation. Several features of the procedure might make it possible to have shorter observation periods: the lower risk of capsular perforation, the ability to detect capsular perforation in many instances by post-procedure venogram, the likelihood of a bleed occurring back into the venous system and the use of a smaller gauge (19G) biopsy needle than is employed in percutaneous biopsies. Certainly, those with unstable vital signs, ongoing haematuria, flank pain or with evidence of extravasation require more extended observation.
The clinical utility of this procedure is reflected in the varied diagnoses obtained in the diabetic and lupus populations. Though it is difficult to prove that the quality of care delivered is affected by biopsy result, one can argue, based on the diagnoses, that it may be. Several studies have shown that diabetic patients undergoing kidney biopsy frequently have non-diabetic renal disease [1517]. Indeed, in this study, five out of 15 (33%) diabetic patients had other diagnoses and another four patients had other diagnoses superimposed upon their diabetic nephropathy. Certainly, the indications for biopsy in these patients were such that one might have expected non-diabetic renal disease.
Though this is the largest study of its kind, it is still limited by the relatively small number of patients studied. The small number does not allow accurate prediction of risk factors for complications or the assessment of the effect on the long-term outcome of the procedure. In addition to the risk of contrast exposure, venography may not necessarily show all perforations [6] and occult capsular perforations may have been missed. We do not have cost data, but expect that in many patients the ability to have this procedure done as an outpatient might balance the cost of an overnight stay recommended by many nephrologists performing a percutaneous approach. In addition, it is likely that this approach is less expensive than the laparoscopic approach. Furthermore, since this approach is only recommended in those patients in whom the percutaneous approach is not possible, cost comparisons may not necessarily be applicable. This procedure does require the expertise of a skilled interventional radiologist, precluding its use in some communities.
In conclusion, based on our experience, we have demonstrated that TJKB is a feasible technique in the obese population. The high diagnostic yield allows for appropriate clinical management of patients undergoing this approach. In addition, the procedure is well tolerated, relatively safe and might prove to be the procedure of choice in this group of patients.
Conflict of interest statement. None declared.
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References |
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