1 Medical School, University of Tampere, 2 Department of Pathology and 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital and 4 Division of Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
Correspondence and offprint requests to: Jukka Mustonen, MD, Medical School, University of Tampere, FIN-33014, Finland. Email: jukka.mustonen{at}uta.fi
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Abstract |
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Methods. In the present study we correlated clinical and metabolic risk factors with histopathological parameters in 202 patients with IgAN. Morphological changes in glomerular, tubulointerstitial and vascular tissue were semiquantitatively graded into three classes. Mesangial proliferation activity and the amount of inflammatory cells were also evaluated by immunohistochemical staining of Ki-67 (MIB-1), CD45 (LCA) and CD68 stainings. Serum uric acid, triglycerides and cholesterol, urine protein excretion (UPE), blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) were measured. Smoking habits and occurrence of diabetes mellitus also were evaluated. The independent role of serum uric acid in the development of renal morphological changes was evaluated in multivariate analysis.
Results. Serum uric acid and UPE level correlated with several histological parameters. Uric acid level showed the strongest correlation with tubulointerstitial changes and UPE with glomerulosclerosis. The level of serum triglycerides correlated with interstitial fibrosis and hyaline arteriolosclerosis. Blood pressure correlated with hyaline arteriolosclerosis, glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial changes. BMI and diabetes mellitus correlated with both tubulointerstitial and vascular changes. We found no significant correlations between histopathological parameters and smoking habits or serum cholesterol level. Serum uric acid had independent associations with the presence of tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis and inflammation.
Conclusions. We conclude that many metabolic factors are univariately associated with renal morphological findings in IgAN. These same factors are central in the metabolic or insulin resistance syndrome and may have a pathogenetic role in the progression of IgAN. Serum uric acid may have an independent role in development of tubulointerstitial lesions as well as being associated with inflammation in renal tissue of patients with IgAN.
Keywords: body mass index; glomerulonephritis; renal pathology; serum cholesterol; serum triglycerides; serum uric acid
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Introduction |
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Clinical risk factors for IgAN progression, for example hypertension, proteinuria, hyperuricaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia, also have been reported to be risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. There is evidence that uric acid can promote the oxygenation of low-density lipoproteins and increase the production of free oxygen radicals [5]. In consequence of these processes, uric acid might specifically promote atherosclerosis [5]. Serum triglyceride concentration has been found to correlate with the narrowing of coronary arteries by atherosclerotic plaque. The initial triglyceride concentration may also entail a risk of progression of coronary artery disease as evaluated by angiography [6].
It is well known that hypertension, especially glomerular hypertension, can cause glomerular injury and also morphological changes in renal vascularity [7]. Proteinuria correlates mainly with tubulointerstitial but also with glomerular damage in IgAN. Much less is known of histological changes related to elevated serum levels of uric acid or triglycerides. In one experimental study, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins correlated positively with the development of glomerulosclerosis [8].
In an experimental model of hyperuricaemic nephropathy the renal injury observed was located mainly in tubulointerstitial tissue [9]. A recent rat model provided evidence that uric acid may be a true mediator of renal disease and progression [10].
In the present study we investigated the correlations between independent risk factors for progression and histopathological changes in IgAN. The focus of interest was on correlations of uric acid with renal injury. The role of serum uric acid as an independent risk factor for various histopathological changes also was investigated. In addition, other factors, such as cholesterol, triglycerides, body mass index (BMI), diabetes and smoking habits, were studied in the context of renal morphology.
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Subjects and methods |
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Renal pathological evaluation
Paraffin sections for light microscopy were stained by the haematoxylineosin, periodic acidSchiff reaction, Masson's trichrome and periodic acidsilver methenamine methods. Mesangial cellularity, glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis and inflammation, hyaline arteriolosclerosis and arterial intimafibrosis were evaluated. The histological parameters mentioned were semiquantitatively graded into three groups (normal, mild and marked). The grading was modified mainly after the revised Banff 97 classification for renal allograft pathology [11]. The histopathological grading schema we used is presented in Table 1.
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Immunohistochemistry
For light microscopic immunoperoxidase staining, 3-µm paraffin sections were cut onto ChemMateTM capillary gap microscope slides (DakoCytomation Denmark A/S, Glostrop, Denmark). Proliferation activity in the mesangial areas was investigated by staining the Ki-67 antigen (anti-Ki-67, clone MIB-1; DakoCytomation Denmark A/S) (1:100) identifying cells in all but the G0 phase of the cell cycle. Inflammatory cells were investigated by staining the CD45 [leukocyte common antigen (LCA) clone 2B11+PD7/26; DakoCytomation Denmark A/S] (1:2000) and CD68 (clone PG-M1; DakoCytomation Denmark A/S) (1:150) antigens identifying lymphocytes and macrophages, respectively.
Antigen retrieval was performed on rehydrated sections in a microwave oven at 850 W for two 7 min cycles using TrisEDTA buffer (pH 9.0) as the retrieval solution. Immunostaining was carried out in a TechMateTM 500 Immunostainer (DakoCytomation Denmark A/S) using the EnVisionTM polymer technique (DakoCytomation Denmark A/S). Diaminobenzidine (DAB) was used as a chromogen and haematoxylin as a nuclear stain. The specificity of immunohistochemistry was controlled by omitting the primary antibodies or replacing them with irrelevant antisera. Known positive tissue samples were also used to confirm the staining reliability of all separate staining batches.
Quantification of immunohistochemically stained cells
Immunoperoxidase staining results were investigated at 400x magnification with an ocular grid (0.0625 mm2). In the glomeruli, MIB-1- and LCA-positive cells were counted as the number of cells per mm2 of glomerular area. The amount of glomerular CD68+ cells was graded into five groups from 1 (negative) to 5 (strong positive), because their staining pattern made it impossible to obtain exact cell numbers. All glomeruli were counted. The area of the glomeruli and tubulointerstitium were determined by point counting using a 100-point square lattice in the eyepiece. Tubulointerstitial LCA-positive cells per mm2 were counted in 10 adjacent fields.
Clinical definitions
At the time of renal biopsy, 11 patients had purpura, two of them the typical picture of HenochSchönlein syndrome (abdominal pain, arthritis and purpura). Ten patients had diabetes mellitus. No patient had systemic lupus erythematosus or liver cirrhosis.
All clinical parameters were measured at the time of renal biopsy. Blood pressure was measured by sphygmomanometer after rest. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was calculated by the formula:
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Statistics
Comparison of non-normally distributed continuous variables was done by MannWhitney U-test or KruskalWallis test when appropriate. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated for statistically significant correlations and when studying the relationship between the relative amounts of obliterated glomeruli or glomeruli with extracapillary proliferation and clinical measurements. We also used Spearman correlations to evaluate the correlations of glomerular MIB-1, LCA and tubulointerstitial LCA with clinical parameters. The chi-square test was used to evaluate correlations of diabetes and smoking habits with histological parameters. Multivariate analysis was done by stepwise logistic regression analysis. The SPSS statistical package was used for analysis.
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Results |
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Blood pressure correlated with the severity of glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis and hyaline arteriolosclerosis, but not with mesangial cellularity or interstitial inflammation (Table 7). Systolic blood pressure and MAP, but not diastolic blood pressure, correlated statistically significantly with arterial intimafibrosis. The strongest correlation of MAP was with arteriolosclerosis.
The amount of UPE (P<0.001) and serum cholesterol level (P<0.05) correlated significantly with the relative number of glomeruli with extracapillary proliferation. The level of UPE also correlated with the severity of glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis and hyaline arteriolosclerosis (Table 5). The strongest correlation was with the level of glomerulosclerosis.
BMI correlated positively with tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, hyaline arteriolosclerosis and arterial intimafibrosis (Table 8). Patients with diabetes mellitus evinced significantly more severe histopathological changes in glomerular, tubulointerstitial and also in vascular tissue (Table 8). The most prominent of the aforementioned associations were the association of diabetes with tubular atrophy (P<0.01) and hyaline arteriolosclerosis (P<0.01). There were no significant correlations between smoking habits or lifetime total cigarettes smoked and histological parameters.
The relative number of obliterated glomeruli correlated significantly with both systolic (P<0.001) and diastolic (P<0.01) blood pressure, MAP (P<0.01), serum triglycerides (P<0.05) and uric acid (P<0.001).
Associations of immunohistochemical measurements with clinical and histopathological parameters
Semiquantitatively graded mesangial cellularity correlated significantly with glomerular MIB-1 (P<0.05) and CD68 (P<0.01) and nearly significantly with glomerular LCA (P = 0.051). Tubulointerstitial LCA correlated with the presence of tubular atrophy (P<0.01) and interstitial inflammation (P<0.001).
Correlations between immunohistochemical and clinical parameters are summarized in Table 5. The amount of UPE correlated significantly with glomerular LCA (P<0.05), CD68 (P<0.001) and tubulointerstitial LCA (P<0.01). Serum uric acid correlated with glomerular CD68 (P<0.05). Patients with hyperuricaemia (males: >0.45 mmol/l; females: >0.32 mmol/l) had significantly higher numbers of tubulointerstitial LCA-positive cells (P<0.05). Systolic blood pressure correlated with tubular LCA (P<0.01).
Correlations of clinical and metabolic parameters with histopathological parameters in multivariate analysis
Because our aim was to investigate the independent role of serum uric acid in the development of morphological changes, all histopathological parameters correlating with uric acid in univariate analysis were studied by multivariate analysis. All clinical or metabolic factors correlating significantly with those histopathological parameters were included in the model. Of the blood pressure-measuring parameters, MAP was included. Serum uric acid was found to be correlated independently with the presence of tubular atrophy (P<0.01) when studied in a model with MAP, creatinine, UPE, BMI, diabetes and age and with interstitial fibrosis (P<0.05) when studied in a model with MAP, creatinine, UPE, triglycerides, BMI and age. MAP had independent correlations with glomerulosclerosis (P<0.05) and hyaline arteriolosclerosis (P<0.05). Age correlated independently with tubular atrophy (P<0.001), interstitial fibrosis (P<0.01), hyaline arteriolosclerosis (P<0.05) and arterial intimafibrosis (P<0.001). Serum creatinine had independent correlation with interstitial inflammation (P<0.01).
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Discussion |
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Numerous studies have been made of the risk factors for progression of renal insufficiency in IgAN. Hypertension, elevated serum creatinine concentration, severe proteinuria, old age, male sex and the absence of macroscopic haematuria have been found to be independent risk factors [4]. In our recent study, hyperuricaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia also emerged as independent risk factors for progression [3]. Of the histological parameters evaluated in earlier studies, marked glomerulosclerosis and, especially, tubular lesions may be the strongest risk factors for progression in IgAN [4].
Mesangial hypercellularity, observed by semiquantitative analysis in 69% of the biopsy specimens, was further analysed by differential immunohistochemical stainings. It turned out that both inflammatory cell infiltration (lymphocytes and macrophages) and, to a lesser extent, cellular proliferation contributed to the hypercellularity. Interestingly, the number of inflammatory cells measured by quantitative immunohistochemistry, but not the number of proliferating cells, correlated with UPE.
It has been found recently that hyperuricaemia is an independent risk factor for progression in IgAN [3,12]. Kang and colleagues [10] found in experimental study that hyperuricaemic rats had more severe glomerular, vascular and interstitial changes than controls. Hyperuricaemic rats also showed also increased renin and COX-2 expression in blood vessels. Allopurinol blocked the changes in renal function and histology. They also assume that uric acid may have an independent role in the pathogenesis and progression of renal disease. In some experimental studies, hyperuricaemia and hyperuricosuria have been induced by uric acid and oxonic acid diet. The most significant light-microscopic findings were interstitial mononuclear infiltrations and fibrosis and tubular changes, while glomeruli and blood vessels were normal in morphology [9].
In the present study, the serum uric acid concentration correlated most strongly with chronic tubulointerstitial changes and less strongly with glomerulosclerosis. The serum levels of uric acid also correlated with inflammatory cell infiltration both in glomeruli and interstitium, as evaluated by immunohistochemical methods. There were independent associations between serum uric acid and tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. It appears possible that high serum uric acid may independently cause progression in IgAN by damaging tubulointerstitial tissue. Because of the central role of tubulointerstitial damage in progression of IgAN, the significance of high uric acid levels may be quite important.
Recent studies have shown that serum triglycerides predict a decline in renal function in IgAN [3] and in healthy women [13], in whom high triglyceride levels are also a risk factor for proteinuria [13]. In in vitro studies it has been observed that triglyceride-rich lipoproteins may promote mesangial cell proliferation [14]. In the present study, serum triglyceride concentrations correlated significantly with renal morphological changes. The strongest correlation was found between triglycerides and interstitial fibrosis, but it also correlated with hyaline arteriolosclerosis. Based on our multivariate analysis, serum triglycerides may not have independent associations with the presence of renal histopathological changes.
Of the cardiovascular risk factors, serum cholesterol also has been reported to be a risk factor for progression in IgAN [15]. In our previous study we, however, did not find cholesterol to be an independent risk factor for progression [3]. It has also been reported that the total cholesterol concentration does not predict the development of proteinuria or renal insufficiency in healthy persons [13]. Excluding extracapillary proliferation, the cholesterol level did not correlate with any other renal histopathological parameter in the present study.
It has been reported that obesity with hypertension or hyperlipidaemia may accelerate renal damage [16]. It was found recently that obesity might promote proteinuria in healthy men [17]. Bonnet and associates [18] found high BMI to be an independent risk factor for chronic renal failure in IgAN. In the present study, we found BMI to correlate with the level of tubulointerstitial and vascular lesions. Strict weight control might be a good clinical practice also among IgAN patients.
Smoking has been reported to be risk factor for renal insufficiency in diabetic nephropathy and inflammatory renal diseases [19]. Tozawa and colleagues [17] found that smoking might promote proteinuria in healthy men. In our previous study, smoking was not an independent risk factor for progression in IgAN [3] and in the present study, using the same patient population, there were no significant correlations between smoking and histological parameters.
We conclude that all statistically significant clinical risk factors for progression of IgAN correlated with morphological changes in renal tissue. While serum uric acid correlated most strongly with tubulointerstitial changes, blood pressure was the most significant factor predicting changes in vascular morphology. The level of serum triglycerides, but not total cholesterol, would seem to be associated with renal morphological changes. Factors associated with metabolic or insulin resistance syndrome, especially uric acid, triglycerides and BMI, correlated with tubulointerstitial damage, which has been reported to be the most significant histopathological risk factor for progression in IgAN. A high level of serum uric acid seems to have an independent role in the development of tubulointerstitial changes in IgAN. Further studies need to be performed to clarify whether uric acid-lowering therapy has an influence on the progression of IgAN.
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Acknowledgments |
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Conflict of interest statement. None declared.
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References |
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