FB Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 11, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
Correspondence
Darío Ortiz de Orué Lucana
ortiz{at}biologie.uni-osnabrueck.de
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ABSTRACT |
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INTRODUCTION |
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The exploration of the Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) genomic sequences has led to the identification of 84 genes which could encode SKs and 80 genes for RRs (Hutchings et al., 2004). In comparison, an analysis of the complete sequence of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome revealed the presence of 36 genes for putative SKs and 34 genes encoding putative RRs (Fabret et al., 1999
). The genome of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli encodes 32 SKs and 23 RRs, and five hybrid SKs (Mizuno, 1997
). The large number of different two-component systems within Streptomyces species appears to reflect their responsiveness to a wide range of environmental stimuli in their rapidly changing habitat. To date, however, only a few two-component systems have been investigated experimentally: the ChiS/ChiR (Streptomyces thermoviolaceus OPC-520) system is required for the formation of a chitinase (Tsujibo et al., 1999
); the AbsA1/AbsA2 system of S. coelicolor A3(2) negatively regulates the production of several antibiotics (Brian et al., 1996
; Sheeler et al., 2005
); the PhoR/PhoP system from Streptomyces lividans is implicated in the regulation of a high-affinity phosphate transporter and in the production of actinorhodin and undecylprodigiosin (Sola-Landa et al., 2003
); the VanR/VanS system from S. coelicolor A3(2) activates the expression of vancomycin resistance (Hong et al., 2004
); and the CutR/S system (S. lividans) negatively affects the synthesis of actinorhodin (Chang et al., 1996
).
In this report we describe the identification of genes for a novel two-component system named SenS/SenR from S. reticuli. Comparative genetic and biochemical experiments revealed that SenS/SenR is important to modulate the level of FurS, CpeB and HbpS.
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METHODS |
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Isolation of DNA, transformations and hybridization experiments.
Chromosomal DNA of S. reticuli strains was isolated after growth in a sucrose-containing complete medium for 2 days (Schlochtermeier et al., 1992). Plasmids were isolated from E. coli with the aid of a mini plasmid kit (Qiagen). E. coli DH5
, XL-1 Blue and M15 (pREP4) were transformed with plasmid DNA by electroporation (Dower et al., 1988
). S. lividans protoplasts were transformed and regenerated as described by Hopwood et al. (1985)
. Transformants were selected using an overlay of 2 ml 0·4 % agarose supplemented with 400 µg thiostrepton leading to a final concentration of 30 µg antibiotic ml1 on the plate (Hopwood et al., 1985
). DNA fragments of the restricted S. reticuli genome were transferred onto nylon membranes, as described by Sambrook et al. (1989)
. The hybridization probes were labelled using Klenow enzyme and digoxigenin-11-dUTP (Roche). Hybridization and immunological detection were carried out according to standard procedures (Sambrook et al., 1989
).
PCR, DNA sequencing and computer analysis.
PCR was performed with Pfu DNA polymerase. Sequencing was done as described by Zou et al. (1999), using the GATC kit (Beck & Pohl, 1984
). Sequence entry, primary analysis and ORF searches were performed using Clone Manager 5.0. Database searches using the PAM120 scoring matrix were carried out with BLAST algorithms (BLASTX, BLASTP and TBLASTN) on the NCBI file server (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) (Altschul et al., 1997
). Multiple sequence alignments were generated by means of the CLUSTAL W (1.74) program (Higgins et al., 1992
). Putative ShineDalgarno (ribosome-binding) sites (Gold et al., 1981
; Strohl, 1992
) and signal-peptide cleavage sites (Nielsen et al., 1997
) were deduced as described. The prediction of membrane-spanning regions was supported by the TMpred program (ExPASy server; Gasteiger et al., 2003
).
RNA isolation and analysis of transcripts.
Spores (1·2x107) of S. reticuli [wild-type (WT) and senS/senR mutant] and S. lividans (containing the plasmids pWKB1 or pWKS10) were inoculated into 50 ml complete medium (Schlochtermeier et al., 1992) and grown as a standing culture at 30 °C for 8 h and afterwards on a rotary shaker for 16 h. The cultures were washed four times in minimal medium (MM) without supplement. The mycelia from S. reticuli strains were suspended in 50 ml MM supplemented with Avicel (1 % final concentration) and cultivated for 6 h. Mycelia from S. lividans and its transformants were suspended in the same medium in which Avicel had been replaced by 0·5 % yeast extract (since they cannot use crystalline cellulose as sole carbon source) and cultivation was continued for 14 h. Samples were taken to analyse RNA and proteins (FurS, CpeB and HbpS). Genomic RNA was isolated as previously described (Ortiz de Orué Lucana & Schrempf, 2000
), electrophoretically separated on 2 % agarose gels containing 2 % formamide and 1x MOPS buffer, and subsequently transferred to a positively charged nylon membrane. For DNARNA hybridizations, furS and hbpS probes were radioactively labelled with the Rediprime DNA labelling system (Amersham) using Klenow polymerase and [32P]dCTP. Prior to this procedure, the unlabelled probe had been obtained by amplifying DNA regions corresponding to furS and hbpS, respectively, with the primer combinations Fur1 (5'-GGCCGCATGCCCGCCTCCCCGACACCG-3') and Fur2 (5'-GGAAGCTTCCGAACTGTGCGGAACTCG-3'), and HBP6 (5'-CAACGGATCCGACACCACGGAGGCC-3') and HBP7 (5'-GGGCAAGCTTGTGGCCGAGCACGG-3'). Following incubation at 64 °C, the membranes were washed as described previously (Ortiz de Orué Lucana & Schrempf, 2000
) and then subjected to autoradiography. The corresponding transcript signals were quantified by comparing their intensities using Gel-Pro Analyser software (INTAS, Germany).
Cloning of genes in E. coli.
The longer SrfIEcoRI fragment (comprising hbpS, senS and senR) of plasmid pUBB1 (Zou et al., 1999) (Table 1
) was ligated with the shorter SrfIEcoRI DNA fragment (containing furS and cpeB) of plasmid pWKS10 (Zou et al., 1999
). The obtained plasmid was named pWKB1 (Table 1
). The senS-coding region of pWKB1 was amplified by PCR using the primers: SenS1, 5'-CTTTGGATCCGTGCCGACGGTGGCCGTAC-3', consisting of an BamHI restriction site (underlined), followed by the sequence encoding the N-terminal amino acids of SenS; and SenS2, 5'-GTATAAGCTTTCATCTCGGCTCCAACG-3', determining the C-terminal amino acids of SenS, followed by the HindIII restriction site (underlined). The PCR product was digested with BamHI and HindIII and ligated with BamHI/HindIII-digested pQE30 (Table 1
) or BamHI/HindIII-digested pASK-IBA7+ (Table 1
). The resulting plasmids pQS1 or pASKS1 (Table 1
), respectively, were transformed into E. coli XL-1 Blue. Having sequenced the plasmids, the correctness of the designed senS gene and its in-frame fusion with the His-tag or Strep-tag codons were confirmed.
The hbpS-coding region (without the codons encoding the signal peptide) of the above-described construct pWKB1 was amplified by PCR with primers: HBP6, 5'-CAACGGATCCGACACCACGGAGGCC-3', consisting of a BamHI restriction site (underlined), followed by the sequence encoding the N-terminal amino acids of the mature HbpS (without the signal peptide); and HBP7, 5'-GGGCAAGCTTGTGGCCGAGCACGG-3', determining the C-terminal amino acids of HbpS, followed by the HindIII restriction site (underlined). The PCR product was digested with BamHI and HindIII, ligated withBamHI/HindIII-cleaved pQE30 (Table 1) and subsequently transformed into E. coli XL-1 Blue. Having sequenced the resulting plasmid pQH2, the correctness of the hbpS gene and its in-frame fusion with the His-tag codons were confirmed.
Purification of the fusion proteins and generation of antibodies.
Each of the above-described plasmids pQS1 and pQH2 was transformed into E. coli M15 (pREP4). A selected transformant containing the pQS1 plasmid was inoculated in LB medium with ampicillin (100 µg ml1) and kanamycin (50 µg ml1). Cultivation was carried out at 16 °C to avoid the formation of inclusion bodies, which had been found to occur at higher temperatures (data not shown). The synthesis of the His-tag-SenS fusion protein was induced by the addition of 0·5 mM IPTG after the culture had reached an OD600 of 0·6. The cells were grown for 8 h, harvested, washed with chilled solution A (10 mM HEPES, 60 mM KCl, pH 8·0) and disrupted by ultrasonication (Branson sonifier, 5x10 s, with 10 s intervals). Purification of the fusion protein was performed under native conditions using Ni2+ affinity chromatography according to the instructions of the manufacturer (Qiagen). From 1 l of culture, 0·05 mg His-tag-SenS was obtained. For further purification and concentration, the His-tag-SenS protein was recovered from a preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gel by using an electro-elution cell according to the instructions of the manufacturer (Bio-Rad). The purified protein (150 µg) was used to generate antibodies in guinea pigs (EUROGENTEC, Belgium). The antisera were then directly used for proteinprotein interaction studies (see below).
E. coli M15 (pREP4, pQH2) was cultivated in LB medium with ampicillin (100 µg ml1) and kanamycin (50 µg ml1) at 37 °C. After the culture had reached an OD600 of 0·6, the synthesis of His-tag-HbpS was induced by adding 0·5 mM IPTG and the cultivation was continued for 3 h. His-tag-HbpS was purified from the cytoplasm by affinity chromatography, as described previously (Ortiz de Orué Lucana & Schrempf, 2000). From 1 l of culture, 2 mg His-tag-HbpS was obtained.
SenS was purified as a Strep-tag fusion protein from an E. coli XL-1 Blue transformant (carrying the plasmid pASKS1 containing the senS gene), which had been cultivated in LB medium containing ampicillin (100 µg ml1) at 16 °C. The synthesis of the protein was induced (at an OD600 of 0·6) by adding anhydrotetracycline (200 ng ml1). The produced protein was purified from cleared cell lysates using streptactin affinity chromatography, according to the instructions of the manufacturer (IBA). Per 1 l of culture, 0·1 mg Strep-tag-SenS was obtained.
Proteinprotein interactions.
The Strep-tag-SenS fusion protein was used to test the interaction with HbpS by affinity chromatography. Firstly, Strep-tag-SenS was purified as described above and dialysed against buffer W (100 mM Tris/HCl, pH 8·0, 150 mM NaCl) and loaded onto a streptactin column. Non-specifically bound proteins were washed off and the Strep-tag-SenS protein was kept immobilized. In parallel, the synthesis of His-tag-HbpS was induced in the recombinant E. coli M15 (pREP4, pQH2). Its cytoplasmic extract (comprising His-tag-HbpS) and concentrated proteins of the culture filtrate from S. reticuli were then separately loaded onto the streptactin column containing Strep-tag-SenS. As a control, the protein extracts were loaded onto the streptactin column without immobilized Strep-tag-SenS. Each column was then washed five times with buffer W, and bound proteins were eluted using desthiobiotin according to the instructions of the manufacturer (IBA).
For affinity blotting (named Far Western or Blot overlay analysis; Hall, 2004) 1 µg of the purified proteins (His-tag-SenS and His-tag-HbpS) was fractionated separately via SDS-PAGE, transferred to a PVDF membrane and preincubated for 2 h in PBS buffer (40 mM disodium hydrogen phosphate, 8 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 7·4) containing 5 % skimmed milk powder. Purified His-tag-SenS was added in PBS buffer to a final concentration of 1 µg ml1 and incubated for 16 h at room temperature. As a control, one membrane containing lanes of the transferred proteins was incubated with PBS buffer without the addition of His-tag-SenS. Membranes were then washed three times with PBS buffer and incubated with anti-SenS antibodies in PBS buffer. After treatment with secondary anti-guinea-pig antibodies conjugated with alkaline phosphatase, the membrane was stained with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate and nitro blue tetrazolium (Blake et al., 1984
).
Generation of the S. reticuli senS/senR disruption mutant.
The plasmid pUKS10 (Zou et al., 1999) was digested with BsiWI and SphI. The 1142 bp DNA fragment (containing a portion of hbpS and part of senS; Fig. 3
) was treated with Klenow enzyme and then ligated with the vector pUC18, which had been digested with HincII and SphI. The resulting construct was named pUS1 (Table 1
). A HindIII fragment (2·3 kb) of a pBR322 derivative with a hygromycin-resistance cassette (hyg) containing terminator sequences (Blondelet-Rouault et al., 1997
) was blunt-ended using the Klenow enzyme and ligated with the SphI-digested and blunt-ended pUS1. The resulting plasmid, pUSH1 (Table 1
), containing hyg was then digested with HindIII, blunt-ended and ligated with the blunt-ended PstIPstI fragment (1105 bp) from the pWKB1 plasmid containing part of senR and its downstream region (Fig. 3
). The ligation mixture was added to electrocompetent E. coli DH5
cells. Hygromycin-resistant E. coli transformants were selected, and the correctness of their plasmid constructs was analysed with restriction enzymes. One of the correct constructs, named pUSHS1, was isolated. A 10 µg portion thereof was denatured (0·2 M NaOH, 10 min, 37 °C), chilled on ice and neutralized by rapid addition of HCl. The DNA was then used to transform 50 µl of protoplasts (
109 ml1) generated from S. reticuli, which were spread onto osmotically stabilized medium (R2 medium containing 15 % sucrose) and incubated at 30 °C for 19 h. The plates were overlaid with 2 ml molten agarose (40 °C) containing hygromycin (1 mg ml1), leading to a final concentration of 75 µg antibiotic ml1 on the plate. Hygromycin-resistant colonies were restreaked several times, and then their genomic DNA was analysed with respect to the size of fragments carrying the hygromycin-resistance gene.
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SDS-PAGE and Western blotting.
SDS-PAGE was performed in the presence of 0·1 % SDS (Laemmli, 1970). Proteins were separated by 10 % SDS-PAGE and transferred to a PVDF membrane (Sambrook et al., 1989
), which was blocked for 1 h at room temperature with PBS containing 5 % skimmed milk powder and subsequently incubated overnight at 4 °C with the anti-CpeB antibodies previously described (Zou et al., 1999
). After treatment with secondary anti-rabbit antibodies conjugated with alkaline phosphatase, the membrane was stained with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate and nitro blue tetrazolium (Blake et al., 1984
). The corresponding protein signals were quantified by comparing their intensities using Gel-Pro Analyser software (INTAS).
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RESULTS |
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Role of SenS/SenR in S. lividans transformants
The senS and senR genes are located upstream of the hbpS gene encoding the haem-binding protein HbpS and downstream of the furScpeB operon encoding the redox-dependent FurS regulator protein and the haem-containing catalase-peroxidase CpeB. Thus, it has been speculated that SenS and SenR as a two-component system might influence the production of these proteins. Due to the relatively low abundance of FurS, CpeB and HbpS in S. reticuli (Ortiz de Orué Lucana & Schrempf, 2000; Ortiz de Orué Lucana et al., 2004
), the multicopy plasmids pWKS10 containing a truncated senS without senR (Fig. 3
, Table 1
) and pWKB1 carrying senS and senR (Fig. 3
, Table 1
) were transformed in S. lividans protoplasts.
Each of the selected transformants containing the correctly designed plasmids was cultivated in minimal medium supplemented with yeast extract, as described in Methods. Interestingly, comparative RNA analysis showed that the amount of furS mRNA (Fig. 4a) and hbpS mRNA (Fig. 4b
) was considerably higher in S. lividans containing pWKS10 than in S. lividans with pWKB1. Further immunological studies revealed that S. lividans containing pWKS10 produced clearly higher amounts of the proteins FurS (Fig. 4c
), CpeB (Fig. 4d
) and HbpS (Fig. 4e
). The data imply that the senS and senR genes negatively influence the expression of the furScpeB operon and the hbpS gene.
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Further comparative studies were performed with a representative S. reticuli senS/senR mutant and the WT strain. Hybridization studies (Northern blot) showed that among equivalent quantities of total RNA, the level (about 12-fold; for estimation see Methods) of specific furScpeB transcripts was enhanced (Fig. 4f) and the level (about sevenfold; for estimation see Methods) of specific hbpS transcripts was enhanced (Fig. 4g
) in the S. reticuli senS/senR disruption mutant. Immunological studies using anti-FurS antibodies revealed that the proteins of the cytoplasmic fraction [enriched by fractionated (NH4)2SO4 precipitation] from the S. reticuli senS/senR disruption mutant contained higher amounts (about eightfold; for estimation see Methods) of FurS than the WT strain (Fig. 4h
). As detected with anti-CpeB antibodies, the S. reticuli senS/senR mutant produced considerably higher quantities (about eightfold; for estimation see Methods) of the mycelium-associated CpeB than the WT strain (Fig. 4i
). Further immunological studies using anti-HbpS antibodies revealed that the proteins of the culture filtrate [enriched by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation] of the S. reticuli senS/senR disruption mutant contained considerably higher amounts (about eightfold; for estimation see Methods) of HbpS than those of the WT (Fig. 4j
). These data clearly revealed that the presence of the two-component system SenS/SenR dictates relatively low levels of FurS, CpeB and HbpS within S. reticuli.
S. reticuli WT and the senS/senR mutant differ in sensitivity to different compounds
As shown recently, the production of HbpS in S. reticuli WT is induced by haemin (the Fe3+ oxidation product of haem) (Ortiz de Orué Lucana et al., 2004). Haemin possesses significant antibacterial activity that is augmented by the presence of physiological concentrations of hydrogen peroxide or a reducing agent (Stojiljkovic et al., 2001
). Compared to the WT strain, the relative sensitivities of the mutant strain to haemin (300 µM) and the redox-cycling substance plumbagin (100 mM) showed increases of 66 and 41 %, respectively (Table 2
). The presence of H2O2 (250 mM) or the thiol-specific oxidant diamide (250 mM) led to a relatively small enhancement of sensitivity (26 and 12 %, respectively; Table 2
).
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DISCUSSION |
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The central part of SenS contains a histidine residue (H199), which is predicted to be phosphorylated, as its position corresponds to that of other SKs. The SKs have been classified in five groups (I, II, IIIA, IIIB and IV) according to the relative positioning of the 16 aa residues surrounding the conserved histidine residue (Fabret et al., 1999). Taking these criteria into account, SenS belongs to group II (data not shown). Based on the relatedness of output domains (Fabret et al., 1999
), SenR is a member of RR group II. Each known group II SK gene is upstream of the gene encoding the corresponding RR and in the same orientation within the transcription unit. SenR harbours aspartic acid residues (in positions 19, 20, 60 and 65), which are conserved among RRs (Baikalov et al., 1996
) and which probably form an acid pocket that plays a role in the signal-transduction cascade; thus, the phosphoryl group of SenS is predicted to be transferable to aspartic acid residue (D) 65. The relative organization of the senS gene and the senR gene is identical to that of homologous genes within the S. coelicolor A3(2) genome (Bentley et al., 2002
), which, interestingly, are preceded by an uncharacterized gene that is closely related to hbpS. However, the furS and cpeB homologues (furA and catC) from S. coelicolor A3(2) are located far apart from the hbpS homologue (Fig. 6
a).
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The upstream regions of furS and hbpS (Fig. 6b) both share a few motifs (i.e. ATTGTGC, CATC, AGGTTC and GCATG) that could participate in the interaction with a common regulator protein; this could be SenR (or its modified form) or a so-far-unknown regulatory protein, whose transcription would be predicted to be under the control of SenR. For instance, the two-component system ResD/ResE from B. subtilis influences indirectly the expression of arfM (anaerobic respiration and fermentation modulator), being initially activated by a signal cascade in which the corresponding RR (ResE) activates firstly the synthesis of the redox regulator Fnr (Marino et al., 2001
), which subsequently activates the transcription of arfM. Finally, ArfM modulates the expression of genes encoding proteins which further sustain nitrate respiration, such as genes for haem biosynthesis.
Previously, we reported that the presence of the hbpS gene increases the synthesis of the highly active CpeB (Ortiz de Orué Lucana et al., 2004). The catalase and peroxidase activities of CpeB are also dependent on a properly attached prosthetic haem group (Zou & Schrempf, 2000
). Therefore, it can be suggested that HbpS could act as a chaperone that binds haem and then delivers it to CpeB, and/or that it might also interact with extracellular, membrane-associated or membrane-integrated protein(s) involved in a signal transduction cascade. The present analysis revealed that HbpS interacts specifically with SenS. Thus, the specific interaction of HbpS with SenS is expected to be of importance for the corresponding signal-transduction cascade in vivo. This conclusion is supported by our previous findings (Ortiz de Orué Lucana et al., 2004
) showing that an S. reticuli mutant lacking a functional HbpS has a considerably reduced level of CpeB. To date, only a few bacterial two-component systems have been shown to be modulated by accessory proteins. In Sinorhizobium meliloti, the protein FixT acts as an inhibitor of the sensor haemoprotein kinase FixL, preventing the production or accumulation of its phosphorylated form (Garnerone et al., 1999
). The FixL/J system plays a major role in inducing genes for nitrogen fixation and respiration in response to a low O2 concentration within the nodule. The gene fixT clusters with fixJ/fixL. As shown previously (Ortiz de Orué Lucana et al., 2004
), HbpS shares aa identities (38·3 %) to a predicted protein Atu1117 from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The corresponding gene is located in the direct vicinity of the genes nwsB (former name atu1116), encoding a putative RR, and fixL (former name atu1115), encoding a putative SK, which together are homologous to the two-component system FixL/FixJ (Fischer, 1994
). Sensing of the signal and the kinase activity of FixL depends on the spin state of the Fe ion within the haem. A change from a high to low spin state within the Fe ion is induced upon binding of oxygen and this is thought to result in a slight shift in its position within the porphyrin ring (Bauer et al., 1999
). Further genes, encoding the two-component systems compB/compA (B. subtilis) and comD/comE (Streptococcus pneumoniae), are preceded by comX (Magnuson et al., 1994
) and comC (Pestova et al., 1996
), respectively, which encode small peptides playing a part in the signal-transduction cascade.
As mentioned above, the sensor kinase FixL utilizes haem as a co-factor to facilitate a conformational change for adapting to redox changes and control the corresponding gene expression. The bound haem group in the HbpS-SenS complex could assist in sensing redox changes. In the future it will be interesting to gain new insights about a special role for SenS/SenR within streptomycetes.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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Received 24 June 2005;
revised 20 July 2005;
accepted 26 July 2005.
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