1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
2 Department of Microbiology/Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
3 School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
Correspondence
Terrence L. Stull
terrence-stull{at}ouhsc.edu
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ABSTRACT |
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The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the sequences reported in this paper are AY496274 for strain HI689 and AY525146 for strain E1a.
Present address: Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9360 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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INTRODUCTION |
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Since H. influenzae lacks all the enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway for the porphyrin ring, it is unable to synthesize protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), the immediate precursor of haem (Panek & O'Brian, 2002; White & Granick, 1963
). However, most H. influenzae strains possess a gene encoding the enzyme ferrochelatase that mediates insertion of iron into PPIX to form haem (Loeb, 1995
; Schlor et al., 2000
). Thus, H. influenzae has an absolute growth requirement for an exogenous PPIX or haem source (haematin is correctly ferrous PPIX while haemin is ferric PPIX; however, in this paper the term haem is used regardless of iron valency).
Since the only known niche for H. influenzae is humans, the organism must have adapted its mechanisms of haem acquisition accordingly. There is no significant source of free PPIX available in the normal human host. Haem is generally intracellular, in the form of haemoglobin or haem-containing enzymes, and therefore unavailable to invading micro-organisms (Genco & Dixon, 2001; Griffiths, 1999
). Free haemoglobin, derived from lysed erythrocytes, is bound by the serum protein haptoglobin, and the haemoglobinhaptoglobin complex is rapidly cleared by the reticuloendothelial cells of the liver, bone marrow or spleen (Evans et al., 1999
; Ward & Bullen, 1999
). Free haem, principally derived from the degradation of methaemoglobin, is bound by the serum proteins haemopexin and albumin and cleared from the circulation (Genco & Dixon, 2001
; Peters, 1996
). Haemoglobin and the haemoglobinhaptoglobin, haemhaemopexin and haemalbumin complexes, as well as PPIX in the presence of an iron source such as ferritransferrin, can each be utilized by H. influenzae as haem sources in vitro (Morton & Williams, 1989
; Schryvers & Gray-Owen, 1992
; Stull, 1987
).
A complex array of haem-uptake mechanisms has evolved in H. influenzae to ensure acquisition of this essential nutrient (Morton & Stull, 2004). For example, the hxuCBA gene cluster mediates utilization of low levels of free haem, the haemhaemopexin complex and haemoglobin (Cope et al., 1995
, 1998
, 2001
), as well as the haemalbumin complex (D. J. Morton, L. L. Madore, T. M. VanWagoner, T. W. Seale, P. W. Whitby & T. L. Stull, unpublished observations), and utilization of ferritransferrin is mediated by the transferrin-binding proteins, Tbp1 and Tbp2 (Gray-Owen & Schryvers, 1996
). We have shown that utilization of haemoglobinhaptoglobin is mediated by a family of haemoglobin/haemoglobinhaptoglobin-binding proteins (hgpA, hgpB and hgpC in the type b strain HI689) (Jin et al., 1996
, 1999
; Morton et al., 1999
; Ren et al., 1998
).
Individual H. influenzae strains possess one to four hgp genes (Cope et al., 2000; Morton et al., 1999
; Morton & Stull, 1999
). Expression of the proteins encoded by the hgp genes is phase variable due to a length of CCAA nucleotide repeats immediately following the sequence encoding the leader peptide. Alterations in the length of the CCAA nucleotide repeat regions lead to frame-shift mutations and the introduction of stop codons (Ren et al., 1999
). While expression of the Hgp proteins is essential for the utilization of the haemoglobinhaptoglobin complex in vitro, mutants lacking the hgp genes retain the ability to utilize haemoglobin albeit at a reduced level (Morton et al., 1999
). These data demonstrate that although the Hgp proteins play a role in the utilization of haemoglobin, additional moieties are involved in the utilization of this haem source.
The objective of this study was to identify additional protein(s) involved in the utilization of haemoglobin and/or other potential haem sources by H. influenzae. We report the identification of an H. influenzae protein involved in the utilization of multiple haem sources that we have designated a haem-utilization protein (Hup).
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METHODS |
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Rabbit haemopexin was prepared as described previously and the haemhaemopexin complexes were characterized by the typical features of their absorption spectra, which include the prominent shoulder at 290 nm that appears upon haem binding (Smith, 1985; Smith & Morgan, 1984
).
DNA methodology.
Restriction endonucleases were obtained from New England Biolabs and used as directed by the manufacturer. Genomic DNA was isolated using the DNeasy Tissue Kit (Qiagen) as directed by the manufacturer. Plasmid DNA was isolated using Wizard Plus Minipreps DNA purification system (Promega) according to the manufacturer's directions. Sequencing of double-stranded template DNA was performed by automated sequencing on an ABI Prism model 3700 DNA Analyser at the Recombinant DNA/Protein Resource Facility, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA. Oligonucleotides were synthesized by Qiagen.
Affinity isolation of haemoglobin-binding proteins.
Outer-membrane proteins were purified and subjected to haemoglobin affinity purification as previously described (Jin et al., 1996). Eluted proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE on 7·5 % acrylamide gels using the discontinuous buffer system of Laemmli (1970)
. Approximately 30 µl of protein preparation, representing proteins isolated from approximately 106 organisms, was loaded per lane.
N-terminal amino acid sequencing.
Affinity-chromatography-purified proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a polyvinyldene difluoride membrane as previously described (Jin et al., 1996). The entire membrane was submitted to the UCLA Medical School Protein Microsequencing Facility for N-terminal amino acid sequencing.
Cloning and sequencing of hup from H. influenzae type b strain HI689.
Two separate primer pairs (Table 2) were designed for use in the PCR based on the Rd KW20 genomic sequence (Fleischmann et al., 1995
). These primer pairs amplified two overlapping fragments encompassing the ORF HI1217 locus. 1217A and 1217REVSQ2 amplified an
1000 bp product encompassing approximately 800 bp encoding the C-terminal portion of the encoded protein and 200 bp downstream of the gene. Primers 1217SQ2 and 1217SQ101 amplified a product of
2800 bp encompassing approximately 2000 bp encoding the N-terminal region of the encoded protein and approximately 800 bp upstream of the gene.
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Construction of an hup deletion mutant.
Complete deletion of hup in strains HI689 and HI1717 was achieved essentially as previously described for deletion of the hgp genes (Morton et al., 1999). Four primers (Table 2
) for use in the PCR were designed based on the available H. influenzae strain Rd KW20 genomic sequence (Fleischmann et al., 1995
) to delete hup in strain HI689. Primers 1217-1 and 1217-2 were designed to amplify a product of approximately 1100 bp upstream of hup and, respectively, add BamHI and PstI sites to the ends of the amplicon to allow for subsequent directional subcloning. Primers 1217-3 and 1217-4 were designed to amplify an approximately 1100 bp product downstream of hup and, respectively, add BamHI and EcoRI to the ends of the amplicon to allow for directional subcloning.
PCR was carried out as described above but with annealing for 1 min at 53 °C for primer pair 1217-1/1217-2 and at 47 °C for primer pair 1217-3/1217-4. PCR products of the expected size were obtained from both PCRs and were successfully cloned into the TA cloning vector pCR2.1-TOPO. The cloned amplicon from each reaction was confirmed as correct by automated DNA sequencing. Utilizing the engineered restriction sites, the PCR products were successively subcloned into pUC19N to yield p1217UD. Plasmid p1217UD thus comprised upstream and downstream sequences of HI1217 abutting each other, with a unique BamHI site engineered between the upstream and downstream regions. The zeocin-resistance marker from pEM7/Zeo was excised by digestion with BamHI and BglII and cloned into the unique BamHI site of p1217UD to yield p1217UD-ZEO. Competent H. influenzae was transformed with p1217UD-ZEO and selected on chocolate agar with zeocin spread on the surface of the plate. The initial selection of recombinant H. influenzae was at 25 µg zeocin ml1, with subsequent subculture of potential transformants at 50 µg zeocin ml1. Correct chromosomal rearrangements were confirmed by the molecular size of a PCR product resolved on an agarose gel (data not shown).
Complementation of mutant strains.
To complement the deletion of hup in the mutant strains a plasmid was constructed carrying the entire hup gene. A 3200 bp PCR product, encompassing the entire hup coding sequence and 280 bp upstream of the start codon and 150 bp downstream of the stop codon, was amplified from HI689 chromosomal DNA using primers 1217-5 and 1217-6 (annealing at 50 °C for 1 min, extension for 2 min). An amplicon of the expected size was cloned into pCR2.1-TOPO to yield pDJM359 and confirmed by automated DNA sequencing. pDJM359 was digested with KpnI and SphI and the band corresponding to the chromosomally derived insert was ligated to KpnI/SphI-digested pSU2718, a shuttle vector with the p15a origin of replication that allows establishment of the plasmid in H. influenzae, to yield pDJM367. pDJM367 was confirmed by automated DNA sequencing, and was electroporated into H. influenzae hup deletion mutant strains to yield the corresponding merodiploid strains. Electroporation of H. influenzae was carried out as previously described (VanWagoner et al., 2004) and transformants were selected on 1·5 µg chloramphenicol ml1.
Growth studies with H. influenzae.
H. influenzae was grown for 1214 h on chocolate agar with bacitracin, and these 1214 h cultures were used to inoculate 10 ml hdBHI cultures that were incubated for 4 h at 37 °C with shaking (175 r.p.m.). The 4 h cultures were pelleted by centrifugation, washed once in 0·1 % (w/v) gelatin in PBS and resuspended to an optical density at 605 nm of 0·5 in 0·1 % (w/v) gelatin in PBS. One millilitre of the bacterial suspension was diluted in 5 ml of 0·1 % (w/v) gelatin in PBS, and this final bacterial suspension was used to inoculate fresh hdBHI (0·1 %, v/v, inoculum to give an approximate initial concentration of 200 000 c.f.u. ml1) supplemented as appropriate. Viable counts were performed on all cultures at time zero to ensure that all inocula were comparable (statistical comparisons were made using Student's t-test; no inocula were statistically different). Cultures were incubated at 37 °C with shaking (175 r.p.m.). Growth was monitored to stationary phase by measurement of the OD605 with a Shimadzu UV-1201S spectrophotometer. Growth studies were performed in triplicate a minimum of twice for each condition. All growth studies included a negative control in hdBHI with no added haem source; no strain exhibited any increase in OD605 in this negative control test.
Animals.
Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) timed-pregnant SpragueDawley rats (Harlan SpragueDawley) were received approximately 5 days prior to giving birth. These pregnant females were single-housed on hardwood litter with ad libitum access to water and a standard pelleted food (Purina Lab Rodent Diet 5001). They were maintained on a 12 h lightdark cycle in separate forced-air cubicles in a bio-containment facility to prevent cross-contamination. Newborn pups from different mothers were pooled and randomly reassigned to the mothers (n=10 pups per female). The protocol for usage of animals in this study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Use and Care Committee of the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center.
Infection of animals, collection of blood samples and quantification of bacteraemia.
The infant rat model for haematogenous meningitis following intraperitoneal infection with H. influenzae (Smith et al., 1973) was used to compare the abilities of strains to cause bacteraemia. The inoculum was prepared as follows. H. influenzae was incubated for 18 h at 37 °C on chocolate agar containing bacitracin. A loopful of these cells was used to inoculate 5 ml hdBHI. These broth cultures were incubated at 37 °C with gentle rotation for approximately 4 h until moderately turbid. Bacteria were pelleted by centrifugation, washed once with PBS containing 0·1 % (w/v) gelatin, and the pelleted cells were resuspended in the same buffer. The suspension was adjusted to an OD605 of 0·5 and then diluted serially in the same solution to provide the standard inoculum (200 c.f.u. in 100 µl) that was injected intraperitoneally into 5-day-old rat pups. To determine the actual infective dosage, 100 µl aliquots of the inoculum were plated on chocolate agar containing bacitracin.
At 24 h intervals pups were examined for symptoms of infection, and blood specimens (50 µl) were obtained. Bacteraemia was quantified using a modification of the track-dilution procedure of Jett et al. (1997). Serial dilutions (0 to 105) of freshly drawn whole-blood specimens were made with PBS containing 0·1 % (w/v) gelatin. Aliquots of 10 µl from each dilution were plated in triplicate on chocolate agar plus bacitracin and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h prior to counting.
Statistics.
Statistical comparisons of growth between strains under the same growth conditions were assessed using the KruskalWallis test. In some cases the analysis was performed over the entire growth curve and in others only over the period of active growth as specified in the text. Analyses were performed using Analyse-It for Microsoft Excel v1.71 (Analyse-It Software).
For in vivo studies bacteraemic titres are expressed as means±SD typically from groups of 10 animals. Statistical comparisons of mean bacteraemic titres between two groups of animals infected with different strains were assessed with the unpaired Student's t-test. Analyses were performed with SigmaStat software (SPSS). A P value <0·05 was taken as statistically significant in all analyses.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION |
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In order to identify additional potential haemoglobin-utilization proteins an affinity isolation protocol was used with haemoglobin as the primary ligand. The affinity isolation protocol was performed on strain HI1714, a derivative of strain HI689 with complete deletion of hgpA and hgpB and thus retaining expression of only HgpC (Morton et al., 1999). Strain HI1714 was selected in order to use HgpC as an internal control for the affinity isolation procedure; the Hgp proteins are efficiently purified in the haemoglobin affinity isolation protocol (Jin et al., 1999
; Ren et al., 1998
).
Strain HI1714 yielded two major bands of approximately 120 kDa and 105 kDa and three minor bands (one at approximately 80 kDa and two in the 150160 kDa range) in the affinity isolation protocol (Fig. 1). The 120 kDa protein corresponded, based on size, to HgpC, and was the most prominent band. The four additional purified bands were submitted for N-terminal amino acid sequencing. The two high-molecular-mass minor proteins yielded no usable amino acid sequence. The 80 kDa protein yielded an amino acid sequence of GQVITIGNERFR(X)PETLFQP, which was determined using BLASTP and TBLASTN searches (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast) to be 100 % homologous to an internal fragment of actin; no homologous gene products were identified in any available H. influenzae genomic sequence and the 80 kDa protein may represent a contaminant derived from the growth medium.
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Since the predicted product of hup has significant homology to other bacterial iron- and/or haem-acquisition-associated proteins and was purified in a haemoglobin affinity purification protocol, we cloned and determined the DNA sequence of the hup homologue from strain HI689. The sequence data revealed an encoded protein of 919 amino acids with a 27 amino acid leader sequence predicted using SignalP 2.0 (www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP). The mature protein of 892 amino acids had a predicted molecular mass of 100 990 Da.
Using the sequence alignment application Align X of the Vector NTI suite v. 8 (Informax), protein sequence alignments between the mature proteins encoded by hup in strains HI689 and Rd KW20 showed 90·3 % similarity and 88·5 % identity. The hup gene homologue from type b strain E1a was also cloned and sequenced; analysis of the gene revealed that it encodes a mature protein of 913 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 102 800 Da with 90 % similarity and 89 % identity to the strain HI689 homologue.
Additional hup sequences are available from two recently sequenced nontypable H. influenzae strains. The gene from strain HI3224A (www.micro-gen.ouhsc.edu) encodes a mature protein of 891 amino acids with a molecular mass of 100 500 Da, and 90·9 % similarity and 88·8 % identity to the homologous strain HI689 protein; that from strain R2846 (www.genome.washington.edu/uwgc/) encodes a protein of 907 amino acids and 102 000 Da, with 89·4 % similarity and 87·9 % identity to the HI689 protein.
Hup homologues thus are widespread across the species and show high levels of conservation at the amino acid level. Such a widespread and highly conserved outer-membrane protein may represent a potential vaccine candidate for prevention of H. influenzae disease.
The predicted protein is significantly homologous to putative TonB-dependent outer-membrane receptors from other bacterial species. One such protein from Neisseria meningitidis is designated TdfH (TonB-dependent family protein) (Turner et al., 2001). TdfH was identified based on homology to known TonB-dependent proteins including the haemophore receptor HasR of Serratia marcescens; however, analysis of an isogenic tdfH mutant and expression of the protein in an Escherichia coli hemA mutant failed to demonstrate any role for the protein in haem utilization (Turner et al., 2001
). TdfH sequences from three N. meningitidis strains show approximately 63 % similarity and 51 % identity to Hup from HI689. Additional homologous proteins derived from available bacterial genome sequences are from Neisseria gonorrhoeae (64 % similarity, 52 % identity), Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (68 % similarity, 56 % identity), H. somnus (45 % similarity, 33 % identity) and Campylobacter jejunii (42 % similarity, 31 % identity). Although each of these proteins is homologous to TonB-dependent receptors, no function(s) have been experimentally determined for any of them.
Growth characteristics of hup deletion mutants
Since hup was isolated in a haemoglobin affinity purification protocol and showed significant homology to other putative iron/haem-acquisition-related proteins, the potential role of the protein in haemoglobin utilization was investigated. A complete hup deletion mutant of strain HI689 was constructed and designated HI1737. Strains HI689 and HI1737 were compared in growth studies for their ability to utilize haemoglobin as a sole haem source. No statistically significant differences in growth rate or in the final density of the culture were seen between the two strains at haemoglobin concentrations of 1 µg ml1 and 2 µg ml1 (data not shown). These results were not surprising since we have previously demonstrated a role for the Hgp proteins of H. influenzae in the utilization of haem from haemoglobin (Morton et al., 1999). In view of this role of the Hgp proteins in the utilization of haemoglobin a complete hup deletion mutation was constructed in a previously constructed derivative of strain HI689 lacking the hgp genes (Morton et al., 1999
).
The hgp deletion strain (HI1717) and the hgp hup deletion mutant (HI1738) were compared for their ability to utilize haemoglobin. At both 1 µg haemoglobin ml1 and 2 µg haemoglobin ml1 strain HI1738 consistently exhibited a significantly reduced ability to utilize haemoglobin compared to strain HI1717 (Fig. 2). At higher concentrations of haemoglobin (5 µg ml1) no significant difference in growth was seen (data not shown). A derivative of the hgp hup mutant strain complemented by a plasmid-encoded copy of hup (strain HI1953) was also compared to the wild-type strain for growth in 1 µg haemoglobin ml1: strain HI1953 grew as well as the wild-type strain HI689 in 1 µg haemoglobin ml1 (P=0·9918 for one experiment, P=0·9506 for a second experiment). The hgp hup mutant strain carrying the plasmid vector alone was unaltered in its ability to utilize haemoglobin (data not shown).
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While performing growth studies with haemoglobin as the haem source, growth was also monitored with 10 µg haem ml1 as a positive control. The hgp hup deletion mutant, HI1738, showed a consistent and reproducible delay in the onset of growth as compared to the hgp mutant HI1717, with the difference in growth between HI1717 and HI1738 being statistically significant between 6 and 11 h in two independent experiments (P=0·0162 for one experiment, P=0·0247 for a second experiment). This observation led us to further examine the impact of the deletion of hup on the utilization of haem.
The hgp hup deletion mutant grew significantly less well than the hgp mutant HI1717 in limiting levels of haem (Fig. 3). In addition, the single hup mutant strain HI1737 grew significantly less well than the wild-type strain HI689 in both 5 µg haem ml1 and 2 µg haem ml1 (Fig. 4
). However, in contrast to the delayed growth of strain HI1738 as compared to strain HI1717, strain HI1737 grew as well as the wild-type strain in 10 µg haem ml1 (Fig. 4
). Comparison of a complemented hup mutant strain (HI1955) with the wild-type strain and the hup mutant strain HI1737 for growth in 2 µg haem ml1 demonstrated that the growth defect was at least partially restored by the presence of hup in trans (Fig. 4
). Although the complemented strain HI1955 consistently grew to a lower final OD605 than the wild-type strain, the difference in growth over the entire curve was not statistically significant (P=0·081 for the experiment shown in Fig. 4b
, P=0·2159 and P=0·0705, respectively, for two independent experiments). In contrast the complemented strain HI1955 grew significantly better than the hup mutant strain HI1737 (P<0·0001 for the experiment shown in Fig. 4
, P=0·0005 and P=0·0092, respectively, for two independent experiments). Strain HI1737 containing the plasmid vector pSU2718 was unaltered in its growth characteristics (data not shown).
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These data indicate that Hup is a component of a high-affinity haem-acquisition system. Deletion of hup alone had no effect on growth in high levels of haem (Fig. 4), while growth at low haem levels was significantly impacted, indicating that an additional low-affinity uptake mechanism(s) for haem exists. This may explain why mutation of the hup homologue in N. meningitidis (TdfH) was reported to have no effect on haem utilization (Turner et al., 2001
); studies in limiting haem may demonstrate a role for TdfH in haem utilization. Comparison of the data for the impact of deletion of hup alone and combined with an hgp deletion at high levels of haem indicate a possible role for the Hgp proteins in haem acquisition; however, it is possible that the delay in onset of growth of the hgp/hup deletion mutant (HI1738) results from a generally less robust organism rather than a specific effect of hgp deletion on haem acquisition. Comparison of the growth of strains HI689 and HI1717 in limiting levels of haem (Figs 3 and 4
) demonstrated that the triple hgp deletion mutant (HI1717) grew significantly less well than the wild-type (P=0·0197 at 5 µg haem ml1), similarly indicating a potential role for the Hgp proteins in haem utilization that warrants further investigation.
In view of the demonstrated role of Hup in the utilization of both haem and haemoglobin, its potential role in the utilization of additional haem sources known to be used by H. influenzae in vitro (haemhaemopexin, haemalbumin and haemoglobinhaptoglobin) (Stull, 1987) was investigated. While the wild-type strain utilized haemhaemopexin as a haem source, the hup deletion mutant strain was unable to grow with haemhaemopexin as the sole haem source (Fig. 5
). Similarly the hup deletion mutant was unable to utilize haemoglobinhaptoglobin (1 µg haemoglobin equivalent ml1) as a haem source (KruskalWallis test over entire growth curve comparing HI689 and HI1737 P<0·0001) (data not shown). Growth of the hup deletion mutant with haemalbumin as the sole haem source was significantly delayed as compared to the wild-type strain; however, the mutant strain eventually grew to the same bacterial density as the wild-type strain (Fig. 6
).
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The initially observed growth difference between the hup deletion mutant and the wild-type strain demonstrate a role for Hup in the utilization of haemalbumin. However, the eventual growth of the mutant indicates an additional Hup-independent pathway for acquisition of haem from haemalbumin. The growth of the haemalbumin-passaged hup deletion mutant at wild-type levels suggests that the alternative haemalbumin-acquisition pathway may be phase variable; a similar phenomenon is observed with growth in haemoglobinhaptoglobin and is attributable to one or more of the Hgp proteins shifting from an unexpressed state to an expressed state due to a frame alteration caused by strand slippage across a length of CCAA nucleotide repeats in the gene (Morton et al., 1999; Ren et al., 1999
). The change in haemalbumin phenotype is not due to alteration in expression of the Hgp proteins, since growth of the hgp hup quadruple mutant gives the same results as reported above for the hup single mutant (data not shown).
It should be noted that the delay in onset of growth in the hup mutant strain varies widely in length between independent experiments; we have seen delays varying from 3 h up to 10 h, possibly reflecting the percentage of cells expressing the putative phase-variable moiety in a given inoculum. No candidate phase-variable genes were identified in the available H. influenzae genomic sequences; however, the moiety responsible for the haemalbumin growth phenomenon observed in HI689 may not be present in the sequenced strains. Thus, it is not possible to identify the additional haemalbumin-acquisition pathway at this time.
The precise role of Hup in the acquisition of haem cannot be deduced at this time, although its apparent role in the acquisition of haem from several haem sources indicates that it may act as part of a central pathway through which haem from various sources is internalized. Whether Hup acts as a specific outer-membrane receptor for any particular haem source is not clear; although we initially isolated Hup in a haemoglobin affinity protocol this may reflect more an affinity for the haem moiety rather than specific binding of haemoglobin. Whole-cell haemoglobin-binding assays with the hup and hup hgp deletion mutants have not resolved this issue.
The failure of the hup deletion mutant to grow with haemoglobinhaptoglobin indicates that Hup may act as an accessory protein for the Hgp proteins, possibly by facilitating removal of haem from the protein complex or transporting haem across the outer membrane. The impact of deletion of hup on haemhaemopexin-utilization indicates a possible interaction between HxuC and Hup since hxuC mutations also result in an inability of the mutant to grow on haemhaemopexin (Cope et al., 1995). The possible interaction between Hup and HxuC is further supported by the failure of both an hup mutant and an hxuC mutant (Cope et al., 1995
) to grow on low levels of free haem. Similarly both hup and hxuC (Cope et al., 2001
) mutant strains are deficient in the ability to utilize haemoglobin when the hgp genes have also been deleted. Haemalbumin-utilization is also impacted by mutations in either hup or hxuC, although non-Hup-mediated acquisition mechanisms for this haem source also exist. These data point to a central role for Hup in haem acquisition by H. influenzae, possibly in association with HxuC and/or the Hgp proteins. We hypothesize that Hup is an accessory protein for specific outer-membrane protein receptors to remove haem from various haem-binding proteins. Additional work is under way to clarify the role of Hup and to define its interactions with other haem-acquisition proteins and/or pathways.
Contribution of Hup to virulence in the infant rat model of invasive infection
To determine whether Hup contributes significantly to the virulence of H. influenzae in the infant rat model of invasive disease, a cohort of 5-day-old rat pups was infected with the wild-type strain HI689, the hup deletion mutant (HI1737), the hgp deletion mutant (HI1717) or the hup/hgp mutant (HI1738). At an infective dosage of 200 c.f.u., each of the strains was highly effective in establishing bacteraemia. All animals (10/10) infected with each strain became bacteraemic within 24 h after infection. The antibiotic-resistance profile of recovered organisms was determined to ensure that the infecting organism was the correct strain.
The magnitudes of bacteraemia produced by the wild-type strain HI689 and the hup deletion strain HI1737 were indistinguishable (data not shown). Although both the hgp deletion strain (HI1717) and the hup/hgp deletion mutant (HI1738) exhibited a trend towards a reduction in bacteraemic titre on days 1 to 3 post-infection, none of the bacteraemic titres produced by these strains differed in a statistically significantly manner from those produced by challenge with the wild-type strain. Clearance of bacteraemia also did not differ among rat pups infected with the different strains; no infant rats cleared their bacteraemia over the 7-day period of this experiment. Similarly the clinical effect of all H. influenzae strains was indistinguishable. All animals had significant tremor 3 to 5 days post-infection (an indication of meningitis) but none was hypothermic to touch, exhibited anorexia, had a slow righting reflex or showed depressed locomotor activity.
These data indicate that expression of Hup is not required for establishment and maintenance of infection in the infant rat model of invasive disease. Since neither the Hgp proteins nor Hup are necessary for infection in this model it is unlikely that either haemoglobinhaptoglobin or haemhaemopexin are necessary haem sources in this model of invasive disease. It is possible that the H. influenzae haemoglobinhaptoglobin and/or haemhaemopexin uptake mechanisms are highly specific for the haem-binding proteins from the natural host species; if H. influenzae is unable to utilize haemoglobinhaptoglobin or haemhaemopexin from the rat then mutation of the acquisition pathways would not be expected to affect pathogenicity in this model.
No data are available on the relative ability of H. influenzae to utilize haemoglobinhaptoglobin complexes from different mammalian sources; H. influenzae can utilize haemhaemopexin complexes from both humans and rabbits (Wong et al., 1994), but no data are available with respect to rat haemopexin. It is clear from growth studies reported above that either haemoglobin or haemalbumin can be utilized by the hup and the hup hgp mutants in vitro; either haemoglobin or haemalbumin may represent a significant haem source during invasive disease in the 5-day old infant rat. H. influenzae grows well in vitro on haemoglobin from a wide range of mammalian sources including the rat, but it is not known if H. influenzae can utilize rat haemalbumin complexes as an in vitro haem source. Studies on the relative abilities of H. influenzae to utilize haem sources from various mammalian sources would be of potential value in analysing in vivo data.
We have recently shown that an Hgp deletion mutant of a nontypable strain has reduced virulence in a chinchilla model of otitis media (Morton et al., 2004), in contrast to the Hgp deletion mutant of a type b strain in the infant rat. That report indicates that haemoglobinhaptoglobin may be a primary source of haem in the middle ear of the chinchilla with experimentally induced otitis media. These data illustrate that both the complexity of the H. influenzae haem-acquisition systems and the potential for variable haem sources at different infection sites in the host render studies on the in vivo impact of mutations in the H. influenzae haem-acquisition pathways difficult. The findings reported here with respect to the lack of importance of Hup in the infant rat model of invasive disease do not preclude its relevance in other sites of disease and/or colonization.
In summary, the newly identified haem-utilization protein, Hup, may be an important cofactor in mediating haem acquisition from multiple human haem sources.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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REFERENCES |
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Received 15 April 2004;
revised 13 August 2004;
accepted 25 August 2004.
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