Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway1
Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Armauer Hansens Hus, N-5021 Bergen, Norway2
Broegelmann Research Laboratory, University of Bergen, Armauer Hansens Hus, N-5021 Bergen, Norway3
Institute of General Practice and Community Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1130 Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway4
Author for correspondence: Harald G. Wiker. Tel: +47 22 04 26 74. Fax: +47 22 04 26 86. e-mail: harald.g.wiker{at}fhi.no
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ABSTRACT |
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Keywords: mammalian cell entry, alpha-crystallin, RT-PCR
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INTRODUCTION |
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The survival mechanism of dormant tubercle bacilli is still obscure. Different studies have been conducted to elucidate the nature of this dormant state. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that mycobacterial persistence might arise in response to different stress responses, such as oxygen limitation (Wayne & Lin, 1982 ). In addition, oxygen-starved tubercle bacilli are rapidly killed by the drug metronidazole, which is usually used for the treatment of infections caused by anaerobic microbes (Wayne & Sramek, 1994
). Attempts have been made to identify and characterize genes expressed under stress conditions. Variations in antigen composition in vitro between non-dividing and actively growing bacilli have been demonstrated (Wayne & Sramek, 1979
). Protein analysis of cultures grown under stress conditions has demonstrated the accumulation of an
-crystallin-like protein (Acr) in mid-exponential and stationary phase cultures of M. tuberculosis (Yuan et al., 1996
). Experimental evidence has also indicated that Acr is needed for the growth of M. tuberculosis in cultured macrophages (Yuan et al., 1998
). However, the genetic factor(s) responsible for dormancy are still not known. One of the assumptions is that adaptation of the bacilli to long-term survival under stress conditions may be associated with coordinated alterations in the pattern of gene expression. Alternatively, the entry and invasion mechanisms of the bacilli might be associated with their survival under unfavourable conditions. In addition, recent findings indicate that M. tuberculosis escapes from unfavourable conditions by hiding in non-professional phagocytic cells as well as by evading the macrophage response (Hernandez-Pando et al., 2000
). Arruda et al. (1993)
have shown that a cloned mammalian cell-entry gene (mce-1a) from M. tuberculosis conferred upon non-pathogenic Escherichia coli the ability to invade and survive inside a human cancer cell line (HeLa) and inside macrophages. This gene is associated with two integral proteins and is succeeded by five genes, and is assumed to be important for the entry and survival of M. tuberculosis in the host cell. Information gained from the M. tuberculosis whole-genome sequence has revealed the presence of four homologous mce operons, termed mce1, mce2, mce3 and mce4 (Cole et al., 1998
). One of the possible explanations for the duplication of mce is the variation in the regulation of each operon (Ahmad et al., 1999
). Investigating the expression profiles of the mce genes in each of the operons in relation to oxygen depletion might give an overview as to how the transcription of these homologous operons is coordinated. As described by Haile et al. (2002)
, alignment of the deduced Mce1A, Mce2A, Mce3A and Mce4A proteins showed that Mce1A has 65·7% similarity with Mce2A, and that the Mce3A and Mce4A proteins are comparatively diverged from Mce1A and Mce2A, with a maximum of 32·5% sequence similarity.
Although the expression of all six of the mce1 genes of the mce1 operon has been demonstrated by Harboe et al. (1999) , the regulatory mechanisms of these genes are largely unknown. In this study, we have looked at the relationship between in vitro actively growing and non-dividing tubercle bacilli with regard to the expression profiles produced by the different mce operons, using the third gene of each operon as the representative for the operon. In addition, we have studied hspX (encoding the M. tuberculosis 16 kDa
-crystallin antigen Acr) and esat-6 (encoding the early secretory antigenic target-6). Acr is known to accumulate in stationary and mid-exponential phase cultures (Yuan et al., 1996
) of M. tuberculosis; ESAT-6 is an important antigen that is primarily expressed during the early phase of growth (Andersen et al., 1991
) and is recognized by human B- and T-cells (Harboe et al., 1998
; Ulrichs et al., 1998
; Mustafa et al., 2000
).
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METHODS |
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Preparation of cultures for restricted oxygen supply.
Frozen cultures were subcultured into fresh medium (1:10, v/v). Experiments were done by transferring cultures with actively growing bacilli into 50 ml falcon tubes in a 2:1 air-to-medium (space) ratio; the cultures were incubated without shaking at 37 °C for up to 2 months. Assessment of cell viability was done at 7, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 days culture, by determining the c.f.u. counts on solid medium as described previously (Phyu et al., 1998 ).
Recovery of mycobacteria and isolation of RNA.
Bacterial pellets were recovered at different time points from 20 ml samples of the culture medium by centrifugation at 5000 g for 10 min. RNA was then isolated from the cell pellets by using the combination of a shaking device (Hybaid) and Trizol RNA isolation buffer (Life Technologies) in a Hybaid ribolyser blue matrix (Hybaid), consisting of acid-washed, RNase-free silica/ceramic beads (Hybaid). Trizol RNA isolation buffer (1 ml) and 100 µl cell pellet were added to the matrix prior to the disruption of the cell wall by sonication for 45 s (speed 6·5). The resulting lysate was mixed with 200 µl chloroform, shaken vigorously for 10 s and kept at room temperature for 2 min. It was then centrifuged at 12000 g for 30 min at 4 °C, to separate the cell debris from the supernatant. The upper aqueous phase, which contained the total RNA, was carefully pipetted into an Eppendorf tube. Subsequently, 500 µl 2-propanol was added to the aqueous phase, and the mixture was incubated at room temperature for 10 min. The RNA was then pelleted by centrifugation at 12500 g for 15 min at 4 °C. The supernatant was discarded and the RNA pellet was washed once with 75% (v/v) ethanol. The ethanol was removed from the pellet after centrifugation at 7500 g for 5 min; the pellet was then air-dried and redissolved in 50 µl RNase-free water and the RNA concentration was determined spectrophotometrically at 260 nm.
Primers for cDNA synthesis and RT-PCR.
A pair of primers for each gene was designed and ordered from MedProbe. The sequences for the primers used in this study are listed in Table 1 and are given in the 5'
3' direction.
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cDNA was then synthesized from 0·5 µg of DNaseI-treated total RNA in a total reaction volume of 30 µl, using avian myeloblastosis virus (MLV) reverse transcriptase (Promega). The reaction mixture contained reverse transcriptase buffer, a dNTP mix (0·25 mM each of dATP, dCTP, dTTP and dGTP), 1 mM reverse primer, 0·6 U RNase inhibitor (Promega) and 25 U MLV reverse transcriptase. The mixture was incubated at 42 °C for 50 min in a waterbath, heated to 95 °C for 5 min to inactivate the enzyme and then chilled on ice. Finally, 70 µl RNase-free water was added to the mixture and the sample was stored at -20 °C until used for PCR.
PCR.
To choose the right concentration of cDNA for semi-quantitative analysis, a 10-fold serial dilution of the cDNA was made. PCR was then performed in a total volume of 25 µl, using an automated GeneAMP system 9700 thermal cycler (Perkin Elmer). The reaction mixture contained PCR buffer (10 mM Tris/HCl, pH 8·3, 3 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl), a dNTP mix (0·2 mM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP), 1 µM of the reverse and the forward primer and 1·6 U Taq DNA polymerase (Promega). The amplification procedure involved initial denaturation at 94 °C for 4 min followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, annealing of primers at 60 °C for 1 min and primer extension at 72 °C for 30 s. After completion of the 35th cycle, the extension reaction was continued for another 10 min at 72 °C. The positive control consisted of M. tuberculosis genomic DNA; the negative control consisted of the reaction mixture minus the cDNA. We chose 16S rRNA as the internal control, based on the assumption that the presence of intact 16S rRNA is associated with the presence of live bacilli; 16S rRNA is also highly abundant in cells.
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RESULTS |
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Assessment of transcription of the different mce genes
To assess the transcription of the mce-1a, mce-2a, mce-3a, mce-4a, hspX and esat-6 genes, total RNA was isolated from an actively replicating culture of M. tuberculosis and subjected to DNaseI treatment. Reverse primers were used for cDNA synthesis, which was then amplified by PCR using specific primers for each gene. The transcription of mRNA from esat-6, hspX and the mce operons as determined by RT-PCR is shown in Fig. 1. The negative control showed that the bands produced in the test samples were from M. tuberculosis.
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One of the striking findings from this study was that expression of both mce-3a and mce-4a was positive on the 7th, 10th and 20th day of culture. There was a very weak positive signal for the expression of mce-4a at the 40th day of culture, but this was only revealed by densitometry. Otherwise, there was no expression of mce-3a or mce-4a in the oxygen-depleted phase, although 16S rRNA was present during this phase (Fig. 2).
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DISCUSSION |
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Contamination by genomic DNA in the total RNA preparation leads to false positive results. In our study, the presence of genomic DNA was less likely to influence results because we used DNaseI-treated total RNA rather than immediate cDNA synthesized from RNA in the RT-PCR procedure. We were also able to amplify 16S rRNA, the control, from all of our test samples but not from the negative control, indicating that inhibitors were not causing false negative results in our experiments.
Previous experiments have indicated that mce-1a is required for entry into and survival of M. tuberculosis in the host cell (Aruda et al., 1993). An expression study has indicated that polyvalent rabbit antibodies generated by immunization with sonicates of BCG bacilli reacted with synthetic peptides from the six proteins (Mce1aMce1f) translated from the mce1 operon (Harboe et al., 1999 ). Now, using the third gene as the representative for each operon, we have shown expression of the M. tuberculosis mce-2a, mce-3a and mce-4a genes. In addition to demonstrating their expression, we also noticed differential regulation of the different mceA genes in response to oxygen depletion. Downregulation of the mce-3a and mce-4a genes may start earlier in the growth phase, but it was not noticed here due to the sensitivity of the RT-PCR technique. Whether this is the case remains to be elucidated, but our results do indicate that almost complete downregulation of expression of mce-3a and mce-4a was achieved by 30 days culture.
Several explanations and suggestions could be forwarded from these observations. Besides the wide distribution of the four mce operons in mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT) (Haile et al., 2002 ; Wiker et al., 1999
), the expression of all the mceA genes in actively growing M. tuberculosis cultures indicates their functional importance in the entry and survival of the bacilli in the host cell. Further expressional studies at the protein level of the mce operons in MOTT will help to clarify this point.
Alternatively, the pathogenicity of M. tuberculosis might depend on all of the genes in the different mce operons working together or different stimuli could activate different genes in the same or different operons. In this regard, the invariable expression of mce-1a and mce-2a might reflect the importance of both of these genes in actively growing and non-replicating dormant-like bacilli, while mce-3a and mce-4a might be functionally important only in actively growing bacilli. Real-time quantitative PCR may be used to identify more exactly the time point and conditions that initiate downregulation of mce-3a and mce-4a. While oxygen depletion was used to study gene expression in non-replicating bacilli in vitro in this work, further studies are necessary to determine whether downregulation of mce-3a and mce-4a is associated with dormancy in vivo. Expression of the mceA genes is not necessarily representative of the expression of the other genes within each of the respective operons. We have previously shown that the six genes of the mce1 operon, mce1amce1f, are expressed upon in vitro culture of M. tuberculosis (Harboe et al., 1999 ), but further expression studies on genes mceBmceF are needed to clarify whether these genes are upregulated or downregulated upon oxygen depletion.
One of the controversies with regard to the dormancy of M. tuberculosis is whether dormant M. tuberculosis bacilli are present only in oxygen-depleted granulomas. Different experiments have suggested that hypoxic conditions occur concomitantly with granuloma formation and that the bacilli downregulate the expression of many genes under hypoxic conditions and enter into non-replicating, dormant stages. Recent data have suggested that dormant bacilli are found not only in macrophages of granulomas but also in non-professional phagocytic cells. Dormant bacilli have been isolated from normal-looking lung biopsies (Hernandez-Pando et al., 2000 ). This controversy can only be resolved by further analyses of tissue samples.
Finally, the levels of expression of the different mce genes might be important for evaluating their putative functions. Quantitative analysis will give information about the relative expression of the different mce genes and will also provide information for genes that have a function in the regulation of transcription. The ORFs Rv0165c, Rv0586, Rv1963c and Rv3522 have been suggested to have a transcriptional regulatory function and may be involved in regulation of the mce operons, as they are found upstream of the operons mce1, mce2, mce3 and mce4, respectively (Cole et al., 1998 ).
hspX is known to be strongly induced by mildly hypoxic conditions (Yuan et al., 1996 ). Unlike the studies by Sherman et al. (2001)
, Desjardin et al. (2001)
found hspX to be expressed in both aerobic and stationary phase cultures. As explained previously by Florczyk et al. (2001)
, the differences in bacterial culture conditions have important implications for the study of gene expression in mycobacteria. In addition, RNA analysis is more sensitive than protein analysis, and this might explain why we detected hspX in the early growth stages of the M. tuberculosis cultures used here. We also found esat-6 to be expressed in non-replicating bacilli, indicating that this gene is active not only in the early phase of culture (Sørensen et al., 1995
) but also in the late phase. Quantitative transcriptional analyses of the hspX and esat-6 genes might be required to fully understand the expression of these genes in the early and late phases of culture.
Since oxygen deprivation was associated with a depletion in the levels of mce-3a and mce-4a expression, the presence of mce-3a and mce-4a mRNA in actively growing bacilli suggests a possibility for distinguishing between the active disease and latent tuberculosis.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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Received 20 June 2002;
revised 17 July 2002;
accepted 27 August 2002.
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