Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
Correspondence
Naotake Ogasawara
nogasawa{at}bs.aist-nara.ac.jp
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ABSTRACT |
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INTRODUCTION |
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The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis has a complete set of enzymes for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and can grow aerobically on most of the TCA cycle intermediates (malate, fumarate, succinate and citrate; Fortnagel & Freese, 1968). The sequenced B. subtilis genome contains three paralogous sensor kinase genes, citS, dctS (ydbF) and yufL, which are highly similar to the Klebsiella pneumoniae citA and the Escherichia coli dcuS (CitA family; Fabret et al., 1999
; Kasper et al., 1999
). The CitA protein is a citrate sensor and controls the expression of genes for citrate fermentation in K. pneumoniae (Bott et al., 1995
). The E. coli DcuS sensor is responsible for the activation of the dcuB and fumB genes encoding the anaerobic fumarate transporter and fumarase (Zientz et al., 1998
; Golby et al., 1999
). In B. subtilis, the CitS sensor kinase and its cognate response regulator, CitT, have been shown to activate the expression of the secondary transporter of the Mg2+citrate complex, CitM, in the presence of citrate (Boorsma et al., 1996
; Yamamoto et al., 2000
). Although B. subtilis has a second citrate transporter, YxiQ (CitH), which transports the free citrate anion (Boorsma et al., 1996
), the citSTM genes are essential for B. subtilis growth on minimal plates including citrate as a sole carbon source (Yamamoto et al., 2000
). Furthermore, we have reported that the DctS sensor and the DctR (YdbG) regulator in B. subtilis regulate the expression of the DctP (YdbH) protein, a homologue of the C4-dicarboxylate transporters found in Gram-negative bacteria (Asai et al., 2000
). Disruption of the dctS, dctR or dctP gene resulted in loss of the ability to utilize fumarate and succinate, but not malate, in the growth medium. These findings prompted us to study the role of the YufL sensor and its cognate regulator, YufM, in malate uptake.
Three B. subtilis secondary transporters having an ability to transport malate have been reported. The B. subtilis genome contains two genes, yufR and yxkJ, that code for membrane proteins belonging to the citratecation symporter family (Saier et al., 2002). The YufR protein (renamed MaeN) was expressed in E. coli and shown to catalyse Na+-coupled malate transport, although its physiological role in B. subtilis has not been studied (Wei et al., 2000
). The YxkJ protein (renamed CimH) was also expressed in E. coli and found to translocate free citrate and malate anions (Krom et al., 2001
). In addition, Wei et al. (2000)
demonstrated that the YqkI protein (renamed MleN), which belongs to the Na+H+ antiporter family (Saier et al., 2002
), is an antiporter of H+-malate against Na+-lactate, and proposed that the transporter plays a role in malate uptake and Na+H+ exchange in low protonmotive conditions. Furthermore, a search for possible malate transporter in B. subtilis revealed an additional candidate of the divalent anionNa+ symporter family (Saier et al., 2002
), YflS, which is highly homologous (54 % identity in 464 aa overlap) to the 2-oxoglutarate/malate translocator of spinach (Weber et al., 1995
).
In this investigation, we examined whether expression of these malate transporter genes is induced by malate in the culture medium and is under the control of the YufLM two-component system. The genetic and biochemical studies described here demonstrated that YufLM induces the expression of the maeN and yflS genes in the presence of malate, and that the induction of the MaeN transporter by the YufM regulator is essential for the utilization of malate as a carbon source. The YufL sensor was required for proper signal detection and signalling specificity in this process.
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METHODS |
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To create a deletion mutant of the yufL gene, the plasmid pIFDLC was constructed (Fig. 1). An 811 bp fragment encompassing the 7 N-terminal codons of yufL and the upstream region was amplified by PCR using the IFDL-BFF and IFDL-BFR primers, and a 1525 bp fragment encompassing the 5 C-terminal codons of yufL, including the termination codon, and the downstream region was obtained using the IFDL-BRF and IFDL-BRR primers. Then the two fragments were PCR ligated using an overlapping sequence contained within the primers. The resultant fragment (fragment A in Fig. 1
) was restricted at the KpnI and BamHI sites in the primers and inserted into KpnI-BamHI-restricted pUC19. Next, a 2348 bp fragment covering the pbpD and yuxK region (fragment B in Fig. 1
) was amplified with the IFDL-FF and IFDL-FR primers, digested at the KpnI and XhoI sites in the primers, and inserted between the KpnI and XhoI sites of pUC19 containing fragment A. Finally, a kanamycin-resistance gene of pDG780 (Anne-Marie et al., 1995
) was excised by XhoI digestion and inserted between fragments A and B on pUC19. The resulting plasmid, pIFDLC, was linearized by BamHI digestion and used to transform 168 trpC2 cells by a double crossover with selection for kanamycin resistance.
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To construct a series of strains containing transcriptional fusions of serially shortened maeN or yflS promoter regions and a promoterless Bacillus stearothermophilus bgaB gene encoding a thermostable -galactosidase (Hirata et al., 1986
) at the amyE locus on the B. subtilis chromosome, plasmid pDLd (Nanamiya et al., 1998
) was used. PCR products containing various lengths of the maeN or yflS promoter region were obtained with the primer sets listed in Table 2
, digested at the EcoRI and BamHI sites in the primers, and cloned between the EcoRI and BamHI sites of pDLd. The resulting plasmids were transformed into B. subtilis cells by a double crossover with selection for chloramphenicol resistance.
To create B. subtilis cells having multiple mutations, chromosomal DNA of single mutants was used for transformation.
-Galactosidase assay.
B. subtilis cells (1 ml) were harvested by centrifugation when the OD600 of cells reached 0·35, and -galactosidase activity was measured as described by Youngman et al. (1985)
. Incubation for the assay was at 28 °C for LacZ and at 62 °C for BgaB. Units are expressed as pmol 4-methylumbelliferyl
-D-galactoside hydrolysed min-1 (mg protein)-1. Protein concentration was determined using the Bio-Rad Protein Assay Kit.
Northern blotting and primer-extension analysis.
Total RNA was extracted from wild-type cells growing in GGM medium with and without malate at the exponential phase (OD600 0·35) by the method described by Igo & Losick (1986).
In the Northern analysis, aliquots containing 1 µg total RNA were electrophoresed and blotted onto a nylon membrane (positively charged; Roche). Hybridization and detection were performed using digoxigenin-labelled RNA probes (10 ng), according to the manufacturer's instructions (Roche). Inserts of the pMUFR and pMFLS plasmids containing an internal fragment of the yufR or yflS gene, respectively, were amplified with primers T3T7R and T3F, and used as templates for in vitro RNA synthesis using the DIG RNA Labelling Kit (Roche).
In the primer-extension analysis, 30 µg of the RNA sample was incubated with 32P end-labelled primers (20 fmol) specific for the maeN or yflS genes (EX-R and EX-S, respectively), 250 mM KCl, TE pH 7·4 (10 mM Tris/HCl pH 7·4 and 1 mM EDTA pH 8·0) and dNTPs (1·25 mM each) for 60 min at 65 °C, and gradually cooled to ambient temperature over a period of 60 min. After the addition of buffer (final concentration of 50 mM Tris/HCl pH 8·3, 75 mM KCl, 3 mM MgCl2, 10 mM DTT) and reverse transcriptase (M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase, 400 U; TaKaRa Biomedicals), the reaction mixture was incubated for 120 min at 42 °C. The cDNA products were then electrophoresed through a 6 % polyacrylamide/urea gel, and radioactive bands were detected with Imaging Plates and a BAS2500 scanner (Fuji Photo Film). The sequencing ladder used for size comparison was prepared with the same end-labelled primer and a cycle sequencing kit (TaKaRa Biomedicals) using B. subtilis chromosome DNA as template.
Purification of His6-YufM protein.
In order to express the YufM protein with a histidine tag (His6) at the N-terminus, the entire coding sequence including the initiation codon was PCR amplified with primers UFMF-F and UFMF-R and cloned into plasmid pET15b (Novagen), to obtain pETYufM. Cultivation of E. coli BL21(DE3) pLysS cells containing pETYufM and purification of the His6-YufM protein were performed as previously described (Morimoto et al., 2002).
DNase I footprinting experiments.
As probes for DNase I footprinting assays, a 199 bp fragment (-183 to +16 bp relative to the maeN initiation codon) and a 212 bp fragment (-162 to +50 bp relative to the yflS initiation codon) were amplified by PCR using the RFOOT-F and RFOOT-R primers and the EFLS-F2 and SFOOT-R primers, respectively. To prepare single-stranded labelled probes, one of the primers was end-labelled with [-32P]ATP. A constant amount of the probes (100 fmol) and 0·5 µg poly(dI-dC)/poly(dI-dC) as a competitor DNA were incubated with increasing amounts of His6-YufM (8·8, 17, 35, 70 pmol) in 50 µl binding buffer (50 mM PIPES pH 6·25, 200 mM NaCl, 4 mM MgCl2, 4 mM DTT, 20 mM imidazole, 0·5 % Tween 20 and 10 % glycerol) at 25 °C for 30 min. Then 1 µl of a DNase I solution (0·1 U µl-1, TaKaRa Biomedicals) was added to the reaction mixture. After incubation for 1 min at 25 °C, the reaction was stopped by adding 100 µl 20 mM EDTA, and the mixture was subjected to phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (25 : 24 : 1) extraction and ethanol precipitation. The pellet was dissolved in a loading buffer (0·01 % bromophenol blue, 0·01 % xylene cyanol and 1 mM EDTA in 90 % formamide) and separated on a denaturing 6 % polyacrylamide gel. After electrophoresis, radioactive bands were detected with Imaging Plates and a BAS2500 scanner. DNA ladders used as size markers were created with the appropriate end-labelled primer and a cycle sequencing kit (TaKaRa Biomedicals).
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RESULTS |
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The expression of the MaeN and YflS transporters is induced by malate in the growth medium
Next, we tested whether possible B. subtilis malate transporter genes are induced by malate in the growth medium. As shown in Fig. 2, the maeN and yflS genes seem to be transcribed as a monocistronic operon. The cimH gene is cotranscribed with the downstream yxkI and yxzE genes of unknown function. The mleN gene constitutes an operon with the downstream mleA, which encodes the malolactate enzyme that converts malate directly to lactate (Wei et al., 2000
). In order to examine the expression of the maeN, yflS, cimH and mleN genes, we inserted pMutinT3 into each gene and monitored the expression of the lacZ reporter gene on the integrated plasmid. We cultivated the mutants in a minimal salts medium containing yeast extract as carbon source (NYE medium; used to guarantee the growth of mutants) supplemented with glucose, malate, succinate or fumarate as additional carbon sources, as described previously (Asai et al., 2000
). Measurements of the
-galactosidase activity of pMutinT3-inserted mutants in the exponential growth phase revealed that expression of the maeN and yflS genes is specifically induced by malate (data not shown). The expression of yqkI was constitutive and no cimH expression was detected under these growth conditions (data not shown). An operon encoding a possible ABC transport system, YufNOPQ, is located between yufLM and maeN (Fig. 2A
). However, these genes were not induced by malate (data not shown).
Activation of the maeN and yflS promoters in the maeN : : pMutinT3 and yflS : : pMutinT3 cells by malate but not by fumarate or succinate was observed even in a minimal medium containing glucose (GGM medium, Fig. 4A), indicating that these genes are not under the control of carbon catabolite repression. Northern blot experiments using RNA from wild-type cells confirmed that 1·35 and 1·45 kb transcripts encompassing the maeN and yflS genes, respectively, are induced by external malate, although the induction of the latter was very weak (Fig. 4B
). We performed primer extension experiments using the same RNA preparation, and the transcription initiation site was detected at 27 bp upstream of the initiation codon of maeN, accompanied by a possible -10 sequence of the promoter recognized by E
A, TGTAGA (Fig. 4C
, see also Fig. 8B
). However, no clear -35 sequence could be identified positioned at an appropriate distance from the -10 sequence, suggesting that the maeN promoter is regulated by a transcriptional activator. However, we failed to determine the transcription initiation site of yflS, due to insufficient transcript levels and/or existence of a sequence that blocked reverse transcription. Growth of the maeN : : pMutinT3 and yflS : : pMutinT3 cells in SM medium containing malate as the carbon source (Fig. 4D
) indicated that YflS apparently plays no role in this growth condition, although its expression is induced. By contrast, the maeN mutant was unable to grow in the malate-only medium, demonstrating that the MaeN transporter is essential for the uptake of malate in the medium.
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The E. coli PhoB and the B. subtilis ComA regulators have been reported to be phosphorylated by acetyl phosphate in the absence of the cognate sensor kinase (Kim et al., 1996, 2001
). Therefore we further disrupted the pta gene, encoding the phosphotransacetylase that is responsible for conversion of acetyl coenzyme A to acetyl phosphate, in NT205 cells. However, the constitutive maeN expression was not suppressed by the pta inactivation (data not shown).
Binding of the YufM regulator to cis-acting sequences required for the induction of maeN or yflS expression
In order to determine the cis-acting region necessary for the maeN and yflS induction by malate and YufM, we performed promoter deletion experiments using the previously described amyE : : PmaeN-bgaB and amyE : : PyflS-bgaB cells. We found that maeN promoter activity was induced by malate at the same level as in the initial construct if 98 bp of sequence upstream of the initiation codon was retained, but a further deletion of 6 bp resulted in about 80 % reduction in the induction and the additional deletion of 3 bp completely abolished the promoter activity (Fig. 7a; see also Fig. 8
B). Similarly, a full induction of the yflS expression was observed in cells having at least 92 bp of sequence upstream of the initiation codon, while removal of an additional 7 bp abolished the promoter activity (Fig. 7b
, see also Fig. 8B
).
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DISCUSSION |
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We have reported DNA microarray analyses of 24 two-component systems, including yufLM, to identify the target genes of each system (Kobayashi et al., 2001). Each response regulator was overproduced in cells deficient for the cognate sensor kinase, and expression of 98 genes was found to be significantly induced or repressed by the YufM overproduction. However, maeN and yflS expression was not significantly affected. We found that expression of genes under the control of ComK was activated by YufM overproduction, for unknown reasons. This peculiar phenotype might be the reason why we did not detect maeN and yflS as target of YufLM.
It has been suggested that at least two transport systems for malate may be induced in B. subtilis (Willecke & Lange, 1974). The first system, required for the uptake of malate, fumarate and succinate, is induced in NYE medium. The second system is then induced by the addition of large amounts of malate to the growth medium. The Dct system (Asai et al., 2000
) would correspond to the first C4-dicarboxylate transport system reported by Willecke & Lange (1974)
, although it has not yet been determined whether the DctP transporter uses malate as a substrate, and the second system will be the MaeN (and YflS) transporter characterized in this report.
Although its precise biochemical role is as yet unknown, the YflS protein seemed to act as a malate transporter in B. subtilis, in that it was induced by malate in a YufM-dependent manner. In addition to MaeN and YflS, CimH and YqkI have been reported to transport malate (Wei et al., 2000; Krom et al., 2001
). However, we did not detect cimH expression in our cultivation conditions. We observed MleN expression independent of malate addition. Krom et al. (2000)
reported that the growth of the mleN disruptant was indistinguishable from the wild-type cell in SM medium with either glucose or malate. Therefore, the physiological role of CimH and MleN is still unclear at this time.
The deletion analysis of maeN and yflS promoter regions and the DNase I footprinting experiments clearly demonstrated that the YufM regulator binds to the region essential for the activation of maeN and yflS transcription by external malate. Based on deletion analysis of the dcuP promoter, Asai et al. (2000) proposed that two tandem repeats of AGACCAAA compose the DcuR binding sequence. Yamamoto et al. (2000)
identified the multiple repeats of (A/T)(A/T)CAAA in two CitT regulator binding regions in the citM promoter. However, we could not identify such clear repeat sequences in the YufM-binding regions of the maeN and yflS promoter sequences. Instead, we theorize that YufM might recognize some higher-order structure of the protected sequences.
The YufL sensor is required for proper signal detection and signalling specificity. Inactivation of the yufL gene resulted in the constitutive activation of YufM, which was suppressed by reintroduction of the kinase domain of YufL. Our observation suggests that YufM protein is phosphorylated independently of YufL and that YufL dephosphorylates the phospho-YufM in the absence of external signal, malate. Malate in the growth medium would suppress the phosphatase activity of YufL and activate the specific phosphotransfer reaction to YufL. It has been reported that the E. coli PhoB and the B. subtilis ComA regulators are phosphorylated by acetyl phosphate in the absence of the cognate sensor kinase, and that the inactivation of the pta gene abolishes the phosphorylation (Kim et al., 1996, 2001
). However, the constitutive activation of YufM was not suppressed by the pta inactivation. YufM might be phosphorylated nonspecifically by two-component kinases other than YufL. It is also possible that the YufM protein is activated by a small phosphodonor other than acetyl phosphate.
In Gram-negative bacteria, two-component regulatory systems regulating the uptake of C4-dicarboxylates also regulate the expression of genes involved in their metabolism (Janausch et al., 2002). A search for orthologues of the yufLM and maeN genes in complete genome sequences of bacteria using the MBGD database (http://mbgd.genome.ad.jp) revealed that the yufNOPQ operon found between the yufLM and maeN genes in B. subtilis is missing in the Bacillus halodurans and Oceanobacillus iheyensis genomes and the ytsJ gene encoding a protein highly similar to malate oxidoreductase is located there in these organisms, suggesting that this additional malate metabolism gene is also under the control of YufLM. However, the expression of B. subtilis ytsJ was independent of malate in NYE medium (data not shown). Instead, another malate oxidoreductase gene in B. subtilis, ywkA, has recently been found to be regulated by YufM and induced by malate (Doan et al., 2003
). This finding suggests that the B. subtilis CitST and DctSR might also regulate the expression of genes for metabolism of citrate or C4-dicarboxylates, although these have not yet been identified.
The studies reported here, together with previous reports (Asai et al., 2000; Yamamoto et al., 2000
), have revealed that members of a set of paralogous two-component regulatory systems in B. subtilis, CitST, DctSR and YufLM, are involved in a related function, uptake (and metabolism) of the TCA cycle intermediates, but with distinct substrate specificities. In addition, different characteristics among them have been revealed. The DctS sensor requires an additional membrane protein, supposed to be C4-dicarboxylate binding protein, DctB (YdbE), for recognition of fumarate/succinate in the growth medium (Asai et al., 2000
). Results presented in this report suggest that YufM protein would be nonspecifically phosphorylated by two-component kinases other than YufL, and the phosphatase activity of YufL would play an important role in proper signal detection and signalling specificity. The mode of recognition of and binding to DNA seem to be different between YufM and CitT/DctR. Further studies on the structurefunction relationships of these homologous two-component sensors and kinases will be valuable in elucidating the evolution of the two-component regulatory systems.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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Received 27 January 2003;
revised 6 May 2003;
accepted 6 May 2003.