Unité du Choléra et des Vibrions, Centre National de Référence des Vibrions et du Choléra1, and Unité de Chimie Organique2, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
Author for correspondence: Jean-Michel Fournier. Tel: +33 1 45688220 Fax: +33 1 45688223. e-mail: fournier{at}pasteur.fr
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ABSTRACT |
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Keywords: Vibrio cholerae O1, cholera, LPS, core, preparative electrophoresis
Abbreviations: LAL, Limulus amoebocyte lysate; O-SP, O-specific polysaccharide; O/R, oxidized and reduced
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INTRODUCTION |
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The Ogawa and Inaba serotypes of V. cholerae O1 differ only by a 2-O-methyl group that is present in the non-reducing terminal sugar of the Ogawa O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP) of the LPS, but is absent from the Inaba O-SP (Hisatsune et al., 1993 ; Ito et al., 1994
; Wang et al., 1998
). Studies with mAb S-20-3/S-20-4 directed against Ogawa LPS and synthetic methyl
-glycosides of oligosaccharide fragments mimicking the Ogawa O-SP show that the terminal monosaccharide defines, as its major component, the serotype-specific antigenic determinant for the Ogawa strain (Wang et al., 1998
). It is thus most likely that the protection induced in vaccine trials by Ogawa whole-cell vaccines is due to the induction of antibodies recognizing only this serotype-specific antigenic determinant. This would explain why the vaccine does not protect against the Inaba serotype. In contrast, the binding of mAb I-24-2 (which recognizes both serotypes) to Ogawa LPS is somewhat puzzling (Wang et al., 1998
). MAb I-24-2, like whole-cell Inaba vaccine, induces protection in mice against both the Ogawa and Inaba serotypes, and it is therefore likely that the antigenic determinant recognized by this mAb would be useful to induce protective antibodies against both serotypes. To further characterize this antigenic determinant, we investigated the binding of purified saccharide fragments from V. cholerae O1 LPS to mAbs I-24-2 and S-20-3/S-20-4 by immunoblotting and ELISA inhibition. We found that the core and the O-SP are both involved in the antigenic determinant common to the Ogawa and Inaba serotypes. This would explain how the presence or the absence of a single 2-O-methyl group in the non-reducing terminal residue of the O-SP chains of the LPS could lead to the expression of two independent antigenic determinants, one specific to the Ogawa serotype and the other common to both the Ogawa and Inaba serotypes.
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METHODS |
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Monoclonal antibodies.
mAb I-24-2 is an IgG3 recognizing LPS from both Ogawa and Inaba serotypes. mAb S-20-3/S-20-4 is an IgG1 specific for serotype Ogawa LPS. Production, biological activity and the cDNA-derived amino acid sequence of both mAbs have been described elsewhere (Bougoudogo et al., 1995 ; Wang et al., 1998
).
Preparation of LPSs and derived fragments.
Cultures were suspended in distilled water and LPS was obtained by hot phenol/water extraction (Westphal & Jann, 1965 ), followed by enzymic treatment (DNase, RNase and protease) and ultracentrifugation (100000 g for 3 h). The pellet containing LPS was dialysed against distilled water and freeze-dried. The LPS preparations from each serotype contained 1% (w/v) protein and less than 0·2% (w/v) nucleic acid. Inaba LPS was detoxified by acid hydrolysis (Hancock & Poxton, 1988
): LPS (10 mg ml-1 in 1% aqueous acetic acid) was heated at 100 °C for 60 min. The samples were subjected to low-speed centrifugation (350 g for 10 min) to precipitate lipid A, and the supernatant containing the polysaccharide moiety of the LPS collected. It was extracted with an equal volume of chloroform/ethanol (2:1), shaken vigorously and centrifuged (10000 g for 30 min). The aqueous phase was dialysed against distilled water to remove ethanol and freeze-dried.
The oxidized and reduced (O/R) polysaccharide moiety of the LPS was isolated by Smith-type degradation of the polysaccharide moiety of the LPS (Goldstein et al., 1970 ; Le Blay et al., 1994
), involving oxidation in 1% (w/v) aqueous sodium periodate at 20 °C for 2 d in the dark, dialysis and freeze-drying followed by reduction in 0·6% (w/v) sodium borohydride solution at 20 °C for 6 h, acid hydrolysis (2%, v/v, acetic acid) at 100 °C for 2 h and purification by Sephadex G-25 chromatography. Several sugars of the core, containing vicinal diols, are susceptible to this treatment, whereas the O/R polysaccharide moiety of the LPS [consisting of (1
2)-linked linear 4,6-dideoxy-4-(3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronamido)-
-d-mannopyranosyl residues] is resistant (Kenne et al., 1982
; Vinogradov et al., 1995
; Wang et al., 1998
).
The polysaccharide moiety of the LPS was subjected to preparative PAGE (prep-PAGE) on a model 491 Prep Cell apparatus (Bio-Rad), using deoxycholic acid (DOC) buffer as described by Krauss et al. (1988 ). A 6 cm, 12% polyacrylamide resolving gel (12% acrylamide, 0·35% bisacrylamide, 0·5% DOC, 375 mM Tris base, pH 8·8) was cast according to the manufacturers recommendations. The resolving gel was then overlaid with a 0·5 cm stacking gel (4% acrylamide, 0·1% bisacrylamide, 0·5% DOC, 250 mM Tris base, pH 8·8). Before electrophoresis, the polysaccharide moiety of the LPS sample [0·75% (w/v) polysaccharide moiety of the LPS in 0·25% DOC, 10% (v/v) glycerol, 8% ß-mercaptoethanol, 0·05% bromophenol blue, pH 6·8] was heated at 100 °C for 10 min. The sample was loaded onto the gel and subjected to electrophoresis at 30 mA. Fractions (2 ml) were collected for up to 10 h after the tracking dye had eluted. Three bands were obtained. Fractions corresponding to bands I and II were pooled (pool I) and fractions corresponding to band III were pooled (pool II). These pools were separately dialysed against 10% ethanol at room temperature to remove buffer salts and DOC as previously described (Reuhs et al., 1993
), and freeze-dried.
SDS-PAGE analysis.
LPS, the polysaccharide moiety of the LPS and the prep-PAGE fractions were analysed by Tricine SDS-PAGE (Schägger & Von Jagow, 1987 ; Lesse et al., 1990
), using a 16·5% running gel and a 4% stacking gel. The cathode buffer (pH 8·25) consisted of 0·1 M Tris base, 0·1 M Tricine and 0·1% SDS and the anode buffer (pH 8·9) consisted of 0·2 M Tris base. Gels were fixed overnight at 4 °C in 25% (v/v) propan-2-ol, 7% acetic acid and silver stained as described by Tsai & Frasch (1982
).
Immunoblot analysis.
Polysaccharides separated by Tricine SDS-PAGE were electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose (0·2 µm pore size; Bio-Rad) at constant voltage (100 V) for 1·5 h in 25 mM Tris base, 192 mM glycine, 20% ethanol, pH 8·3. The nitrocellulose was then soaked overnight at 4 °C in 3% BSA in PBS. The membrane was washed three times by shaking gently for 5 min in Tween (0·1%) in PBS (PBS-Tween). It was then gently shaken at room temperature for 2 h in 3 µg mAb I-24-2 ml-1 in PBS-Tween containing 0·5% gelatin. The membrane was washed three times for 5 min each in PBS-Tween and incubated with a 1/800 dilution of alkaline-phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (heavy- and light-chain specific; Biosys) in PBS-Tween with 0·5% gelatin for 60 min at room temperature with gentle shaking. The membrane was washed and the blot developed by gently shaking for 10 min at room temperature in 1 g 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate nitro blue tetrazolium l-1 (Sigma Fast; Sigma) in distilled water.
ELISA inhibition.
The amount of antigen giving 50% inhibition of antibody binding was determined by a two-step ELISA. In step 1, mAb was incubated with solutions of polysaccharides and in step 2, the resulting mixtures of free and bound antibody were added to microtitre plates coated with serotype Ogawa or Inaba LPSs. The experiment was carried out as follows. Flat-bottom microplates (Immuno Microwell; Nunc) were blocked by incubation with 0·5% gelatin (Prolabo) in PBS for 1 h at 37 °C and washed with PBS containing 0·1% Tween-20. Polysaccharide dilutions (100 µl) and 100 µl mAb in PBS-Tween-gelatin were added to the wells, at a dilution, determined by direct ELISA titration, giving an A492 of 0·5. The mixture was incubated for 1 h at 37 °C and 100 µl samples from each well were transferred to a second plate, that had been previously coated by incubation for 1 h at 37 °C with purified serotype Ogawa or Inaba LPSs (5 µg ml-1) in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer (0·1 M, pH 9·5), blocked with gelatin and washed with PBS-Tween. This plate was incubated at 37 °C for 1 h and washed with PBS-Tween. An anti-mouse peroxidase-conjugated IgG (heavy- and light-chain specific) (Sanofi Diagnostic Pasteur) diluted 1 in 1000 in PBS-Tween containing 0·5% gelatin was added to the wells. The plate was incubated at 37 °C for 45 min and washed with PBS-Tween. The enzyme substrate (o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride; Sigma; 100 µl at 0·4 mg ml-1) in 0·1 M sodium citrate (pH 5·2), containing 0·02% hydrogen peroxide, was added to each well and the plate incubated for 10 min at room temperature. The reaction was stopped by adding 3 M HCl (50 µl per well) and the A492 was read in an EL 800 spectrophotometer (Bio-Tek Instruments). The degree of inhibition was calculated as percentage inhibition=[(A- inhibitor-A+ inhibitor)/A- inhibitor)]x100.
Analytical methods.
Protein was determined by the Lowry method with BSA as the standard. Double immunodiffusion was performed in 1% agarose in 0·5 M NaCl for 18 h at 4 °C. The LPS concentration, assayed by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay (Bio-Whittaker), is expressed in endotoxin units relative to the US standard (Hochstein, 1990 ).
NMR data were recorded on a BRUKER AC 300P spectrometer. The 13C NMR spectrum was acquired with composite pulse decoupling, 1H decoupling, 64K data points, 60 kHz spectral window (1·7 s acquisition time) and 3·0 s delay between pulse cycles. Prior to Fourier transformation, each free-induction-decay signal was exponentially multiplied so as to result in an additional 3 Hz line, broadening the frequency domain spectrum. Forty milligrams of the Inaba polysaccharide moiety of the LPS was exchanged twice with D2O and dissolved in 0·5 ml D2O. The spectrum was recorded at ambient probe temperature (23 °C), using dioxan as an external reference (0=67·4 p.p.m.).
Samples for electrospray mass spectrometry were dissolved in water/methanol/formic acid (50:50:0·1, by vol.). They were introduced into an API 365 triple-quadruple mass spectrometer (Perkin Elmer-Sciex) at a rate of 5 µl min-1 with a syringe pump (Harvard Apparatus). The mass spectrometer was equipped with an atmospheric pressure ion source which was used to sample positive ions produced from a pneumatically assisted electrospray interface. The ionspray probe tip was held at 4·5 kV and the orifice voltage was set at 60 V. The mass spectrometer scanned continuously from m/z 400 to 1400 with a scan step of 0·1 and a dwell time per step of 2·0 ms, resulting in a scan duration of 20·0 s. Ten scans were averaged for each analysis. Mass calibration of the instrument was carried out by matching ions of polypropylene glycol to known reference masses stored in the calibration table of the spectrometer.
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RESULTS |
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Double immunodiffusion detected a single precipitate between mAb I-24-2 and the Inaba LPS (Fig. 4, wells 1 and 2). A single precipitate was also observed when mAb I-24-2 was tested against the polysaccharide moiety of the LPS (Fig. 4
, wells 1 and 3) and against the pool II (Fig. 4
, wells 1 and 4). The fusion of immunoprecipitation lines indicates immunochemical identity of Inaba LPS, the polysaccharide moiety of the LPS and pool II. However, no precipitate was observed when mAb I-24-2 was tested against pool I (Fig. 4
, wells 1 and 5).
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Binding of mAb I-24-2 to Ogawa and Inaba LPSs was also inhibited by the Inaba O-SP linked to the core (Fig. 6a, b). This preparation was as effective as the native Inaba LPS at inhibiting binding of Ogawa and Inaba LPSs to mAb I-24-2 (Table 1
, 0·30·4 µg ml-1 and 0·35 µg ml-1). Thus the O-SP linked to the core contains an antigenic determinant common to both Ogawa and Inaba serotypes.
In contrast, the O/R polysaccharide moiety of the Inaba LPS was less effective than the native Inaba LPS at inhibiting binding of Ogawa and Inaba LPSs to mAb I-24-2 (Table 1, 45 µg ml-1 and 0·35 µg ml-1). This is consistent with one or more sugar residues in the core that are sensitive to the periodate being involved in the antigenic determinant recognized by mAb I-24-2. As could be predicted from this observation, the core inhibited the binding of both Ogawa LPS and Inaba LPS to mAb I-24-2 (Table 1
, 68 µg ml-1), indicating that the core is involved in the antigenic determinant common to Ogawa and Inaba serotypes and recognized by mAb I-24-2. These results show that both the core and the O-SP are involved in the Ogawa-Inaba common antigenic determinant.
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DISCUSSION |
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Iredell et al. (1998 ) have suggested that the lack of methylation of the O-SP exposes the C antigen resulting in the Inaba serotype. Our results are completely consistent with this suggestion because the 2-O-methyl group in the non-reducing terminal residue of the O-SP on Ogawa cells may hamper recognition by the immune system of an antigenic determinant expressed by the O-SP linked to the core of the LPS.
Inaba strains are rfbT mutants of an Ogawa strain in which B antigen synthesis (i.e. methylation of the O-SP at its non-reducing end) is inactivated (Stroeher et al., 1992 ; Hisatsune et al., 1993
). Ogawa O-SP is defined as bearing a 2-O-methylated non-reducing terminal residue, but not all Ogawa O-SP chains are methylated (Iredell et al., 1998
). Thus, if 2-O-methylated O-SP chains express the B antigen and non-methylated O-SP chains express the C antigen, it is possible to account for the presence or absence of a 2-O-methyl group in the non-reducing terminal residue of the O-SP chains, leading to either serotype Ogawa or Inaba. In this case, as reported, Inaba cells, containing only non-2-O-methylated O-SP, would express the C antigen only, whereas Ogawa cells, containing both 2-O-methylated-O-SP chains and, to a lesser extent, non-2-O-methylated chains, would express both B and C antigens.
The identification of the Ogawa and Inaba serotypes of V. cholerae O1 is based on the use of specific agglutinating antisera produced by rabbits immunized with heat-inactivated whole bacterial cells of either Ogawa or Inaba serotype. However, cross-absorption of these sera is needed to improve their specificity. Ogawa serotype-specific antiserum is easy to obtain by absorption with bacteria of the Inaba serotype (Donovan & Furniss, 1982 ). In contrast, Inaba serotype-specific antiserum is difficult to produce since there is often a concomitant loss of Inaba serotype-specific antibodies during the absorption with bacteria of the Ogawa serotype (Donovan & Furniss, 1982
). The presence of small amounts of the C antigen in Ogawa cells renders the absorption step difficult because antibodies directed against the C antigen are also adsorbed. As Inaba cells do not express the B antigen, they are the cells of choice in the adsorption step for producing a specific anti-Ogawa serum.
In conclusion, our results explain how the presence or the absence of the Ogawa-specific antigenic determinant would lead to the expression of two independent antigenic determinants of V. cholerae O1, one specific to the Ogawa serotype and the other common to both Ogawa and Inaba serotypes.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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This work was partly supported by Grant ACC-SV6 from the Ministère Français de la Recherche.
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Received 10 February 1999;
revised 23 June 1999;
accepted 24 June 1999.