1 Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, sezione Microbiologia Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
2 Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, sezione Microbiologia Agraria, Alimentare e Ecologica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
Correspondence
Diego Mora
diego.mora{at}unimi.it
![]() |
ABSTRACT |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
The GenBank accession numbers for the sequences determined in this work are given in the text.
![]() |
INTRODUCTION |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Within the bacterial chromosome, the ribosomal locus has often been investigated with taxonomic and/or phylogenetic purpose; the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region located between the 16S and the 23S rRNA genes provides an excellent tool for a finer identification at the species/strain level, while ribosomal genes may lose resolution at the lower taxa level (Rodriguez-Valera & Garcia-Martinez, 2000). ITS regions show highly conserved sequences in the areas encompassing the tRNA genes and relatively stable regions located at the ends of the spacer, where secondary structures are formed by pairing with stretches upstream of the 16S rRNA gene and downstream of the 23S rRNA gene. ITS sequence analysis has been applied successfully for the identification and differentiation of several bacterial species (Ehrenstein et al., 1996
; Maes et al., 1997
; Tilsala-Timisjarvi & Alatossova, 1997
; Vaneechoutte et al., 1992
) and a freely available spacer database has recently been developed (Rodriguez-Valera & Garcia-Martinez, 2000
).
In this study, several strains of S. thermophilus, S. macedonicus and S. waius isolated from various sources, such as yogurt, whey, natural cheese starter, cheese and biofilms on stainless steel surfaces of dairy manufacturing plants, were analysed by sequencing the 16S23S rRNA ITS. The genetic variability of the 16S23S ribosomal ITS locus of thermophilic dairy streptococci has been investigated with the double aim of obtaining a detailed picture of this biotechnologically important group of lactic acid bacteria and finding an effective method of identifying them. The availability of rapid and simple methods for the identification of these dairy streptococci would facilitate the investigation of the microbial composition of traditional dairy products produced with raw milk without the use of selected starter cultures. In addition, a species/strain-specific multiplex ITS-SSCP analysis (MIS) of the regions upstream and downstream of the tRNA gene was carried out.
![]() |
METHODS |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
|
The 16S rRNA gene was amplified as previously described (Mora et al., 2000). The amplification of the sodA gene was carried out in 100 µl containing: 3 µl bacterial genomic DNA solution obtained as described above, 10 µl 10x times; PCR reaction buffer, 200 µmol l-1 of each dNTP, 2 mmol l-1 MgCl2, 0·5 µmol l-1 of each primer (sodAF 5'-CGATGCAGAAACAATGACATT-3', sodAR 5'-ggattgtcttggttagctgt-3', and sodAR1 5'-ggagtatcttggttagcagt-3') and 0·5 U Taq polymerase (Amersham-Pharmacia). The primer set for the sodA gene was designed on the basis of the sequences reported by Poyart et al. (2002); sodAF, sodAR and sodAR1 were used together in the same PCR reaction to allow the amplification of sodA gene both in Streptococcus infantarius and in Streptococcus lutetiensis (previously S. infantarius subsp. coli) (Schlegel et al., 2000
). The temperature profile was the following: 94 °C for 2 min and 35 cycles consisting of 94 °C for 45 s, 58 °C for 35 s and 72 °C for 50 s. A final extension at 72 °C for 7 min was performed.
ITS sequence analysis.
After amplification, ITS products were purified (NucleoSpin Extract, Machery-Nagel) and sequenced using ITSF as a sequencing primer and a model 310 automatic DNA sequencer (Applera) with fluorescent dideoxy chain terminators. ITS sequences were manually aligned with the published sequences of Streptococcus species. Phylogenetic reconstructions were done using Jalview software (http://www2.ebi.ac.uk/michele/jalview/contents.html).
SSCP analysis.
To develop a species-specific assay, the amplified ITS regions of all Streptococcus strains was used in SSCP analysis. Two different SSCP analyses were carried out: (i) an analysis performed on the entire ITS amplified using the primer set ITSF-ITSR, and (ii) an analysis performed on ITS-16Sf and on ITS-23Sf fragments separately amplified using the primer sets ITSF-ITSscpR and ITSscpF-ITSR (see Fig. 3). BLASTN analysis (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST) carried out on ITSscpR and ITSscpF sequences showed significant matches only for ITS region of species belonging to the genus Streptococcus.
|
![]() |
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
The ITS sequence analysis carried out on S. thermophilus and related species showed that the length of their ITS between the 16S and the 23S rRNA genes ranged between 273 and 274 bp. All Streptococcus species were easily discriminated on the basis of sequence variations principally located upstream and downstream of the region encompassing the double-stranded processing sites and the tRNAAla gene. Comparison between tRNAAla gene sequences highlighted a high level of sequence conservation among Streptococcus species despite their belonging to different phylogenetic clusters, i.e. the S. salivarius and S. bovis rRNA groups. With regard to S. thermophilus strains, ITS sequence comparison highlighted single insertions/deletions and substitutions that allowed the identification of four different ITS sequences (Fig. 1), designated ITS-St-I, ITS-St-II, ITS-St-III and ITS-St-IV. The sequence type ITS-St-I of 274 bp showed 100 % similarity with the published ITS sequence of S. thermophilus ATCC 19987 (U32965) and was characteristic of the strains DSM 20617T, ST29, ST32, ST69, E1, Q1, G1, N2, N1, D1 and C1; strains A1, H1, P1, I1, L1, ST20, ST24 and ST35 showed the sequence type ITS-St-II of 273 bp due to an adenine deletion in position 282 (Fig. 1
). A single substitution in position 284, an insertion in position 286 and a deletion in position 282 allowed the identification of the sequence ITS-St-III for the strain ST52 while the sequence type ITS-St-IV of strains B1 and I2 was characterized by two substitutions, at positions 21 and 275. Sequence ITS-St-IV showed the highest similarity with the ITS sequence of S. salivarius DSM 20560T (Fig. 2
). Specifically, the substitution in position 264 (A instead of G) determined the lack of one of the two HaeIII restriction sites that were reported to be species-specific for S. thermophilus strains by Moschetti et al. (1998)
. These authors also reported the presence of an anomalous S. thermophilus strain showing a HaeIII ITS restriction profile identical to that obtained for S. salivarius but characterized by typical S. thermophilus phenotypic traits. As substantiated by our sequence data, HaeIII restriction analysis highlights an ITS sequence polymorphism in S. thermophilus but fails to differentiate this species from the closely related S. salivarius.
|
|
While S. thermophilus strains showed ITS sequence polymorphism that allowed the identification of four different ITS alleles, an extremely high level of sequence conservation (100 % sequence similarity) was detected among the S. macedonicus and S. waius strains. This high level of sequence similarity was unexpected considering the different geographical origin of the strains, i.e. New Zealand and Greece. Furthermore, ITS sequencing did not allow differentiation between S. macedonicus and S. waius strains according to our previous observation based on genotypic and phenotypic characterization which provided evidence that S. macedonicus and S. waius should be considered synonyms (Manachini et al., 2002). ITS sequence variation was also detected within the S. bovis species, confirming the genetic heterogeneity of this taxon (Farrow et al., 1984
; Poyart et al., 2002
).
The phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences (Fig. 2) showed that the dairy Streptococcus species investigated clustered into two main branches, one grouping S. macedonicus and S. bovis, and one grouping S. thermophilus and S. salivarius strains. Further investigation should be carried out to verify if the phylogenetic diversity of S. thermophilus strains may reflect some relevant phenotypic traits of this species.
ITS-SSCP analysis
On the basis of the ITS sequence polymorphism detected, SSCP analyses on the entire ITS, and on a discrete region within the ITS locus, were carried out with the aim of developing a species-specific assay. The SSCP analysis of the entire amplified ITS failed to differentiate streptococcal species (data not shown) due to the high molecular mass of the amplified fragment (about 350 bp) and the limited level of sequence divergence present among the species analysed. Two new sets of primers were then designed for the amplification of the regions upstream and downstream of the highly conserved tRNAAla gene. The new experimental design focused on the amplification of the most variable regions within the ITS locus by the exclusion of the conserved tDNA (Fig. 3). The amplified fragments obtained from the region upstream and downstream of the tRNAAla gene, designated ITS-16Sf and ITS-23Sf, showed dimensions of about 110 bp and 190 bp respectively, according to the sequence data. The SSCP analysis of ITS-16Sf and ITS-23Sf showed better discriminatory power than the use of the entire ITS. Comparison of the SSCP patterns of the ITS-16Sf and ITS-23Sf fragments showed the latter region to be the most effective in addressing the identification at species level, allowing the differentiation of most of the Streptococcus species analysed. Interestingly, the ITS-23Sf fragment generated three single-strand electrophoretic signals, suggesting sequence variation, not detected in the sequence analysis, in the ITS region downstream of the tRNAAla gene present in the different copies of the ribosomal operon of the bacterial chromosome. Streptococcus sp. 42 and 48 showed an ITS-23Sf SSCP pattern identical to that obtained for all S. thermophilus strains except B1 and I2. The SSCP of the ITS-16Sf fragment allowed the identification of S. macedonicus strains but failed to differentiate between S. salivarius and S. thermophilus. Furthermore, an identical ITS-16Sf SSCP profile was shown by S. bovis DSM 20480T and Streptococcus sp. 42 and 48 (data not shown).
An efficient Streptococcus species identification was achieved by MIS analysis of ITS-16Sf and ITS-23Sf fragments as shown in Fig. 4. All the species analysed showed unique SSCP profiles and a strain-specific SSCP profile was detected for S. thermophilus I2 which easily discriminated it from the other S. thermophilus strains by the single-strand conformation polymorphism generated from the ITS-23Sf fragment. The species-specific signature profiles were identified in the SSCP profile of the ITS-16Sf and/or ITS-23Sf fragments depending on the species. Streptococcus thermophilus strains were differentiated from S. salivarius by the SSCP profile generated from the ITS-23Sf fragment and from Streptococcus sp. 42 and 48 by the SSCP profile generated from the ITS-16Sf fragment, while S. macedonicus strains were discriminated from S. bovis and S. thermophilus by the SSCP profile of both the amplified fragments (Fig. 4
). In conclusion, the MIS approach, designed with the aim of reducing the influence of the highly conserved tDNAAla, is effective for the identification of dairy and non-dairy streptococcal species.
|
Among 25 Streptococcus strains, 8 were identified as S. thermophilus (A2.3, A2.7, A2.11, A2.9, B1.21, B1.23, B1.24, B1.18) while 15 were identified as S. macedonicus (ASG19, ASG69, RALF 1, RACF7, RAC2413, RCF15807, TA3.1, TA3.4, TA3.5, TA3.7, TA3.9, TB1.4, TB1.9, TB1.12, TB1.15), underlining the wide presence of this species in dairy products. The taxonomic position of Streptococcus sp. 42 and 48, which showed a MIS profile different from the other strains tested, was investigated by sequencing the 16S23S rRNA ITS, the 16S rRNA gene and a discrete region from the manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase gene (sodA). Interestingly, Streptococcus sp. strains 42 and 48 isolated from cheese showed an ITS sequence with 100 % similarity to S. thermophilus strains in the region downstream of the tRNAAla gene and 99 % similarity with S. bovis DSM 20480T in the region upstream of the tRNAAla gene (Fig. 1). The phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences showed that strains 42 and 48 clustered in the S. bovis/S. macedonicus branch (Fig. 2
). Further analysis was carried out by sequencing the first 600 bp of the 16S rRNA gene of strain 42 (AJ439568). The sequence obtained was compared with those present in the EMBL database using the BLASTN service and the results obtained showed 100 % identity with the small ribosomal gene of S. lutetiensis (previously S. infantarius subsp. coli) HDP90246T (AF429763) (Poyart et al., 2002
) and S. bovis ATCC 27960 (AB002481), and 99 % identity with S. infantarius HDP 90056T (AF429762). Because of the high sequence similarity existing between the 16S rRNA genes of S. lutetiensis, S. infantarius and S. bovis, the identification of strains 42 and 48 was subsequently addressed by sequencing a discrete region of the sodA gene as recently suggested by Poyart et al. (2002)
. Specifically, 268 bp of the coding region of the amplified sodA gene (AJ439567) was compared with the sequences present in the EMBL database; the results obtained showed 99 % identity with the sodA gene sequence of S. infantarius CIP 103233T (AJ297184), while lower levels of identity (88 %, 86 %) were obtained with the homologous gene of S. lutetiensis CIP56.23 (AJ297212) and S. bovis ATCC 33317 (Z95896) respectively. According to the sodA sequence analysis, strains 42 and 48 were therefore classified as S. infantarius. This species has been isolated from infant faeces, human clinical samples and dairy products (Schegel et al., 2000
; Poyart et al., 2002
) as for strains 42 and 48, which were isolated from Italian Grana cheese. In this context, the reason for the presence of S. infantarius in dairy products should be investigated with the aim of clarifying if this species has a technological role in milk transformation or if it is the result of occasional contamination.
![]() |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
---|
![]() |
REFERENCES |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Daffonchio, D., Cherif, A. & Borin, S. (2000). Homoduplex and heteroduplex polymorphisms of the amplified ribosomal 16S-23S internal transcribed spacers describe genetic relationships in the "Bacillus cereus group". Appl Environ Microbiol 66, 54605468.
Ehrenstein, B., Bernards, A. T., Dijkshoorn, L., Gerner-Smidt, P., Towner, K. J., Bouvet, P. J., Daschner, F. D. & Grundmann, H. (1996). Acinetobacter species identification by using tRNA spacer fingerprinting. J Clin Microbiol 34, 24142420.[Abstract]
Farrow, J. A. E., Kruze, J., Phillips, B. A., Bramley, A. J. & Collins, M. D. (1984). Taxonomic studies on Streptococcus bovis and Streptococcus equinus: description of Streptococcus alactolyticus sp. nov. and Streptococcus saccharolyticus sp. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 5, 467482.
Flint, S. H., Lawrence, J., Ward, H. & Brooks, J. D. (1999). Streptococcus waius sp. nov., a thermophilic streptococcus from a biofilm. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49, 759767.[Abstract]
Maes, N., De Gheldre, Y., De Ryck, R., Vaneechoutte, M., Meugnier, H., Etienne, J. & Struelens, M. J. (1997). Rapid and accurate identification of Staphylococcus species by tRNA intergenic spacer length polymorphism analysis. J Clin Microbiol 35, 24772481.[Abstract]
Manachini, P. L., Flint, S. H., Ward, L. J. H., Kelly, W., Fortina, M. G., Parini, C. & Mora, D. (2002). Comparison between Streptococcus macedonicus and S. waius strains and reclassification of Streptococcus waius (Flint et al., 1999) as Streptococcus macedonicus (Tsakalidu et al., 1998
). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52, 945951.
Mora, D., Fortina, M. G., Nicastro, G., Parini, C. & Manachini, P. L. (1997). Genotypic characterization of thermophilic bacilli: a study on a new soil isolates and several reference strains. Res Microbiol 149, 711722.
Mora, D., Fortina, M. G., Parini, C., Ricci, G., Gatti, M., Giraffa, F. & Manachini, P. L. (2002). Genetic diversity and technological properties of Streptococcus thermophilus strains isolated from dairy products. J Appl Microbiol 93, 278287.[CrossRef][Medline]
Moschetti, G., Blaiotta, G., Aponte, I., Catzeddu, P., Villani, F. & Coppola, S. (1998). Random amplified polymorphic DNA and amplified ribosomal DNA spacer polymorphism powerful methods to differentiate Streptococcus thermophilus strains. J Appl Microbiol 85, 2536.[CrossRef][Medline]
Poyart, C., Quesne, G. & Trieu-Cout, P. (2002). Taxonomic dissection of the Streptococcus bovis group by sequencing the manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase gene (sodA) sequences: reclassification of Streptococcus infantarius subsp. coli as Streptococcus lutetiensis sp. nov. and of Streptococcus bovis biotype II.2 as Streptococcus pasteurianus sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52, 12471255.
Rodriguez-Valera, F. & Garcia-Martinez, J. (2000). Spacers online. ASM News 66, 712713.
Schlegel, L., Grimont, F., Collins, M. D., Régnault, B., Grimont, P. A. D. & Bouvet, A. (2000). Streptococcus infantarius sp. nov., Streptococcus infantarius subsp. infantarius subsp. nov. and Streptococcus infantarius subsp. coli subsp. nov., isolated from humans and food. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50, 14251434.[Abstract]
Tilsala-Timisjärvi, A. & Alatossava, T. (1997). Development of oligonucleotide primers from the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic sequences for identifying different dairy and probiotic lactic acid bacteria by PCR. Int J Food Microbiol 35, 4956.[CrossRef][Medline]
Tsakalidou, E., Zoidou, E., Pot, B., Wassill, L., Ludwig, W., Devries, L. A., Kalantzopoulos, G., Schleifer, K. H. & Kersters, K. (1998). Identification of streptococci from Greek Kasseri cheese and description of Streptococcus macedonicus sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48, 519527.
Tyrrell, G. J., Bethune, R. N., Willey, B. & Low, D. (1997). Species identification of enterococci via intergenic ribosomal PCR. J Clin Microbiol 35, 10541060.[Abstract]
Vaneechoutte, M., Rossau, R., De Vos, P. & 7 other authors (1992). Rapid identification of bacteria of the Comamonadaceae with amplified ribosomal DNA-restriction analysis (ARDRA). FEMS Microbiol Lett 93, 227234.
Received 1 August 2002;
revised 3 December 2002;
accepted 9 December 2002.