A Distinct Repertoire of Autoantibodies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Identified by Proteomic Analysis*
François Le Naour
,
,
Franck Brichory¶,
David E. Misek¶,
Christian Bréchot||,
Samir M. Hanash¶ and
Laura Beretta
,**
Departments of Microbiology and Immunology
¶ Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0666
|| INSERM U.370, Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
 |
ABSTRACT
|
---|
Chronic infections with hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viruses are major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We have utilized a proteomic approach to determine whether a distinct repertoire of autoantibodies can be identified in HCC. Sera from 37 patients with HCC and 31 subjects chronically infected with HBV or HCV without HCC were investigated. Sera from 116 patients with other cancers, three patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and 24 healthy subjects were utilized as controls. We report the identification of eight proteins, for each of which autoantibodies were detected in sera from more than 10% of patients with HCC but not in sera from healthy individuals (p < 0.05). Autoantibodies to four of these proteins were detected at a comparable frequency in sera from patients with chronic hepatitis. The other four proteins, which consisted of calreticulin isoforms, cytokeratin 8, nucleoside diphosphate kinase A, and F1-ATP synthase ß-subunit, induced autoantibodies among patients with HCC, independently of their HBV/HCV status. Calreticulin, and a novel truncated form of calreticulin (Crt32) we have identified, most commonly elicited autoantibodies among patients with HCC (27%). We conclude that a distinct repertoire of autoantibodies is associated with HCC that may have utility in early diagnosis of HCC among high risk subjects with chronic hepatitis.
There is increasing evidence for an immune response to cancer in humans, demonstrated in part by the identification of autoantibodies to tumor antigens (14). The identification of panels of tumor antigens that elicit a humoral response may have utility in cancer screening, diagnosis, or in establishing prognosis. Such antigens may also have utility in immunotherapy against the disease. Several approaches are currently available for the identification of tumor antigens. We have implemented a proteomic-based approach for the identification of tumor antigens that induce an antibody response, which we have applied to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC),1 a major type of cancer worldwide (5).
HCC has a poor prognosis, with 5-year survival rates of less than 5%. Most cases of HCC are associated with cirrhosis (at least 90% in America and Europe) (6). Chronic infections with hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) viruses are major risk factors for HCC, and development of a chronic carrier state is a most frequent event following acute viral infection (710). The most likely explanation for the rising incidence of HCC is the spread of hepatitis virus in the population. Antigens that have been shown to induce a humoral response in HCC include p53 (11, 12) and diverse other nuclear proteins (1317). Autoantibodies to cyclin B1 (18) and to a novel cytoplasmic protein with RNA binding motifs (19) have also been reported. A SEREX (serological analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries) study of hepatocellular carcinoma has uncovered reactivity to diverse proteins involved in the transcription/translational machinery, as well as to chaperone proteins (20).
In contrast to approaches for identification of tumor antigens, based on the analysis of recombinant proteins, the proteomic approach we have utilized allows identification of autoantibodies to proteins in lysates prepared from tumors and tumor cell lines and thus may more readily uncover antigenicity associated with post-translational modification. We report the identification of eight proteins that elicited a humoral response in HCC patients but not in healthy individuals, based on our analysis of 37 patients with HCC and additional controls. Among these eight proteins, a truncated form of calreticulin, Crt32, was found to commonly induce autoantibodies in hepatocellular carcinomas. Crt32 autoantibodies were largely restricted to HCC.
 |
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
|
---|
Sera, Tumor Tissues, and Cell Lines
Sera were obtained at the time of diagnosis from 37 patients with HCC, following informed consent. This group consisted of 30 males and seven females with an age range of 20 to 86 (mean = 59 years). Clinical characteristics of the 37 patients are presented in Table I. HBV and HCV status was determined by combining serological assays for HBsAg and anti-HCV plus PCR for HBV DNA and HCV RNA. Sera from 116 patients with other cancers, consisting of 24 with breast cancer, 52 with lung cancer, 16 with brain tumor, 7 with melanoma, and 17 with esophageal cancer, from 31 subjects chronically infected with HBV or HCV without HCC, from three patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and from 24 healthy individuals, were utilized as controls. Tumor and non-tumor counterpart tissues were obtained from patients with HCC. Following excision, the tissues were immediately frozen at -80°C. The human hepatoma cell lines PLC-PRF5 and Huh7 were cultured in Dulbeccos modified Eagles medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 100 units/ml penicillin, and 100 units/ml streptomycin (Invitrogen).
Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (2-D PAGE)
The procedure followed was as described previously (21). Cultured cells and tumor and non-tumor tissues were solubilized in lysis buffer containing 9.5 M urea (Bio-Rad), 2% Nonidet P-40, 2% carrier ampholytes, pH 48 (Gallard/Schlessinger, Carle Place, NY), 2% ß-mercaptoethanol, and 10 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride. Protein concentration was measured with the Bradford assay (Bio-Rad). Proteins (175 µg) were applied onto isofocusing gels. Isoelectric focusing was conducted using pH 4 to 8 carrier ampholytes at 700 V for 16 h, followed by 1000 V for an additional 2 h. The first-dimension gel was loaded onto the second-dimension gel, after equilibration in 125 mM Tris, pH 6.8, 10% glycerol, 2% SDS, 1% dithiothreitol, and bromphenol blue. For the second-dimension separation, a gradient of 11 to 14% acrylamide (Serva; Crescent Chemical, Hauppauge, NY) was used. Proteins were transferred to an Immobilon-P polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Millipore, Bedford, MA) or visualized by silver staining of the gels. The silver-stained gels were digitized at 1024 x 1024-pixel resolution using a Kodak CCD camera. When indicated, spots were detected and quantified with Visage software (Genomic Solutions, Ann Arbor, MI) as described (22).
Western Blotting
Following transfer, membranes were incubated for 2 h in blocking buffer containing 5% milk in 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 2.5 mM EDTA, pH 8, 50 mM NaCl. The membranes were incubated for 2 h with serum obtained either from patients or from controls (1:300 dilution). After three washes, the membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-human IgG antibody (1:1000 dilution) (Amersham Biosciences). Immunodetection was accomplished by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL; Amersham Biosciences) followed by autoradiography on hyperfilm MP (Amersham Biosciences). Immunoblotting assays for the detection of calreticulin was performed by using antibodies against calreticulin, SPA-600 (StressGen, Victoria, Canada), and T-19 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) at a dilution of 1:1,000,000 and 1:10,000, respectively. The membranes were then incubated for 1 h with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit (Amersham Biosciences) or anti-goat (Sigma) IgG antibodies at a dilution of 1:1000.
In-gel Enzymatic Digestion and Mass Spectrometry
The 2-D gels were silver-stained by successive incubations in 0.02% sodium thiosulfate for 2 min, 0.1% silver nitrate for 40 min, and 0.014% formaldehyde plus 2% sodium carbonate. The proteins of interest were excised from the 2-D gels and destained for 5 min in 15 mM potassium ferricyanide and 50 mM sodium thiosulfate as described (23). Following three washes with water, the gel pieces were dehydrated in 100% acetonitrile for 5 min and dried for 30 min in a vacuum centrifuge. Digestion was performed by addition of 100 ng of trypsin (Promega, Madison, WI) in 200 mM ammonium bicarbonate. Following enzymatic digestion overnight at 37°C, the peptides were extracted twice with 50 µl of 60% acetonitrile/1% trifluoroacetic acid. After removal of acetonitrile by centrifugation in a vacuum centrifuge, the peptides were concentrated by using pipette tips C18 (Millipore, Bedford, MA). Analyses were performed primarily using a PerSeptive Biosystems matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) Voyager-DE mass spectrometer (Framingham, MA), operated in delayed extraction mode. Peptide mixtures were analyzed using a saturated solution of
-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (Sigma) in acetone containing 1% trifluoroacetic acid (Sigma). Peptides were selected in the mass range of 8004000 Da. Spectra were calibrated using calibration mixture 2 of the Sequazyme peptide mass standards kit (PerSeptive Biosystems, Framingham, MA). The search program MS-Fit, developed by the University of California at San Francisco (prospector.ucsf.edu), was used for searches in the NCBI data base. Search parameters were as follows: maximum allowed peptide mass error of 400 ppm, consideration of one incomplete cleavage per peptide, and a pI range between 4 and 8.
 |
RESULTS
|
---|
Occurrence of Autoantibodies in Sera from Patients with HCC
The presence of autoantibodies in sera from patients with HCC was initially investigated using two hepatoma cell lines as antigen sources. Proteins extracted from the two cell lines (PLC-PRF5 and Huh7) were separately subjected to 2-D PAGE and transferred onto Immobilon-P membranes. Initially, sera from 37 patients with HCC (see Table I) and from 24 healthy subjects were screened individually by Western blot analysis, in which each serum was incubated with one blot of PLC-PRF5 and a separate blot of Huh7 proteins. A secondary anti-IgG antibody was utilized to detect reactive proteins. In general, a greater number of reactive proteins were detected with sera from patients with HCC than with control sera (Fig. 1). Proteins that exhibited selective reactivity with sera from HCC patients (p < 0.05) were targeted for further characterization. This set consisted of 13 protein spots that exhibited reactivity with at least four (11%) of HCC sera (Table II). Fig. 2 shows the position of the 13 protein spots in 2-D patterns of Huh7 and PLC-PRF5 cells. Among the 13 proteins, eight were common to both PLC-PRF5 and Huh7 cell lines. Two reactive proteins were observed only in PLC-PRF5 and three only in Huh7 extracts, reflecting differences in the protein expression profiles between the two cell lines. In all cases, sera that reacted to a protein in one cell line also reacted with the same protein in the other cell line, if detected in the silver-stained 2-D patterns. In all, 27 of the 37 HCC sera (73%) showed reactivity against at least one of the 13 proteins, and 17 of the 37 sera (46%) showed reactivity against at least two of the 13 proteins.

View larger version (124K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
FIG. 1. Detection of autoantibodies in sera from patients with HCC. The proteins from the hepatoma cell line PLC-PRF5 were separated by 2-D electrophoresis and subsequently silver-stained (a) or transferred on polyvinylidene difluoride membranes for Western blotting experiments using sera from a healthy individual (b) or from two patients with HCC (c and d) as a first antibody.
|
|
View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
TABLE II Identification of reactive proteins
Analysis by MALDI-TOF-MS of the tryptic profiles followed by search in NCBI database. ND, not determined.
|
|

View larger version (92K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
FIG. 2. Position of reactive protein spots. Total proteins from the hepatoma cell lines Huh7 (left panel) and PLC-PRF5 (right panel) were separated by 2-D electrophoresis and silver-stained. The position of the 13 selected reactive protein spots are labeled on the 2-D patterns.
|
|
Identification of Reactive Proteins
For protein identification, additional 2-D gels were produced with Huh7 and PLC-PRF5 lysates and were silver-stained as described under "Experimental Procedures." The 13 proteins of interest were then excised from the gels, digested with trypsin, and subsequently analyzed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The resulting spectra were used to identify the proteins, using the MS-FIT search program. Of the 13 spots excised from the gels, 11 were identified (Table II). The proteins identified were members of diverse groups consisting of chaperones (hsp60 and calreticulin), structural proteins (cytokeratin 8, cytokeratin 18, and ß-tubulin), and enzymes (creatine kinase-B, F1-ATP synthase ß-subunit, and nucleoside phosphate kinase A (NDPKA)). The protein in spot 12 with an estimated molecular mass of 32 kDa and pI of 4.1 was identified as corresponding to a calreticulin isoform by mass spectrometry. Calreticulin is a protein with a molecular mass of 48 kDa and a pI of 4.3. We recently identified and characterized in dendritic cells a truncated form of calreticulin with a molecular mass of 32 kDa, which we designated Crt32 (24). To confirm the identity of spot 12 as Crt32, additional enzymatic digestions were performed, and peptides that exhibited high intensities were analyzed further by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to obtain amino acid sequence information. Altogether, the results indicated that the protein in spot 12 represented a truncated form of calreticulin identical to Crt32 and corresponding to the C-terminal end (amino acids 157400) (Fig. 3A). Identification of the protein in spot 12 as the C-terminal portion of calreticulin was confirmed further by Western blotting using two specific antibodies against calreticulin, SPA-600 and T-19 antibodies, produced against a C-terminal and a N-terminal peptide, respectively. The protein spot reacted with the SPA-600 antibody but not with the T-19 antibody (Fig. 3B). These antibodies also confirmed the identification of spots 1, 2, and 5 as other calreticulin isoforms (Fig. 3B). Calreticulin proteins, including Crt32, exhibited the highest frequency of autoantibodies (27%) in sera from patients with HCC.

View larger version (54K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
FIG. 3. Identification of Crt32. A, schematic representation of the full-length and the Crt32 fragment of calreticulin. Calreticulin is divided into three domains, the N-domain, the P-domain, a site of chaperone activity, and the C-domain containing the KDEL endoplasmic reticulum retrieval signal. The protein contains an N-terminal signal sequence (17 amino acids) represented by a black box. B, close-up sections of silver-stained 2-D gels from PLC-PRF5 cells and of Western blots using the specific antibodies SPA-600 and T-19 directed against the calreticulin C-terminal and N-terminal regions, respectively.
|
|
Frequency of Autoantibodies against the Identified Proteins in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis
Autoantibodies against calreticulin, ß-tubulin, cytokeratin 8, creatine kinase-B, F1-ATP synthase ß-subunit, and NDPKA were detected in sera from HCC patients with or without HBV and/or HCV infection. In contrast, hsp60 autoantibodies were detected only in sera from HCC patients with HBV and/or HCV infection, and autoantibodies against cytokeratin 18 were detected only in sera from HCC patients with HBV infection. To determine the association between certain autoantibodies and hepatitis virus infection, we investigated the occurrence of autoantibodies in sera from 31 subjects infected with HBV or HCV (21 and 10, respectively) and showing chronic hepatitis but without HCC. Reactivity against calreticulin proteins, cytokeratin 8, F1-ATP synthase ß-subunit, and NDPKA was observed in 2, 1, 1, and 0 subjects, respectively (Table III), at a lower frequency than in patients with HCC. Reactivity against ß-tubulin, creatine kinase-B, hsp60, and cytokeratin 18 was observed at a comparable frequency in chronic hepatitis subjects and HCC patients (Table III). Remarkably, reactivity against cytokeratin 18 was restricted to subjects infected with HBV, with or without HCC.
View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
TABLE III Occurrence of autoantibodies to each of eight proteins among subsets of HCC patients and among chronic HBV or HCV carriers without HCC
|
|
Specificity of Calreticulin and Crt32 Autoantibodies in HCC
Calreticulin has been shown to be antigenic in certain autoimmune diseases such as SLE (25). The epitopes eliciting a humoral response have been located in the N-terminal part of the molecule (25). Therefore, we compared autoreactivity to the different forms of calreticulin between sera from HCC patients and sera from three patients with active SLE. Interestingly, reactivity against full-length calreticulin but not against Crt32 was observed in SLE patients (Fig. 4), indicating a difference in epitopes that induce autoreactivity in HCC and in SLE.

View larger version (61K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
FIG. 4. Calreticulin autoantibodies in SLE patients. Close-up sections of Western blots, following 2-D electrophoresis of total PLC-PRF5 protein extract, using sera from patients with HCC or SLE. The different isoforms of full-length calreticulin and Crt32 are indicated by a black line and an arrow, respectively.
|
|
Autoantibodies against calreticulin and Crt32 were largely restricted to liver cancer patients among the different cancer sera we have analyzed (Table IV). Crt32 autoantibodies were found in sera of two of 24 patients with breast cancer and in two of 52 patients with lung cancer. None of the sera from 16 patients with brain tumor, seven with melanoma, and 17 with esophageal cancer exhibited autoantibodies against calreticulin proteins.
Crt32 Expression in Liver Tumors
Given that the occurrence of autoantibodies to Crt32 was restricted to patients with HCC, we examined Crt32 expression in liver tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissue obtained from five patients with HCC. Crt32 levels were measured by 2-D PAGE and silver staining, using a computerized quantitative approach. Interestingly, Crt32 levels were increased in tumor relative to non-tumor counterpart tissue (3.9 ± 1.3-fold; means ± S.E.) (Fig. 5).

View larger version (27K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
FIG. 5. Crt32 expression in liver tumor tissues. A, close-up sections of silver-stained 2-D gels of tumor tissue and non-tumor counterpart obtained from a patient with HCC. B, quantitation of crt32 expression level from silver-stained 2-D gels after digitalization.
|
|
 |
DISCUSSION
|
---|
The proteomic approach to the identification of tumor proteins that induce a humoral response in patients with HCC we have utilized has identified a diverse set of antigens, with substantial heterogeneity between patients. We identified eight proteins that elicited a humoral response in sera from 70% of the 37 patients investigated, with a frequency for individual proteins ranging from 11 to 27%. Occurrence of autoantibodies against ß-tubulin, creatine kinase-B, hsp60, and cytokeratin 18 was also observed in sera of subjects chronically infected with HBV and/or HCV, whereas autoantibodies against calreticulin, cytokeratin 8, F1-ATP synthase ß-subunit, and NDPKA were largely restricted to HCC patients. Some of the eight antigenic proteins we have identified were associated previously with autoantibodies in various conditions. Interestingly, the protein F1-ATP synthase ß-subunit was reported previously to be antigenic in patients with HCC, by SEREX (20). Three of the reactive proteins with autoantibodies in patients with HCC we have identified represented cytoskeletal proteins, namely ß-tubulin and cytokeratins 8 and 18. Anti-tubulin autoantibodies were found previously in sera of patients with neuroectodermal tumors (26), acquired demyelinating polyneuropathies (27), and SLE (28, 29). Circulating anti-cytokeratin 8 antibody immune complexes were reported in sera of patients with pulmonary fibrosis (30). The presence of autoantibodies directed against cytokeratin 18 has been observed in sera from patients with gastric cancer (31). Interestingly, transgenic mice that express a mutant form of cytokeratin 18 develop chronic hepatitis with a disruption of hepatocyte keratin filaments (32). In human, it has been suggested that defects in cytokeratin 18 predispose to cryptogenic cirrhosis (33), and alteration of cytokeratin 18 expression has been reported during tumor transformation in hepatoma (34, 35). The presence of autoantibodies against hsp60 has been reported in sera of patients with Lyme disease or rheumatoid arthritis patients (36, 37), as well as in patients with osteosarcoma (38).
The proteomic approach we have utilized has allowed identification of several forms of calreticulin including Crt32, a novel truncated form, all of which were recognized by autoantibodies in sera of patients with HCC. The protein calreticulin has been identified as an autoantigen in various rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, Sjögrens syndrome, celiac disease, congenital heart block, and connective tissue disease (25). However, whereas the epitopes eliciting a humoral response in patients with autoimmune diseases have been reported to be located in the N-terminal part of the molecule, the epitopes eliciting a humoral response in patients with HCC in our study are located in the C-terminal portion. This suggests a specific mechanism of calreticulin processing during hepatocarcinogenesis. Calreticulin is a component of major histocompatibility complex class I peptide loading complex (39), and it has been reported recently that calreticulin elicits tumor- and peptide-specific immunity (40). Calreticulin was reported to be abundant in the nuclear matrix fraction of hepatocellular carcinoma but not in nonmalignant liver tissue (41). We have shown that Crt32 was up-regulated in HCC tumor tissue as compared with the non-tumor counterpart. This overexpression of Crt32 may contribute to the humoral response observed against calreticulin and Crt32 in liver cancer patients.
The proteomic approach we have utilized has uncovered a distinct repertoire of autoantibodies that characterize the humoral response in HCC. The detection of autoantibodies directed against HCC-associated antigens we have identified may have value for HCC screening, diagnosis, or follow-up. Subjects at a particularly high risk for HCC are the chronic HBV and HCV carriers. The identification of autoantibodies associated with the development of HCC will have substantial utility in monitoring this high risk group. Additionally, identification of tumor-associated antigens in HCC may also have utility in antigen-based immunotherapy.
 |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
|
---|
We thank Melissa Krause, Robert Hinderer, and Eric Puravs for technical assistance.
 |
FOOTNOTES
|
---|
Received, November 16, 2001, and in revised form, January 18, 2002.
Published, MCP Papers in Press, January 24, 2002, DOI 10.1074/mcp.M100029-MCP200
1 The abbreviations used are: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; 2-D, two-dimensional; NDPKA, nucleoside phosphate kinase A; MALDI-TOF, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight. 
* This work was supported in part by NCI, National Institutes of Health Grant CA84982. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. 
Recipient of a grant from the Association pour la Recherche contre le Cancer (ARC) and from the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM). 
** To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Ctr. Dr., MSRBI-1510, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0666. Tel.: 734-615-5964; Fax: 734-615-6150; E-mail: berettal{at}umich.edu.
 |
REFERENCES
|
---|
- Stockert, E., Jager, E., Chen, Y. T., Scanlan, M. J., Gout, I., Karbach, J., Arand, M., Knuth, A., and Old, L. J.
(1998) A survey of the humoral immune response of cancer patients to a panel of human tumor antigens.
J. Exp. Med.
187, 1349
1354[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Boon, T., and Old, L. J.
(1997) Cancer tumor antigens.
Curr. Opin. Immunol.
9, 681
683[CrossRef][Medline]
- Soussi, T.
(2000) p53 antibodies in the sera of patients with various types of cancer, a review.
Cancer Res.
60, 1777
1788[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Old, L. J., and Chen, Y. T.
(1998) New paths in human cancer serology.
J. Exp. Med.
187, 1163
1167[Free Full Text]
- El-Serag, H. B., and Mason, A. C.
(1999) Rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States.
N. Engl. J. Med.
340, 745
750[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Ikeda, K., Saitoh, S., Koida, I., Arase, Y., Subota, A. T., Chayama, K., Kumada, H., and Kawanishi, M.
(1993) A multivariate analysis of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinogenisis: a prospective observation of 795 patients with viral and alcoholic cirrhosis.
Hepatology
18, 47
53[Medline]
- Bréchot, C., Jaffredo, F., Lagorce, D., Gerken, G., Meyer zum Buschenfelde, K., Papakonstontinou, A., Hadziyannis, S., Romeo, R., Colombo, M., Rodes, J., Bruix, J., Williams, R., and Naoumov, N.
(1998) Impact of HBV, HCV and GBV-C/HGV on hepatocellular carcinomas in Europe: results of a European concerted action.
J. Hepatol.
29, 173
183[CrossRef][Medline]
- Ikeda, K., Saitoh, S., Suzuki, Y., Kobayashi, M., Tsubota, A., Koida, I., Arase, Y., Fukuda, M., Chayama, K., Murashima, N., and Kumada, H.
(1998) Disease progression and hepatocellular carcinogenesis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis: a prospective observation of 2215 patients.
J. Hepatol.
28, 930
938[CrossRef][Medline]
- Moradpour, D., and Wands, J. R.
(1996) in
A Textbook of Liver Disease (Zakim, D., and Boyer, T. D., eds) pp.1490
1512, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA
- Heintges, T., and Wands, J. R.
(1997) Hepatitis C virus: epidemiology and transmission.
Hepatology
26, 521
526[Medline]
- Raedle, J., Oremek, G., Truschnowitsch, M., Lorenz, M., Roth, W. K., Caspary, W. F., and Zeuzem, S.
(1998) Clinical evaluation of autoantibodies to p53 protein in patients with chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Eur. J. Cancer.
34, 1198
1203[CrossRef][Medline]
- Saffroy, R., Lelong, J. C., Azoulay, D., Salvucci, M., Reynes, M., Bismuth, H., Debuire, B., and Lemoine, A.
(1999) Clinical significance of circulating anti-p53 antibodies in European patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Br. J. Cancer
79, 604
610[CrossRef][Medline]
- Imai, H., Chan, E. K., Kiyosawa, K., Fu, X. D., and Tan, E. M.
(1993) Novel nuclear autoantigen with splicing factor motifs identified with antibody from hepatocellular carcinoma.
J. Clin. Invest.
92, 2419
2426[Medline]
- Muro, Y., Chan, E. K., Landberg, G., and Tan, E. M.
(1995) A cell-cycle nuclear autoantigen containing WD-40 motifs expressed mainly in S and G2 phase cells.
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
207, 1029
1037[CrossRef][Medline]
- Imai, H., Ochs, R. L., Kiyosawa, K., Furuta, S., Nakamura, R. M., and Tan, E. M.
(1992) Nucleolar antigens and autoantibodies in hepatocellular carcinoma and other malignancies.
Am. J. Pathol.
140, 859
870[Abstract]
- Covini, G., von Muhlen, C. A., Pacchetti, S., Colombo, M., Chan, E. K., and Tan, E. M.
(1997) Diversity of antinuclear antibody responses in hepatocellular carcinoma.
J. Hepatol.
26, 1255
1265[CrossRef][Medline]
- Imai, H., Furuta, K., Landberg, G., Kiyosawa, K., Liu, L. F., and Tan, E. M.
(1995) Autoantibody to DNA topoisomerase II in primary liver cancer.
Clin. Cancer Res.
1, 417
424[Abstract]
- Covini, G., Chan, E. K., Nishioka, M., Morshed, S. A., Reed, S. I., and Tan, E. M.
(1997) Immune response to cyclin B1 in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Hepatology
25, 75
80[Medline]
- Zhang, J. Y., Chan, E. K., Peng, X. X., and Tan, E. M.
(1999) A novel cytoplasmic protein with RNA-binding motifs is an autoantigen in human hepatocellular carcinoma.
J. Exp. Med.
189, 1101
1110[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Stenner-Liewen, F., Luo, G., Sahin, U., Tureci, O., Koslovski, M., Kautz, I., Liewen, H., and Pfreundschuh, M.
(2000) Definition of tumor-associated antigens in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
9, 285
290[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Strahler, J. R., Kuick, R., and Hanash, S. M.
(1989) in
A Practical Approach (Creighton, T. E., ed) pp.65
92, IRL Press, Oxford
- Kuick, R. D., Skolnick, M. M., Hanash, S. M., and Neel, J. V.
(1991) A two-dimensional electrophoresis-related laboratory information processing system: spot matching.
Electrophoresis
12, 736
746[Medline]
- Gharahdaghi, F., Weinberg, C. R., Meagher, D. A., Imai, B. S., and Mische, S. M.
(1999) Mass spectrometric identification of proteins from silver-stained polyacrylamide gel: a method for the removal of silver ions to enhance sensitivity.
Electrophoresis
20, 601
605[CrossRef][Medline]
- Le Naour, F., Hohenkirk, L., Grolleau, A., Misek, D. E., Lescure, P., Geiger, J. D., Hanash, S., and Beretta, L.
(2001) Profiling changes in gene expression during differentiation and maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells using both oligonucleotide microarrays and proteomics.
J. Biol. Chem.
276, 17920
17931[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Eggleton, P., Ward, F. J., Johnson, S., Khamashta, M. A., Hughes, G. R., Hajela, V. A., Michalak, M., Corbett, E. F., Staines, N. A., and Reid, K. B.
(2000) Fine specificity of autoantibodies to calreticulin: epitope mapping and characterization.
Clin. Exp. Immunol.
120, 384
391[CrossRef][Medline]
- Prasannan, L., Misek, D. E., Hinderer, R., Michon, J., Geiger, J. D., and Hanash, S. M.
(2000) Identification of beta-tubulin isoforms as tumor antigens in neuroblastoma.
Clin. Cancer Res.
6, 3949
3956[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Connolly, A. M., and Pestronk, A.
(1997) Anti-tubulin autoantibodies in acquired demyelinating polyneuropathies.
J. Infect. Dis.
176, 157
159
- Cullum, N. A., Coleman, J. W., Casson, I. F., and McLean, W. G.
(1991) Antibodies to tubulin and microtubule-associated proteins. A study in diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Mol. Chem. Neuropathol.
15, 159
172[Medline]
- Yazici, Z. A., Behrendt, M., Cooper, D., Goodfield, M., Partridge, L., and Lindsey, N. J.
(2000) The identification of endothelial cell autoantigens.
J. Autoimmun.
15, 41
49[CrossRef][Medline]
- Dobashi, N., Fujita, J., Ohtsuki, Y., Yamadori, I., Yoshinouchi, T., Kamei, T., Tokuda, M., Hojo, S., Bandou, S., Ueda, Y., and Takahara, J.
(2000) Circulating cytokeratin 8:anti-cytokeratin 8 antibody immune complexes in sera of patients with pulmonary fibrosis.
Respiration
67, 397
401[CrossRef][Medline]
- Abe, T., Fukumoto, M., Tsuchiya, K., Kuramochi, K., Furuta, T., Togoh, S., Nishiyama, K., and Tsuchiya, S.
(1989) Human monoclonal antibodies against cytokeratin 18 generated from patients with gastric cancer.
Jpn. J. Cancer Res.
80, 271
276[Medline]
- Ku, N. O., Michie, S., Oshima, R. G., and Omary, M. B.
(1995) Chronic hepatitis, hepatocyte fragility, and increased soluble phosphoglycokeratins in transgenic mice expressing a keratin 18 conserved arginine mutant.
J. Cell Biol.
131, 1303
1314[Abstract]
- Ku, N. O., Wright, T. L., Terrault, N. A., Gish, R., and Omary, M. B.
(1997) Mutation of human keratin 18 in association with cryptogenic cirrhosis.
J. Clin. Invest.
99, 19
23[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Liu, Y. H., Pei, R. J., Yeh, C. C., Lee, K. Y., Yeh, K. T., Hsu, Y. H., Ho, C. C., and Lai, Y. S.
(1997) The alteration of cytokeratin 18 molecule and its mRNA expression during tumor transformation in hepatoma.
Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol.
96, 243
253[Medline]
- Yeh, C. C., Pei, R. J., Liu, Y. H., Su, B., Lee, K. Y., Yeh, K. T., Hsu, Y. H., Ho, C. C., Ho, H. C., and Lai, Y. S.
(1999) The expression of cytokeratin 18 in transitional cell carcinoma comparing with hepatoma.
Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol.
105, 3
10[Medline]
- Girouard, L., Laux, D. C., Jindal, S., and Nelson, D. R.
(1993) Immune recognition of human Hsp60 by Lyme disease patient sera.
Microb. Pathog.
14, 287
297[CrossRef][Medline]
- van Eden, W., Anderton, S. M., van der Zee, R., Prakken, A. B., and Rijkers, G. T.
(1995) Specific immunity as a critical factor in the control of autoimmune arthritis: the example of hsp60 as an ancillary and protective autoantigen.
Scand. J. Rheumatol.
101, 141
145
- Trieb, K., Gerth, R., Windhager, R., Grohs, J. G., Holzer, G., Berger, P., and Kotz, R.
(2000) Serum antibodies against the heat shock protein 60 are elevated in patients with osteosarcoma.
Immunobiology
201, 368
376[Medline]
- Michalak, M., Corbett, E. F., Mesaeli, N., Nakamura, K., and Opas, M.
(1999) Calreticulin: one protein, one gene, many functions.
Biochem. J.
344, 281
292[CrossRef][Medline]
- Basu, S., and Srivastava, P. K.
(1999) Calreticulin, a peptide-binding chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum, elicits tumor- and peptide-specific immunity.
J. Exp. Med.
189, 797
802[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Yoon, G. S., Lee, H., Jung, Y., Yu, E., Moon, H. B., Song, K., and Lee, I.
(2000) Nuclear matrix of calreticulin in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Cancer Res.
60, 1117
1120[Abstract/Free Full Text]