1Departments of Physiology and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Medical School; and 2Veterans Administration, Lakeside Hospital, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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ABSTRACT |
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Chen, Daofen, Renee D. Theiss, Koji Ebersole, John F. Miller, W. Zev Rymer, and C. J. Heckman. Spinal Interneurons That Receive Input From Muscle Afferents Are Differentially Modulated by Dorsolateral Descending Systems. J. Neurophysiol. 85: 1005-1008, 2001. The possibility that descending systems have differential actions on the spinal interneurons that receive input from muscle afferents was investigated. Prolonged, physiological inputs were generated by stretch of the triceps surae muscles. The resulting firing patterns of 25 lumbosacral interneurons were recorded before and during a reversible cold block of the dorsolateral white matter at the thoracic level in nonparalyzed, decerebrate preparations. The strength of group I muscle afferent input was assessed from the response to sinusoidal tendon vibration, which activated muscle spindle Ia afferents directly and tendon organ Ib afferents via the resulting reflex force. The stretch-evoked responses of interneurons with strong responses to vibration were markedly suppressed by dorsal cold block, whereas the stretch-evoked responses of interneurons with weak vibration input were enhanced. The cells most strongly activated by vibration received their primary input from Ia afferents and all of these cells were inhibited by the cold block. These results suggest that a disruption of the descending system, such as occurs in spinal cord injury, will lead to a suppression of the interneuronal pathways with group Ia input while enhancing excitability within interneuronal pathways transmitting actions from higher threshold afferents. One possible consequence of this suppression would be a decreased activity among the Ia inhibitory interneurons that mediate reciprocal inhibition, resulting in abnormal reciprocal relations between antagonists and promoting anomalous muscle cocontraction.
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INTRODUCTION |
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The descending systems to
spinal interneurons include not only those that transmit specific
voluntary motor commands, such as the cortico- and rubrospinal tracts,
but also those that exert a more tonic influence relating to arousal or
to posture and gait, such as the reticulospinal tracts. The
reticulospinal system inhibits a wide variety of spinal interneurons
involved in transmission of reflexes to motoneurons (Baldissera
et al. 1981; Jankowska 1992
). However, the
reticulospinal system includes both fast conducting axons and
unmyelinated, monoaminergic axons (Björklund and
Skagerberg 1982
). Iontophoretic application of the monoamines
serotonin and norepinephrine results in facilitation of interneurons
activated by electrical stimulation of group I muscle afferents, such
as Ia inhibitory interneurons, and either facilitation or inhibition of
interneurons activated by electrical stimuli of group II muscle afferents (Jankowska et al. 2000
). To understand the
descending control of these proprioceptive interneurons in
physiological conditions, we studied their firing patterns in response
to muscle stretches in the decerebrate cat preparation, where the
entire reticulospinal system is tonically active (Baldissera et
al. 1981
). We evaluated the hypothesis that tonically active
descending tracts in the dorsolateral quadrants of the cord have
differential effects on propriospinal interneurons, with the pattern of
facilitation or inhibition depending on the strength of the
interneurons' input from Ia afferents. A portion of these results has
been presented in abstract form (Chen et al. 1998
).
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METHODS |
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The extracellular discharge patterns of 25 stretch-responsive
interneurons were recorded in the lumbosacral cord
(L7-S1) before and during
reversible, bilateral cold block of the dorsolateral white matter at
T10-L1 in eight
unparalyzed, decerebrate cats. Surgical preparations, including the
precollicular decerebration, were carried out under gaseous anesthesia
(1.5-3.0% isoflurane in a 3:1 mixture of N2O and
O2) using techniques previously described (Miller et al. 1995). The Achilles tendon from the
medial gastrocnemius (MG) and lateral gastrocnemius-soleus (LGS)
muscles was attached to a computer-controlled muscle puller. The MG and
LGS nerves were left intact, but all other muscle and cutaneous nerves
in the hindlimb were cut.
Single-unit activity was recorded extracellularly using carbon fiber
electrodes inserted into the dorsal aspect of the
L7-S1 spinal cord. Muscle
forces and electromyographic signals (EMGs) were also recorded.
Transmission in descending dorsolateral tracts was blocked by
circulating chilled ethanol through stainless steel thermodes placed
bilaterally along the
T10-L1 dorsal root entry zones (Miller et al. 1995). The search stimulus for
interneurons was a large (5 mm, 40 mm/s) triangular shaped stretch and
release. Only cells that increased their firing rate by
10 impulses/s to this stretch were studied.
Considerable difficulty was encountered in maintaining stable interneuron recordings because the preparation frequently underwent a series of severe spasms just as the cold block took effect. In the eight experiments providing the data reported here, spasms were smaller and interneuron isolation could be maintained. All recordings during cold block were obtained after the cold-block-induced spasms subsided. Careful attention was paid to the shape of the spike waveforms of each interneuron throughout the experimental protocols to assure that the same cell was recorded before and during cold block. Electrical stimuli to these unparalyzed preparations were avoided to minimize risk of destabilizing the recording conditions. However, the L7 ventral root was stimulated at 1.5 times threshold to evoke a muscle twitch to aid in identifying the type of muscle afferent input (see RESULTS). Cells with the following characteristics were considered motoneurons and not further studied: an antidromic response to ventral root stimulation or a clear single motor unit action potential in a spike triggered average between the recorded unit and the EMGs of MG and LGS.
Sustained firing patterns were evoked by physiological inputs. The
strength of input from group I muscle afferents was assessed from the
average firing rate evoked by tendon vibration (180 Hz, 80 µm), which
selectively activates muscle spindle Ia afferents and, via the
reflexively generated force, also activates Golgi tendon organ Ib
afferents (Matthews 1972). A moderate stretch (2.5 mm at
40 mm/s) superimposed in the middle of a period of vibration was used
to generate strong firing in muscle spindle group II afferents
(Matthews 1972
). A larger ramp and hold stretch (5 mm at
40 mm/s) was applied by itself to simultaneously activate a wide range
of muscle afferents, including free nerve endings (Cleland and
Rymer 1993
).
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RESULTS |
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The firing patterns of an interneuron with strong input from the group I afferents activated by tendon vibration are illustrated in Fig. 1, A and B. The vibration evoked firing at an average of ~160 Hz (Fig. 1A). Furthermore there were brief periods where the firing was phase-locked to the vibration frequency (180 Hz). This cell was the only interneuron recorded that exhibited this phase-locked behavior. The stretch superimposed in the middle of the vibration period evoked only a transient increase in firing. A larger stretch without vibration evoked a peak firing rate of ~300 Hz and a tonic rate of ~100 Hz (Fig. 1B). During dorsal cold block, however, the stretch-evoked response was markedly reduced, with tonic firing rate falling to ~25 Hz.
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Cells with a weak or inhibitory response to vibration behaved very differently during cold block. The interneuron illustrated in Fig. 1, C and D, was slightly inhibited by vibration during control conditions. Stretch superimposed on the vibration (Fig. 1C) or by itself (Fig. 1D, solid line) gave strong excitation, suggesting a strong excitatory group II input was superimposed on the Ia inhibition. During dorsolateral cold block, the response to stretch was slightly increased and then was followed by a prolonged afterdischarge (Fig. 1D, thin line).
Figure 2 provides a summary of the effect
of cold block on the stretch-evoked responses of all 25 cells. Cells
with a strong input from vibration in the control state tended to show
reductions in their responses to stretch during cold block, whereas
cells with weak vibration input showed enhanced responses
(r = 0.68, P < 0.01, n = 25). Cold block also induced changes in the tonic firing evoked by vibration, and the magnitude of this change was also
inversely correlated with the strength of the vibration response in the
control state (r =
0.67, P < 0.05;
n = 18). Cold block invariably reduced the force during
stretch (Fig. 1, B and D) due to the onset of
clasp knife inhibition (Cleland and Rymer 1993
;
Miller et al. 1995
). This decrease occurred regardless
of whether the firing rate of the cell was increased (Fig.
1D) or decreased (Fig. 1B). Thus changes in
firing rate did not correlate with the cold-block-induced decreases in
muscle force (P > 0.05).
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Although all interneurons responded to stretch, only 9 of the 25 cells
(see Fig. 2) had response patterns that were consistent with a
predominant input from a single type of muscle afferent. Five cells
were classified as having a predominant input from muscle spindle Ia
afferents, including the one shown in Fig. 1, A and
B, on the basis of a vibration-evoked response exceeding 50 Hz and a pause in firing to the ventral root evoked muscle twitch. Two
cells were considered group II interneurons, based on a weak response
to vibration but a strong response to stretch superimposed on vibration
(as illustrated by the cell in Fig. 1, C and D).
Only one cell was classified as a Ib interneuron, with firing rate
proportional to muscle force and with a burst of firing to the muscle
twitch. One cell was considered to have its major input from free nerve
endings, having phasic responses to stretch onset and offset
(Cleland and Rymer 1993). Well over half (16 of 25) of
the sample of cells did not fit readily in these classification
schemes. This was not unexpected, because spinal interneurons often get
input from multiple muscles, whereas our stretch stimuli were confined
to MG and LGS.
Although the numbers of cells in each class were small, it was notable
that all five interneurons classified as Ia interneurons were inhibited
by dorsal cold block (Fig. 2). The one interneuron with a moderately
strong response to vibration but with an increased response to stretch
during cold block was the putative Ib interneuron (Fig. 2). This
suggests that Ia input is the predominant factor determining whether
the descending input eliminated by the cold block was excitatory or
inhibitory. Furthermore the relationship shown in Fig. 2 remained
statistically significant (r = 0.64; P < 0.01) even when the analysis was restricted to the
16 cells that were not classified. This strong connection between
vibration responses and cold block effects suggests the existence of a
rather close and continuous relationship between group I input and
descending control in a wide variety of stretch-sensitive interneurons.
In control conditions, afterdischarges following the end of stretch were relatively rare, being present only in a few cells with weak group I input responses to tendon vibration (e.g., Fig. 1D). The afterdischarges in these cells increased during cold block. The five cells classified as Ia interneurons did not show any significant tendency for afterdischarges in control or cold block conditions.
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DISCUSSION |
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This study shows that interneurons with a strong group I input are
preferentially facilitated by tonically active pathways descending in
the dorsolateral quadrants, while interneurons with weak group I input
are inhibited. These tonically active pathways include the dorsal
reticulospinal tract and may also include the rubrospinal tract and
long propriospinal tracts (Baldissera et al. 1981;
Jankowska 1992
). A contribution from corticospinal
tracts can be discounted in the decerebrate preparation.
Vestibulospinal inputs excite Ia inhibitory interneurons
(Hultborn et al. 1976
), but we have previously shown
that the dorsally applied cold block does not significantly affect
transmission in ventral pathways (Miller et al. 1995
).
We did not exclude the possibility that some of the interneurons could
have been ascending tract cells. However, the cells classified here as
Ia, II, or Ib interneurons are probably not ascending tract cells, as
ascending tract cells transmitting proprioceptive information (e.g.,
spinocerebellar tract cells) are either more rostral than
L7 (Aoyama et al. 1988
) or receive
only relatively weak proprioceptive input (Jankowska et al.
1979
).
The classic test for Ia inhibitory interneurons, which is to show
inhibition mediated by ventral root stimulation (Jankowska 1992), was difficult to interpret in these experiments because ventral root stimulation also produced a muscle twitch that unloaded muscle spindles. However, the stretch and vibration evoked firing patterns of the five cells classified as Ia interneurons are precisely what would be expected for Ia inhibitory interneurons. Therefore Ia
inhibitory interneuron discharge might be suppressed by injuries to the
cord that disrupt dorsolateral descending inputs.
Differences between sustained physiological inputs versus transient
inputs may be important for descending control of reciprocal inhibition. Reciprocal inhibitory postsynaptic potentials evoked by
single electrical shocks may be enhanced in spinal injury
(Boorman et al. 1991; Hongo et al. 1984
),
but our results and data from humans patients (Boorman et al.
1996
) indicate that reciprocal inhibition from sustained
physiological inputs is suppressed. As a result, it is conceivable that
much of the normal reciprocal relations between antagonist muscles
could be lost, promoting inappropriate muscular cocontraction. These
changes may seriously impede efforts at restoring locomotor patterns,
which require strong reciprocal relations between antagonists
(Fung et al. 1990
; Harkema et al. 1997
).
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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This work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) Grant NS-28076 and a Veterans Administration Merit Award. D. Chen was an NIH National Research Service Award fellow (F32 HD-08023).
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FOOTNOTES |
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Address for reprint requests: C. J. Heckman, Dept. of Physiology, M211, Northwestern University Medical School, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611 (E-mail: c-heckman{at}northwestern.edu).
Received 24 July 2000; accepted in final form 18 October 2000.
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REFERENCES |
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