1Department of Pharmacology and 2Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37212-0615
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ABSTRACT |
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Gerdeman, Gregory and David M. Lovinger. CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Inhibits Synaptic Release of Glutamate in Rat Dorsolateral Striatum. J. Neurophysiol. 85: 468-471, 2001. CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the neostriatum mediate profound motor deficits induced when cannabinoid drugs are administered to rodents. Because the CB1 receptor has been shown to inhibit neurotransmitter release in various brain areas, we investigated the effects of CB1 activation on glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the dorsolateral striatum of the rat where the CB1 receptor is highly expressed. We performed whole cell voltage-clamp experiments in striatal brain slices and applied the CB1 agonists HU-210 or WIN 55,212-2 during measurement of synaptic transmission. Excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), evoked by electrical stimulation of afferent fibers, were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner by CB1 agonist application. EPSC inhibition was accompanied by an increase in two separate indices of presynaptic release, the paired-pulse response ratio and the coefficient of variation, suggesting a decrease in neurotransmitter release. These effects were prevented by application of the CB1 antagonist SR141716A. When Sr2+ was substituted for Ca2+ in the extracellular solution, application of HU-210 (1 µM) significantly reduced the frequency, but not amplitude, of evoked, asynchronous quantal release events. Spontaneous release events were similarly decreased in frequency with no change in amplitude. These findings further support the interpretation that CB1 activation leads to a decrease of glutamate release from afferent terminals in the striatum. These results reveal a novel potential role for cannabinoids in regulating striatal function and thus basal ganglia output and may suggest CB1-targeted drugs as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other basal ganglia disorders.
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INTRODUCTION |
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The striatum is the major input
nucleus of the basal ganglia, which is important both for the normal
control of movements and for the pathophysiology of prevalent movement
disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease
(Calabresi et al. 1996). Cannabinoids such as
9-THC can profoundly influence motor behavior
in rodents (Sañudo-Peña et al. 1999
) and may
affect movement and motivational states in humans (Hollister
1986
). High expression levels of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor
within the striatum and its target nuclei (Herkenham et al.
1991
; Tsou et al. 1998
), along with
other biochemical, physiological, and behavioral data (Glass et
al. 1997
; Zimmer et al. 1999
), suggest that
modulation of striatal output is an important mechanism of cannabinoid
actions. Anandamide, an endogenous ligand for the CB1 receptor
(Devane et al. 1992
), can be synthesized and
released by depolarized rat striatal neurons both in culture (Di
Marzo et al. 1994
), and in vivo (Giuffrida et al.
1999
), suggesting a neuromodulatory role for the CB1 receptor
in the striatum.
While studies have shown effects of the CB1 receptor on efferent
terminals of striatal projection neurons
(Sañudo-Peña et al. 1999) and on inhibitory
GABAergic synaptic transmission intrinsic to the striatum (Szabo
et al. 1998
), possible cannabinoid effects on excitatory
cortical input to the striatum remain essentially unexplored. Signaling
systems that modify corticostriatal synaptic transmission are likely to
play a significant role in regulating striatal output, and may
represent therapeutic targets for the treatment of Parkinson's disease
(Calabresi et al. 1996
).
Activation of the CB1 receptor, which couples primarily to
Gi/Go-type G proteins
(Howlett et al. 1986; Pertwee
1997
) and can modulate numerous ion channel conductances
(Mu et al. 1999
; Pertwee 1997
;
Twitchell et al. 1997
), has been found to inhibit
glutamate release in rat cerebellar slices
(Lévénès et al. 1998
), in hippocampal
cultures (Shen et al. 1996
) and in slices from
periaqueductal gray (Vaughan et al. 2000
). The present
study examined the effects of the activation of cannabinoid CB1
receptors on glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the
neostriatum, using electrophysiological techniques in the rat
striatal brain slice. CB1 receptor activation was found to inhibit
synaptic responses in striatal neurons by a presynaptic mechanism.
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METHODS |
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Methods for striatal slice preparation and whole cell
electrophysiology experiments were essentially the same as previously described (Choi and Lovinger 1997a,b
). Coronal brain
slices (350-400 µm) containing the cortex and striatum were cut from
14- to 22-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats and maintained at room
temperature (21-23°C) in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF)
containing (in mM) 124 NaCl, 4.5 KCl, 2 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2, 26 NaHCO3, 1.2 NaH2PO4, and 10 D-glucose, bubbled with 95% O2-5%
CO2. For recording, single hemislices were
completely submerged and continuously superfused with ACSF at
31-33°C at a flow rate of 1.5-3 ml/min. For
Sr2+-substitution experiments, ACSF containing 3 mM SrCl2, 5 mM MgCl2 and 0 CaCl2 was exchanged for normal ACSF at the
beginning of a recording. This Sr2+-ACSF also
contained picrotoxin and DL
2-amino-5-phosphovaleric acid
(APV), 25 µM each, to prevent contamination of recordings by
GABAA and
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated
spontaneous synaptic responses. Picrotoxin and APV were not present in
normal ACSF, as GABAA and NMDA receptors do not
contribute significantly to stimulus-evoked excitatory postsynaptic
currents (EPSCs) in the striatum under these conditions
(Calabresi et al. 1996
; Lovinger et al.
1993
; and data not shown).
Whole cell voltage-clamp recordings were made exclusively from cells in
the dorsolateral striatum, where CB1 receptor expression is greatest
(Herkenham 1991), using an Axopatch 1-D amplifier (Axon
Instruments, Foster City, CA). Patch pipettes (2.5-5 M
) were filled
with internal solution containing (in mM) 120 CsMeSO3, 5 NaCl, 10 TEA chloride, 10 HEPES, 3-5
QX-314 (Br salt), 1.1 EGTA, 4 ATP (Mg2+ salt),
and 0.3 GTP (Na salt), pH adjusted to 7.2 with CsOH. Neurons were
voltage-clamped at
65 to
70 mV. Series resistance (<10 M
) was
monitored continuously and was not compensated.
To evoke synaptic currents in normal ACSF, paired stimuli (50-ms
interpulse interval) were delivered at 0.05 Hz through a bipolar
electrode placed in the white matter overlying the lateral striatum.
The range of stimulus parameters was 0.2-1.5 mA in amplitude and
20-200 µs in duration, and EPSC amplitudes ranged from 150 to 700 pA
across all experiments. In Sr2+-substitution
experiments, single stimuli were given at 0.1 Hz. Synaptic responses
recorded during a 10-min period prior to drug application were used to
calculate baseline values for peak EPSC amplitude, paired-pulse ratio
(PPR), and coefficient of variation (CV). PPR was expressed as the
ratio of EPSC amplitudes: EPSC 2/EPSC 1. CV was calculated as /µ,
where
and µ are the standard deviation and mean, respectively, of
30 successive EPSCs. A similar predrug time window was used for
determining baseline characteristics of
Sr2+-evoked asynchronous release events. Quantal
events occurring within a window 30-400 ms after each stimulus were
detected and analyzed using Mini Analysis Program version 4.3.0 (Synaptosoft). Effects of CB1 agonists on synaptic transmission
generally required 15 min to stabilize (see Fig.
1; this probably reflects a slow equilibrium within the slice due to the notable hydrophobicity of these
drugs). Therefore only cells that gave stable recordings for
25 min
after the start of drug perfusion were included in this study, allowing
at least a 10-min period to quantify drug effects. Asynchronous event
frequencies were calculated as total number of events during
these 10-min periods. Spontaneous release events were measured between
stimuli (beginning 1 s after each stimulus) from 120-s baseline
and postdrug time windows. All results shown as averaged values are
given as means ± SE. Data for cumulative EPSC histograms were
compared statistically using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Effects of
drug treatments were compared with baseline values using repeated
measures, or compared with mean results from control experiments (see
following text) using Student's t-test assuming unequal
variances, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically
significant.
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The drugs HU-210 (Tocris-Cookson), WIN 55,212-2 [Research
Biochemicals International (RBI)] and SR141716A (RBI/NIMH chemical synthesis program) were diluted from DMSO stock solutions (10 mM) into
ACSF, with cytochrome c (Sigma) dissolved as a carrier at 0.5 mg/ml to
minimize drug binding to the perfusion apparatus. All control
experiments included the carrier and 0.01% DMSO.
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RESULTS |
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EPSCs were evoked in voltage-clamped striatal neurons by electrical stimulation of afferent fibers (Fig. 1B). Application of the CB1 agonist HU-210 reduced the amplitude of evoked EPSCs in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 1). At a concentration of 1 µM, HU-210 reduced peak EPSC amplitude to 45 ± 15% of stable baseline values, which was significantly different from effects of the carrier solution alone (P < 0.01, n = 7). Similar results were found using a structurally dissimilar CB1 agonist, WIN 55,212-2 (Fig. 1D; 55 ± 6% baseline, P < 0.05, n = 4). Agonist treatments did not alter the resting current level in these Cs-filled postsynaptic neurons (data not shown).
Inhibition of EPSCs by HU-210 coincided with an increase in the PPR
ratio (Fig. 1C). Both the PPR and CV (see
METHODS) measured at corticostriatal synapses have been
shown to increase following manipulations that lower the probability of
glutamate release (Choi and Lovinger 1997a). As shown in
Fig. 1D, application of 1 µM HU-210 led to significant
increases in both PPR (136 ± 6%, P < 0.01) and
CV (195 ± 21%, P < 0.01), suggesting a decrease in glutamate release probability following CB1 activation. Experiments using WIN 55,212-2 showed similar effects on PPR (161 ± 32%,
P
0.05). The CB1 antagonist SR141716A prevented
inhibition of glutamatergic synaptic transmission by 1 µM HU-210
(Fig. 2), confirming that effects on EPSC
amplitude, PPR and CV were mediated through the CB1 receptor.
Application of 2 µM SR141716A alone had no effect as compared with
control experiments (EPSC = 102 ± 12%, P > 0.05, n = 4).
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To further test the hypothesis that CB1 activation inhibits glutamate
release in striatum, we analyzed quantal release events in the presence
of strontium (Sr2+). It is known that
replacing Ca2+ with
Sr2+ decreases fast, synchronous release of
neurotransmitter, while facilitating asynchronous, quantal release
events for hundreds of milliseconds following afferent stimulation
(Xu-Friedman and Regehr 2000). Application of 1 µM
HU-210 decreased the synchronous evoked EPSC in six of seven cells
(41 ± 6% baseline, data not shown), consistent with results in
normal ACSF. Furthermore as shown in Fig.
3, 1 µM HU-210 caused a decrease in the
frequency of asynchronous quantal release events (59 ± 6%,
P < 0.05, paired t-test), with no change in
amplitude distribution or rise-time kinetics (P > 0.05, Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic). Spontaneous synaptic release
events occurring between stimuli (see METHODS) were also
analyzed, and were similarly decreased in frequency, but not amplitude
(Fig. 3, C and D).
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DISCUSSION |
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Our findings indicate that CB1 receptor activation inhibits
excitatory synaptic responses in rat striatum and that this inhibition is caused by a decrease in glutamate release probability. Our findings
in Sr2+ replacement experiments support this
conclusion, and by demonstrating inhibition of spontaneous release
events, these experiments suggest a mechanism downstream from
presynaptic action potentials and Ca2+ channels.
Thus while the observed effects of CB1 activation on evoked striatal
glutamate release may involve modulation of presynaptic Ca2+ entry (Twitchell et al.
1997), a more direct and Ca2+-independent
inhibition of the release process is also implicated by our results. It
is interesting to note that studies of other glutamatergic synapses
have also found cannabinoids to inhibit neurotransmitter release
(Lévénès et al. 1998
;
Sañudo-Peña et al. 1999
; Shen et al.
1996
; Vaughan et al. 2000
).
A parsimonious explanation for these findings is that the CB1 receptor
is expressed presynaptically on cortical, or possibly thalamic, axon
terminals in the dorsolateral striatum, where activation of this
receptor leads to inhibition of glutamate release. Expression of CB1
receptors on afferent terminals in striatum has not been clearly shown.
Herkenham et al. (1991) showed a near total loss in
radioligand binding at the CB1 receptor following excitotoxic lesioning
of the rat striatum. However their methods focused on medial striatal
areas and may not have been sensitive to binding on cortical terminals
in dorsolateral striatum, where the CB1 receptor is expressed more
densely (Herkenham et al. 1991
; Tsou et al.
1998
). It should also be noted that the presynaptic effects seen in this study could be due to indirect effects of CB1 receptor activation, even if the CB1 receptors are not themselves on presynaptic terminals.
It is notable that the agonists used in this study acted with similar
apparent potencies, whereas in binding experiments, HU-210 has been
found to be 100 times more potent than WIN 55,212-2 (Pertwee
1997
). This discrepancy likely resulted from poorer solubility or availability of HU-210 within brain slices under the conditions of
these experiments. The use of cytochrome c as a carrier agent may be an
important factor in this regard.
In rat striatum in vivo, depolarizing conditions lead to increased
detection of extracellular anandamide (Giuffrida et al. 1999). Our results suggest that activity-dependent release of anandamide, either from presynaptic terminals or from the postsynaptic membrane, could serve as a feedback mechanism to inhibit further depolarizing glutamate input. This does not appear to occur during low-frequency synaptic activation, as SR141716A showed no effect on
baseline transmission. It will be interesting to determine if CB1
receptors play a role in transmission or plasticity during higher
frequency synaptic activation. CB1 activation has been found to inhibit
GABAergic responses evoked by local stimulation of the neostriatum
(Szabo et al. 1998
). Thus CB1 receptor modulation of
both excitatory and inhibitory input to medium spiny neurons may
underlie dose-dependent, biphasic behavioral activities of cannabinoid
agonists (Sañudo-Peña et al. 1999
).
Cannabinoids have profound effects on movement in rodents, mediated
through the striatum and its targets in the basal ganglia (Sañudo-Peña et al. 1999). The CB1 receptor
is thus a potential pharmacological target in the treatment of
extrapyramidal movement disorders. Regulation of corticostriatal
glutamate release by cannabinoids suggests that further investigation
of such a therapeutic strategy is warranted.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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We thank Dr. Daniele Piomelli for the initial gift of SR141716A.
This research was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants DA-05928 and NS-30470.
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FOOTNOTES |
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Address for reprint requests: D. M. Lovinger, Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Ctr., 724 Medical Research Bldg. 1, Nashville, TN 37232-0615 (E-mail: david.lovinger{at}mcmail.vanderbilt.edu).
Received 24 July 2000; accepted in final form 12 September 2000.
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REFERENCES |
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