Affiliation of authors: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and the Institute for Drug Development, San Antonio.
Correspondence to: Daniel D. Von Hoff, M.D., Institute for Drug Development, 14960 Omicron, San Antonio, TX 78245.
There is an old carpenter's dictum that one should measure twice (and cut once). Supposedly, this leads to fewer irreversible errorswith wood. The question is, do we have to measure a tumor twice in the practice of medical oncology?
In an article in this issue of the Journal, James et al. (1) conclude that a one-dimensional measurement of tumor maximum diameter (rather than a two-dimensional measurement) may be sufficient to assess the change in solid tumors following treatment. The authors are to be congratulated for taking a new look at the "conventional wisdom" of the way we measure tumors. The question one must ask is, are there any reasons for the general practice of oncology to adopt unidimensional measurement of tumors?
It is true, as pointed out by James et al. (1), that the process of measurement of tumors in two dimensions and the calculation of products and their sum is laborious. Anything that gives us more time to spend talking with our patients rather than measuring with calipers and calculating with a calculator is certainly welcome. However, one must remember that, to ascertain the maximum diameter of a tumor (since a tumor is frequently not exactly spherical), one usually takes more than one measurement to make sure one has the maximum diameter. Therefore, one may not save much time. On the positive side, requiring only unidimensionally measurable disease as an entry criterion (rather than the usually required bidimensionally measurable disease) may allow more patients to participate in clinical trials. However, allowing that there may be a savings of time by measuring each tumor in one dimension and having a larger percentage of patients able to participate in clinical trials, are there other reasons to adopt the unidimensional method?
The authors present a theoretical reason for using only one dimension for measurement of
tumor response. They posit that changes in diameter relate more closely to the fixed properties of
cells killed by a standard dose of chemotherapy than do changes in the bidimensional product.
However, we have some concerns about that reasoning. Assuming for the moment that we have a
single, spherical tumor, then
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where r = radius and D = diameter. If D is measured in
centimeters, then
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Clearly, it is the logarithms of D and D2, not the raw values, that
are linearly related to the logarithm of the number of cells. In fact, it is not clear to us why a
linear relationship between a measure of tumor size (i.e., D) and log10 (cells) would be desirable. Such a relationship, carried to its logical conclusion, would imply
that a 1-cm decrease in diameter, say from 5 cm to 4 cm or from 1 cm to 0 cm, would result in
the same proportional reduction in the number of cells. The appearance of linearity in Fig. 1 of the article by James et al. (1) seems largely
due to the difference in scales. A plot of the data from Table 1 of the article by James et al. (our
Fig. 1) shows that, if anything, the product definition might provide a closer approximation of
proportional changes in volume and, therefore, proportional changes in cell number.
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The points the authors make about definition of disease progression are good ones. In 1980, Lavin and Flowerdew (2) clearly demonstrated that use of a 25% increase in the product of the maximum perpendicular diameter did have a one in four chance of declaring that progression had occurred when, in fact, the tumor was unchanged. The change proposed by James et al. to use a 30% increase in the largest diameter as a definition of progression does mean that the patient's tumor has grown substantially more (120% increase in volume versus a 40% increase in volume as measured by current methods) before a change in therapy is made. That may not make a difference if one does not have effective second-line therapy. However, with second-line therapy now causing a substantial increase in survival (3), one wonders if we might be waiting too long before we make a change in therapy if we use the proposed criterion. The retrospective data presented by James et al. do not address that issue. It can be addressed only via a prospective randomized clinical trial.
In reviewing the results of the comparison of the response data using the unidimensional versus the bidimensional method, we are concerned about some of the studies utilized. No details are given as to why the particular studies were selected. What were the selection criteria? Studies such as the brain tumor study, where tumor measurements on scans are so difficult to assess, clearly complicate the conclusion that there are no differences in the response rates using the two methods (unidimensional versus bidimensional).
Other important questions include the following: (a) Were the responses audited? (b) Why were phase II and III studies utilized? (c) Why were only four studies used to generate the progression, decrease, or stable disease data?
Overall, while this retrospective study is of interest, one wonders whether the theoretical and practical reasons the authors give for adopting the new criterion are sufficient to warrant changing what has become quite an accepted method for evaluating the efficacy, or lack of efficacy, of antitumor agents. Without a prospective evaluation of their criteria, particularly the criteria for tumor progression, to determine whether or not harm could be done, it is probably not yet time to adopt the unidimensional measurement system. This is particularly true because, with many of our new clinical trials, even with cytotoxic agents, the measurement of the percent of patients with progression at a point in time (4,5) or the presence of a "state of nonprogression" (6) is becoming an accepted end point.
Finally, there are some innovative methods for making tumor measurements easier for clinical investigators. For example, a device called the tumorimeter (a hand-held device with a sliding loop to measure ellipsoid tumors circumferentially) has been shown to enhance the speed and accuracy of tumor measurement (7).
In summary, it is clear that any methods to make clinical trials technically easier are welcome. However, we would all probably agree that the real problem is that we need more things to shrink tumors regardless of how many ways we devise to measure that shrinkage.
REFERENCES
1
James K, Eisenhauer E, Christian M, Terenziani M, Vena D,
Muldal A, et al. Measuring response in solid tumors: unidimensional versus bidimensional
measurement. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:523-8.
2 Lavin PT, Flowerdew G. Studies in variation associated with the measurement of solid tumors. Cancer 1980;46:1286-90.[Medline]
3 Cunningham D, Pyrhonen S, James RD, Punt CJ, Hickish TF, Heikkila R, et al. Randomised trial of irinotecan plus supportive care versus supportive care alone after fluorouracil failure for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet1998 ;352:1413-8.[Medline]
4 Burris HA III, Moore MJ, Andersen J, Green MR, Rothenberg ML, Modiano MR, et al. Improvements in survival and clinical benefit with gemcitabine as first-line therapy for patients with advanced pancreas cancer: A randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2403-13.[Abstract]
5 ten Bokkel Huinink W, Gore M, Carmichael J, Gordon A, Malfetano J, Hudson I, et al. Topotecan versus paclitaxel for the treatment of recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2183-93.[Abstract]
6 Eisenhauer E. Phase I and II trials of novel anticancer agents: endpoint, efficacy and existentialism. In Proceedings of the 10th NCI-EORTC Symposium on New Drugs in Cancer Therapy, Abstract 29. Amsterdam (The Netherlands), June 1998.
7 Dorr RT, Alberts DR. Quantitation of ellipsoid tumor areas using a circumferential measuring device. Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother 1988;5:249-51.[Medline]
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