Affiliations of authors: Department of Oncology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden (BN, JR); Department of Oncology, Södersjukhuset Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (L-ER); Department of Oncology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden (P-OM); Department of Oncology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (JB, TH); Department of Oncology, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden (N-OB); Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden (AW); Department of Health and Society, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden (JC)
Correspondence to: Bo Nordenskjöld, MD, PhD, Department of Oncology, Linköping University Hospital, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden (e-mail: bo.nordenskjold{at}lio.se).
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ABSTRACT |
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The design and performance of the trial were described extensively in the first report (1). The study included data from five of the six Swedish health care regions; two of which used 20-mg daily doses of tamoxifen and three of which used 40-mg daily doses of tamoxifen. From January 1, 1983, through December 31, 1992, a total of 4610 patients were entered in the trial, 4175 of whom remained alive and recurrence free at 2 years and could thus contribute meaningful information to the comparison of outcomes associated with 2 years of tamoxifen treatment and with 5 years of tamoxifen treatment.
Information on deaths through December 31, 2000, was obtained from the Swedish Cause of Death Registry. In the analysis, the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases was used. Information on incidence of contralateral breast cancer and of endometrial cancer was obtained from the Swedish Cancer Registry.
We used a Cox proportional hazards model, with stratification by trial center. The validity of the proportionality assumption was assessed by repeating the Cox analyses in two time periods (the first 7 years from diagnosis and more than 7 years from diagnosis). For the analyses of mortality from cardiovascular diseases between the 2- and the 5-year groups, patients were censored at the date of diagnosis of distant metastasis, local recurrence, or contralateral breast cancer to avoid any interference from chemotherapy or radiotherapy of recurrent disease on cardiovascular mortality. Cumulative mortality from coronary heart disease was estimated by use of life-table methods. All P values were from two-sided Wald tests, obtained from the Cox regression models.
An intention-to-treat analysis revealed that 5 years of tamoxifen treatment compared with 2 years of tamoxifen treatment was associated with reduced all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.73 to 0.90). Breast cancer mortality in the 5-year group was lower than that in the 2-year group (HR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.73 to 0.96). The results from a subgroup analysis by estrogen receptor status suggested that this benefit was mainly restricted to patients with estrogen receptorpositive tumors (Table 1).
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Death from all cardiovascular diseases was statistically significantly lower in the 5-year group than in the 2-year group (HR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.63 to 1.00). This reduction appeared to be mainly associated with a statistically significant reduction in mortality from coronary heart disease (Fig. 1 and Table 1). The reduction in mortality was still statistically significant when we restricted the analysis to the period beyond 7 years from diagnosis (HR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.37 to 0.91; P = .02); however, the reduction in coronary heart disease mortality was smaller and not statistically significant during the first 7 years (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.47 to 1.41; P = .47). No statistically significant increase in mortality from other heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, or other vascular diseases was observed (Table 1). Six deaths from pulmonary embolism have been recorded in the 5-year group, compared with five in the 2-year group.
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There are, however, limitations to our study. The medical records from the Swedish Cause of Death Registry were not reviewed to reconfirm causes of death. Furthermore, the statistical power to detect rare events, such as mortality from endometrial cancer or pulmonary embolism, was small and is reflected in the wide confidence intervals in Table 1.
Results from other investigations support our findings (25). Tamoxifen treatment alters the composition of lipids in the blood to a pattern that has been associated with reduced risk of heart disease (5). In their analysis of the Scottish adjuvant tamoxifen trial, McDonald et al. (2,4) found a reduced risk of coronary heart disease in their group of patients who were randomly assigned to receive 5 years of tamoxifen treatment compared with the risk in patients randomly assigned to no adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. Our results are also compatible with those of Reis et al. (6), who found no effect on coronary heart disease mortality during the initial years of follow-up of patients receiving 2 years of tamoxifen treatment or placebo in a prevention trial.
Our results strongly support the use of tamoxifen in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer patients. When tamoxifen treatment is compared with other types of adjuvant therapy, such as aromatase inhibitor therapy (7), effects on both breast cancer and nonbreast cancer mortality should be considered. Adjuvant tamoxifen treatment, compared with aromatase inhibitor treatment, tends to decrease mortality from coronary heart disease (7).
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NOTES |
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We thank the Swedish Cancer Society for support.
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REFERENCES |
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(1) Swedish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group. Randomized trial of two versus five years of adjuvant tamoxifen for postmenopausal early stage breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:15439.
(2) McDonald CC, Stewart HJ. Fatal myocardial infarction in the Scottish adjuvant tamoxifen trial. BMJ 1991;303:4357.[ISI][Medline]
(3) Rutqvist LE, Mattsson A. Cardiac and thromboembolic morbidity among postmenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer in a randomized trial of adjuvant tamoxifen. The Stockholm Breast Cancer Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:1398406.[Abstract]
(4) McDonald CC, Alexander FE, Whyte BW, Forrest AP, Stewart HJ. Cardiac and vascular morbidity in women receiving adjuvant tamoxifen for breast cancer in a randomized trial. BMJ 1995;311:97780.
(5) Costantino JP, Kuller LH, Ives DG, Fisher B, Dignam J. Coronary heart disease mortality and adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:77682.
(6) Reis SE, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, Tan-Chiu E, Wang J, Kavanah M. Cardiovascular effects of tamoxifen in women with and without heart disease: breast cancer prevention trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:1621.
(7) Results of the ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) trial after completion of 5 years' adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Lancet 2005;365:6062.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
Manuscript received February 17, 2005; revised August 23, 2005; accepted August 25, 2005.
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