ARTICLE |
Correspondence to: Cilia M. Ferrier, Dept. of Pathology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Postbox 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Summary |
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We present a systematic analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of immunohistochemical stainings for components of the plasminogen activation system, i.e., uPA, tPA, PAI-1, PAI-2, and uPAR, on routinely processed (formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded) tissues. Five to nine antibodies per component were tested and the influence of different antigen retrieval regimens on immunoreactivity was investigated. We studied six different microwave-mediated pretreatments and two pretreatments by proteolytic digestion. First, positive and negative control tissues were stained. Then, frozen and paraffin sections from the same cancer lesions were stained after specific modes of pretreatment and with selected antibodies. For each component, one or a few of the tested Abs gave optimal staining on paraffin sections when combined with a particular tissue pretreatment. For PAI-1, and to a lesser degree also for tPA, an underrepresentation of stromal cell staining in paraffin material was found, whereas tumor cells showed good staining. For uPA, PAI-2, and uPAR, consistent staining results were obtained on paraffin sections. (J Histochem Cytochem 46:469476, 1998)
Key Words: plasminogen activation system, serine protease system, immunohistochemistry, formalin fixation, paraffin section, antigen retrieval, protease digestion
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Introduction |
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In the past decade it has been shown that the various components of the plasminogen activation (PA) system play an important role in the invasive and metastatic behavior of tumor cells and that in several tumor types the levels of expression are strongly related with clinical outcome (
In addition to quantitative measurement by ELISA, immunohistochemistry (IH) is a good approach to investigate the status of the PA system. IH provides information on the quality of expression by the different cell types, e.g., tumor cells and/or stromal cells, and on its intensity and distribution. When IH yields reliable results on paraffin sections, it also allows retrospective studies using archival material.
Antigen retrieval is a technique that re-exposes epitopes in paraffin sections and makes them detectable by IH. Both enzymatic retrieval by proteases (
To the best of our knowledge there are only very few reports describing a quality-controlled staining procedure for the components of the PA system in formalin-fixed paraffin sections (
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Materials and Methods |
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Study Design
First we selected primary Abs that gave good results on acetone-fixed cryostat sections of positive and negative control tissues. These Abs were further tested for use on paraffin sections obtained from the same control tissues. To compare omission of tissue pretreatment, proteolytic enzyme digestion, and MW heating, different pretreatments were applied on consecutive paraffin sections of control tissue blocks. Abs that performed well on paraffin control sections were subsequently used on human malignant lesions. From these lesions, both frozen sections and formalin-fixed sections were stained. Paraffin sections underwent the treatments found successful in the former stage of this investigation. Staining patterns were compared, and those Abs that gave similar staining on frozen and on paraffin sections were considered to be suitable for use on paraffin-embedded material.
To test the benefit of antigen retrieval in case of prolonged formalin fixation, we stained control tissues that had been fixed overnight, 3 days, 1 week, and 3 weeks before embedding in paraffin. The samples for the different fixation times were obtained from the same tissue specimen. Pretreatment regimens and Abs found successful were applied to the sections and staining results on tissue sections fixed for prolonged times were compared with the results on tissue sections that had been fixed overnight.
Tissue Controls
As controls for uPA and PAI-1, we used xenograft tumors from the human melanoma cell lines BLM and IF6. The cell line BLM produces uPA and PAI-1 in large quantities (
For uPAR, the strongly uPAR-positive human melanoma cell line M24met (
Normal uterine cervix was used as control tissue for tPA because this tissue is densely vascularized [tPA expression in most normal tissues is confined to the endothelial cells of the small blood vessels (
Normal human placenta was used as control tissue for PAI-2 [syncytiotrophoblasts of the chorionic villi express PAI-2, whereas the villous stroma is negative (
Human Malignant Tumors
Tumor specimens of diverse origin (breast, cervix, colon, lung, and melanoma) were obtained from the tissue bank of the Department of Pathology (University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands). Parts of the tumors had been freshly frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80C. The largest part had been routinely fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. On the basis of staining patterns observed on cryostat sections, lesions were selected for further staining of the corresponding paraffin sections. For each component, a minimum of 15 lesions were selected so that both positive and negative lesions as well as various staining profiles, such as tumor cell positivity, stromal cell positivity, extracellular matrix positivity, and combinations of these, were included.
Antigen Retrieval
For enzymatic pretreatment, dewaxed and rehydrated sections were incubated with (a) 0.1% (w/v) pronase E (protease type XIV; Sigma, St Louis, MO) in PBS or (b) 0.1% (w/v) trypsin (protease type III; Sigma) in PBS. Incubations were performed at 37C and digestion times were varied (10, 15, 20, or 25 min).
For MW pretreatment, six retrieval solutions were tested: distilled water, 0.05 M sodium citrate buffer (pH 2.5, pH 4.5, and pH 6.0) (
Immunoreagents
For each of the five PA components, a number of primary Abs were tested, as listed in Table 1. Working dilutions were first determined on frozen sections of the control tissues; these concentrations were used throughout the study.
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Biotinylated secondary Abs used were goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (Vector Laboratories; Burlingame, CA), donkey anti-mouse immunoglobulin (Jackson; West Grove, PA), and donkey anti-goat immunoglobulin (Jackson). A three-step staining procedure with avidinbiotin complex (ABC) from Vector Laboratories was performed.
To determine the specificity of the PAbs, Western blotting analysis was performed using lysates of BLM xenograft tumor, hemangioma, lung carcinoma with an ELISA-determined high PAI-1 concentration, normal placenta, and M24met xenograft tumor for uPA, tPA, PAI-1, PAI-2, and uPAR respectively. For each component, a purified standard was run in parallel with the lysates. The procedure was performed essentially as described by
Specificity of the first Abs was ascertained by the following negative controls. MAbs were replaced with isotype-matched irrelevant Ab (DAKGO1; DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark). PAbs were replaced with (a) a nonimmune IgG preparation from the same species and (b) a primary Ab dilution that was affinity-absorbed with purified antigen coupled to CNBrSepharose beads (Pharmacia; Uppsala, Sweden).
Immunohistochemistry
Frozen sections were fixed for 10 min in acetone at room temperature (RT). For Abs R2 and 3936, an acid pretreatment as described by
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Results |
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General Aspects
Selected primary Abs directed against the same PA component showed comparable staining profiles on frozen sections from human malignant tumors, although intensities varied. All PAbs analyzed on Western blot showed a band at the same molecular weight as the purified standard. For PAI-1, an additional band was seen at the front of the gel, most probably due to some degradation. For PAI-2 an additional band was found that corresponded to the dimerized form.
For staining on paraffin sections, we found that without pretreatment, no convincing staining could be obtained for uPA, tPA, PAI-1, and uPAR. For two of the tested Abs against PAI-2, pretreatment was less essential, although it markedly reduced the background staining.
Pronase and trypsin showed comparable unmasking effects, but pronase pretreatment yielded a somewhat stronger staining with less background. In most cases a 15-min digestion time was optimal.
For MW pretreatments, a heating time of 20 min gave better results than a heating time of 10 min only for PAI-1.
After the optimal pretreatment had been found for each component, substitution of the primary Ab by an Ab of irrelevant specificity or by nonimmune serum, as well as staining with affinity-absorbed primary Ab dilution (not done for PAI-2) yielded negative staining results.
After prolonged tissue fixation, good staining was achieved for tPA (Figure 1A), PAI-1, PAI-2, and uPAR up to 3 weeks of formalin fixation. For uPA, fixation longer than 3 days led to a marked decrease in the staining signal.
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Specific Aspects
Important data are summarized in Table 1. Examples of stainings are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
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uPA. Only the rabbit PAb (DAKO) yielded good results. Eighteen tumor lesions were stained after pronase pretreatment, and in 17 of 18 cases the staining patterns of the paraffin sections were equivalent to those of the frozen sections. In one lesion, stromal cell positivity was underrepresented. Five Abs performed well on tissue controls but were disappointing on tumor lesions because of the absence of stromal cell staining or because of high levels of nonspecific staining.
tPA. Consistent staining results were obtained with the goat PAb (387) and the rabbit PAb. Fifteen tumor lesions were stained with both PAbs and showed concordance of staining pattern in frozen and in paraffin sections in 11 [goat PAb (387)] and 12 (rabbit PAb) cases, respectively. Discordancies were due to underrepresentation of stromal cell positivity in the paraffin sections, and in one case [with goat PAb (387)] to some nonspecific tumor cell staining.
PAI-1. Optimal staining results were obtained with the rabbit PAb and with the MAbs 380 and clone 1 (these two MAbs recognize different epitopes). Although these Abs stained tumor cells correctly, they all gave underrepresentation of stromal cell positivity, which was least severe for the PAb. Because a large number of tumor lesions with stromal cell staining in the frozen sections were included, concordance of staining in frozen and in paraffin sections was found in only 12 (PAb), 8 (clone 380), and 9 (clone 1) of 26 cases.
PAI-2. Good results were found with two goat PAbs (HD and BW). Twenty tumor lesions were stained with these goat PAbs, and completely satisfactory staining patterns were seen in all cases.
uPAR. Convincing staining results on paraffin sections were obtained with rabbit PAb and R2. Fifteen lesions were stained with these Abs after pronase pretreatment, and results were consistent in all cases.
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Discussion |
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Antigen unmasking for the components of the PA system in paraffin sections yielded retrieved immunoreactivity for uPA, tPA, and PAI-1, markedly enhanced immunoreactivity for uPAR, and reduced background staining for PAI-2 compared with untreated sections. We were able to restore immunoreactivity in tissues that had been formalin-fixed for up to 3 weeks, except for uPA. Our results support the view that antigen unmasking by protease digestion and by MW cooking complement each other (
Whereas tumor cells exhibited a good response to unmasking procedures for all components, this was different for stromal cells. For PAI-1 in particular, and also to some extent for tPA, we found an underrepresentation of fibroblast-like cell positivity compared with the corresponding frozen section.
For uPA, tPA, and PAI-2, good results could be obtained only with PAbs. For PAI-1, two MAbs (clone 1 and 380) performed almost as well as the rabbit PAb. For uPAR, the MAb R2 and the rabbit PAb performed equally well. In general, however, PAbs were more often successful on paraffin sections than MAbs, as found earlier by
Surprisingly, one mode of pretreatment proved optimal for different Abs directed against the same component. A plausible explanation might be that Abs found suitable on paraffin sections have common epitope reactivity. To address this question, we performed subsequent incubations on pretreated paraffin sections with two primary Abs directed against the same component but from different species (results not shown). For tPA, such a blocking incubation decreased the binding of the primary Ab incubated second. However, for PAI-1 and uPAR there was no noticeable decrease in signal. Therefore, common epitope reactivity does not appear to be the only reason for the fact that Abs of the same specificity require the same pretreatment. Because not all Abs that yield good results on frozen sections are suitable for paraffin sections, it holds that only a subset of the epitopes seems re-exposable. It is conceivable that the epitopes of such a subset are located close to each other on an easily unmaskable domain of the antigen.
Abs may react nonspecifically on paraffin sections. Indeed, with some Abs we encountered false reactivity on the tissue controls or positivity that deviated strongly from the patterns seen on frozen sections. In particular, false positivity of the tumor cells was occasionally observed in paraffin sections. Positivity, with or without antigen retrieval, is not always specific for the component of interest.
The major conclusions to be drawn on the basis of the present work are that (a) for each Ab used after a particular procedure of antigen retrieval, sensitivity and specificity on paraffin sections should be ascertained by use of control tissues and by comparison of staining profiles on frozen and paraffin sections, and (b) a carefully designed pre-test based on three different pH values (low, middle, and high) of antigen retrieval solution, a "test battery" as previously reported (
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Acknowledgments |
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Supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (project number NKB-KWF 94-772).
We gratefully acknowledge Drs B.M. Mueller (The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA) for the M24met cell line, J. Askaa (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark) for the rabbit PAb against uPA, E. Schüler (Behring Werke AG, Marburg, Germany) for the goat PAb against PAI-2, N. Brünner (Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark) for the Abs against uPAR, and J.H. Verheyen (Gaubius Laboratory IVVO-TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands) for antigen-coupled Sepharose beads.
Part of this work was performed in collaboration with the Concerted European Action BIOMED-1 research group on "Clinical Relevance of Proteases in Tumor Invasion and Metastasis."
Received for publication April 21, 1997; accepted October 20, 1997.
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