Identification of c-Jun as bcl-2 Transcription Factor in Human Uterine Endometrium
Departments of Anatomy and Biology (ZLL,HA,YO) and Obstetrics and Gynecology (KU,KK), Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (RA), Takatsuki Red-Cross Hospital, Osaka, Japan
Correspondence to: Y. Otsuki, MD, Dept. of Anatomy and Biology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan. E-mail: an1001{at}art.osaka-med.ac.jp
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Summary |
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(J Histochem Cytochem 51:16011609, 2003)
Key Words: biomolecular interaction bcl-2 c-Jun AP-1 promoter endometrium uterus
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Introduction |
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Among many candidate binding sites in the bcl-2 5'-regulatory region (-1600 bp to -1 bp), two separate specific DNA sites should be recognized by the AP-1 family. The mammalian AP-1 family comprises several bZIP (basic region leucine zipper) proteins that can form either homo- or heterodimers among themselves (Angel and Karin 1991). The AP-1 proteins had been described as a family of transcription factors that is 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-responsive. The dimerization of AP-1 factors is necessary for their binding to a palindromic DNA sequence, TGAC/GTCA, known as the TPA-responsive element (TRE) or AP-1 consensus site. Different AP-1 dimers exhibit similar DNA binding specificities but differ in their transactivation efficiencies, depending on their specific DNA sequence and the promoter context (Chinenov and Kerppola 2001
). The first component of AP-1 protein is c-Jun (Maki et al. 1987
), which plays a critical role among various functions of AP-1 transcription factors because it can interact with many other members of the AP-1 family to exert its function (Chinenov and Kerppola 2001
). Because c-Jun is located at the end of the pathway that transmits signals for cell proliferation, differentiation, transformation, and apoptosis (van Dam and Castellazzi 2001
), it is important to elucidate whether c-Jun is a transcription factor of the bcl-2 gene in normal human endometrium.
In the past 10 years, Biacore analysis has become the standard technique for studying real-time biomolecular interactions such as DNAprotein interactions (Fivash et al. 1998). The Biacore 2000 system consists of a microfluid cartridge that forms four separate channels, called flow cells, on the surface of a sensor chip. One reactant, referred to as the ligand, is covalently coupled to the sensor chip surface; the other reactant, referred to as the analyte, flows past this surface in solution. By making use of surface plasmon resonance techniques, the Biacore system can measure local changes in refractive index near the surface of a sensor chip when analyte and ligand bind. A fluid sample can be injected either separately over each flow cell or serially over all flow cells or over combinations of flow cells. By introducing the sample in a flow, the concentration of the sample over the surface is maintained at a constant level (Fisher et al. 1994
). The covalent nature of the bound ligand allows regeneration of the surface for many repetitive measurements of analyte binding. One of the unique advantages of this technique is that it allows rapid analysis of several samples with a very low concentration of analyte in a small volume. It appears that the Biacore technique is feasible for the study of nuclear proteinDNA interactions in crude nuclear extracts.
Our IHC of c-Jun showed that its cyclic expression pattern, peaking in expression level during the proliferative phase, was similar to that of bcl-2 in human endometrial glandular cells. However, IHC cannot determine with certainty the specific binding of c-Jun to AP-1 motifs from the bcl-2 promoter or exclude the possibility of the specific binding of c-Jun to promoters of other genes in endometrial glandular cells. This study using the Biacore system was carried out to elucidate the direct binding between c-Jun and AP-1 motifs of the bcl-2 promoter in human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle.
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Materials and Methods |
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Immunohistochemistry
Part of the fresh tissue samples was rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen and embedded in Tissue Mount (Chiba Medical; Saitama, Japan). The frozen blocks were cut serially into 67-µm sections with a cryotome (Microm; Heidelberg, Germany) at -20C. Serial cryosections placed on poly-L-lysine-treated glass slides were lightly fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (Ninomiya et al. 2003), transferred to 0.01 mM PBS, pH 7.4, and then immunostained with the standard avidinbiotinperoxidaseimmunoperoxidase technique (Okamura et al. 2002
). The primary anti-c-Jun antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Santa Cruz, CA) was recognized using a biotinylated universal antibody coupled to the streptavidinperoxidase complex from a Vectastain Universal Quick Kit (Vector Laboratories; Burlingame, CA), and the peroxidase substrate 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydroxychloride (DAB) for color development from a DAB Substrate Kit (Vector Laboratories). The sections were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted. Two or more observers independently examined the slides after staining.
Nuclear Proteins from Endometrial Cells
Separation of the uterine endometrial glandular and stromal cells has been previously described (Otsuki et al. 1994). In brief, part of the tissue samples were dispersed by incubation of minced tissues in Mg2+- and Ca2+-free Dulbecco's modified (DPBS), pH 7.4, containing collagenase (2 mg/ml, 15 U/mg), DNase (0.2 mg/ml, 1500 U/mg), and 10% fetal calf serum for approximately 20 min at 37C with constant agitation. Disaggregated endometrial stromal cells were separated from glands by sequential filtration through nylon mesh filters with pore sizes of 300 µm and 40 µm. Endometrial glands remained largely intact and were retained by the sieve, while stromal cells passed through into the filtrate. The endometrial glands were allowed to sediment twice at 37C in DPBS for 30 min each before trypsin treatment. The endometrial glands were dispersed by passing them through a 26G needle.
The nuclear extracts were prepared from the dispersed stromal and glandular cells according to a previously reported protocol (Dong et al. 1999). All manipulations were carried out at 4C. Briefly, the dispersed cells were harvested and suspended in five-pellet volumes of a hypotonic buffer containing 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.9, 4C), 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM EDTA, 10 mM KCl, 0.1 mM PMSF, 0.5 mM DTT, and 25% (v/v) glycerol. Then the cells were incubated in three-pellet volumes of the same buffer on ice for 15 min. The nuclei were collected by centrifugation at 3300 x g for 15 min. Pelleted nuclei were resuspended in 0.5-pellet volume of a low-salt buffer containing 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.9, 4C), 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM EDTA, 10 mM KCl, 0.1 mM PMSF, 0.5 mM DTT, and 25% glycerol (v/v). A 0.5-pellet volume of a high-salt buffer, prepared by replacing 10 mM KCl in the low-salt buffer with 1.2 M KCl, was then added dropwise while mixing. The nuclei were incubated at 4C for 30 min with constant agitation. The nuclear lysate was cleared by centrifugation at 100,000 x g for 40 min and dialyzed against a buffer containing 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.9, 4C), 100 mM KCl, 0.1 mM PMSF, 0.5 mM DTT, and 20% glycerol (v/v). Aliquots of this lysate were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80C. The protein concentrations were determined using a DC Protein Assay Kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories; Hercules, CA). In general, about 50120 µg of nuclear protein could be obtained.
Biotinylated Promoter Fragments
Two double-stranded oligonucleotides were used in the present experiments. The upper strand sequence information was obtained from GenBank NIH (Bethesda, MD) and arbitrarily named as follows: AP-1x 5'-CGACTCCTGATTCATTGGGA-3' (-645 to -625) and AP-1y 5'-TCGGAGTTTAATCAGAAGAG-3' (-993 to -973). Biotinylated and purified bcl-2 promoter fragments were obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). Only the 5' ends in the upper strands were biotinylated. To make double-stranded oligonucleotides, the biotinylated upper strand and the non-biotinylated down strand oligonucleotides were added at a molecular ratio of 1:3 to a standard PCR buffer containing 25 mM MgCl2. Then the oligonucleotides were annealed by heating at 98C for 10 min, cooling to 50C at a rate of about 2C/min, and then chilling on ice. The double strands generated in this way could be subcloned and sequenced (data not shown). Control DNA was prepared from biotinylated bacteriophage Hinf II fragments from Roche Molecular Biochemicals (Tokyo, Japan). The DNA was sonicated for 20 min, and passed through a column to obtain DNA fragments of less than 50 bp.
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)
The SPR measurements were conducted using the Biacore 2000 system, BIA evaluation software 3.0, Sensor Chip SA, and HBS buffer (pH 7.4) containing 10 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, 3 mM EDTA, and 0.005% surfactant P20 (from Biacore AB, Uppsala, Sweden). The measured SPR value is expressed in arbitrary resonance units (RU), where a change of 10-4 degrees is equivalent to a change of 1 RU. RU is a function of the change in surface concentration of molecules. Approximately 1000 RU is equivalent to a change in surface concentrations of 1 ng/mm2 protein and
0.8 ng/mm2 DNA. The system has an effective dynamic range from 3 to 4 RU to 30,000 RU. All experiments were performed at 25C according to the manufacturer's instructions and the methods reported by Galio et al. (1997)
(1999
). To immobilize the biotinylated DNA fragments to the sensor chip, 0.1 µM of the annealed oligonucleotides in HBS buffer containing 150 mM NaCl was injected at a rate of 5 µl/min over each flow cell.
HBS buffer with 25 ng/µl poly [d (IC)] was used to prepare the nuclear proteins for injection. Human recombinant c-Jun (Promega Biosciences; Madison WI) was injected at a concentration of 10 or 20 footprinting units/ml, corresponding to 6.4 or 12.8 ng/µl of nuclear protein. For samples from human endometrium, 1.07.0 µl of the crude nuclear extracts was diluted to 10 ng/µl or 20.0 ng/µl. The samples were incubated at 24C for 15 min. The anti-c-Jun antibody was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Normal rabbit IgG (Chemicon International; Temecula, CA) was used as a negative control antibody. Each association/dissociation cycle was performed at a constant flow rate of 30 µl/min. For proteinDNA binding reactions, each sample was injected over the flow cells for 5 min, followed by a constant flow of HBS buffer for 5 min to observe dissociation of bound proteins. Then 20 ng/µl normal rabbit IgG or anti-c-Jun antibody in HBS buffer was injected in the same manner. At the end of each cycle, bound proteins were removed by two-pulse injections of 1.5 M NaCl for 30 sec each to regenerate the chip. Sensorgrams were recorded automatically and adjusted to zero baseline level by subtracting the response recorded immediately before the injection of each sample. Comparison between sensorgrams was carried out by subtracting the responses in control flow cell, which is the lowest sensorgram in each figure on the right panel of Figures 24.
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Results |
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The crude nuclear extracts were prepared from five samples obtained in the proliferative (menstrual days 7, 10, 11, 12, and 14) and seven samples in secretory (menstrual days 17, 19, 20, 20, 21, 22, and 24) phases, respectively. Each sample was measured more than three times and reproducible results were obtained each time. Typical results are shown in Figures 3 and 4 . After the crude nuclear extracts 10 ng/µl from the proliferative glandular cells were passed over the flow cells, injection of the anti-c-Jun antibody 20 ng/µl resulted in sharply rising curves for both AP-1x and AP-1y (Figures 3A and 3A'). Increasing the concentration of injected nuclear proteins to 20 ng/µl yielded more intense association (Figures 3B and 3B'). Similar to the purified c-Jun (Figure 2B), a stronger association was detected in the flow cells coupled with AP-1y than in those coupled with AP-1x. Even in this case the response was rarely detectable after injection of the proliferative nuclear extract prepared from the stromal cells (Figures 3C, 3C', 3D, and 3D') of the same tissue sample. These results indicate that, in the proliferative stromal cells, although the nuclear c-Jun exists (Figure 1A) it is not available for binding to the AP-1 motifs in the bcl-2 promoter, because of the fact that the purified c-Jun could bind the AP-1 motifs very efficiently (Figure 2). When the secretory nuclear extracts were used in the assay, neither the glandular (Figures 4A, 4A', 4B, and 4B') nor the stromal samples (Figures 4C, 4C', 4D, and 4D') showed apparent binding activity after injection of the anti-c-Jun antibody, although the nuclear c-Jun could be detected (Figure 1B) by IHC. Our results showed that, during the menstrual cycle, only the glandular c-Jun in the proliferative nuclear extracts could bind to the two AP-1 motifs in the bcl-2 promoter, indicating spatial and temporal binding activities.
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Discussion |
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In terms of proteinDNA interactions, however, most researchers observed binding affinities and kinetics between biotinylated oligonucleotides immobilized on a SA sensor chip and purified molecules (Buckle et al. 1996). It should be noted that there is a good correlation between results from gel shift assay and Biacore using crude nuclear extracts from cultured cells (Galio et al. 1997
,1999
). In the present study we examined crude nuclear extracts from both glandular and stromal cells separated from the human endometrium. It is not known how many molecules in the crude nuclear extracts will bind to the coupled oligonucleotides. Therefore, we devised several methods for detecting specific binding of a known oligonucleotide to its target molecule(s) in nuclear extracts. In our experiments, the mixed DNA fragments from a bacteriophage were coupled to the first flow cell as a reference surface. Although still unconfirmed, these DNA fragments may not specifically bind to molecules in mammalian nuclear extract. It could be useful for distinguishing between true binding events, nonspecific binding of nuclear proteins, and signals that are due to differences in refractive index between samples. In addition, normal IgG from rabbit was used to distinguish between specific binding and nonspecific binding of the anti-c-Jun antibody.
To elucidate whether c-Jun could transcriptionally regulate expression of the bcl-2 gene in a normal human uterine endometrium, we first examined the expression pattern of c-Jun in both the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle by IHC. Intense immunoreactivity of c-Jun could be detected in the endometrial glandular cells during the proliferative phase, whereas its immunoreactivity was markedly decreased in the secretory glandular cells. The expression pattern of c-Jun was consistent with that reported by Salmi et al. (1998), showing intense staining and increased amount of expression during the proliferative phase and a decreased amount of expression and immunoreactivity in nuclei of the glandular cells before menstruation. It is worth noting that this expression pattern is well associated with the cyclic expression of bcl-2 from the proliferative to the secretory phase as described previously (Otsuki et al. 1994
).
The oncogene product c-Jun has been implicated in mediation of a wide variety of signals by transcribing them into expression of proteins encoded by specific genes (Shaulian and Karin 2001). Therefore, c-Jun may sometimes cause contrasting effects, such as cell death or survival, depending on the expression of different genes. It is well known that c-Jun determines the proper proliferation and differentiation of primary human keratinocytes, based on the fact that lack of c-Jun results in formation of an aberrant epithelium containing a decreased number of proliferating cells and few cell layers (Szabowski et al. 2000
). In contrast to cell survival, the hepatoblasts in mouse embryos lacking functional copies of c-jun show enhanced apoptosis and impaired proliferation in vitro, while fibroblasts exhibits severely reduced growth rates in culture (Eferl et al. 1999
). The identification of additional c-Jun regulator and effector genes that are important for cell death or survival will help in elucidating not only the mechanism of c-Jun regulation but also the functions of c-Jun on various cell types in different tissue contexts.
It is important to determine whether the association of c-Jun with AP-1 motifs from the bcl-2 promoter is regulated in a spatial and a temporal manner. The c-Jun was expressed in the nuclei of stromal cells during both proliferative and secretory phases and in those of a few glandular cells during the secretory phase, as well as in those of glandular cells during the proliferative phase. However, sharp peaks after injection of the anti-c-Jun antibody, indicating the specific binding of c-Jun to AP-1 motifs, were not observed in nuclear extracts from stromal cells during both phases and from glandular cells during the secretory phase. The difference between IHC and binding activities of AP-1 motifs to c-Jun in different nuclear extracts may be explained as follows. First, the function of c-Jun may be different between the proliferative and secretory phases and even between the glandular and stromal nuclei of the same menstrual phase. Of course, the difference in binding activities may be caused by different phosphorylation status of c-Jun protein in nuclear extracts (Rutberg et al 1999). Second, other factors in the nuclear extracts may influence specific binding of c-Jun to AP-1 motifs. It is very important to remember that c-Jun can interact with other members of AP-1 factors, such as JunD or ATF-1, to exert its effects (Angel and Karin 1991
). Other transcription factors, especially steroid hormone receptors such as the ER (Dong et al. 1999
), may be crucial for c-Jun to function properly in human endometrium.
Both the immunohistochemistry and the Biacore analysis clearly showed that c-Jun contained in the nuclear extracts of glandular cells during the proliferative phase specifically bound to two AP-1 sites in the bcl-2 promoter region. These results explain why bcl-2 is expressed cyclically in proliferative glandular cells. Further studies with transcriptional regulation and upstream signal transduction may provide new insights to understand the regulation of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of cells in normal human endometrium.
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Acknowledgments |
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Footnotes |
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Literature Cited |
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