1 Servicio de Medicina Interna-Hepatología, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
2 Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
Correspondence
Jordi Gómez
jgomez{at}hg.vhebron.es
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ABSTRACT |
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Published ahead of print on 31 March 2003 as DOI 10.1099/vir.0.18898-0.
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MAIN TEXT |
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a good candidate for ribozyme therapeutic studies because treatments available for chronic hepatitis, especially in HCV genotype 1b-infected patients, yield a small percentage of successful responses. One of the problems associated with this pioneering task is the quasispecies nature of the HCV genome a wide spectrum of mutant sequences is generated soon after infection and changes continuously in composition over time (Martell et al., 1992; Domingo et al., 1999
). The 5'UTR is the most conserved locus within the viral genome and efforts regarding HCV RNA therapeutics have been focused on this locus (Macejack et al., 2000
). Nevertheless, this region has a highly stable RNA structure, which severely limits the number of accessible sites for ribozyme targeting.
To discover vulnerable sites at other loci of the HCV genome, we chose the RNase P M1 RNA model. Because the M1 ribozyme is a large molecule whose recognition capability has steric requirements, especially when dealing with long RNA substrates, we analysed accessibility in an internal viral genomic region comprising the structural/non-structural junction region (Fig. 1). Accumulated knowledge, which favours analysis of this region, includes the recent demonstration that the relevant RNA structure is accessible to human RNase P in vitro and that accessibility is conserved despite variation in the primary sequence (Nadal et al., 2002
). In addition, hundreds of viral sequences from a large cohort of patients suffering from hepatitis C have been determined for this region, thereby providing information on sequence variation.
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DNA templates for in vitro transcription of catalytic RNAs were constructed by PCR with the gene for M1 RNA (Liu & Altman, 1995). The 5' PCR primer was oligo101 (5'-GGAATTCTAATACGACTCACTATAGAAGCTGACCAGACAGTCGCC-3'). The 3' primers, which contained the appropriate GSs, were M1HCV2682 (5'-GTGGTGGCTGGTCCCTGGTATGACCATG-3'), M1HCV2734 (5'-GTGGTGCTCCTCTTGACATATGACCATG-3'), M1HCV2743 (5'-GTGGTGACATTACCACCATATGACCATG-3') and M1HCV2770 (5'-GTGGTGGACCGGGAGATGTATGACCATG-3'). Sequences in bold correspond to GSs that allow M1GS RNAs to hybridize with HCV target sequences at the corresponding position. For ribozyme cleavage assays of the HCV transcript, non-labelled, re-natured M1GSs (8 nM) were incubated with labelled SI transcript RNA (8 nM) at 37 °C in a volume of 10 µl for 30 min in 50 mM Tris, pH 7·5, 100 mM NH4Cl, 100 mM MgCl2 and 4 % (wt/vol) polyethylene glycol. Reactions were stopped by addition of 7 M urea and the cleavage products were separated on 4 % denaturing polyacrylamide gels and autoradiographed.
Structural accessibility analyses with HCV SI RNA transcripts involved a 554 base RNA and 10 complementary DNA oligonucleotides 18 bases in length. Fig. 1 shows a representation of the HCV genome, indicating the location of the SI transcript RNA and also each complementary oligonucleotide identified by the number of its first nucleotide residue. A gel-shift mobility assay and RNase H mapping methods were used.
Two sets of annealing reactions were performed, one for gel-shift mobility analysis and the other for RNase H analysis. These assays were evaluated as has been described previously (Lyons et al., 2001) and representative results for these experiments are shown in Fig. 1
.
By correlating SI RNA band shifts and the rate of cleavage, we can distinguish regions of relatively open structure (C2745) from tightly folded ones (C2678), and even from others folded in very stable local structures (C2848). Interestingly, the inaccessibility of the region flanking nt 2848 coincides with a tRNA-like structure (Nadal et al., 2002). Table 1
describes the results from the whole set of oligonucleotides tested. Consistent results were obtained with mobility shift and RNase H experiments.
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Based on the hybridization results obtained with complementary DNAs described above, four GSs, each 13 nt in length, were designed and incorporated into the 3' end of the M1 ribozyme RNA. Two GSs were designed to target HCV RNA at the most accessible site, another targeted a partially accessible site and the last targeted a completely inaccessible site. GSs were designed according to the substrate requirements for a G base 5' to the scissile bond (Trang et al., 2000a), although small displacements relative to the corresponding DNA oligonucleotide were thus introduced. The results of cleavage assays (Fig. 2
) showed significant differences between each M1GS, as predicted from the RNase H cleavage and gel-shift patterns. Two of the four GSs were found to induce M1 cleavage of the target RNA (Fig. 2
, lanes 4 and 5). The sizes of the cleavage products were compared to size markers in the gel and found to be in agreement with the expected sizes.
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Ribozyme therapeutics against pathogenic RNAs have two main factors. One is the ribozyme: its activity, stability, delivery and co-localization with the target; the other is the RNA substrate, the properties of which, in the case of real virus quasispecies, most likely limit the efficiency of a ribozyme as an effective antiviral candidate. Here we have explored the effect of RNA structural accessibility in vitro and the variation at the target sites from viral RNA sequences from HCV-infected patients.
Conclusions from several studies (reviewed briefly by Lima et al., 1997) suggest a correlation between oligonucleotides binding to a folded RNA structure in vitro and its biological activity. The HCV SI RNA transcript of 554 nt is large enough to expect a folded structure. In fact, we have described recently that a part of this RNA adopts a tRNA-like structure (Nadal et al., 2002
). Furthermore, the 5'- and 3'-termini of the RNA transcript correspond to sequence positions internal to the viral RNA. Such artificial termini may lower the stability of regions near them. Therefore, we limited targeting to the central region of the transcript (nt 26582869), the region for which sequence variation data were available from previous studies. In comparison with structural studies employing similar methods performed in the HCV 5'UTR (Lyons et al., 2001
), we observed both open and closed RNA domains. The open region in S1 does not reach 100 % accessibility, as in some sites of the 5'UTR, but the transition between open and closed domains is not so abrupt. The potential consequence for targeting is that the efficiency of ribozyme cleavage might be reduced but the number of target possibilities is not so restricted.
Cleavage efficiencies obtained by the M1GSs corresponded well with the results of structural accessibility analyses. This may be interpreted in that the folded M1 ribozyme did not impede the binding of GSs to the target and that the type of mapping performed in this work is useful to detect sites vulnerable to M1GS attack.
Nevertheless, the RNase H and M1GS patterns of cleavage were not exactly the same. This was particularly evident at sequence 27452761 (Fig. 2), where M1GS cleavage activity was lower than expected. Because cleavage was designed to occur between the optimal 5' guanosine G2743 and 3' pyrimidine U2742 residues (Trang et al., 2000a
), the reduced cleavage activity at this site may be best ascribed to local steric or electrostatic repulsion effects on the M1 ribozyme.
Considering variation, alignments of quasispecies consensus sequences obtained from 39 different patients and from different samples (liver or serum) revealed that, in the virus loci studied, the most structurally open region contains genetic motifs that are 13 bases in length with four to seven mutations. It might be argued that these mutations may be selected easily to evade the action of the M1GS ribozyme by avoiding specific recognition between the GS and the target. Nevertheless, this argument does not invalidate the examination, for targeting purposes, of other regions different from those that are highly conserved. In each case, the extent of sequence variation may not correlate with the relative ability to escape attack with M1GS ribozymes.
The complex behaviour of RNA virus quasispecies in response to selective factors makes such direct correlation difficult. Although there are no reports on virus resistance to M1GS in vivo or in cell culture, examples of fitness recovery of debilitated viruses either in model systems (Domingo et al., 1999) or in multidrug-resistance virus variants in human immunodeficiency virus patients treated with multiple reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors shows that even mutants thought to be improbable may arise (Cabana et al., 1999
). The most likely conclusion is that the level of RNA variation that arises during HCV infection will require multiple targeting.
The picture that emerges is that of a spatially limited accessibility and those subtle displacements within the open region lead to important susceptibility changes to cleavage by the ribozyme. It also appears that up to 50 % of the positions within the open regions are variant positions among sequence isolates from different patients. Compiling the efforts carried out by independent groups working with different aspects of HCV RNA structure accessibility and variation would greatly improve the progress on therapeutics with ribozyme combinations.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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Received 12 October 2002;
accepted 7 March 2003.