BRIEF DEFINITIVE REPORT:
CD8beta Increases CD8 Coreceptor Function and Participation in TCR-Ligand Binding

By Valery Renard,* Pedro Romero,Dagger Eric Vivier,* Bernard Malissen,* and Immanuel F. LuescherDagger

From the * Centre d'Immunologie Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique de Marseille-Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France; and Dagger  Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland

Summary
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Footnotes
Acknowledgements
References


Summary

To study the role of CD8beta in T cell function, we derived a CD8alpha /beta - (CD8-/-) T cell hybridoma of the H-2Kd-restricted N9 cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone specific for a photoreactive derivative of the Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite peptide PbCS 252-260. This hybridoma was transfected either with CD8alpha alone or together with CD8beta . All three hybridomas released interleukin 2 upon incubation with L cells expressing Kd-peptide derivative complexes, though CD8alpha /beta cells did so more efficiently than CD8alpha /alpha and especially CD8-/- cells. More strikingly, only CD8alpha /beta cells were able to recognize a weak agonist peptide derivative variant. This recognition was abolished by Fab' fragments of the anti-Kd alpha 3 monoclonal antibody SF11.1.1 or substitution of Kd D-227 with K, both conditions known to impair CD8 coreceptor function. T cell receptor (TCR) photoaffinity labeling indicated that TCR-ligand binding on CD8alpha /beta cells was ~5- and 20-fold more avid than on CD8alpha /a and CD8-/- cells, respectively. SF1-1.1.1 Fab' or Kd mutation D227K reduced the TCR photoaffinity labeling on CD8alpha /beta cells to approximately the same low levels observed on CD8-/- cells. These results indicate that CD8alpha /beta is a more efficient coreceptor than CD8alpha /alpha , because it more avidly strengthens TCR-ligand binding.


MHC class I-restricted TCRalpha /beta + T cells express heterodimeric CD8 consisting of a disulfide linked alpha  and beta  chain, whereas other cell types, such as NK cells or extrathymic intraepithelial T cells, express homodimeric CD8alpha (1, 2). Whereas CD8alpha can be surface expressed as CD8alpha /alpha homodimers, CD8beta is expressed only as CD8alpha /beta heterodimers (3). X-ray crystallography showed that CD8alpha is folded in an Ig-like manner (2, 4). For CD8alpha /alpha , a major CD8 binding site on MHC class I molecules is the acidic loop 222-229, located in the center of the alpha 3 domain (5, 6). Moreover, the cytoplasmic tail of CD8alpha has been shown to associate with the T cell-specific tyrosine kinase p56lck (7, 8) and becomes phosphorylated on serine residues upon cell activation (8, 9).

Less is known about CD8beta . It has only ~30% sequence homology with CD8alpha , and its hinge region is 13 amino acids shorter than the one of CD8alpha (1, 2). CD8beta broadens the range of antigen recognition, e.g., CD8alpha /beta expressing T cell hybridomas were able to recognize ligand variants, but CD8alpha /alpha expressing ones did not (10, 11). CD8beta also plays a decisive role in thymic differentiation and maturation, since CD8beta "knock out" mice have dramatically reduced numbers of mature CD8+ cells (12, 13). Transgenic mice expressing "tailless" CD8beta also exhibited a reduced number of mature CD8+ cells, indicating that the cytoplasmatic portion of CD8beta has a functional significance (14). The recent finding that CD8beta considerably increases CD8-p56lck association suggests that the tail of CD8beta directly or indirectly interacts with this enzyme (15).

We have previously developed a system that allows assessment of TCR-ligand interactions by TCR photoaffinity labeling (16, 17). To this end, the Plasmodium berghei cirumsporozoite peptide PbCS 262-260 (SYIPSAEKI) was modified by replacing PbCS S-252 with photoreactive iodo-4-azidosalicylic acid (IASA) and conjugating K-259 with 4-azidobenzoic acid (ABA). From mice immunized with this derivative, Kd-restricted CTL clones were derived that recognized this conjugate as well as the one lacking the IASA group, but not the derivative lacking the ABA group (17, 18). Selective photoactivation of IASA permitted crosslinking of the peptide derivative to Kd molecules (16). Incubation of soluble, monomeric Kd-peptide derivative complexes with cloned CTL and photoactivation of the ABA group resulted in TCR photoaffinity labeling, which was proportional to TCR-ligand binding (16). This labeling was not dependent on integrins but dependent on CD8 participation in TCR-ligand binding.

We have previously prepared a T cell hybridoma by fusing cloned T1 CTL with a TCR- variant of the BW thymoma (19). This hybridoma expressed T1 TCR but no CD8, because of a fusion mediated silencing of the CD8alpha promoter and the inability of CD8beta to be surface expressed in the absence of CD8alpha (3, 20). As assessed by TCR photoaffinity labeling, TCR-ligand binding on this hybridoma was >95% weaker than on T1 CTL (19). CD8alpha transfection of the hybridoma resulted in high level expression of CD8alpha /alpha and weak CD8alpha /beta expression (CD8beta being contributed by the endogenous gene). This transfection only partially restored TCR-ligand binding, suggesting that CD8alpha /beta (19) may strengthen TCR-ligand binding more efficienty than CD8alpha /alpha .

In this study we tested N9 CTL-derived hybridomas that expressed either no CD8 (CD8-/-), only CD8alpha (CD8alpha /alpha ), or CD8alpha /beta for antigen recognition (IL-2 release) and TCR- ligand binding (TCR photoaffinity labeling). The results indicate that CD8alpha /beta cells more efficiently recognized antigen, especially a weak antagonist variant, because CD8alpha /beta avidly strengthened TCR-ligand binding.


Materials and Methods

Peptide Derivatives and Photoaffinity Labeling Procedures. All synthetic and analytic procedures were performed essentially as described (16, 21). In brief, IASA-YIPSAEK(ABA)I and IASAYIPSAEK(BA)I were obtained by chloramine T-mediated iodination of ASA-Y(PO3H2)IPSAEK(ABA)I and ASA-Y(PO3H2) IPSAEK(BA)I, respectively. Before deprotection and cleavage from the resin, the peptides were NH2-terminally acylated with 4-azidosalicyloy-N-hyrdroxysuccinimidyl ester. After iodination with 125I (~2,000 Ci/mMol) or nonradioactive iodine, the peptides were dephosphorylated with alkaline phosphatase and purified by reverse phase HPLC on a C-18 column. Kd and TCR photoaffinity labeling experiments were performed as described (16, 17, 19). In brief, purified soluble Kd was incubated with freshly radiolabeled peptide derivatives at ambient temperature for 2 h, followed by UV irradiation at >=350 nm and FPLC gel filtration. For TCR photoaffinity labeling, 8 × 106 cells/ml were resuspended in DMEM supplemented with 2% FCS and 20 mM Hepes and incubated in 1 ml aliquots with 1.2 × 107 cpm of Kd- peptide derivative complex for 1 h at 26°C. After UV irradiation at 312 ± 40 nm, the cells were washed and lysed on ice in PBS supplemented with NP-40, Hepes, and protease inhibitors. Immunoprecipitation was performed with anti-TCR mAb H57297, and the immunoprecipitates were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (10% linear, reducing conditions). The dried gels were evaluated by autoradiography and densitometry. TCR photoaffinity labeling experiments were performed in triplicate and repeated at least twice.

Cell Lines. The T cell hybridoma N9.1 (CD8-/-) was obtained by fusing cloned N9 CTL (18) with the BW5147 TCRalpha beta - (BW-) thymoma as described (19). N9.1 cells were transfected with CD8alpha cDNA inserted in the pH pHbeta APr-1-neo expression vector (8) and selected in the presence of G418 (2.5 mg/ml). Various stable CD8alpha transfectants were tested by flow cytometry for expression of CD8beta , and one clone was found that was CD8beta -. This clone was transfected with a CD8beta BamHI genomic fragment DNA inserted in the pSV2-his expression vector (pCA257.10). A representative clone (WB1.2) was selected in the presence of histidinol (3 mM). All transfections were performed using protoplast fusion (22). Murine fibroblast L cells were transfected with Kd or KdD227K cDNA as described (23).

mAbs and Flow Cytometry. The following mAbs were used: H57-259 (anti-TCR Cbeta ), 53-6-72 (anti-CD8alpha ), H35-17 (antiCD8beta ), SF1-1.1.1. (anti-Kdalpha 3), 20-8-4S (anti-Kdalpha 1), and antiCD3 (145.2C11). For most experiments, single staining was performed with FITC- or PE-conjugated anti-CD8beta and anti-Kd, PE-conjugated anti-CD8alpha , and anti-TCR (mAb). Samples were analyzed on a FACScan® (Becton Dickinson & Co., Mountain View, CA) equipped with LYSIS II software.

IL-2 Release Assay. L-Kd or L-Kd D227K cells (5 × 106 cells/ ml) were incubated in DMEM supplemented with 0.7% FCS and 10 mM Hepes in 10 ml polypropylene tubes (Falcon Plastics, Oxnard, CA) with graded concentrations (10-7-10-14 M, in 10-fold dilutions) of peptide derivative at 26°C for 2 h. After UV irradiation at >=350 nm (16), cells were washed three times, resuspended in DMEM supplemented with 5% FCS and 10 mM Hepes at 106 cells/ml, and plated in 100-µl aliquots into flat bottom 96-well microtiter plates (Falcon Plastics). The T cell hydridomas, resuspended in the same medium and at the same cell density, were added in 100-µl aliquots. Alternatively, hydridomas were incubated either with anti-CD3 mAb (145.2C11, absorbed on plates) or PMA (2.5 ng/ml) and ionomycin (0.5 µg/ml). After 24 h of incubation at 37°C, supernatants (100 µl) were transferred into fresh microtiter plates and incubated for 36-48 h with CTLL indicator cells (4 × 103 cells/100 µl/well). 1 µCi of [3H]thymidine (Amersham Corp., Arlington Heights, IL), was added per well, and after incubation for an additional 12 h, the cells were harvested and the incorporated [3H]thymidine was measured by beta  counting (Inotech Harvester and Trace 96 beta  counter). Each experiment was performed in triplicate and was repeated at least twice.


Results and Discussion

To assess the antigen recognition of the hybridomas under study, they were incubated with L cells expressing covalent Kd-IASA-YIPSAEK(ABA)I complexes and the released IL-2 was measured. The L-Kd cells were sensitized by incubation with the indicated concentrations of IASAYIPSAEK(ABA)I and IASA-YIPSAEK(BA)I, respectively, followed by UV irradiation at >=350 nm, which produced covalent cell-associated Kd-peptide derivative complexes. As shown for a representative experiment in Fig. 1, all three hybridomas produced IL-2 upon incubation with L cells expressing Kd-IASA-YIPSAEK(ABA)I, but CD8alpha /beta cells more efficiently, especially at low degrees of sensitization. Because all three hybridomas expressed comparable levels of TCR and LFA1 (Table 1) and responded similarly upon stimulation with anti-CD3 mAb or PMA and ionomycine (Fig. 1, insets), these results indicate that CD8alpha /beta , but less CD8alpha /alpha , increased the efficiency of antigen recognition.


Fig. 1. CD8alpha /beta cells more efficiently recognize IASA-YIPSAEK (ABA)I and IASA-YIPSAEK(BA)I than CD8alpha /alpha or CD8-/-cells. The IL-2 released by CD8-/- (A), CD8alpha /alpha (B), and CD8alpha /beta (C) cells was measured as [3H]thymidine uptake by CTLL indicator cells after incubation with L-Kd cells sensitized with IASA-YIPSAEK(ABA)I (open circle ) or IASA-YIPSAEK(BA)I (bullet ). In insets, the IL-2 responses are shown as observed after incubation with anti-CD3 mAb or PMA and ionomycin.
[View Larger Version of this Image (17K GIF file)]

Table 1. Flow Cytometry on Cell Lines under Study


Cell line Surface marker (mean fluorescence)
TCR (H57-259) CD8alpha (53.6.72) CD8beta (H35-17) LFA1 (FD18.5) Kd (20-8-4S) ICAM1 (YN1.1.7)

N9 CTL 259 272 155 316 ND ND
N9.1-/- 187     4       3 308 ND ND
N9.1 alpha /alpha 143 753      11 229 ND ND
N9.1 alpha /beta 194 792      95 187 ND ND
L-Kd wt ND ND ND ND 253 107
L-Kd D227K ND ND ND ND 765 145

Cells were stained with the antibodies indicated in parenthesis. The mean fluorescence intensities for a representative experiment are shown. The histograms were monophasic for all cell lines/antibody combinations.

More strikingly, the peptide derivative variant IASAYIPSAEK(BA)I, which lacks the azido function of the ABA group, was efficiently recognized only by CD8alpha /beta cells (Fig. 1). Half-maximal IL-2 release was observed at >10-fold higher degree of sensitization than the wild-type conjugate. Substitution of the ABA group with BA reduced the efficiency of recognition by N9 CTL by ~50-fold (18). As assessed by TCR photoaffinity labeling (see below), Kd complexes with IASA-YIPSAEK(BA)I bound to the N9 TCR approximately seven times less efficiently than those containing IASA-YIPSAEK(ABA)I (see Fig. 3 D). The observation that this weak agonist was significantly recognized only by CD8alpha /beta cells is in accordance with reports indicating that CD8beta broadens the range of antigen recognition by CD8+ T cells (10, 11) and in addition provides a quantitative correlation between antigen recognition and TCR-ligand binding.



Fig. 3. TCR photoaffinity labeling with soluble ligand Kd-peptide derivative complexes. CD8alpha /beta , CD8alpha /alpha or CD8-/- cells were incubated with Kd-125IASA-YIPSAEK(ABA)I in absence (black bars) or presence of SF1-1.1.1 Fab' (20 µg/ml) (white bars) or 20-8-4S mAb (10 µg/ml) (hatched bars), and TCR photoaffinity labeling was evaluated by SDSPAGE and autoradiography (A) and densitometry (B). Alternatively, CD8alpha /beta and CD8-/- cells, respectively, were tested likewise, either with Kd-IASA-YIPSAEK(ABA)I (black bars) or mutant KdD227K-IASA-YIPSAEK(BA)I (white bars) (C). In both experiments, 100% refers to the TCR labeling observed on CD8alpha /beta cells with the wild type ligand. The TCR binding of Kd-IASA-YIPSAEK(BA)I was assessed by its ability to inhibit the TCR photoaffinity labeling by Kd-125IASA-YIPSAEK (ABA)I on N9 CTL (D). Mean values and standard deviations were calculated from at least three independent experiments.
[View Larger Versions of these Images (32 + 22 + 13K GIF file)]

To find out why CD8alpha /beta cells efficiently recognize IASA-YIPSAEK(BA)I, we performed the previous experiment (Fig. 1 C) in the presence of Fab' fragments of the anti-Kd alpha 3 mAb SF1-1.1.1. This reagent has been shown to impair participation of CD8 in TCR-ligand binding while leaving CD8 mediated adhesion unaffected (19). As shown in Fig. 2 A, this reagent abolished the efficient recognition of IASA-YIPSAEK(BA)I. Similarly, CD8alpha /beta cells failed to recognize significantly this conjugate on L cells expressing mutant Kd D227K, though they well recognized the wild type conjugate (Fig. 2 B). This Kd mutation has been shown to dramatically impair CD8-MHC class I interactions (5, 6, 19). The finding that CD8alpha /beta cells under conditions that prevent CD8 participation in TCR-ligand binding failed, as CD8alpha /alpha cells, to significantly recognize the weak agonist IASA-YIPSAEK(BA)I suggests that CD8alpha /beta more avidly strengthens TCR-ligand binding than CD8alpha /alpha .


Fig. 2. The recognition of IASA-YIPSAEK(BA)I by CD8alpha /beta cells is abrogated by SF1-1.1.1 Fab' and Kd mutation D227K. The IL-2 release by CD8alpha /beta cells was measured after incubation with L-Kd sensitized with IASA-YIPSAEK(BA)I in the absence (open circle ) or presence (bullet ) of SF11.1.1 Fab' (A), as described for Fig. 1. Alternatively, L-Kd cells expressing Kd D227K were used as presenting cells, which were sensitized either with IASA-YIPSAEK(ABA)I (open circle ) or IASA-YIPSAEK(BA)I (bullet ) (B).
[View Larger Version of this Image (15K GIF file)]

The utilized system allowed to test this possibility, because it permits direct assessment of CD8 participation in TCR-ligand binding by TCR photoaffinity labeling with soluble covalent Kd-peptide derivative complexes (16, 17, 19). TCR photoaffinity labeling with Kd-125IASA-YIPSAEK (ABA)I on CD8alpha /beta cells was ~5 and 20 times more efficient than on CD8alpha /alpha cells and CD8-/- cells, respectively (Fig. 3, A and B). The background, e.g., nonspecific labeling, was 1-2%, as observed in the presence of the alpha -Kdalpha 1 mAb 20-8-4S, which blocks specific TCR-ligand binding (16, 19). Because CD8alpha /alpha cells expressed more CD8alpha than N9 CTL or CD8alpha /beta cells expressed CD8alpha /beta (Table 1), these results demonstrate that heterodimeric CD8alpha /beta indeed more avidly strengthens TCR-ligand binding than homodimeric CD8alpha /alpha . This is in accordance with preceeding experiments, in which various CD8alpha and CD8alpha plus CD8beta transfectants of CD8-/- N9.1 cells or subclones of CD8alpha /beta WB1.2 were likewise tested (unpublished results).

The efficient TCR photoaffinity labeling on CD8alpha /beta cells was reduced in the presence of SF1-1.1.1 Fab' to the same low levels as observed on CD8-/- cells (Fig. 3, A and B). The TCR photoaffinity labeling on CD8alpha /alpha was also reduced in the presence of this reagent, but for unknown reasons to a slightly lesser degree than on CD8alpha /beta cells. The lack of a significant inhibition of the TCR photoaffinity labeling on CD8-/- cells in the presence of SF1-1.1.1 Fab' showed that this reagent does not affect the TCR- ligand interaction per se, but rather the CD8 participation in TCR-ligand binding. Similarly, when TCR photoaffinity labeling on CD8alpha /beta cells was performed with soluble Kd D227K-IASA-YIPSAEK(ABA)I, nearly five times weaker labeling was observed than with the wild type ligand (Fig. 3 C). In contrast, on CD8-/- cells, both ligands exhibited essentially the same weak TCR photoaffinity labeling, confirming our previous finding that this Kd mutation does not significantly affect the actual TCR-ligand binding, but rather its dependence on CD8 (Fig. 3 B and reference 19).

The peptide derivative variant IASA-YIPSAEK(BA)I, lacking an orthogonal photoreactive group, can cross-link to Kd, but not to TCR; therefore, the binding of Kd-IASAYIPSAEK(BA)I to N9 TCR was assessed by its ability to inhibit the TCR photoaffinity labeling by Kd-IASA-YIPSAEK(ABA)I. As shown in Fig. 3 D, the TCR photoaffinity labeling on N9 CTL was inhibited in a linear fashion in the presence of graded amounts of Kd-125IASA-YIPSAEK(BA)I. By extrapolation, 50% of inhibition was observed at ~6.8fold molar excess of variant ligand.

Taken collectively, the results of the TCR photoaffinity labeling experiments correlate well with those of the IL-2 release experiments. Most strikingly, SF1-1.1.1 Fab' and Kd mutation D227K inhibited the efficient recognition of the conjugate variant IASA-YIPSAEK(BA)I by CD8alpha /beta cells, because they inhibited the TCR photoaffinity labeling (Figs. 2 and 3). We thus conclude that CD8alpha /beta cells more efficiently recognize antigen than CD8alpha /alpha cells, because CD8alpha /beta more avidly strengthens TCR-ligand binding. Although our results do not rule out that other factors may play a role as well (i.e., that CD8alpha /beta has superior signaling capabilities or more efficiently mediates CD8-dependent adhesion), they clearly demonstrate that CD8beta significantly increases CD8 participation in TCR-ligand binding, and this predictably is important for antigen recognition, especially of weak agonists.

It remains to be explained why CD8alpha /beta more efficiently increases TCR-ligand binding than CD8alpha /alpha . It is conceivable that either CD8alpha /beta more avidly binds MHC class I molecules or that it more efficiently "couples" with TCR/CD3, thus defining an orientation of CD8 relative to the TCR that favors coordinate ligand binding. Although CD8alpha /alpha and CD8alpha /beta both have been shown to bind MHC class I molecules (5, 24), it is unknown whether they do so with different affinities. In support of the second possibility, we have previously observed that the dynamics of TCR-ligand interactions on CTL clones are modulated by CD8 in a time- and temperature-dependent manner (16, 19). Moreover, several reports indicate that CD8 interacts with TCR/CD3 complex (25, 26), which in view of our present data may imply that CD8beta plays an important role in such interactions. Interestingly, CD8beta has been shown to significantly increase the association of CD8 with the tyrosine kinase p56lck (15). In the CD4 system, p56lck is known to be involved in coupling CD4 with TCR/CD3 (27). If the same were true for CD8, it would explain why CD8alpha /beta is a more efficient coreceptor than CD8alpha /alpha . The system described here, by including kinetic experiments and further genetic engineering of the hybridomas, should now permit detailed analysis of the role of CD8beta in T cell function.


Footnotes

Address correspondence to I.F. Luescher, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.

Received for publication 8 July 1996

   This work was supported by grants from the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and Association pour le Recherche sur le Cancer.

We thank Dr. C. Servis and C. Horvath for technical assistance, Drs. D.R. Littman and N. Killeen for L-Kd cells, Dr. F. Godeau for soluble KdD227K, Dr. J.-C. Cerottini for helpful discussions, and Anna Zoppi for preparing the manuscript.


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Copyright © 1996 by The Rockefeller University Press.