By
From the Division of Basic Sciences, Immunobiology Working Group, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
Maturation of immature CD4CD8
(DN) thymocytes to the CD4+CD8+ (DP) stage of development is driven by signals transduced through a pre-T cell receptor (TCR) complex,
whose hallmark is a novel subunit termed pre-T
(pT
). However, the precise role of pre-TCRs in mediating the DN to DP transition remains unclear. Moreover, progress in understanding pre-TCR function has been hampered thus far because previous attempts to demonstrate expression of pT
-containing pre-TCRs on the surface of normal thymocytes have been
unsuccessful. In this report, we demonstrate for the first time that pT
-containing pre-TCR
complexes are expressed at low levels on the surface of primary thymocytes and that these pre-TCR complexes comprise a disulfide-linked pT
-TCR-
heterodimer associated not only
with CD3-
and -
, as previously reported, but also with
and
. Interestingly, while CD3-
is associated with the pre-TCR complex, it is not required for pre-TCR function, as evidenced by the generation of normal numbers of DP thymocytes in CD3-
-deficient mice. The fact that any of the signaling components of the pre-TCR are dispensable for pre-TCR function is indeed surprising, given that few pre-TCR complexes are actually expressed on the surface
of primary thymocytes in vivo. Thus, pre-TCRs do not require the full array of TCR-associated signaling subunits (
,
,
, and
), possibly because pT
itself possesses signaling capabilities.
Maturation of immature thymocytes from the CD4 Progress towards a deeper understanding of pre-TCR
complex function is hampered by the absence of a precise
description of pre-TCR subunit composition. At present,
the pre-TCR complex is thought to consist of a disulfide-linked pT This study comprises a rigorous biochemical analysis of
surface TCR expression that clarifies these issues. We provide the first demonstration that pT Animals.
Mice lacking TCR- Cell Lines and Antibodies.
The DP Plasmid Construction.
The pT
CD8
(DN)1 to the CD4+CD8+ (DP) stage of development requires productive rearrangement of the gene
segments encoding TCR-
(1). The fidelity with which TCR-
gene rearrangement has occurred is thought to be
assessed using a surrogate receptor complex termed the
pre-TCR, which is defined by a novel 33-kD pre-T
(pT
) subunit (4). Upon productive rearrangement of
TCR-
, the pre-TCR complex transduces signals through
CD3 (and possibly also pT
) that direct allelic exclusion at
the TCR-
locus and promote maturation of DN thymocytes to the DP stage (5); however, the molecular details
of how pre-TCR complexes discriminate between aberrant
and productive
gene rearrangements remain unclear.
-TCR-
(pT
-
) heterodimer associated with
an inadequately defined complement of signaling molecules
(5). Indirect support for the presence of particular TCR-
CD3 chains within the pre-TCR complex comes from
gene-targeted mice, which reveal that the DN to DP transition is attenuated by elimination of TCR-
, pT
, or
TCR-
alone, or by simultaneous elimination of CD3-
/
/
(2, 6). Direct biochemical analysis of pre-TCR composition has yielded only incomplete and contradictory results,
particularly regarding the CD3-
and TCR-
subunits, possibly because of the idiosyncrasies of thymic lymphoma
lines used in these analyses (4, 9). These discrepancies
could be resolved, if it were possible to analyze pre-TCR
structure using normal primary thymocytes; however, thus
far, attempts to do so have been unsuccessful (4, 12).
-containing pre-TCR
complexes are actually expressed at low levels on the surface of normal thymocytes in vivo; moreover, we have
defined their subunit composition. They consist of a disulfide-linked pT
-
heterodimer associated not only with
CD3-
/
as was previously thought, but also with TCR-
and CD3-
. In addition, we demonstrate that pre-TCR
function is not attenuated in CD3-
-deficient (CD3-
0)
mice (13). Thus, while CD3-
is a pre-TCR component,
it is not required for pre-TCR function.
expression (TCR-
0) due to
gene targeting (2, 14) were obtained from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) and then maintained in our colony. CD3-
0 mice were generated as previously described (13). Production of TCR-
0CD3-
0, and TCR-
0CD3-
+ mice was achieved
by intercrossing the F1 progeny of a TCR-
0 × CD3-
0 mating
and then screening F2 mice by Southern blot as previously described (15).
/
-TCR+ thymic lymphoma VL3-3M2 (obtained from Dr. C. Guidos, Hospital for
Sick Children, Toronto, Canada) and a spontaneous thymic lymphoma from SCID mice, SL-12 (TCR
; reference 16) were
maintained in RPMI supplemented as previously described (17).
The following mAbs were used: anti-TCR-
(H57-597); anti-
CD3-
/
(7D6); and anti-TCR-
(H28-710). The following
polyclonal rabbit Abs were used: anti-TCR-
(551; reference
17); anti-CD3-
(R9; gift of Dr. Lawrence Samelson, National
Institutes of Health [NIH], Bethesda, MD); and anti-pT
. The
anti-pT
Ab was raised against a GST (glutathione-S-transferase)
fusion protein encompassing the cytoplasmic domain of pT
as
previously described (17).
cDNA was cloned by performing reverse transcriptase-PCR on total RNA from day 15 fetal thymocytes (gift of Dr. Paul Love, National Institute of Child
Health and Human Development [NICHD], Bethesda, MD) using standard methodology (15). First, strand cDNA was synthesized using the Superscript Preamplification System (GIBCO BRL,
Bethesda, MD), and then the pT
cDNA was amplified by PCR
(MJ Research, Inc., Watertown, MA) using primers flanking the
coding region. The resultant fragment was cloned into pCR2.1 (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) and verified by automated sequencing in our facility. The pT
cytoplasmic tail-GST fusion protein
was generated by PCR amplification of the pT
cDNA using
primers that appended SmaI and EcoRI linkers onto the cytoplasmic tail fragment. The fragment was ligated into pCR2.1, excised
using SmaI and EcoRI, and directionally cloned in frame into
pGEX-2T (Pharmacia Biotech Inc., Piscataway, NJ). After transformation into BL21pLysS cells, expression of the pT
cytoplasmic tail-GST (glutathione-S-transferase) fusion protein was
induced, after which it was purified from bacterial extracts using
glutathione-Sepharose (Pharmacia Biotech Inc.) according to the
manufacturer's recommendations (18).
subunit of the 2B4 TCR (pCDMB-2B4-
; provided by Dr. Juan
Bonifacino, NICHD, Bethesda, MD) was subcloned into the pXS
expression vector (gift of Dr. Juan Bonifacino) using standard
methodology (15).
Transfection.
pXS-2B4- and the neomycin resistance plasmid pFneo were linearized with HindIII and EcoRI, respectively,
and then transfected into SL-12 SCID thymic lymphoma cells by
electroporation (300 V, 400 µFa) using a BTX electroporation
unit (BTX, Inc., San Diego, CA). Clones that were resistant to
G418 (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, IN) were analyzed
for TCR-
expression by flow cytometry.
Biotin Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, and Electrophoresis. Biotin surface labeling, after which cell viability was consistently >98%, was performed as previously described (17, 18). Cell lysis, immunoprecipitation, and electrophoresis were as previously described (17, 18). Electrophoretically separated surface-biotinylated proteins were transferred to membranes and visualized with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin (HRP-Av; Southern Biotechnology Associates, Inc., Birmingham, AL) as previously described (17).
Recapture Assay.
Recapture assays were performed as previously described (17) using the anti-pT Ab. The resultant immune
complexes were resolved either on two- or one-dimensional
nonreducing SDS-PAGE gels, after which the surface-labeled proteins were visualized as above.
Flow Cytometry. Flow cytometry was performed as previously described (18).
It is well established that
immature thymocytes express surface TCR complexes containing TCR- without TCR-
; however, it remains unclear whether these complexes comprise TCR-
homodimers or, alternatively, heterodimers of TCR-
and pT
,
the hallmark of the pre-TCR complex (4, 12, 19). This issue remains unresolved because previous attempts to demonstrate expression of pT
-containing pre-TCR complexes
on the surface of primary thymocytes have been unsuccessful (4, 12, 19). Consequently, we wished to determine if
pT
-containing pre-TCR complexes were actually expressed on the surface of primary thymocytes. Thymocytes from TCR-
0 mice were used because they lack
/
-TCR
complexes which might otherwise complicate analysis of
pre-TCR structure, yet they still exhibit normal pre-TCR
function (2, 14). Detergent extracts of surface biotin-labeled
thymocytes were immunoprecipitated either with control
hamster IgG or with an anti-TCR-
mAb after which the
resultant immune complexes were resolved by two-dimensional nonreducing × reducing (2D NR×R) SDS-PAGE
(Fig. 1). The anti-TCR-
mAb immunoprecipitation
contained associated CD3-
/
heterodimers as well as
disulfide-linked pT
-
heterodimers. Curiously, neither surface-labeled TCR-
nor CD3-
was visible. Thus, primary
thymocytes do indeed express surface pre-TCR complexes
in which pT
-
and CD3-
/
heterodimers are evident.
The apparent absence of CD3- and TCR-
from
pre-TCR complexes does not exclude them as potential
pre-TCR components, as subunit visibility in this assay is
dependent upon accessibility during surface labeling. Accordingly, proteins that did not label efficiently would be
missed, providing an inaccurate view of pre-TCR subunit composition. In particular, surface-labeled TCR-
molecules were conspicuously absent from
/
-TCR complexes
expressed by the VL3-3M2 thymic lymphoma (Fig. 2 A),
despite the fact that these
/
-TCR complexes do contain
TCR-
(data not shown). Likewise, our inability to identify labeled CD3-
subunits in the pre-TCRs expressed by primary thymocytes may result from inefficient biotin-labeling of CD3-
and/or from comigration with a contaminating
protein that obscures CD3-
.
Recapture Assay for Analyzing Pre-TCR Composition.
To circumvent the limitations outlined above, we used a
coimmunoprecipitation strategy to rigorously determine the
subunit composition of the pre-TCR complex. A subunit
was deemed part of the pre-TCR complex if Abs reactive
with that subunit coprecipitated surface-labeled pT, the
hallmark of the pre-TCR complex. Coimmunoprecipitated pT
molecules were identified using the recapture assay,
which occurs in three phases (Fig. 2 A, top): (a) Ab reactive
with TCR subunits were used to coimmunoprecipitate pT
molecules (if associated) from cell extracts made with detergents selected for their ability to maintain the noncovalent interactions between subunits; (b) noncovalent interactions were disrupted by boiling the immune complex in
1% SDS; and (c) coimmunoprecipitated pT
-
heterodimers were identified by using anti-pT
Abs to recapture
them from among the SDS-solubilized proteins. To verify
that the anti-pT
Abs specifically recaptured pT
-
heterodimers, the recapture assay was performed on anti-
TCR-
immunoprecipitates from both
/
-TCR-expressing (VL3-3M2) and pre-TCR-expressing (SL-12
.12)
thymic lymphoma cells (Fig. 2 A, bottom). Parallel anti-
TCR-
immunoprecipitates were resolved on 2D NR×R
SDS-PAGE gels to reveal the protein composition of the
original immunoprecipitation. In the anti-TCR-
immunoprecipitations from pre-TCR+ cells, heterodimers of
pT
-
and CD3-
/
were evident, whereas in those from
/
-TCR+ cells, we observed heterodimers of TCR-
and -
in association with CD3-
/
/
, but not pT
(Fig.
2 A, bottom left). The anti-pT
Ab recaptured pT
-
heterodimers from pre-TCR-expressing SL-12
.12 cells, but
not from cells expressing only
/
-TCR complexes (VL3-3M2; Fig. 2 A, bottom center), demonstrating that the recapture assay specifically identifies pT
-
heterodimers. This
was also evident in a similar experiment in which the samples were resolved on one-dimensional gels in which the
interchain disulfide bonds between pT
and TCR-
were
maintained (Fig. 2 B).
Having established that the recapture assay was specific, we next wished to evaluate subunit
composition of pre-TCR complexes expressed on the surface of primary thymocytes. Abs reactive with TCR-,
CD3-
/
, TCR-
, and CD3-
coprecipitated pT
-
heterodimers from detergent extracts of surface-labeled thymocytes (Fig. 3 A). Thus, according to the above definition,
our analysis demonstrates that the pre-TCR complexes expressed by primary thymocytes in vivo comprise pT
-
heterodimers associated with CD3-
/
/
, and TCR-
.
To determine if CD3-/
, CD3-
, and TCR-
were all associated with pT
-
within the same complex, we performed a series of sequential immunoprecipitations to see if
all of the pT
-
heterodimers could be depleted from the
detergent extracts by exhaustive preclearing using Abs reactive with those proteins (Fig. 3 B). Indeed, virtually all of
the pT
-
heterodimers expressed on the surface of TCR-
0 thymocytes could be precleared using Abs reactive with
either CD3-
/
or -
. In contrast, anti-TCR-
Ab was
able to preclear only ~50% of the pT
-
heterodimers,
indicating that either
is associated with only half of the
pre-TCR complexes expressed by primary thymocytes or,
alternatively, that
association with the pre-TCR is weak.
We favor the latter interpretation because
association
with the pre-TCR complex, unlike that of the other pre-TCR subunits, was easily disrupted by solubilization in
harsh detergents (data not shown). Taken together, these
data demonstrate that all pre-TCR complexes expressed on
the surface of primary thymocytes in vivo contain pT
-
heterodimers associated with CD3-
/
/
, and of these at
least half are also associated with TCR-
.
Since we had demonstrated
CD3- was a component of the pre-TCR complex, it was
important to determine if
were critical to pre-TCR function. Thus, we analyzed TCR-
0CD3-
0 mice to determine if the loss of the CD3-
signaling component affected
pre-TCR expression as well as two manifestations of pre-TCR function, thymic cellularity and maturation of DN thymocytes to the DP stage (5, 6). Thymocytes from TCR-
0CD3-
0 mice expressed surface pre-TCRs comprising
pT
-
heterodimers associated with CD3-
/
and TCR-
,
indicating that CD3-
deficiency does not prevent assembly
and surface expression of the remaining pre-TCR subunits
(Fig. 4, A and B, and data not shown). Likewise,
deficiency did not attenuate pre-TCR function. Flow cytometric analysis of thymocytes from TCR-
0CD3-
+ and
TCR-
0CD3-
0 mice revealed that each contained 96%
DP thymocytes (Fig. 4 B). Furthermore, total thymic cellularity in TCR-
0CD3-
0 mice was equivalent to that in
TCR-
0CD3-
+ mice (2.80 × 108 versus 3.31 × 108, respectively; P <0.01). Thus, the absence of CD3-
from the pre-TCR complex does not adversely affect the progression of immature thymocytes from the DN to the DP stage
of development, demonstrating that CD3-
is not necessary for pre-TCR function.
Progress in understanding the molecular details of how
the pre-TCR regulates early thymocyte development has
been hampered by the absence of a precise description of
pre-TCR subunit composition. This report addresses this
problem. We provide the first demonstration that primary
thymocytes express pT-containing pre-TCR complexes on the cell surface and we have elucidated their subunit
composition. They consist of pT
-
heterodimers associated not only with CD3-
/
as was previously thought,
but also with TCR-
and CD3-
subunits. Finally, we
found that despite being a component of the pre-TCR, CD3-
is dispensable for the biological role of the pre-TCR complex.
Before our study, it was unclear whether the TCR-
complexes (without TCR-
) that were expressed on developing thymocytes contained TCR-
homodimers or,
alternatively, disulfide-linked pT
-
heterodimers, the hallmark of the pre-TCR complex (4, 12, 19). Moreover, because of previous failures to demonstrate surface expression
of pT
in vivo, it was proposed that pre-TCR complexes
evaluate TCR-
protein structure not through interactions with an extracellular ligand at the cell surface, but rather
from the cell interior (5), possibly during subunit assembly
within the endoplasmic reticulum. Consistent with this
viewpoint, a TCR-
transgene lacking the variable domain
is able to allelically exclude endogenous TCR-
rearrangement and promote the DN to DP transition, both hallmarks of pre-TCR function (20). Moreover, analysis of the
efficiency with which TCR-
transgenic DN precursors
differentiate to the DP stage suggests that this transition is
not constrained by a limiting number of intrathymic "niches"
or extracellular ligands, as is true of the antigen-driven selection events that promote maturation of DP thymocytes
to the CD4+ or CD8+ stage (21). Thus, if pre-TCR complexes do evaluate the fidelity of TCR-
gene rearrangement by interacting with an extracellular ligand, then that
ligand does not absolutely require the TCR-
variable domain, nor is it present in limiting quantities. While we provide the first compelling demonstration that primary thymocytes express pT
-containing pre-TCR complexes on
the cell surface (Figs. 1 and 3), this does not rule out the
possibility that pre-TCR complexes might function from
the cell interior.
Previous analyses of pre-TCR structure were consistent in
indicating that pre-TCRs contained pT, TCR-
, CD3-
,
and CD3-
; however, there were conflicting data regarding CD3-
and TCR-
(4, 9). CD3-
was found to be
a component of pre-TCR complexes in some tumor lines,
but not in others (9, 10). Furthermore, TCR-
association
with the pre-TCR has been implicated by functional criteria but not by physical association (11). These discrepancies might result either from idiosyncrasies of the lymphoma
cell lines used or from the experimental conditions (9).
In particular, the detergent used in cell lysis can markedly
affect association of individual subunits with the pre-TCR.
We found that association of TCR-
with the pre-TCR
complex could be more easily disrupted by lysis in harsh
detergents than that of CD3-
/
/
(data not shown). This
was not true for
association with the
/
-TCR complex (data not shown). Finally, while we have elucidated the subunit composition of pre-TCRs expressed by TCR-
0 thymocytes, this population consists primarily of DP thymocytes and so it remains possible that distinct subpopulations
of DN thymocytes might express alternative forms of the
pre-TCR complex. Experiments are currently in progress
to investigate this possibility.
The ability of TCR and pre-TCR complexes to transduce signals resides in their invariant CD3-/
/
and
TCR-
subunits. While both receptors carry the same array (
,
,
, and
), the requirements of these receptors for
individual signaling subunits differ (Fig. 5), raising the fundamental question of whether the different subunits subserve redundant or unique roles in receptor function. If
CD3-
/
/
and TCR-
subunits are redundant and function to amplify signals, then it is surprising that the pre-TCR complex can tolerate the loss of CD3-
, given that
surface expression levels of the pre-TCR complex are so
low (Figs. 1 and 4). In that regard, the pre-TCR may be
able to tolerate loss of CD3-
because pre-TCR signals
need not be as quantitatively intense or because pre-TCRs
have a lower signaling threshold (than
/
-TCR complexes). In support of the latter possibility, pre-TCR complexes function before expression of surface molecules that
can be inhibitory, such as CD4, which we have shown can
decrease signaling competence of the
/
-TCR on DP
thymocytes by sequestering p56lck protein tyrosine kinase
(22). It is also possible that the individual CD3-
/
/
and
TCR-
signaling subunits perform unique functions. Consistent with this hypothesis, it has been shown that immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs of different signaling subunits are able to interact with different cytoplasmic signaling effector molecules and induce phosphorylation of
different substrates (23). Finally, it is possible that pre-TCR
complexes can tolerate loss of CD3-
because in the absence of CD3-
the pT
subunit itself is also able to function as a signaling subunit. Murine pT
has a cytoplasmic
tail of ~30 amino acids which contains consensus motifs for
phosphorylation by protein kinase C and for docking of
SH3 domain containing proteins (12); however, the functional importance of these motifs is unclear as there is little sequence conservation between the cytoplasmic tails of the
murine and human pT
homologues (5). Recently, the
role of the cytoplasmic tail of pT
was tested by reconstitution of pT
-deficient mice with a pT
transgene lacking
the cytoplasmic tail (24). While tailless pT
compensated
for pT
deficiency, it did so only partially, leaving open
the possibility that the cytoplasmic tail of pT
does function as a signaling domain within the pre-TCR complex and might underlie the pre-TCR's ability to tolerate loss of
the CD3-
subunit. In that regard it would be informative to
analyze the function of pre-TCR complexes in CD3-
0
thymocytes expressing tailless pT
molecules.
In summary, this study not only provides the first demonstration that pT-containing pre-TCRs are expressed
on the surface of primary thymocytes in vivo, but also provides a precise description of pre-TCR subunit composition. Contrary to previous reports, we found that pre-TCR
complexes contained the CD3-
subunit, but, importantly,
did not require CD3-
to fulfill their biological role in regulating early thymocyte development. Curiously, loss of
CD3-
does interfere with function of the
/
-TCR complex (13), illustrating that while both receptors possess the
same array of TCR signaling components (
,
,
, and
),
their dependence on individual subunits differs. A deeper
understanding of how individual signaling subunits function in the pre-TCR and
/
-TCR complexes must await
the generation of new strains of transgenic mice bearing
signaling subunits with mutated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs.
Address correspondence to Marc A. Berger, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 7701 Burholme Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111. Phone: 215-728-2968; FAX: 215-728-2412; E-mail: ma_berger{at}fccc.edu
Received for publication 14 July 1997 and in revised form 20 August 1997.
1 Abbreviations used in this paper: 2D NR×R, two-dimensional nonreducing × reducing; CD3-We wish to thank Dr. Paul Love for assistance in cloning the murine pT cDNA, Dr. Lawrence E. Samelson for anti-CD3-
Ab, and Drs. Erica Golemis, Jennifer Punt, Alfred Singer, and Lisa Spain for critically
reading the manuscript.
This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grant CA-73656-01 and by institutional funds.
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22. | Wiest, D.L., J.M. Ashe, R. Abe, J.B. Bolen, and A. Singer. 1996. TCR activation of ZAP70 is impaired in immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes as a consequence of intrathymic interactions that diminish available p56lck. Immunity. 4: 495-504 [Medline]. |
23. |
Exley, M.,
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Association of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
with a specific sequence of the T cell receptor ![]() |
24. |
Fehling, H.J.,
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Restoration of thymopoiesis in pT![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |