By
From the * Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research
Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206; Department of Immunology, University of
Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80206; § Cadus Pharmaceuticals, 1601 Pierce
St., Suite 110, Lakewood, Colorado 80214; and
Department of Biology, University of California
San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0322
Genetic ablation of the B cell surface glycoprotein CD19 severely impairs the humoral immune response. This requirement is thought to reflect a critical role of CD19 in signal transduction that occurs upon antigen C3dg coligation of antigen receptors with CD19 containing type 2 complement receptors (CR2). Here we show that CD19 plays a key accessory role in B cell antigen receptor signaling independent of CR2 coligation and define molecular circuitry by which this function is mediated. While CD19 is not required for antigen-mediated activation of receptor proximal tyrosines kinases, it is critical for activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase). PI3-Kinase activation is dependent on phosphorylation of CD19 Y484 and Y515. Antigen-induced CD19-dependent PI3-kinase activation is required for normal phosphoinositide hydrolysis and Ca2+ mobilization responses. Thus, CD19 functions as a B cell antigen receptor accessory molecule that modifies antigen receptor signaling in a qualitative manner.
CD19 is a B-lymphocyte-specific transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed from the pro-B cell until
the plasma cell stage. CD19 appears to function in multiple
capacities. It is a component of the type 2 complement receptor (CR2)1 complex that contains CD19, CD21 (CR2),
CD81, (TAPA-1), and Leu-13. CR2 is expressed by mature B cells and is activated upon binding of C3dg (reviewed in reference 1). Evidence indicates that CD19 may
also be a constitutive component of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) complex and is phosphorylated upon BCR
crosslinking (2). Finally, although its ligand has not been
identified, CD19 appears to function as a transducer in
pro- and pre-B cells where it is expressed in the absence of
CD21 and the BCR. The function of CD19 in these various contexts is poorly understood.
CD19 is a highly conserved protein containing two immunoglobulin-like domains in its extracellular aspect and
nine potential tyrosine phosphorylation sites in its cytoplasmic tail (3). It is tyrosine phosphorylated upon cell activation in all three of the signaling contexts described above,
presumably by Lyn, Fyn, or Lck associated with unligated
CD19 (4). After phosphorylation, tyrosines Y484XXM and
Y515XXM motifs have been shown to mediate the association of the p85-subunit of PI3-kinase with CD19 (9). In
addition the proto-oncogene product Vav has been shown
to associate with phosphorylated CD19 (10), presumably
through the Y393EEP motif which is predicted once phosphorylated to bind Vav (11). In vitro studies involving
CD19 coimmunoprecipitated from stimulated Ramos B
cells have demonstrated that tyrosine phosphorylated CD19 can interact with PI3-kinase, Fyn, PLC CD19 function has been studied primarily in the context
of its role as a member of the CR2 receptor complex (14-
16). CD19 signal transduction is activated by binding of the
C3dg fragment of the C3 component of complement to
CD21. Coligation of CD19 or CD21 with BCR causes a
synergistic increase in a number of intracellular BCR-mediated signaling events, including Shc and Syk tyrosine phosphorylation (17, 18), PLC-activation and calcium mobilization (19). Coligation also lowers the threshold for antigen
stimulation of B cell proliferation (20) and enhances by
Antibody crosslinking of CD19 on certain immature B cell
lines that do not express mIg has been shown to induce activation of Src-family kinases and tyrosine phosphorylation
of CD19 and Vav (5, 13, 22). In this context CD19 crosslinking also results in PLC-activation, calcium mobilization
and activation of the MAP kinase cascade (10, 19, 23).
Finally, anti-Ig stimulation of the BCR without CD19
cocrosslinking results in tyrosine phosphorylation of CD19,
indicating that CD19 is a target of BCR-activated kinases
(4, 5, 13). Also, anti-IgM stimulation of Daudi B cells leads
to an increase in CD19 association with PI3-kinase (9).
Consistent with this finding, several studies indicate that
CD19 may be physically associated with the BCR. Incubation of B cells with Ig-specific mAb leads to mIg and CD19
comodulation and cocapping (24, 25). In Daudi B cells CD19
can be coimmunoprecipitated with mIgM (2). Whether
CD21, Leu-13 and CD81 are required for the constitutive association of CD19 with the BCR is unknown; however
CD19 expression levels in mature B cells appear to be
about fivefold higher than CD21 expression levels (14)
suggesting that CD19 occurs in both CD21-associated
and -nonassociated forms.
Recent production of CD19 knockout mice have provided an opportunity to analyze B cell function in the absence of CD19 (26, 27). B cell development appears normal in these mice, but humoral immune responses are
defective and B cells are unresponsive to antigen receptor
stimulation as indicated by proliferation.
In this study we have investigated the constitutive role of
CD19 in BCR-mediated signal transduction using CD19-deficient and -sufficient J558Lµm3CD45+ plasmacytoma
variants and primary B lymphocytes from CD19 Reagents and Antibodies.
The murine B cell plasmacytoma
J558Lµm3 was provided by M. Reth (Max-Planck Institute for
Immunology, Freiburg, Germany). We transfected this cell line
previously to obtain a mouse full-length (B220) CD45+-expressing variant (28). The human CD19 cDNA employed was provided by T. Tedder (Duke University Medical Center, Durham,
NC). Rabbit polyclonal antibodies against CD19, Ig Cell Culture and Infection.
The human CD19 cDNA was isolated from pMT2 by EcoR1 digest and subcloned into pSK Bluescript (Stratagene Inc., La Jolla, CA). The CD19 cDNA was then
removed from pSK with HindIII/ClaI restriction digest and cloned
into pLNCX (Williams, Fred Hutchinsen Cancer Center, Seattle,
WA). This construct was electroporated into GP+E/NIH3T3 cells
and cell supernatant collected at 72 h. To increase the virus titer,
GP+E/NIH3T3 cells were incubated for 12 h in tunicamycin (1 µg/ml), and reinfected with pLNCX/hCD19 retrovirus by incubating with the cell supernatant collected above. After G418
selection (1 mg/ml), virus expressing clones were selected. Virus collected from these cells was then used to infect J558LµmCD45+
myeloma cells. Polyclonal human CD19 positive J558Lµm
3CD45+ cells were obtained after G418 selection by cell sorting
of the bulk-infected population with a mouse monoclonal to human CD19. The cells were propagated in IMDM supplemented
with 5% heat inactivated FCS (Hyclone Labs. Inc., Logan, UT),
50 U/ml penicillin and 50 µg/ml streptomycin and 1 mg/ml
G418 (J558Lµm3CD45+CD19+) at 37°C with 7% CO2. Mutation
of CD19 tyrosines 484 and 515 to phenylalanines was performed
by PCR using the primers TCCCAGTCCTTTGAGGATATG/ CATATCCTCAAAGGACTGGGA for Y484 and GCAGACTCTTTTGAGAACATG/CATGTTCTCAAAAGAGTCTGC for Y515.
Mutated CD19 was inserted into pLNCX, packaged and used for infection as described above.
Analysis of Protein Tyrosine Phosphorylation.
For stimulation cells
were harvested, washed once in IMDM and resuspended at 107
cells/ml in IMDM. After 5 min incubation at 37°C, cells were stimulated with NP9BSA (2.5 µg/ml), pelleted in a picofuge, resuspended in lysis buffer (10 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM Na3VO4, 10 mM NaF, 1% NP-40, 1 mM
PMSF, and 2 µg/ml each of leupeptin, aprotinin, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of [Ca2+]i Mobilization.
Cells were loaded
with indo-1 AM and the intracellular [Ca2+]i was monitored by
flow cytometry (model 50H; Ortho Diagnostic Systems, Westwood, MA) as previously described (28). The mean [Ca2+]i and
percent of cells responding was determined with an appended data acquisition system and the MultiTIME software (Phoenix
Flow Systems, San Diego, CA).
Measurement of Inositol Phosphate Generation.
Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate generation was measured using a [3H] radioreceptor
assay kit (DuPont-NEN) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Generation of total inositol phosphates was measured as follows: cells were labeled for 18 h in 2 µCi/ml of myo-[2-3H(N)]-
inositol in inositol-free medium containing dialyzed 5% FCS
before being washed in inositol-free media and incubated with inositol-free media containing 20 mM LiCl for 5 min. Cells were then stimulated for 25 min, lysed in 2 ml of methanol/HCl (99:1), and then 2 ml of chloroform was added. The aqueous phase was
extracted, applied to a formate anion-exchange column, and then
inositol phosphates were eluted with elution buffer (0.1 M formic
acid, 1.0 M ammonium formate). Total [3H] inositol incorporation
was determined by measuring the radioactivity in the organic phase.
Assay for PI3-Kinase Activity.
Cells were stimulated, lysed,
and then immunoprecipitated for 1 h at 4°C using anti-p85 antibodies and protein A-Sepharose. PI3-kinase activity was measured
as previously described (30). Samples were dried and reaction
products resolved by thin-layer chromatography on precoated
TLC Silica Gel 60 plates in CHCl3/MeOH/2.5 M NH4OH (9:7:
2). The incorporation of 32PO4 into phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate was determined using a PhosphorImager.
Isolation of Splenic B Cells.
Splenic B cells were prepared as
previously described (31). In brief, spleens were excised from mice
and cells were dispersed through a 100-µm mesh in IMDM. Red
blood cells were lysed using Gey's solution. Total nucleated spleen
preparations were depleted of T lymphocytes by complement-mediated lysis using HO13.4 and T24 antibodies and dense cells
( Although tyrosine phosphorylation of CD19 after BCR
ligation is well documented, the contribution of CD19 to
BCR signaling is not defined. To study the role of CD19
in antigen-induced signal transduction we generated a
wild-type CD19-positive and Y484/Y515 to F CD19-positive
variant of the J558Lµm3CD45+ plasmacytoma. The parent
clone expresses a NP-specific BCR and CD45, but does
not express CD19 (28, 32). Human CD19 (hCD19) was
introduced into this clone by retroviral infection, and lines (polyclonal populations) were isolated by G418 selection
and fluorescence activated cell sorting of cells. Flow cytometric analysis revealed similar expression levels of sIgM,
CD45 and CD19 in the plasmacytoma cell lines (Fig. 1).
Human CD19 was utilized since antibodies to mouse CD19
were not available at the time the studies were undertaken,
and human and mouse CD19 are highly homologous (79% in nucleotide sequence, 75% in amino acid sequence) particularly in the cytoplasmic domain (3, 33). Recent studies
indicate that human CD19 complements B cell function in
CD19
To investigate the differences in BCR signaling in the CD19-negative and -positive contexts, we loaded the J558Lµm3
CD45+CD19-negative and CD19-positive variants with
indo-1 AM and analyzed changes in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in response to antigen stimulation. Initially, this was done under conditions where the
free calcium concentration in the medium ([Ca2+]o) was
maintained at physiological levels of 1.3 mM. As shown in
Fig. 2 (solid lines), antigen stimulation induced a rise in [Ca2+]i in both cell lines; in the CD19-positive cell line the
maximal mean [Ca2+]i reached 430 nM while it was 260 nM
in the CD19-negative cells. In the CD19-positive cell line,
antigen stimulation also induced a much more prolonged
increase in [Ca2+]i than in the CD19-negative clone. To
determine whether intracellular or extracellular calcium was
responsible for the respective [Ca2+]i increases, we added
3 mM EGTA at the time of initiation of analysis of [Ca2+]i.
This results in buffering of [Ca2+]o to a concentration of
65 nM (which corresponds to the [Ca2+]i in resting cells)
and prevents influx of extracellular calcium into the cell.
Comparison of antigen-induced responses of CD19-negative and CD19-positive cells in low [Ca2+]o (Fig. 2, dotted
lines) indicated that optimal receptor-mediated release of
calcium from intracellular stores requires CD19. Comparison of responses in high [Ca2+]o revealed that influx is also
dependent on the expression of CD19 (Fig. 2, solid lines).
To study CD19
dependence of signaling events upstream from calcium mobilization, we first compared antigen stimulation of IP3
production in CD19-positive and -negative cells. IP3 binds to its receptors on the ER leading to release of Ca2+ into
the cytoplasm. Emptying of the ER stores triggers entry of
calcium from the extracellular space by a mechanism
known as capacitative Ca2+ entry (36). Thus, CD19 dependence of IP3 generation-induced response by antigen could
explain the dependence of both intracellular calcium release
and extracellular calcium influx on CD19 expression. Stimulation of the cell lines led to a very rapid and sustained rise
in IP3 production in the CD19-positive clone as measured using an IP3-receptor binding inhibition assay (Fig. 3 A).
Antigen stimulation of the CD19-negative clone led to rapid,
but much more modest and only transient generation of
IP3. The kinetics and magnitude of IP3 generation was consistent with those of calcium mobilization responses shown
in Fig. 2 supporting the possibility that the attenuated calcium mobilization response may be caused by the attenuated BCR-mediated hydrolysis of PIP2. We also measured the generation of [3H]-inositol mono- and polyphosphates
after antigen stimulation of myo-[2-3H(N)]-inositol-labeled
cell lines. As shown in Fig. 3 B the fold increase in total
inositol mono- and polyphosphates generated during a 25-min stimulation was consistent with the mass measurement of IP3 production (Fig. 3 A); stimulation of the CD19-positive clone led to an ~250% increase in inositol phosphate
generation, while stimulation of the CD19-negative cell
line induced an ~30% increase.
Antigen stimulation is known to induce
recruitment of Src- and Syk-family tyrosine kinases to Ig-
CD19 contains two cytoplasmic YXXM motifs that
mediate its association with the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase
after phosphorylation of the tyrosines (9). The phosphorylation of these tyrosines may contribute to BCR-mediated
PI3-kinase activation. We determined the activity of PI3-kinase in the cell lines by measuring the PI3-kinase activity
associated with anti-p85 immunoprecipitates after stimulation with NP9BSA for 2 min. The results shown in Fig. 5
demonstrate a 250% increase in PI3-kinase activity in the CD19-positive cell line after antigen stimulation, but only
a 40% increase in the CD19-negative variant. The residual
activation of PI3-kinase in the absence of CD19 expression
is probably a result of PI3-kinase activation through interaction with SH3 domains of Src-family kinases (42). The
results described above are summarized in the two first columns of Table 1. It is clear that CD19 influences multiple
intracellular signaling events. Some signaling events are
only slightly increased in the CD19-positive cell line, (i.e.,
Ig-
Table 1.
Phenotypic Differences Between
J558Lµm3CD45+CD191 and GAP SH2
domains suggesting the interaction of multiple signaling
molecules with the CD19 cytoplasmic tail (12, 13).
10,000-fold the immunogenicity of antigen-complement
complexes (HEL-C3dg) (21).
/
and
CD19+/+ mice. Our results demonstrate a critical role for
CD19 in antigen-mediated BCR activation of multiple signaling events. CD19 expression is required for detectable
BCR-mediated PI3-kinase activation and for maximal
phosphoinositide hydrolysis and calcium mobilization. The
latter effects appear causally linked to failed PI3-kinase activation. Other more subtle effects of CD19 on BCR signaling include increased antigen-mediated Lyn and Syk tyrosine phosphorylation, but these are not attributable to
enhanced PI3-kinase activation.
, Syk, and
Lyn, were prepared using GST fusion proteins produced in bacteria, purified by glutathione-Sepharose chromatography and
cleaved with Factor Xa. Immunogens included the complete cytoplasmic tail for Ig
, residues 1-131 for Lyn, the linker region
for Syk (29), the SH3 domain for p85, and residues 411-547 of
the CD19 cytoplasmic tail. The polyclonal antibody to the p85
subunit of PI3-kinase and mixed mouse monoclonals to PLC
1
were purchased from UBI (Lake Placid, NY), anti-phosphotyrosine (AB-2) from Oncogene Science (Uniondale, NY), monoclonal anti-human CD19 from DAKO (Carpinteria, CA), and
rabbit polyclonal to PLC
2 from Santa Cruz Biochemicals (Santa
Cruz, CA). Rabbit F(ab
)2 antibody fragments to mouse IgG
(H+L) (F(ab
)2RAMIG) was purchased from Zymed Labs.
(South San Francisco, CA). HRP-conjugated protein A (Zymed)
and rat anti-mouse IgG1 (Zymed) were used for detection using
the ECL detecting system (Amersham Corp., Arlington Heights, IL). R-phycoerythrin conjugate (PE-streptavidin) was from Biosource (Camarillo, CA). Indo-1 AM was from Molecular Probes
Inc. (Eugene, OR). The inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate [3H] radioreceptor assay kit and Myo-[2-3H(N)]-inositol (21.0 Ci/mmol) was
purchased from DuPont-NEN (Boston, MA). Geneticin G418 was
from GIBCO BRL (Gaithersburg, MD). Wortmannin was from
Sigma Chem. Co. (St. Louis, MO). Nitrophenol (NP)9BSA was prepared by coupling of BSA (10 mg/ml) in 3% NaHCO3 to NP-CAP-OSu (Cambridge Research Biochemicals, Cambridge, UK)
(40 mg/ml) in N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF). After dialysis in
NaHCO3 and PBS the molecular ratio of NP to BSA was determined
by measurement of the absorbance at OD430 with an extinction
coefficient of 4230, pH 8.5 (NP molarity) and by Bradford analysis
(BSA molarity). CD19
/
mice (27) were provided by R.C. Rickert
and K. Rajewsky (University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany).
-1 antitrypsin), and then incubated on ice for 10 min. Lysates were centrifuged for 5 min at 14,000 rpm. Cleared lysates were incubated
with antibodies to signaling molecules and protein A-Sepharose or
protein G-Sepharose at 4°C, washed four times in lysis buffer,
boiled with reducing SDS sample buffer, and then fractionated on
10% SDS-PAGE. SDS-PAGE-fractionated proteins were subjected to electrophoretic transfer to PVDF membranes. Transfers
were probed with antibodies and developed using the ECL detection system. Sequential immunoblotting for phosphotyrosine and effector was performed. For this purpose PVDF membranes
were stripped in stripping buffer (100 mM 2-mercaptoethanol,
2% SDS, 62.5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.7) for 30 min at 54°C,
washed and blocked before immunoblotting.
1.066) isolated by discontinuous Percoll density gradient
centrifugation.
/
mice (34). In addition, using a recently generated
rat mAb, 1D3, specific for murine CD19 (35), Krop et al.
(22) have demonstrated that murine CD19 shares with human CD19 an association with complement receptor CD21
and CD81, tyrosine phosphorylation, binding of PI3-kinase,
and synergistic signaling with membrane IgM.
Fig. 1.
Expression levels of
surface markers on the plasmacytoma cell lines. Flow cytometric
analysis was performed on the
J558Lµm3CD45+ (dotted lines),
J558Lµm3CD45+CD19+ (thick
lines), and J558L µm3CD45+
CD19+ (Y484F,Y515F) (thin lines)
cell lines. Shown is staining with
secondary alone (A), biotinylated
b-7-6 anti-IgM (B), biotinylated
I32.5 anti-CD45 (C), or biotinylated HD37 anti-hCD19 (D) followed by PE-conjugated streptavidin.
[View Larger Version of this Image (26K GIF file)]
Fig. 2.
The CD19-negative
and -positive J558Lµm3CD45+
plasmacytoma variants mobilize
[Ca2+]i to different extent after
antigen stimulation. J558Lµm3CD45+CD19 and J558Lµm3CD45+CD19+ cells were loaded
with indo-1 AM, and analysis of
[Ca2+]i initiated before antigen
stimulation (250 ng NP9BSA/
106cells/ml). Mean [Ca2+]i (top)
and cells responding (bottom) after
antigen stimulation of J558Lµm3CD45+CD19
and J558Lµm3CD45+CD19+. The analysis was
conducted under conditions of
60 nM (dotted line) or 1.3 mM
(solid line) extracellular free calcium concentration buffered as
calculated by the CalCalc program (74). [Ca2+]i was calculated
according to Grynkiewicz et al.
(75). Approximately 600 cells were
analyzed per second. [Ca2+]i in
resting cells is 100 nM.
[View Larger Version of this Image (33K GIF file)]
Fig. 3.
Antigen-induced
IP3 and total inositol phosphate
release is greater in the CD19-positive than in CD19-negative
J558Lµm3CD45+ cells. (A)
Cells (10 × 106/ml) were stimulated with 2.5 µg NP9BSA for
various times and the responses
terminated by addition of 100%
TCA (20% TCA final). After organic extraction the aqueous
phase was assayed for IP3 content
in a [3H]IP3 receptor binding inhibition assay (NEN-DuPont).
The results are expressed as fold
increase of IP3 release over basal
(3 pmol IP3/2.5 × 106 cell
equivalents). Shown is mean fold
increase from three independent experiments ± standard error.
(B) Cells were labeled with Myo- [2-3H(N)]-inositol (21.0 Ci/mmol; 2 µCi/ml) in inositol-free medium containing 5% FCS at 106 cells/ml for 18 h and the generation of inositol phosphates was measured after stimulation of cells for 25 min with 2.5 µg NP9BSA/107 cells/ml. The fold increase in inositol phosphate release was calculated;
the two cell lines had comparable basal rates of inositol turnover as determined by the basal inositol phosphate release. Shown are the mean fold increases from
three independent experiments ± standard error. Statistical significance was determined by JMP version 3.16 statistical software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
[View Larger Versions of these Images (19 + 28K GIF file)]
and Ig-
components of the BCR (37). The tyrosine
kinases bind via their SH2-domains to immunoreceptor tyrosine based activation motif (ITAM) phosphotyrosines and
this leads to secondary recruitment, phosphorylation, and activation of downstream signaling molecules such as PLC
1,
PLC
2, and PI3-kinase (reviewed in reference 40). To define the effects of CD19 expression on these phosphorylation events we stimulated CD19-negative and -positive cell
lines, immunoprecipitated intracellular signaling molecules
and conducted anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblotting analysis. The spectra of phosphoproteins in whole cell lysates from
the J558Lµm3CD45+CD19- and the J558Lµm3CD45+
CD19+ cell lines looked similar with the exception of the
presence of a tyrosine phosphorylated CD19 in the CD19-positive cell lysate (results not shown). Induced phosphorylation of several signaling molecules was analyzed after
stimulation with normalization of immunoprecipitation and
lane loading by sequential antieffector immunoblotting.
We studied tyrosine phosphorylation after 1 min of antigen
stimulation since we have shown previously that effector enzymes under study are maximally phosphorylated at this
time in the J558Lµm3CD45+ plasmacytoma (41). As shown
in Fig. 4, CD19 expression led to modest increases in antigen-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Ig-
, Lyn, Syk,
PLC
1, and PLC
2. Quantitation of tyrosine phosphorylation by scanning densitometry (at least three independent experiments for each effector enzyme) and normalization
to effector levels revealed increased phosphorylation of Ig-
,
Lyn, and Syk by 1.5-2-fold in the CD19-positive line. Induced PLC
1 and PLC
2 tyrosine phosphorylation was
2.5-3-fold higher in the CD19-positive cell line than in
the CD19-negative cell line. These results suggest that
CD19 functions in part by increasing the magnitude of certain proximal BCR coupled tyrosine phosphorylation events.
Fig. 4.
Tyrosine phosphorylation of signaling molecules upon
antigen stimulation of the CD19-negative and CD19-positive cell
lines. J558Lµm3 CD45+ variants
were stimulated for 1 min with
2.5 µg NP9BSA/107cells/ml,
lysed, and intermediary signaling
molecules immunoprecipitated with various antibodies and fractionated on 10% SDS-PAGE.
After electrophoretic transfer to
PVDF membrane, both anti-phosphotyrosine and anti-effector immunoblotting were performed. Data are representative of at least three independent experiments.
[View Larger Version of this Image (38K GIF file)]
, Lyn, and Syk tyrosine phosphorylation) while others
are almost totally dependent on expression of CD19 (i.e.,
IP3 generation, calcium influx, and PI3-kinase activation).
Fig. 5.
PI3-kinase activity is significantly increased only upon antigen stimulation of the CD19-positive J558Lµm3CD45+ cells. CD19-negative and CD19-positive J558Lµm3CD45+ cells were stimulated for 2 min with 1 µgNP9BSA/4 × 106/ml, lysed and PI3-kinase immunoprecipitated with anti-p85 antibody. Immunoprecipitates were washed and
assayed for P-I3 kinase activity. Fold increase in PI3-kinase activity after
stimulation was determined using a PhosphorImager. The data shown is
the mean fold increase over basal in eight independent experiments ± standard error of the mean. Statistical significance was determined by JMP
version 3.16 statistical software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
[View Larger Version of this Image (32K GIF file)]
and J558Lµm3CD45+CD19+ Cell
Lines
Signal transduction event
Responding cell phenotype/condition
CD19+
CD19
CD19+ with
25 nM wortmannin
Ig-
Tyr Phos
++++
+++
++++
Lyn Tyr Phos
++++
+++
++++
Syk Tyr Phos
++++
+++
++++
PLC
l/PLC
2 Tyr Phos
++++
++
+++
IP3 production
++++
+
+
[Ca2+]i mobilization
Intracellular stores
++++
++
++
Influx
+++
PI3-Kinase activation
++++
+
+
To begin to dissect the relationship among the
observed CD19 effects, we assessed the effects of the PI3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin on signaling events. Wortmannin has been shown to inhibit PI3-kinase activity by
covalent modification of a lysine residue in the PI3-kinase
catalytic subunit, p110 (43). We also used the competitive
PI3-kinase inhibitor Ly294002 (44) and obtained similar
results as in our studies with wortmannin (results not shown).
The effect of wortmannin on antigen-induced activation of
PI3-kinase was determined. The results shown in Fig. 6 A
demonstrate the inhibitory effect of wortmannin on antigen-mediated PI3-kinase activation in the J558Lµm3CD45+
CD19+ plasmacytoma. Cells were pretreated for 30 min with
DMSO (vehicle) or increasing concentrations of wortmannin, stimulated with antigen for 2 min, washed, and then
lysed before PI3-kinase was immunoprecipitated and activity measured in an in vitro kinase assay with phosphatidylinositol (PI) containing vesicles as substrate. Consistent with its
previously established IC50, 10 nM wortmannin inhibited
the antigen-mediated PI3-kinase activation by 54%, and 25 nM wortmannin inhibited 75% of antigen-induced PI3-kinase
activity. Wortmannin added to the cells immediately before washing and lysis did not effect the PI3-kinase activity
(data not shown) indicating that the inhibitor was acting
intracellularly.
To investigate the influence of PI3-kinase on the BCR-mediated calcium mobilization seen in the CD19-positive cell line, we preincubated the cells with increasing concentrations of wortmannin and measured the antigen-induced increase in [Ca2+]i. As shown in Fig. 6 B, wortmannin strongly inhibited Ca2+ mobilization in the J558Lµm3CD45+ CD19+ cells. Sensitivity to wortmannin was also evident in the IP3 generation response. A wortmannin concentration of 25 nM strongly inhibited IP3 production in the J558Lµm3 CD45+CD19+ cell line after 1 minute of antigen stimulation (Fig. 6 C). In both cases wortmannin at a concentration of 25 nM converted the phenotype of the CD19-positive cells essentially to that of the CD19-negative cells. This result was consistent with the 75% inhibition of PI3-kinase activation by 25 nM wortmannin in Fig. 6 A and indicates that the CD19 requirement for IP3 production and calcium mobilization may be attributable to PI3-kinase activation. Interestingly, wortmannin inhibited the residual antigen-stimulated PI3-kinase activation, IP3 production, and Ca2+ mobilization of the CD19-negative cell line (data not shown) consistent with the possible absolute dependence of these responses on PI3-kinase activation.
Induced Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Intracellular Effector Enzymes Is Insensitive to Wortmannin.To investigate the potential role of CD19-activated PI3-kinase on early BCR-mediated protein tyrosine phosphorylation events, CD19-positive cells were preincubated for 30 min with DMSO
(vehicle) or increasing concentrations of wortmannin and
stimulated for 1 min with antigen before effectors were immunoprecipitated and analyzed. As shown in Fig. 7, antigen-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Ig-, Lyn, and
Syk was insensitive to wortmannin. PLC
1 and PLC
2 tyrosine phosphorylation was somewhat sensitive to wortmannin preincubation although the decrease in induced tyrosine phosphorylation was modest (35% inhibition at 25 nM
wortmannin, Table 2) compared with the degree of wortmannin inhibition of IP3 generation and calcium mobilization (91.5% inhibition, Table 2). It seems very unlikely that
the >90% inhibition of PLC
activity could be caused by a
35% inhibition of PLC
phosphorylation Thus, as summarized in Table 1, CD19 expression by the J558Lµm3
CD45+ plasmacytoma is required for optimal antigen stimulation of multiple intracellular signaling events, but only
some of these are secondary to the nearly absolute dependence of PI3-kinase activation on CD19.
|
To further explore the requirement of CD19 for
PI3-kinase activation and optimal antigen-mediated [Ca2+]i
mobilization, we introduced a double-point mutant of
CD19, CD19Y484F,Y515F, into the J558Lµm3CD45+ plasmacytoma. The expression levels of sIgM, CD45 and CD19
(Y484F,Y515F) in this cell line is shown in Fig. 1. It has previously been demonstrated that the mutations Y484F and
Y515F abrogates the ability of CD19 to interact with the
p85-subunit of PI3-kinase (9). Like the CD19-negative cell
line, the CD19 mutant cell line, showed no significant antigen-mediated activation of PI3-kinase (results not shown).
When we assayed the ability of the cell line expressing the
mutant CD19 to mobilize [Ca2+]i in response to antigen
stimulation, we found that the mutant CD19 cell line behaved equivalently to the J558Lµm3CD45+ cell line (Fig.
8). This suggests that both CD19-mediated increase in
BCR-induced PI3-kinase activation and Ca2+ mobilization
require phosphorylation of CD19 Y484 and Y515.
Wortmannin Inhibits Antigen-stimulated [Ca2+]i Mobilization in Splenic B Cells.
To investigate the role of PI3-kinase
in antigen-induced signaling in a more physiological system, we purified splenic B cells (
1.066) from spleens of
normal mice and assessed the effects of wortmannin on
BCR signaling. After preincubation for 30 min with DMSO
or wortmannin, splenic B cells were stimulated with 13.2 µg/106 cells F(ab
)2RAMIG. As observed in the J558L
µm3CD45+CD19+ cell line, wortmannin inhibited, as a
function of its concentration, the antigen-mediated calcium
mobilization in these primary B cells (Fig. 9). Wortmannin
also inhibited the residual antibody-mediated Ca2+ mobilization in CD19
/
splenic B cells (data not shown). Thus,
BCR signaling in J558Lµm3CD45+CD19+ and normal B
cells is similarly sensitive to PI3-kinase inhibition and
CD19 function (see below).
CD19 Is Required for Anti-BCR Stimulation of PI3-Kinase Activation and Ca2+ Mobilization in Splenic B Cells.
To extend our observations regarding CD19 dependence of BCR-mediated signaling in B lymphocytes we compared BCR-mediated PI3-kinase activation and calcium mobilization
responses of B cells from CD19 knockout mice and normal
mice. It has previously been reported that no distinguishable difference can be seen between CD19-deficient and
normal B cells in the pattern or the degree of substrate phosphorylation after surface immunoglobulin stimulation (27).
We obtained the same results when comparing whole cell
lysates from CD19/
and CD19+/+ cells (results not shown).
However, careful investigation of several signaling events
revealed that
1.066 resting splenic B lymphocytes from
CD19
/
mice are impaired in their response to surface immunoglobulin crosslinking when compared with CD19+/+
littermates. F(ab
)2RAMIG-mediated PI3-kinase activation
was severely diminished in the CD19
/
B cells (Fig. 10),
reminiscent of the situation in the plasmacytoma cell lines.
As shown in Fig. 11, absence of CD19 also clearly affects BCR-mediated calcium mobilization. A decrease in calcium mobilization was seen in B lymphocytes from the
CD19
/
mice in response to stimulation with an optimal
dose of antibody (Fig. 11 A). At suboptimal concentrations
of antibody (1.3 µg F(ab
)2RAMIG) almost no BCR-mediated calcium mobilization was seen in cells from CD19
/
mice, while cells from the CD19+/+ littermates still responded well (Fig. 11 B). We obtained equivalent results in
10 independent experiments. Our results appear to conflict with those of Sato et al.(34), who observed enhancement
of later phase Ca2+ mobilization in CD19
/
cells. These
contrasting findings may result from technical differences in
the respective studies.
Recent studies of CD19/
mice and CD19 transgenic
mice have demonstrated the importance of CD19 in B cell
development, but particularly in the immune response of
mature B cells. In human CD19 transgenic mice B cell development is impaired (45) as indicated by the fact that
these mice have dramatically fewer B cells in the periphery. In these transgenic animals proper B cell development is
very sensitive to even small increases in CD19 expression
levels (46). CD19
/
mice also have lower levels of B cells
in the periphery, and mature B cells from these animals
mount a poor proliferative response to anti-BCR antibodies. These animals respond only weakly to T cell-dependent
antigens, germinal center formation is lacking or diminished, and the serum immunoglobulin levels are significantly reduced (26, 27, 47). Based on these findings, it has
been suggested that CD19 functions by enhancing the cellular sensitivity to antigen, setting the threshold for antigen-mediated signaling (46). This may reflect a CR2-dependent
coreceptor function and/or an accessory function of CD19
in BCR signal transduction.
Here we have defined an important accessory function
for CD19 in antigen-induced BCR signal transduction and
described a molecular basis for this accessory function.
CD19 was found to influence the magnitude of activation
of multiple intracellular signaling pathways after antigen
stimulation of the BCR. While expression of CD19 leads to
modestly enhanced antigen-induced Ig-, Lyn, Syk, PLC
1,
and PLC
2-inductive tyrosine phosphorylation, CD19 is
absolutely required in order to obtain substantial PI3-kinase activation, IP3 generation, and maximal calcium mobilization. Thus, CD19 modifies BCR signaling in a qualitative
manner. Using the PI3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin we
further determined that while the increased antigen-induced
tyrosine phosphorylation of Ig-
, Lyn, and Syk is independent of PI3-kinase activation, differences in IP3 turnover
and calcium mobilization are a function of PI3-kinase activation. Results obtained in CD19-positive and -negative
variants of the J558Lµm3CD45+ plasmacytoma cells were
confirmed using primary B lymphocytes from CD19
/
mice and wild-type littermates. Thus, CD19 functions in
promoting BCR-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis via
activation of PI3-kinase, and also supports antigen-induced
phosphorylation of BCR receptor components and receptor
activated kinases by an unknown mechanism. Since the src-family kinases Lyn and Lck are found associated with CD19
in unstimulated cells (5, 6), CD19 may mediate the latter
effect via an increase in Ig-
phosphorylation by these kinases.
It has been demonstrated previously that wortmannin
can inhibit angiotensin II-mediated IP3 production in adrenal glomerulosa cells (48) as well as anti-DNP-IgE-mediated IP3 production in RBL-2H3 cells (49). The mechanisms by which PI3-kinase affects inositol lipid hydrolysis is
unclear. PLC1 and PLC
2 are highly homologous enzymes; both contain two SH2 domains and one SH3 domain. In vitro studies suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation
of the enzymes is required to increase the catalytic activity,
but phosphatase treatment of phosphorylated PLC
1 only
partially inhibits PLC
1-mediated inositol trisphosphate
production (50), indicating that mechanisms other than tyrosine phosphorylation may regulate PLC
1 activation. Our
studies using the PI3-kinase inhibitor, wortmannin, indicate that antigen-stimulated inositol lipid turnover and calcium mobilization are dependent on PI3-kinase activation
in B cells. Interestingly, induction of PLC
1 and PLC
2
tyrosine phosphorylation is relatively insensitive to wortmannin. As shown in Table 2, IP3 production is substantially inhibited by 10 nM wortmannin, while this concentration of wortmannin has a neglectable effect on PLC
1 and
PLC
2 tyrosine phosphorylation. PI3-kinase phosphorylates
the phosphoinositol containing lipids; PI, PI(4)P and
PI(4,5)P2 at the D3 position of the inositol ring (30). Two
of the products of this phosphorylation, PI(3,4)P2 and
PI(3,4,5)P3, are important regulators of cell proliferation (51). Recently it was suggested that PI(3,4,5)P3 may play a role in signaling by associating with SH2 domains, and thereby modulating PI3-kinase association with tyrosine phosphorylated proteins (52). PI(3,4,5)P3 could thereby regulate the
activity of SH2 containing effector enzymes either directly
or indirectly by relocating them. We suggest that this may
reflect PI(3,4,5)P3, the product of PI3-kinase, association
with the SH2 domain of PLC
1 and translocation of the
enzyme to the plasma membrane where its substrate resides. Indeed addition of PI(3,4,5)P3 to substrate vesicles has
been shown to increase PLC
hydrolysis of PI(4,5)P2 (53).
It has been demonstrated in other cell types that cell stimulation results in translocation of PLC
1 and PLC
2 from
the cytosol to the membrane (54, 55). This suggests that
activation of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis involves both
a PLC
tyrosine phosphorylation event and a translocation
event. Alternatively, or additionally, interactions between
PI(3,4,5)P3 and pleckstrin homology (PH) domains could be
involved in translocation of effector proteins to the membrane to obtain optimal phosphoinositide hydrolysis and
Ca2+ mobilization. A likely candidate is Bruton's tyrosine
kinase, Btk, which has been shown to selectively interact
with PI(3,4,5)P3 vesicles via its PH domain (56). Indeed recent findings suggest that Btk is required for BCR-mediated Ca2+ mobilization; in particular for extracellular influx
(Rawlings, D., personal communication). In this regard we
do see a higher antigen-mediated inductive tyrosine phosphorylation of Btk in our CD19-positive plasmacytoma cell
line than in the CD19-negative line, suggesting that CD19
may influence the activation of Btk (results not shown). Recently it was shown in both T cells and B cells that under
certain circumstances cell stimulation can lead to tyrosine
phosphorylation of PLC
, but no IP3 production or calcium mobilization (41, 57). These examples further underscores the concept that tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC
is not in itself sufficient to induce maximal IP3 generation.
A critical role for CD19 phosphorylation in BCR activation of PI3-kinase, IP3 production, and calcium mobilization
is also supported by studies of FcRIIB1 signal transduction. We and others have recently shown that coligation of
BCR with Fc
RIIB1 leads to rapid dephosphorylation of
CD19 and failed PI3-kinase activation (60, 61). Therefore,
Fc
RIIB1-mediated CD19 dephosphorylation appears to
prevent the normal contribution of CD19 to BCR signaling. Importantly, Fc
RIIB1 cocrosslinking with BCR also
results in aborted IP3 production and reduced calcium mobilization. Thus, the calcium mobilization and IP3 production phenotypes of the CD19-positive and -negative cell
lines are clearly reminiscent of the signaling phenotypes of
B cells stimulated with F(ab
)2 or intact antibodies, respectively (62, 63). F(ab
)2 stimulation leads to a strong increase
in both intracellular and extracellular [Ca2+]i mobilization,
comparable to the antigen-mediated calcium mobilization in the CD19-positive cells, and a strong and sustained IP3
production. In contrast coengagement of the Fc
RIIB1 receptor by stimulation with intact antibodies only induces a
transient production of IP3, and calcium mobilization as
seen in the CD19-negative B cell line (Figs. 2 and 3).
These data support a role for CD19 and its effector PI3-kinase in BCR-mediated PLC
activation and calcium mobilization.
Since our studies indicate that CD19 is required for maximal (i.e., both primary and secondary phase) Ca2+ mobilization, modulation of CD19 tyrosine phosphorylation, and resulting modulation of [Ca2+]i mobilization pattern may
be important in differentially regulating downstream signaling pathways such as activation of MAP kinase pathways,
transcription factors, and proliferation/apoptosis responses (64, 65). Recently it was demonstrated that the amplitude and duration of Ca2+ signals contribute to transcriptional
specificity (64). Such effects could at least in part be a consequence of the contribution of CD19, i.e., stimulation of
B lymphocytes with F(ab)2RAMIG, in which case CD19
is highly tyrosine phosphorylated, leads to a Ca2+ spike and
a constant elevated second phase Ca2+ response. In contrast
binding of immune complexes to Fc
RIIB1 and the BCR,
in which case CD19 tyrosine phosphorylation is decreased, results in a Ca2+ spike, but no prolonged second phase Ca2+
response triggering an effector output different from the
F(ab
)2RAMIG stimulation. These modulations of the Ca2+
response may result in modulation of cell proliferation and
apoptosis. Splenic B cells proliferate in response to B cell
mitogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and anti-IgM.
The SA-proliferation response is partially inhibited by the
PI3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin (66), consistent with a role
of PI3-kinase in BCR-mediated proliferation responses.
CD19 activation may also be important for the regulation of apoptosis. When immune complexes are bound to the
Fc
RIIB1 and the BCR, in which case CD19 tyrosine
phosphorylation is decreased, B cell proliferation is inhibited and cells undergo apoptosis (67). We hypothesize that
this inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis is
a consequence of inhibition of PI3-kinase activity associated with CD19, leading to inhibition of downstream signaling pathways. Potentially Fc
RIIB1-mediated inhibition of CD19 tyrosine phosphorylation and PI3-kinase
activation could result in a failure to activate the serine/
threonine protein kinase Akt/PKB, which has been shown
to be a target of PI3-kinase (68), and is known to protect cells against apoptosis (71).
Here we have demonstrated a potential molecular basis for the essential role played by CD19 in antigen-mediated B cell activation, germinal center formation and generation of immune responses. CD19 functions as a constitutive component of the BCR signaling apparatus and is required for antigen-mediated BCR stimulation of PI3-kinase activation and, via PI3-kinase activation, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, and calcium mobilization. In fact, this is the first formal demonstration that CD19 modifies BCR signaling directly. The findings have important biological implications since CD19 and BCR expression are differentially regulated during B cell development. Variation of the ratio of expression of these molecules may provide a mechanism to vary the output of the receptor as a function of cell differentiation stage. Of potential importance in this context is the fact that the contribution of CD19 to BCR signaling is qualitative; it does not simply change the magnitude of the signal.
Address correspondence to Dr. John C. Cambier, Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Research and Medical Center, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, CO 80206. Tel.: (303) 398-1325; FAX: (303) 398-1225; E-mail: cambierj{at}njc.org
Received for publication 10 July 1997 and in revised form 19 September 1997.
1 Abbreviations used in this paper: BCR, B cell antigen receptor; IP3, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate; ITAM, immunoreceptor tyrosine based activation motif; NP, nitrophenol; PH, pleckstrin homology; PI, phosphatidylinositol; PI3-kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.We thank Michael Reth for provision of the J558Lµm3 cells, Thomas Tedder for the hCD19 cDNA, and Marc Hertz for help with use of the JMP statistical analysis program, comments and reading of the manuscript.
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