1 Craniofacial Developmental Biology and Regeneration Branch, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA
2 Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
Author for correspondence (e-mail: martin.humphries{at}man.ac.uk)
Accepted 14 October 2004
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Summary |
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Key words: Integrin, Fibronectin, Conformation, Monoclonal antibody, Matrix assembly
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Introduction |
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The first integrin crystal structure resolved the atomic details of many of the domains of the heterodimer and confirmed the predicted regions for ligand-binding (Xiong et al., 2001). In addition, conformation-dependent monoclonal antibodies have been valuable for studying the link between receptor shape and activity. The majority of antibodies that modulate the integrin-activation-state bind to the head region of the integrin (Humphries et al., 2003b
). These antibodies allosterically alter the structure of the ligand-binding pocket in the
-subunit ß-propeller and ß-subunit-A-domain through local conformational changes. These local effects can stimulate or inhibit ligand binding depending on the location of the antibody epitope and the conformation induced. The binding of ligand to the integrin can also affect the expression of certain antibody epitopes. Many of the antibodies that increase ligand binding or recognize active integrin have ligand-induced binding sites (LIBS) (Bazzoni et al., 1995
; Mould et al., 1995b
).
Integrins can be localized in different adhesion structures on the cell surface, termed focal complexes, focal adhesions, fibrillar adhesions, and 3D-matrix adhesions. These contacts reflect different stages of interaction of cells with the ECM, and each is formed and disrupted in a dynamic, cyclical manner as cells translocate through sequential recruitment and loss of cytoskeletal and signaling molecules (Geiger et al., 2001; Webb et al., 2004
). Whereas focal adhesions provide robust anchorage via transcellular actomyosin-containing stress fibres, fibrillar adhesions are the major sites of fibronectin matrix deposition. Ligated
5ß1-integrin molecules translocate centripetally out of focal adhesions generating fibrillar adhesions. This directional movement along the actin cytoskeleton stretches and organizes bound fibronectin into fibrils of the extracellular matrix (Pankov et al., 2000
; Zamir et al., 2000
).
For integrins to function as vehicles for extracellular matrix deposition, their activity needs to be highly controlled. This control appears to be through conformational modulation (Humphries et al., 2003a; Sims et al., 1991
). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that
5ß1 integrins associated with fibronectin matrix formation have a particular conformational property. We have identified a unique subpopulation of
5ß1 integrins located in fibrillar adhesions that have a specific conformation recognized by a novel anti-
5 antibody. Integrins in this conformation can undergo directional translocation in fibrillar adhesions and promote fibronectin matrix formation.
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Materials and Methods |
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Production of hybridomas
5ß1 integrin was isolated from placenta by two consecutive affinity purifications using mAb13 and mAb16 columns (Mould et al., 1995a
). Hybridomas were produced by selection from a fusion of spleen cells from immunized mice and 653 myeloma cells (Mould et al., 1991
). Media from the resulting hybridomas was screened by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and antibody was purified using protein G-Sepharose.
ELISA
5ß1 or
4ß1 integrin, diluted to 1 µg/ml in PBS, was used to coat an Immulon-3 assay plate (Dynatech) overnight at 4°C. Wells were blocked with 5% (w/v) BSA in TBS (150 mM NaCl, 25 mM Tris HCl pH 7.4), and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. Culture medium from the hybridomas or antibody was added and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Wells were washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline containing Ca2+ and Mg2+ (PBS+), then peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse immunoglobulin (Dako) in PBS+ was added. Plates were incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature and washed three times with PBS+. 0.1% (w/v) 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline 6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) in 0.1 M sodium acetate, 0.05 M NaH2PO4 pH 5.0, 0.01% (v/v) H2O2 was added, and absorbance readings were determined at 405 nm on a Dynatec MR4000 plate reader.
K562-cell adhesion to fibronectin
Fibronectin (Miekka et al., 1982), diluted to 2 µg/ml in PBS+, was coated onto an Immulon-2 U-bottom plate overnight at 4°C. The surface was blocked with 10 mg/ml heat-denatured BSA for 1 hour at room temperature. The plate was washed once with PBS+ before adding Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), 25 mM HEPES buffer containing 20 µg/ml antibody or 100 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). K562 cells were added at 2.5x104 cells/well in DMEM, 25 mM HEPES. The plate was incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C, 10% CO2. Medium and unbound cells were removed by inversion of the plate and four PBS+ washes. 0.2% (w/v) crystal violet, 20% (v/v) methanol solution was added and incubated for 20 minutes. The plate was washed twice by immersion in water, dried before addition of 10% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and incubated for 20 minutes before reading absorbance at 600 nm on an Emax plate reader (Molecular Devices).
Production of recombinant Fc-tagged integrins DNA constructs
All human Fc-tagged 5- and ß1-integrin DNA constructs used here have been described previously (Coe et al., 2001
). C-terminally truncated versions of
5-Fc [residues 1-613 (
613), 1-621 (
621), 1-694 (
694), 1-795 (
795)] and ß1-Fc [residues 1-455 (
455)] were produced. The ß1-Fc ADMIDAS mutant (D138A) constructs used were generated as described by Mould et al. (Mould et al., 2003a
). For production of
5-Fc calf domain constructs, DNA was amplified by PCR, inserting a 5' HindIII and a 3' SalI restriction site, and ligated into pEE12.2hFc. The leader sequence of a murine antibody (Kabat et al., 1987
) was also incorporated at the 5' end of each construct to facilitate protein secretion. Calf-1 contained
5 residues 606-749, calf-2 contained residues 746-951, and calf-1/calf-2 contained residues 606-951.
Expression of 5ß1-Fc proteins
CHOL731H cells (Cockett et al., 1991) were grown to
95% confluence, and 20 µg of
5-Fc and ß1-Fc DNA (or
5-Fc calf domain construct alone) was used to transfect cells using Lipofectamine 2000TM reagent (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After 4 days, culture supernatant was harvested by centrifugation at 1000 g for 5 minutes.
Solid-phase assays
Placental 5ß1 integrin, diluted to 1 µg/ml in PBS+, was used to coat an Immulon-3 assay plate (Dynatech) overnight at 4°C, or anti-ß1 integrin (K20) 2 µg/ml was coated overnight at 4°C. Wells were blocked with 5% (w/v) BSA in TBS for 2 hours. K20 coated plates were used to tether 0.5 µg/ml placental integrin incubated for 2 hours at room temperature. For capturing recombinant Fc-tagged integrin, goat anti-human
1 Fc antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories), diluted to 2.6 µg/ml in PBS+, was coated into a immunoassay plate (Costar) overnight at 4°C. Wells were blocked with 5% (w/v) BSA in TBS for 2 hours. Transfection culture supernatants containing integrin-Fc protein were incubated in the wells for 1 hour, and wells were subsequently washed three times with TBS, 1 mM MnCl2, 1 mg/ml BSA (buffer A). Ligand and antibodies (10 µg/ml) were added in combination in buffer A. Biotinylated FnIII (6-10) was added at 0.1 µg/ml and unlabeled FnIII (6-10) at 20 µg/ml (Danen et al., 1995
). Cations or EDTA were added at 2 mM. The plate was incubated at 30°C for 3 hours. Wells were washed three times with buffer A, then ExtrAvidin peroxidase (Sigma) in buffer A was added and incubated for 20 minutes. Alternatively, peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse or anti-rat immunoglobulin (Dako) was used and incubated for 1 hour. The plate was washed four times with buffer A, ABTS substrate was added, and absorbance was determined at 405 nm.
Indirect immunofluorescence staining
Primary human foreskin fibroblasts (hFF) were a gift from Susan Yamada (NIDCR, NIH) and were used at passages 9-18. Cells were plated on 12-mm glass coverslips in DMEM with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) in a 24-well dish at 5000 cells/well and cultured overnight. The cells were fixed for 20 minutes with 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde, 5% (w/v) sucrose in PBS. Cells were stained with anti-fibronectin Rb745, Alexa 594-conjugated anti-V integrin L230, Alexa 488-conjugated anti-
5 antibodies SNAKA51, SNAKA52 or mAb11, and Cy2-conjugated anti-rat IgG and AMCA-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories). Stained samples were mounted in Gel/mountTM (Biomeda Corp.) containing 1 mg/ml 1,4-phenylenediamine (Fluka) to reduce photobleaching. Immunofluorescence images were obtained with a 63x/1.40 oil objective on a Zeiss Axiophot microscope equipped with a Photometrix CH 350 cooled CCD camera. Digital images and image overlays were obtained using MetaMorph 4.6 software (Universal Imaging Corp.).
Epitope mapping (sandwich ELISA)
5ß1-Fc was captured in wells from transfection supernatants via anti-human
1 Fc antibody as detailed above. Wells were washed three times with buffer A. SNAKA51 was diluted to 10 µg/ml in buffer A and added to the wells for 2 hours. Wells were washed three times, and peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories), diluted in buffer A, was added for 30 minutes. Wells were washed four times with buffer A, incubated with ABTS substrate, and the absorbance was determined at 405 nm.
Antibody clustering and chasing
hFF were plated on glass coverslips in DMEM, 1% (v/v) fibronectin-depleted FCS containing 25 µg/ml cycloheximide. After overnight incubation, cells were labeled in vivo by incubation in the same medium containing 10 µg/ml anti-5 antibody for 20 minutes. After two washes with warm medium, cells were incubated with 2 µg/ml goat anti-mouse IgG or goat anti-rat IgG in the same medium for 30 minutes (clustering and chasing period). All incubations were at 37°C in a humidified chamber with 10% (v/v) CO2. At the end of the labeling and chasing periods, samples were fixed and antibody-containing clusters were visualized with CY2-conjugated donkey anti-goat IgG and unclustered antibody with CY2-conjugated donkey anti-mouse IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories). Focal adhesions were stained with Alexa-594-conjugated anti-
V antibody L230. Samples were mounted and imaged as for immunofluorescence staining.
Fibronectin incorporation into the extracellular matrix
Human salivary gland (HSG) cells were plated into a 6-well dish at 105 cells/well and cultured overnight. The medium was changed, and cells were incubated a further 24 hours. Cells were then treated with a range of concentrations of biotinylated fibronectin, or 10 µg/ml biotinylated fibronectin with or without 25 µg/ml antibody, or a range of antibody concentration and incubated overnight or for different time periods. The cells were extracted with 20 mM Tris HCl pH 8.5, 1% (w/v) deoxycholic acid, 2 mM N-ethylmaleimide, 2 mM iodoacetic acid, 2 mM EDTA, 2 mM PMSF (DOC buffer), extruded through a 23-gauge needle five times and centrifuged at 20,000 g for 20 minutes at 4°C. The pellet was washed once with DOC buffer and prepared for SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Samples were resolved on 4-12% Tris-glycine gradient gels (Novex) and electrotransfered onto nitrocellulose membranes. The membranes were blocked with 5% (w/v) nonfat milk in TBS, 0.05% (w/v) Tween-20 for 30 minutes, immunoblotted with streptavidin peroxidase (Boehringer Mannheim), together with anti-pan cytokeratin (Sigma), using secondary peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse immunoglobulin (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Immunoblots were visualized using the enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) system and Hyperfilm X-ray film (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
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Results |
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To determine whether the epitope recognized by SNAKA51 was affected by conformational changes in the integrin, induced by ligand-binding or cations, the amount of antibody bound to the 5ß1 integrin was measured in the presence and absence of the FnIII (6-10) fragment or in different cation-containing buffers. The addition of FnIII (6-10) increased the amount of SNAKA51 that bound to
5ß1 intergrin over a range of antibody concentrations; e.g. at an antibody concentration of 0.1 µg/mlit was increased nearly fivefold (Fig. 2b), indicating that the SNAKA51 epitope is a LIBS.
SNAKA51 binding was increased by the addition of manganese, but not affected by calcium, magnesium or EDTA (data not shown). When measuring in an ELISA the amount of antibody bound to 5ß1 integrin, SNAKA51 showed significantly reduced binding to
5ß1 integrin; e.g. 24% at 1 µg/ml, when compared with both JBS5 and SNAKA52, which both bound equally well to the integrin, and 77% when compared with 12G10 (data not shown).
These findings indicate that SNAKA51 increases 5ß1-ligand binding and recognizes a subpopulation of the purified integrin through binding to a cation-independent LIBS epitope.
SNAKA51 specifically stains fibrillar adhesions
Because the SNAKA51 antibody appears to recognize a subpopulation of the 5ß1 integrin, we examined its localization on the cell surface. Human foreskin fibroblasts were fixed and stained with a series of anti-
5-integrin antibodies, anti-fibronectin (Rb745), and anti-
V-integrin antibody (L230), the latter as a marker for focal adhesions. SNAKA51 colocalized with fibronectin in fibrillar adhesions (Fig. 3a, left panels). Inhibitory anti-
5-integrin antibody SNAKA52 gave diffuse staining across the whole cell surface (Fig. 3a, center panels), which was similar to other inhibitory integrin-
5 or -ß1 antibodies (JBS5 and mAb13, data not shown). The nonfunction-modulating
5-integrin antibody mAb11 stained a combination of these two distributions including both integrins distributed across the cell surface and those localized in adhesion complexes (Fig. 3a, right panels). These findings indicate that the subpopulation of integrin recognized by SNAKA51 is specifically localized to fibrillar adhesions and is probably in either a ligand-bound or ligand-competent conformation. This population is distinct from those recognized by both the SNAKA52 and mAb11 antibodies.
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Ligand-competent ß1 integrin, detected with the 9EG7 antibody, has been shown to translocate from focal adhesions into fibrillar adhesions, suggesting that it detects 5ß1 integrin (Pankov et al., 2000
). Because this integrin localizes to focal adhesions before translocating into fibrillar adhesions, we compared the localization of SNAKA51-positive integrins with 9EG7-positive integrins. The anti-ß1-integrin antibody 9EG7 stained integrins throughout the focal adhesions and in the fibrillar adhesions, whereas SNAKA51-labeled integrins at the distal edge of the focal adhesion, away from the cell perimeter and along the fibrillar adhesions (Fig. 3b). Similar results to the 9EG7 staining were obtained with the anti-ß1-integrin antibody 12G10 (data not shown). The integrin in the focal adhesion staining was shown to be
5ß1 integrin because mAb11 and 9EG7 showed complete colocalization. These findings indicate that the
5 subunit undergoes a conformational change during the transition from focal adhesions to fibrillar adhesions. The SNAKA51 antibody therefore identifies a unique subpopulation of
5ß1 integrin compared with other anti-integrin antibodies.
The 5ß1-integrin priming signal is transduced through its legs to the ß1 A-domain
Elucidating the nature of the 5ß1-integrin conformation in fibrillar adhesions should help to establish how the bidirectional control of matrix deposition and intracellular signaling are coordinated. To understand how the SNAKA51 antibody modulates
5ß1-integrin function, we initially mapped its epitope. Recombinant truncated
5ß1 integrins were expressed as Fc-tagged proteins (Coe et al., 2001
; Ridgway et al., 1996
) (Fig. 4a). SNAKA51 recognized recombinant integrin containing full-length extracellular
5 and ß1 subunits. However, any deletion from the C-terminus of the
5 construct, including truncation into the calf-2 domain, abolished binding (Fig. 4b,
795,
694,
621,
613). An integrin containing a truncated ß1 leg (
455ß1) together with full-length
5 bound SNAKA51 to a similar degree as the full-length protein, confirming the epitope location in the
5 subunit leg (Fig. 4b). The calf-1 and -2 domains were expressed as Fc-tagged proteins, either together as one construct (residues 606-951) or as individual domains (calf-1 residues 606-749 and calf-2 residues 746-951). The SNAKA51 antibody only recognized the construct containing both calf-1 and calf-2 domains and did not bind to either of the individual domains (Fig. 4b). The epitope for SNAKA51 is therefore within the calf domains. It is conceivable that the calf domains require each other for their correct folding and that the antibody epitope might be in either calf or at the calf-1/calf-2 junction.
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Because the SNAKA51 epitope maps to the 5 leg-region of the integrin, the conformational change that it triggers could either be transduced directly up the
5 subunit or it could cross to the ß1 leg and then up to the ligand-binding site in the integrin head region. The
5ß1-Fc-tagged integrin has a high constitutive level of ligand-binding (Fig. 5), which makes it difficult to observe any further activation. Therefore, we employed a mutant integrin containing the point mutation D138A in the ADMIDAS cation-binding site of the ß1 subunit, which we have shown recently to be constitutively inactive (Mould et al., 2003a
). The ligand-binding ability of this mutant can be rescued with the stimulatory anti-ß1-integrin antibody 12G10 (Mould et al., 2003a
). Mutant integrin was produced in both the full-length ß1 and the
455ß1 constructs. SNAKA51 and 12G10 promoted ligand-binding by the full-length ADMIDAS mutant, with 12G10 having a more potent effect (Fig. 5,
5ß1 D138A). Probably, 12G10 has a greater effect because its epitope is spatially close to the ligand-binding pocket whereas SNAKA51 needs to induce a long distance allosteric effect. In the truncated ß1 subunit construct, SNAKA51 stimulation was abolished, whereas 12G10 was still able to activate the integrin (
5
455ß1 D138A). These results indicate that the priming signal from the SNAKA51 epitope is transduced between the integrin legs from
5 to ß1 and then up to the ß A-domain, where conformational changes promote the integrin to bind its ligand. In agreement with this conclusion, 12G10 and SNAKA51 had a reciprocal effect, with the binding of one antibody increasing the epitope expression of the other (data not shown).
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Clustering of active 5ß1 integrin leads to integrin translocation
The 5ß1 integrin has been shown to translocate from focal adhesions across the cell surface and form fibrillar adhesions (Pankov et al., 2000
). Because the SNAKA51 antibody recognizes integrin in a specific conformation that is localized to fibrillar adhesions, we hypothesized that antibody addition might induce formation of these adhesion structures. Human fibroblasts were treated with cycloheximide and cultured in the absence of fibronectin to prevent any ligand-related
5ß1-integrin translocation. These cells were treated with anti-
5-integrin antibodies, and then the antibodies were clustered with secondary antibody. Clustered integrin was then chased to observe integrin movement compared to unclustered antibody, fixing the cells either after the initial antibody-labeling or after antibody-chasing without clustering. SNAKA51 initially labeled the entire cell surface, but after clustering it translocated along the cell membrane away from anti-
V (L230)-labeled focal adhesions and formed linear fibrillar adhesion-like structures along the cell surface (Fig. 6a). By contrast, the inhibitory (SNAKA52) and nonfunction-modulating (mAb11) antibodies remained unorganized on the cell surface even after clustering (Fig. 6b,c). Cells treated with anti-
5-integrin antibody and chased in the absence of the clustering secondary antibody did not exhibit the translocation away from the focal adhesions observed for clustered SNAKA51. Consequently, clustering of the SNAKA51-positive subpopulation - even in the absence of ligand - led to directional integrin translocation. These results indicate a requirement for integrins to adopt a specific, activated conformation for translocation to occur.
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Integrin priming by SNAKA51 increases the incorporation of fibronectin into the matrix
Translocation of 5ß1 integrin is the driving force for fibronectin fibrillogenesis (Pankov et al., 2000
). The translocation ability of the clustered SNAKA51-positive
5ß1-integrin conformations into fibrillar adhesion-like structures and its ability to bind fibronectin suggested that the integrin needs to be in this conformation to drive fibronectin fibrillogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we measured the ability of cells treated with anti-
5-integrin antibodies to produce a fibronectin matrix. Fibronectin incorporated into the extracellular matrix can be characterized separately from soluble and non-matrix associated fibronectin with the detergent deoxycholate. HSG cells (which do not deposit an extensive fibronectin matrix) were treated with biotinylated fibronectin at different concentrations. Cells were then extracted with deoxycholate-containing buffer, and the insoluble fraction was analyzed in a western blot. Biotinylated fibronectin was detected with peroxidase-conjugated avidin and compared with the amount of cytokeratin in the same sample to control for sample loading. Little or no fibronectin was incorporated into the matrix up to a concentration of 5 µg/ml exogenous fibronectin (Fig. 7a). A concentration of 10 µg/ml biotinylated fibronectin was used for further assays. The incorporation of fibronectin into the matrix was measured over time or in the presence of different integrin antibodies. Fibronectin was easily detectable in the insoluble fraction after 3 hours (Fig. 7b). SNAKA51 antibody substantially increased the incorporation of biotinylated fibronectin into the insoluble fraction of the HSG cells compared with the control without antibody (Fig. 7c). The activating ß1-integrin antibody TS2/16 and inhibitory
5-integrin antibody SNAKA52 were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Fibronectin incorporation was suppressed by SNAKA52. As little as 1 µg/ml of SNAKA51 was capable of increasing fibronectin incorporation into the matrix, and the level detected was not increased by adding more antibody (Fig. 7d). Therefore, SNAKA51 activates
5ß1 integrin and promotes directional integrin translocation associated with the incorporation of more fibronectin into the matrix.
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Discussion |
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We generated and characterized the anti-5-integrin antibody SNAKA51 which increases K562-cell adhesion to fibronectin. SNAKA51 promotes cell adhesion and in vitro ligand-binding to a similar extent as activating ß1-integrin antibodies. Thus, SNAKA51 belongs to the rare group of activating integrin antibodies that bind to the
subunit of integrins without A-domains. Several stimulatory anti-
IIb-integrin antibodies have been described that bind either the ß-propeller domain (PT25-2 and D33C) (Gulino et al., 1990
; Puzon-McLaughlin et al., 2000
; Tokuhira et al., 1996
) or close to the heavy-chain-light-chain border in the membrane-proximal region (PMI-1) (Calvete et al., 1991
; Loftus et al., 1987
). The activating
L-integrin antibody NKI-L16 binds to the bottom of the thigh domain (Huang and Springer, 1995
; Keizer et al., 1988
). Another activating
5-integrin antibody was identified, but its binding site has not been described in any detail (Chiarugi et al., 2003
). The wide range of domains containing epitopes for activating antibodies is consistent with dynamic structural changes that, during priming, take place throughout the molecule.
Using modified ELISA assays, we found that SNAKA51 has a manganese-sensitive LIBS epitope, which was mapped to the calf domains of the 5-integrin subunit leg region (Fig. 8a). This epitope is well-separated from the ligand-binding site in the integrin head region, suggesting a long-distance conformational transduction of the stimulatory signal from this site to the ligand-binding pocket. SNAKA51 rescued ligand-binding to a deactivated ß1-integrin ADMIDAS mutant, indicating that the antibody can induce a conformational change in the ß1-integrin A-domain from its remote epitope. The conformational changes in the ß1-integrin A-domain required for integrin priming have been identified as shifts in the
1 and
7 helices (Luo et al., 2003
; Mould et al., 2003b
). Truncation of the ß1-integrin leg (
455ß1) abolished the stimulatory activity of SNAKA51, demonstrating that the signal from the
5-integrin calf-domain depends on the presence of ß1-integrin leg and suggesting a movement between the two subunit legs. We propose that the SNAKA51 signal is transferred through the ß1-integrin leg by moving the two subunits apart. This separation could be owing to a steric effect of the antibody pushing the legs apart and may represent the upstream event normally caused by binding of cytoplasmic factors (Calderwood, 2004
; Hughes et al., 1996
). The integrin crystal structure reveals contacts between the calf-2 domain of the
subunit and the EGF-4 and ßTD domains of the ß subunit (Xiong et al., 2001
). The leg movement, we propose to be induced by SNAKA51, could break these inter-subunit contacts and cause bending in the flexible region between the EGF-4 and ßTD domains of the ß subunit, leading to integrin priming. These data suggest that this novel antibody binds only to integrins in a certain conformation and/or activity state, which occurs via the dynamic equilibrium of integrin conformers, the integrin-associated cytoplasmic complex or ligation.
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The localization of SNAKA51 on fibroblasts demonstrated that its epitope is exposed on a specific population of 5ß1 integrin in a ligand-bound or ligand-competent conformation in fibrillar adhesions. This SNAKA51-positive
5ß1 integrin was located at the edge of focal adhesions where there is a concentration of fibronectin molecules that marks the initiation point for the formation of fibrillar adhesions and fibronectin fibrillogenesis. The SNAKA51 binding in focal adhesions did not fully colocalize with 9EG7 or mAb11, suggesting that several intermediate conformations exist for the
5ß1 integrin, and epitope expression for 9EG7 and SNAKA51 binding are indicators of different conformational states.
The clustered, SNAKA51-labeled integrin translocated away from focal adhesions in a directional manner similar to that observed in fibrillar adhesion formation (Pankov et al., 2000). This movement only occurred with clustered SNAKA51, demonstrating that a specific conformation and multiple
5ß1 integrins are required for translocation. The ability to stimulate translocation was not specific to SNAKA51, because 9EG7 triggered the same effect (data not shown). Regardless, we were able to induce and mimic
5ß1-integrin translocation even in the absence of ligand, indicating that clustering of a specific integrin conformation is all that is required for this function. These results are consistent with the driving force behind fibrillar-adhesion-formation being generated from the cytoplasmic protein complex that is associated with the actin cytoskeleton. This force initiates stretching of the fibronectin molecules required to expose cryptic sites used for fibrillogenesis (Pankov and Yamada, 2002
; Zhong et al., 1998
). In addition, the fibronectin dimer has four binding sites for
5ß1 intrgrin and so naturally clusters this integrin (see Pankov and Yamada, 2002
). Clustering may be required to build a large enough cytoplasmic complex to connect to the actin cytoskeleton and drive translocation.
Different functional antibodies affect the activation state of the integrin, making it possible to alter the integrin affinity. We used fibronectin incorporation into the extracellular matrix as a readout for the priming of 5ß1-integrin-ligand-binding. The HSG cells do not normally deposit an extensive fibronectin matrix. Inducing the SNAKA51-specific
5ß1-integrin conformation on HSG cells promoted soluble fibronectin incorporation into the matrix, supporting the conclusion that
5ß1 integrin adopts this conformation when driving fibronectin fibrillogenesis.
From current knowledge and the results obtained in this study, we propose a model in which the 5ß1 integrin - which is initially diffuse on the cell surface (Fig. 8b, state 1) and perhaps in a bent conformation - is recruited to the focal adhesion where a conformational event occurs (such as unbending) that results in a primed ß1-integrin subunit (state 2). This integrin moves to the distal region of the focal adhesion where, either through changes in the cytoplasmic complex or ligation, it undergoes a conformational change in the
5-integrin subunit in which the legs of the integrin are separated and the SNAKA51 epitope is revealed (state 3). This fully primed, or ligand-occupied, and clustered integrin is then actively transported out into fibrillar adhesions and drives fibronectin fibrillogenesis (state 4).
The process of fibronectin matrix formation is important for many cellular functions that involve either cellular sensing of the surrounding environment or using the matrix as a structural support. The 5ß1 integrin is the part of the complex molecular motor that crosses the cell membrane barrier to drive fibronectin fibrillogenesis. We have elucidated a conformational path through the integrin structure used for integrin priming. The conformation of both
5- and ß1-integrin subunits are purposely controlled, and a specific conformation is required for fibronectin matrix formation.
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Acknowledgments |
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Footnotes |
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Present address: AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, CMM, 8F25, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
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