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Address correspondence to John H. Hartwig, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115. Tel.: (617) 278-0323. Fax: (617) 278-0385. E-mail: hartwig{at}rics.bwh.harvard.edu
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Abstract |
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Key Words: spectrin; adducin; actin; platelet; cell motility
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Introduction |
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The membrane skeleton of the platelet is a planar network assembled primarily from spectrin molecules. In the erythrocyte, spectrin is joined into a network through attachments to short actin filaments. These 14-mers of actin are stabilized at their rapidly exchanging (barbed) ends by adducin (Kuhlman et al., 1996; Li et al., 1998), at their slow-exchanging (pointed) ends by tropomodulin (Ursitti and Fowler, 1994; Weber et al., 1994), and along their lengths by tropomyosin (Ursitti and Fowler, 1994). One significant difference between the platelet and erythrocyte is that the platelet contains considerably more actin, of which 40% is assembled into long filaments measuring
1 µm in length on average, providing platelets with 2,00010,000 actin filaments (Hartwig, 1992). Whether or not platelets contain a specialized pool of short, membrane-associated actin filaments that cross-link spectrin molecules has been debated (Fox, 1993; Fox et al., 1988). If the ends of long actin filaments join the spectrin network, how these ends target the membrane skeleton requires an explanation.
Adducins comprise a protein family encoded by three genes (, ß, and
). The
and
isoforms (Mr of 103,000 and 8486,000, respectively) are ubiquitously expressed in human cells; the ß isoform (Mr of 97,000) is abundant in erythrocytes and the brain. Subunits assemble into heterodimers, or larger oligomers, through interactions in the globular amino-terminal head domains. In addition, assembly probably occurs through interactions near or within a myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS)* domain by the carboxyl-terminus (Hughes and Bennett, 1995), which contains PKC phosphorylation sites (Bennett et al., 1988) as well as binding sites for calcium/calmodulin (Gardner and Bennett, 1986) and possibly phospholipids. Adducin caps the barbed ends of actin filaments (Kuhlman et al., 1996; Li et al., 1998) and promotes their association with spectrin (Gardner and Bennett, 1987). However, phosphorylation of purified adducin by PKC diminishes its interaction with actin and spectrin (Matsuoka et al., 1998), whereas addition of exogenous calcium/calmodulin releases adducin from actin (Kuhlman et al., 1996). Together, these findings indicate that adducin may be involved in exposing actin filament barbed ends in motile cells after activation of certain signal transduction cascades. Consequently, adducin may be implicated in the development of actin assembly sites (Falet et al., 2002; Ichetovkin et al., 2002). Furthermore, signaling cascades that elevate intracellular calcium or activate PKC would destabilize the triadic interaction of adducin, actin filament barbed end, and spectrin, thereby potentially triggering perturbations in the spectrin network. Recent evidence suggests that adducin may also play a role in the dynamics of the platelet membrane skeleton; adducin is expressed in platelets (Gilligan et al., 1999) and becomes phosphorylated and proteolyzed after platelet activation (Gilligan et al., 2002). The works presented here link adducin's interactions with spectrin and actin filaments to modulation of the membrane skeleton organization in the resting and active platelet.
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Results |
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Spectrin is centralized while adducin is released in active platelet cytoskeletons
In metal replicas, the center of the spread platelet cytoskeleton is composed of a dense region of compact fibrous material (Hartwig, 1992). This fibrous material is densely labeled with 10 nm anti-spectrin immunogold (Fig. 2 A), whereas only sparse gold labeling is found in the rest of the cytoskeleton (Fig. 2 B). This suggests that the fibrous material is the remnant of the membrane skeleton aggregating in the center during platelet spreading. Furthermore, although spectrin is redistributed into the center of active platelet cytoskeletons, immunoelectron microscopy analysis shows that little -adducin remains associated with the active cytoskeleton (Fig. 2, C and D). Anti-adducin immunogold labeling is sparse in both the core of the cytoskeleton (Fig. 2 C) and in the cortex, where actin filaments are dense (Fig. 2 D). Quantitation of anti-adducin immunogold particles in electron micrographs of cytoskeletons revealed that there was 72% less gold label in the active versus resting cytoskeleton (11.4 ± 6.2 and 39.8 ± 17 gold particles/µm2, respectively).
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Biochemical evidence indicates that the majority of adducin is associated with the cytoskeleton in resting platelets
The concentration of -adducin in platelets was determined by quantitative immunoblotting. A pAb against
-adducin detected 2.7 ± 0.3 ng of adducin per µg of total platelet protein, equivalent to a platelet concentration of
3 µM (unpublished data). When resting platelets permeabilized with Triton X-100 are centrifuged at high g forces (>100,000 g), proteins associated with F-actin pellet. As shown in Fig. 5 (DF; time = 0),
7075% (2.15 ± 0.1 µM, n = 6) of
-adducin pellets in detergent-lysed resting platelets.
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Dissociation of -adducin from the activated platelet cytoskeleton
Once phosphorylated at Ser726, adducin no longer sediments with the F-actin cytoskeleton. Furthermore, after platelet activation through PAR-1 (Fig. 5 E), FcRIIA (Fig. 5 E), or by PMA (Fig. 5 F), phosphoadducin is recovered only in the soluble fraction after centrifugation at 100,000 g. However, the kinetics of
-adducin release are different for the three agonists. Stimulation through PAR-1 leads to the most rapid release of adducin, which begins within seconds and is maximal by 2 min after activation. In contrast, treatment with PMA induces the slowest response, requiring 15 min for the maximal release of adducin.
-Adducin release in Fc
RIIA-ligated platelets is intermediate, with maximal release requiring 34 min. In all cases, 1025% of the total
-adducin remains unphosphorylated and associated with the detergent-insoluble F-actin cytoskeleton of the activated platelet.
Adducin releases from spectrin during platelet activation
Biochemical experiments further support the finding that adducin physically associates with spectrin in the membrane skeleton. To specifically examine the effects of phosphorylation on the interaction of adducin with spectrin, total adducin was immunoprecipitated from lysates of resting and PAR-1ligated platelets and immunoblotted with anti-spectrin antibodies. Quantitative immunoblots revealed that 75 ± 12% (n = 4) of the total spectrin in platelets associates with adducin in the resting cell (Fig. 6 A, squares, time = 0). After ligation of PAR-1, less spectrin was found in association with adducin in immunoprecipitates prepared from platelet lysates (Fig. 6 A, squares). Spectrin dissociation from adducin was rapid and reached a maximal value by 1 min, at which point 6570% of the spectrin had dissociated. We also examined the effect of GF on the spectrinadducin interaction and found that GF prevents the release of spectrin from adducin (Fig. 6 A, diamonds). The membrane skeleton and actin filament core of the platelet can also be separated into distinct biochemical populations after detergent permeabilization using differential centrifugation (Fox et al., 1988). The core cytoskeleton, composed of long cross-linked actin filaments, sediments at 15,000 g. In contrast, the membrane skeleton containing the spectrin lattice and its associated proteins, including some actin filaments, sediments only at higher forces of 100,000 g. Adducin's sedimentation profile follows that of the membrane skeleton;
75% of adducin resides in the pellet sedimented at
100,000 g (Fig. 6 B, hp) and only a small amount of adducin is associated with the low speed pellet (Fig. 6 B, lp). We used differential centrifugation to determine if adducin releases from the platelet membrane skeleton after addition of PMA. As shown in Fig. 6 B, there was a bulk transition of
-adducin out of the high speed pellet, which contains spectrin and the membrane skeleton, and into the high speed supernatant. The small amount of adducin in the 15,000 g pellet, which contains the core cytoskeleton, did not change with activation.
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A recent report indicated that adducin is cleaved by calpain, a calcium-dependent cytoplasmic protease, in platelets activated by thrombin (Gilligan et al., 2002). However, we find that treatment of platelets with calpeptin, an inhibitor of calpain's proteolytic activity, does not alter the kinetics of adducin release (unpublished data). Our experiments do not indicate that -adducin is cleaved by calpain in platelets activated by a PAR-1specific activating peptide, cross-linking of Fc
RIIA, or by phorbol esters.
Furthermore, because it has been reported that adducin is phosphorylated by rho kinase, an event that affects adducinactin interactions (Kimura et al., 1998; Fukata et al., 1999), we examined the effect of the rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632, on the association of adducin with actin. Adducin release was unaffected in platelets that were pretreated with 5 µM Y-27632 and activated by PAR-1, FcRIIA, or PMA (unpublished data). Nonetheless, we confirmed that 5 µM Y-27632 blocked LPA-induced stress fiber formation in serum-starved fibroblasts (unpublished data), a process mediated by rho kinase (Amano et al., 1997).
Adducin phosphorylation by PKC and its release from the cytoskeleton coincide with actin assembly and barbed-end exposure
Regardless of how platelets are activated, phosphorylation of -adducin at Ser726 coincides with actin filament assembly and actin filament barbed-end exposure. Release of adducin from the platelet membrane skeleton might contribute to barbed-end exposure and the onset of actin assembly in active platelets. Accordingly, we examined the role of PKC-mediated adducin phosphorylation in the actin assembly reaction of platelets stimulated either through PAR-1, Fc
RIIA, or by the addition of PMA. Platelets activated through PAR-1 show a small but reproducible reduction in actin assembly and barbed-end exposure when treated with GF, as compared with untreated controls (Fig. 8, A and B). This small effect on barbed ends and actin assembly is consistent with the GF-insensitive, barbed-end nucleation activity of gelsolin and actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3; see section entitled Adducin releases from spectrin during platelet activation). Barbed-end exposure and actin assembly in platelets activated through the Fc
RIIA receptor are more sensitive to PKC inhibition. In Fc
RIIA-activated platelets, GF inhibits actin assembly by
70% (Fig. 8 C) and suppresses barbed-end exposure by
4080% at early time points (Fig. 8 D). As expected, inhibition of PKC in platelets exposed to PMA blocks >95% of both actin assembly (Fig. 8 E) and barbed-end exposure (Fig. 8 F).
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Discussion |
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Adducin is believed to self-associate into heterodimers and heterotetramers (Hughes and Bennett, 1995; Li et al., 1998) composed of , ß, or
isoforms. Because most mammalian cells express little of the erythroid ß isoform, adducin molecules in platelets are
and
assemblies (based on an
-adducin concentration of 3 µM and a vol of 7 fl, each platelet expresses
12,600
-adducin subunits). Depending on whether adducin is a heterodimer (1
:1
) or heterotetramer, each platelet would have either 12,600 or
6,300 adducin molecules, respectively. The theoretical maximal number of adducin binding sites at spectrin ends is 4,000 because each platelet has
2,000 spectrin tetramers (Hartwig and DeSisto, 1991). As
70% of adducin is bound to spectrin in the resting platelet, the number of bound adducin complexes is
4,400, which is close to this theoretical maximum. On the other hand, the number of actin filaments in a resting platelet has been estimated at 2,00010,000. Therefore, each resting platelet has a sufficient amount of adducin to cap many of these actin filaments and to target them to spectrin in the membrane skeleton. In addition, resting platelets have a significant portion of their actin filament barbed ends capped by capZ. We have previously reported that
7,000 capZ molecules associate with the resting cytoskeleton (Barkalow et al., 1996). If the higher estimate for actin filaments is accurate, then the adducin and capZ bound to actin filament ends would account for the >98% capping of the barbed ends (Hartwig, 1992). However, if the lower estimate for actin filaments is correct, a significant portion of the adducin and capZ would be associated with other Triton X-100insoluble elements, such as lipid rafts that are rich in polyphosphoinositides.
The association of adducin with both actin filament barbed ends and spectrin is regulated by PKC-dependent phosphorylation of adducin (Matsuoka et al., 1998). Adducin associates with the platelet membrane skeleton, but dissociates when phosphorylated by PKC at Ser726, consistent with the finding that phosphorylation by PKC within adducin's MARCKS domain separates it from both actin filaments and spectrin. In addition, Gilligan et al. (2002) reported that adducin releases from detergent-insoluble cytoskeletons of thrombin-activated platelets, and that its release coincides with phosphorylation by PKC. Adducin also has a calcium/calmodulin binding site (Gardner and Bennett, 1986), and treatment with exogenous calcium/calmodulin releases adducin from RBC ghosts (Kuhlman et al., 1996). For most agonists, maximal actin filament barbed-end exposure or production after platelet activation requires a transient increase in intracellular calcium. Thus, it seems likely that calcium/calmodulin binding may help release adducin from the barbed ends of actin filaments in platelets. Platelets treated with PMA do not undergo fluctuations in intracellular calcium (Falet and Rendu, 1994), yet do manifest a slow but significant dissociation of adducin from actin that is unaffected by treatment with EGTA-AM. Furthermore, actin nucleation is independent of gelsolin (Fig. 9) because gelsolin does not become transiently activated to move into the PMA-activated cytoskeleton. Together, these findings suggest that release of adducin from the membrane skeleton does not require binding of calcium/calmodulin.
Polyphosphoinositides may also influence the adducinactinspectrin interaction by interacting with adducin's MARCKS domain. Polyphosphoinositides bind to a motif within the MARCKS protein (aa 151175, referred to as the MARCKS domain in other proteins containing this motif) and are sequestered from PLC when bound (Glaser et al., 1996). Phosphorylation of MARCKS by PKC dissociates the lipid from MARCKS, releasing this constraint. Polyphosphoinositides also bind to actin filament barbed-end binding proteins such as gelsolin (Janmey and Stossel, 1987) and capZ (Schafer et al., 1996), and prevent/reverse their binding. In light of these findings, we tested the ability of polyphosphoinositides to modulate adducin binding in the platelet cytoskeleton, and found that PI3,4P2, PI4,5P2 (Fig. 7), and PI3,4,5P3 (unpublished data) each dissociated a portion of the adducin bound to the cytoskeleton.
Platelet activation, which can be triggered by various agonists, initiates platelet shape changes that are driven by forces generated from polymerization at the barbed ends of actin filaments. Different receptor-mediated signaling cascades may invoke actin regulation with variable efficiencies using a host of barbed-end capping proteins. In PAR-1stimulated platelets, the majority of free actin filament barbed ends originate from gelsolin-driven severing and uncapping amplified by Arp2/3 (Witke et al., 1995; Falet et al., 2002); however, adducin does contribute some (10%) of the total barbed ends generated. In platelets activated through Fc
RIIA and PMA, adducin contributes 60100% of the new actin filament barbed ends. This greater dependence on adducin reflects the inactivity of gelsolin and Arp2/3 under these signaling conditions. CapZ's association with the actin cytoskeleton in PMA-activated platelets is not surprising because its primary function in active platelets is to cap free barbed ends (Barkalow et al., 1996). Although adducin-mediated nucleation activity may contribute only a small portion of barbed ends, the removal of adducin from the membrane skeleton may be important for efficient lamellar extension. Membrane destabilization would occur as actin filament ends are released, thereby disrupting the integrity of the spectrin lattice as adducin strengthens the actinspectrin interaction. Destabilizing the membrane skeleton would in turn facilitate membrane extension during platelet spreading. Consistent with this hypothesis is the observation that adducin releases from spectrin during platelet activation in a manner dependent on its phosphorylation at Ser726 by PKC. Furthermore, the localization of spectrin at the platelet center is severely hindered when PKC activity is blocked in active platelets. Therefore, we propose that the binding of
-adducin to spectrin in resting platelets is important in maintaining the membrane skeleton, and that remodeling of the membrane skeleton during activation is achieved in part by
-adducin release from spectrin.
Our structural and biochemical studies provide information to refine the model of the membrane skeleton in resting platelets and to begin to elucidate the dynamic changes after platelet activation. As illustrated in Fig. 10, the membrane skeleton of the resting platelet is a network of spectrin tetramers that interconnect at actin filament ends. Adducin molecules strengthen the spectrinactin connections and target actin filament barbed ends to spectrin. Because these actin filaments are part of and are cross-linked to the actin cytoskeleton, adducin acts as a bridge between the membrane skeleton and the actin cytoskeleton. Platelet activation alters both the actin cytoskeleton and the membrane skeleton. Within seconds after platelet activation (Fig. 10, early event), Ca2+-gelsolin severs preexisting actin filaments into small fragments. The subsequent release of gelsolin from the barbed ends of these filament fragments generates templates onto which the Arp2/3 complex binds, and new actin filaments are polymerized (Fig. 10, early events, new actin assembly zone; Falet et al., 2002). Actin filaments grow off of Arp2/3 as well as the free barbed ends and fill lamellae. In a slower process (30 s1 min), adducin releases from actin and spectrin (Fig. 10, early events), freeing spectrin and allowing the membrane skeleton to become centralized during platelet spreading (Fig. 10, later events). However, GF-treated platelets do not release adducin from spectrin and actin. Platelet activation in the presence of GF leads to structural abnormalities; stabilization of the spectrin network prohibits its centralization, leading to accumulation of spectrin and actin filaments in a zone equivalent to the boundaries of the resting cell (Fig. 10, late events). Nonetheless, actin filaments remain susceptible to severing by Ca2+-gelsolin. Therefore, gelsolin-dependent actin nucleation as well as lamellar extension, which drive platelet spreading, persist in GF-treated platelets.
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Materials and methods |
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Isolation of platelets
Human platelets were isolated from anti-coagulated blood. Platelet-rich plasma was obtained by centrifuging the blood at 200 g for 15 min. Platelets were separated from the plasma by gel filtration over a Sepharose-2B column preequilibrated with platelet buffer (145 mM NaCl, 10 mM Hepes, 10 mM glucose, 0.3% BSA, 0.5 mM NaH2PO4, and 5 mM KCl, pH 7.4). The platelets were allowed to stand at 37°C for 30 min before further treatment.
Platelet activation
Resting platelets were activated by (1) PAR-1 ligation with 25 µM TRAP; (2) 3 µg/ml anti-FcRIIA, followed by 30 µg/ml goat antimouse F(ab')2 at 37°C; or (3) 100 nM PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate). In some experiments, platelets were pretreated with either 40 µM EGTA-AM for 30 min or with 5 µM GF 109203X, an inhibitor of PKC (Toullec et al., 1991), for 1 min. At the appropriate times, platelets were lysed with 1/10 vol of 10x lysis buffer (120 mM Pipes, 60 mM Hepes, 100 mM EGTA, 20 mM MgCl2, 1% Triton X-100, 10 µM phallacidin, and 0.5 mg/ml each of leupeptin, aprotinin, and benzamidine, pH 6.9). Samples were centrifuged for 30 min at 215,000 g in a centrifuge (model TL-100; Beckman Coulter). Platelet samples treated with PKC or PI3,4P2 micelles were extracted in lysis buffer with 0.5% OG instead of Triton X-100. Supernatants and pellets were mixed in equal volumes of SDS-PAGE sample buffer. All samples were incubated at 37°C overnight.
Immunoprecipitation of adducin
Platelets at rest or activated with TRAP were extracted with lysis buffer. Anti-adducin polyclonal serum was added at a 1:200 dilution, along with 20 µl of packed GammaBindTM G Sepharose (Amersham Biosciences). Samples were mixed at 4°C overnight. The Sepharose was sedimented at 1,000 g for 5 min. The supernatants were recovered and saved for SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. The Sepharose pellet was washed 5x with platelet buffer and prepared for SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting.
SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting
SDS-PAGE was performed using a modified 8 or 15% acrylamide Laemmli slab gel (Laemmli, 1970). Proteins were transferred for 7590 min to PVDF membranes (Millipore) using a Trans-Blot® cell (Bio-Rad Laboratories) at 1 A. PVDF membranes were blocked in PBS with 0.02% Tween 20 and 5% Carnation nonfat dry milk, pH 7.4. Blocked membranes were incubated with primary antibody for 2 h at RT, washed three times with PBS, and probed with a 1:4,000 dilution of goat antirabbit IgG HRP conjugate (Bio-Rad Laboratories) for 1 h. Washed membranes were again washed and developed using chemiluminescence (SuperSignal®; Pierce Chemical Co.).
Electron microscopy
Resting platelets were extracted with 0.75% Triton X-100, 0.1% glutaraldehyde, PHEM (60 mM Pipes, 25 mM Hepes, 10 mM EGTA, and 2 mM MgCl2, pH 6.9), and 1 µM phallacidin (glutaraldehyde is omitted if fracturing of the cytoskeleton is desired as in Fig. 1 D), and attached by centrifugation to poly-L-lysinecoated coverslips (Hartwig and DeSisto, 1991). The adhered cytoskeletons were washed, and free aldehydes were blocked with 0.1% sodium borohydride in PHEM. For analysis of activated platelet cytoskeletons (e.g., Fig. 2), platelets were first centrifuged onto coverslips, then detergent permeabilized (Hartwig, 1992). Myosin S1 labeling of cytoskeletons was achieved by incubating samples with 2 mg/ml myosin S1 for 5 min. The cytoskeletons were washed in PBS/1% BSA to block nonspecific protein binding, incubated for 1.5 h at 22°C with anti-spectrin pAb diluted to 10 µg/ml in PBS/BSA, washed six times with PBS/BSA, and incubated for 1.5 h with antirabbit IgG 10-nm colloidal gold conjugates. The labeled cytoskeletons were extensively washed, fixed with 1% glutaraldehyde in PBS for 10 min, washed into distilled water, rapidly frozen, freeze-dried, and rotary shadowed with 1.2 nm tungsten-tantalum at 45° followed by 3 nm of carbon at 90° without rotation. Replicas were photographed with an electron microscope (model 1200-EX; JEOL USA, Inc.) at a 100-kV accelerating voltage.
Immunofluorescence
Resting platelets were centrifuged at 200 g for 5 min onto poly-L-lysinecoated glass coverslips in platelet buffer with or without 5 µM GF 109203X or 2 µM cytochalasin B. Adherent platelets were fixed with 2% formaldehyde in platelet buffer for 10 min, followed by 0.5% Triton X-100 in platelet buffer for 10 min. The coverslips were blocked with 0.5% albumin and 0.05% NaN3 in platelet buffer (blocking buffer) overnight, then incubated at RT for 2 h with mouse anti-spectrin (#S3396; Sigma-Aldrich) or rabbit anti-adducin, each at a dilution of 1:250. The coverslips were washed four times with blocking buffer, and incubated for 1 h at RT with a 1:200 dilution of Texas redlabeled antirabbit IgG for adducin combined with F-actin staining; Alexa® 488labeled antirabbit IgG for adducin combined with spectrin staining; and Alexa® 568labeled antimouse IgG for all spectrin staining (Molecular Probes, Inc.). The coverslips were exposed to 1 µM phalloidin-Alexa® 488 (Molecular Probes, Inc.) for F-actin staining, washed four times with blocking buffer, and mounted (Aqua Polymount; Polysciences) onto microscope slides. Images were recorded digitally with a cooled CCD camera (Orca; Hamamatsu Corporation) on a microscope (Eclipse PE2000; Nikon) using a 60x oil immersion objective and MetaMorph® software (Universal Imaging Corp.).
To monitor the effects of activation on the localization of spectrin, adducin, and F-actin, a time-course experiment was performed. Resting platelets were centrifuged at 200 g for 1 min onto poly-L-lysinecoated coverslips in platelet buffer with or without 5 µM GF109203X. At times of 1.5 min or 5 min after the onset of centrifugation, the samples were then fixed and extracted. Unstimulated platelets (time = 0) were generated by fixing resting platelets for 10 min, then centrifuging them onto poly-L-lysinecoated coverslips. To quantitate the extent of colocalization of spectrin and adducin with F-actin in platelets treated with or without GF 109203X, ratiometric imaging was performed using MetaMorph® analysis software (Universal Imaging Corp.). The images were digitally thresholded with a software function that subtracts background signals below a critical pixel density. Individual cells (n = 10) for each condition and time point were randomly selected, and the total area of fluorescence signal for actin, spectrin, and/or adducin was measured for each platelet. The extent of association between spectrin or adducin and F-actin is expressed as a percent ratio of the overlapped area to the total area of actin signal.
Platelet actin assembly assay and FACS® analysis
The F-actin content of platelets at various times after stimulation was quantitated by flow cytometry of FITC-phalloidinlabeled platelets in a FACScanTM (Beckton Dickinson). TRAP, IV.3 antibody, or PMA were used to activate the platelets, in the presence or absence of 5 µM GF 109203X. After activation, the platelets were fixed for 30 min at the desired time point by the addition of an equal vol of 6.8% formalin. A 1/40 vol of 4% Triton X-100 containing 40 µM FITC-phalloidin was used to extract platelets and label the F-actin. Forward and side scattering were used to identify platelets and measure the mean fluorescence of 10,000 cells.
Actin filament barbed-end exposure in platelets
The number of barbed ends per platelet was obtained in a nucleation assay using pyrene-labeled actin (Hartwig, 1992; Hartwig et al., 1995). 90 µl of platelets at a concentration of 2 x 108/ml were activated with TRAP, IV.3 antibody, or PMA. Triton X-100extracted platelets were diluted with buffer B (0.1 M KCl, 0.2 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mM EGTA, 0.5 mM ATP, 10 mM Tris, and 0.5 mM ß-mercaptoethanol, pH 7.4) and 1 µM monomeric pyrene-labeled actin. The fluorescence data were gathered using a fluorimeter (model LS-50B; PerkinElmer) with an excitation and emission wavelength of 366 and 386 nm.
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Acknowledgments |
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Submitted: 26 November 2002
Revised: 7 March 2003
Accepted: 7 March 2003
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References |
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