Article |
Address correspondence to Vincenzo Sorrentino, Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 5, 53100 Siena, Italy. Tel.: 39-0577-234-079. Fax: 39-0577-234-191. E-mail: v.sorrentino{at}unisi.it
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Abstract |
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In keeping with the proposed role of obscurin in mediating an interaction with ankyrins and sarcoplasmic reticulum, we have also found that a sequence with homology to the obscurin-binding site of ank1.5 is present in the ank2.2 isoform, which in striated muscles has been also shown to associate with the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Accordingly, a peptide containing the COOH terminus of ank2.2 fused with GST was found to bind to obscurin. Based on reported evidence showing that the COOH terminus of ank2.2 is necessary for the localization of ryanodine receptors and InsP3 receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, we propose that obscurin, through multiple interactions with ank1.5 and ank2.2 isoforms, may assemble a large protein complex that, in addition to a structural function, may play a role in the organization of specific subdomains in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Key Words: sarcoplasmic reticulum; calcium release; ryanodine receptors; InsP3 receptors; endoplasmic reticulum
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Introduction |
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Ankyrins are a family of proteins involved in the organization of specific membrane domains by mediating the interactions between proteins of the plasma membrane and the subplasma membrane cytoskeleton (Bennett and Baines, 2001). In the past years, specific ankyrin isoforms have been found to associate also with the membrane of intracellular organelles such as the Golgi apparatus and lysosomes (Peters et al., 1995; Devarajan et al., 1996; Beck et al., 1997; Hoock et al., 1997). In striated muscles, ankyrins have been detected at specific sites, including costameres, the postsynaptic membrane, and triads (Pardo et al., 1983; Flucher et al., 1990; Bennett and Baines, 2001). Interestingly, in addition to conventional ankyrins, muscle-specific ankyrin isoforms have also been described. While some of these muscle-specific ankyrin isoforms seem only to interact with the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (Kordeli et al., 1998; Gagelin et al., 2002), a group of striated musclespecific isoforms of the ank1 gene (ank1.5, ank1.6, and ank1.7) are selectively localized on the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, with which they are associated through a hydrophobic sequence located at their NH2-terminal region (Zhou et al., 1997; Birkenmeier et al., 1998; Gallagher and Forget, 1998). Recent studies with ank2-deficient mice have indicated that ank2 may be important for the localization of proteins involved in Ca2+ homeostasis, such as ryanodine receptors and InsP3 receptors at specific domains of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (Tuvia et al., 1999; Mohler et al., 2002). Obscurin is a recently identified muscle protein known to bind to titin (Bang et al., 2001; Young et al., 2001; Russell et al., 2002). Obscurin is an extremely large protein characterized by a modular architecture that contains multiple Ig-like domains, two fibronectin (FN3)-like domains, and a RhoGEF/PH domain. Additional transcripts apparently derived from the obscurin gene have also been detected. These transcripts contain one or two serine-threonine kinase domains (Bang et al., 2001; Russell et al., 2002). Whether the sequence encoding these kinase domains can be associated with the initial obscurin transcript (Young et al., 2001) is, however, not yet clear. Altogether, the modular structure of obscurin makes this protein a very good candidate for mediating multiple interactions between the myofibrils and other cellular structures, including the extramyofibrillar cytoskeleton (Stromer, 1998; Gregorio and Antin, 2000; Bang et al., 2001; Young et al., 2001).
We report here that the ank1.5 isoform is capable of interacting with the COOH terminus of obscurin. The interaction between ank1.5 and obscurin is mediated by an aa sequence present in ank1.5, but not in ank 1.6 and ank1.7, that recognizes a specific sequence present in the nonmodular region at the COOH terminus of obscurin. Mutations of specific aa in these regions abolished binding between ank1.5 and obscurin. In addition to in vitro studies, the interaction between ank1.5 and obscurin was also verified in heterologous cells transfected with plasmids encoding ank1.5 and a fusion protein consisting of the COOH terminus of obscurin cloned in frame with GFP. In agreement with in vitro data, transfection of ank1.5 resulted in the association of GFPobscurin with the ER. Experiments performed in cultured skeletal muscle cells revealed that ank1.5 is present near or at the M line, where it colocalizes with obscurin. Localization of ank1.5 at the M line required the obscurin-binding site because a mutation in this site prevented the localization of ank1.5 at the M line and resulted in a diffuse distribution of the mutated protein. Based on the ability of ank1.5 to specifically interact with a region at the COOH terminus of obscurin, we propose that these two proteins may contribute to hold a stable interaction between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the myofibrils. In line with the above results, we have also found that, in addition to ank1.5, the ank2.2 isoform can interact with obscurin through a sequence homologous to that present in ank1.5. In light of the evidence that ank2 is necessary for the localization of ryanodine receptors and InsP3 receptors (Tuvia et al., 1999; Mohler et al., 2002), our working hypothesis envisions that obscurin plays a role in assembling a scaffold of proteins important to establish an association between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the cytoskeleton and to redistribute proteins, e.g., ryanodine receptors, InsP3 receptors, and eventually other proteins, at specific domains of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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Results |
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ank1.5, but not ank1.6 and ank1.7, binds to the COOH terminus of obscurin
To identify the sequence in ank1.5 responsible for the interaction with the COOH terminus of obscurin, we performed experiments designed to test the ability of the three small ankyrin isoforms (ank1.5, ank1.6, and ank1.7) to bind to the COOH terminus of obscurin. Two-hybrid experiments were performed using the cytosolic sequences of the ank1.5, ank1.6, and ank1.7 isoforms (cloned in the pGBKT7 vector as a bait) against the obscurin subclone A7 (cloned in the pACT2 vector). Both the ability to grow in selective media lacking histidine and ß-galactosidase activity indicated that only ank1.5, not ank1.6 or ank1.7, was capable of binding the COOH terminus of obscurin (Fig. 2 A). From a quantitative point of view, it is worth noting that whereas the interaction of obscurin subclone A7 with ank1.5 yielded a very strong blue reaction in the ß-galactosidase assay, interaction with ank1.6 and ank1.7 did not result in any activity at all. In parallel, pull-down experiments were performed using in vitrotranslated obscurin subclone A7 and GST fusion proteins of the three ankyrin isoforms. As shown in Fig. 2 A, in agreement with two-hybrid results, binding to the GSTobscurin clone A7 was observed with ank1.5 and not with ank1.6 or ank1.7. The alignment of aa sequences of muscle-specific small ank1 isoforms revealed that ank1.5 contains a stretch of 22 aa (aa 102123) that is absent in ank1.6 and ank1.7, suggesting that this region is involved in mediating the binding of ank1.5 with the COOH terminus of obscurin.
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Identification of critical aa in ank1.5 required for interaction with obscurin
Alignment of aa sequences from ank1.3, ank2.2, and the muscle-specific ank3 isoform (AnkG107) with the aa sequence of ank1.5 involved in binding to obscurin reveals the presence of some conserved residue among these proteins. To identify the critical aa that in ank1.5 are required for the interaction with the COOH terminus of obscurin, site-directed mutagenesis of aa 97123 of ank1.5 was performed, and the in vitrotranscribed and translated mutant proteins were used in binding experiments with the GSTObs62156353 fusion protein. As shown in Fig. 2 D, these experiments identified four residues (T99, K101, R104, and K105) that, if mutated (T99P, K101E, R104G, and K105E), strongly reduced binding of in vivotranslated obscurin subclone A7 to the GSTank1.5 fusion protein. Contemporary mutagenesis of three of these aa residues (T99P, K101E, and R104G) completely abolished the residual binding observed in proteins containing only one mutated aa (Fig. 2 D).
Fusion proteins containing the COOH terminus of obscurin can bind ank1.5 from transfected cells and skeletal muscle microsomes
To further expand on the interaction between ank1.5 and the COOH-terminal part of obscurin, human embryonic kidney (HEK)* 293 cells were transfected with myc-tagged plasmids encoding full-length ank1.5 or ank1.7 cDNAs. Microsomes prepared from transfected cells were solubilized and the resulting supernatant was allowed to interact with a fusion protein containing aa 62156353 of obscurin in frame with GST. Western blot with anti-myc monoclonal antibodies revealed that ank1.5, but not ank1.7, expressed in HEK293 cells was retained by the GSTobscurin fusion protein (Fig. 3 A). Previous work had shown that ank1.5 is a membrane protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (Zhou et al., 1997). To further examine the localization of ank1.5 in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, skeletal muscle microsomes were further fractionated according to established procedures (Saito et al., 1984). Selected fractions, enriched in terminal cisternae and longitudinal tubules, were analyzed by Western blot with a rabbit antibody against ank1.5. A major band of an apparent molecular mass of 25 kD, which is compatible with the expected size of ank1.5, was found in fractions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum containing longitudinal tubules and terminal cisternae (Fig. 3 B). Using the ank1.5 antiserum, endogenous ank1.5 solubilized from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum was found to bind to the maltose binding protein (MBP)obscurin (aa 62156351) fusion protein, but not to MBP alone (Fig. 3 C).
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Interestingly, the localization of ank1.5 near the M line was only observed in fully differentiated skeletal muscle cells; in nondifferentiated cells, transfected ank1.5 appeared to have a diffuse distribution, while obscurin-specific signal could not be detected (unpublished data). Thus, the regular pattern of ank1.5 observed in differentiated skeletal muscle cells might depend on the expression of either obscurin or another protein regularly spaced near the M line. To more directly establish whether the observed colocalization of ank1.5 and obscurin is mediated by a direct interaction between the two proteins, a plasmid encoding full-length ank1.5 containing three mutated aa residues in the domain required for in vitro interaction with obscurin (ank1.5 mutTKR; Fig. 2) was transfected in differentiating skeletal muscle cells. As shown in Fig. 5 (MO), mutation of the obscurin-binding site of ank1.5 resulted in a diffuse distribution of ank1.5 upon transfection in skeletal muscle cells while obscurin signal maintained its regular sarcomeric arrangement. Consequently, colocalization of ank1.5 with obscurin at the M line required a functional obscurin-binding site.
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Discussion |
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Here we report that ank1.5, a muscle-specific ank1 isoform, which is an integral protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of striated muscles, contains a specific domain capable to selectively interact with the COOH-terminal part of obscurin, a component of myofibrils. In agreement with data on the characterization of the interaction between ank1.5 and obscurin obtained in vitro, we present evidence that ank1.5 colocalizes with obscurin at the M line in differentiated skeletal muscle cells. This localization appears to depend on the integrity of the obscurin-binding site in ank1.5, as shown by the lack of M line localization of a mutant ank1.5 lacking the aa required for binding to obscurin. These data therefore provide the first experimental evidence of two proteins capable of mediating interactions between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the myofibrils. Considering the complexity of the organization of the sarcoplasmic reticulum network in striated muscle cells, several other proteins are likely to participate in mediating the subcellular localization/organization of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells. In this context, it is interesting to note that a sequence with homology to the obscurin-binding site of ank1.5 is also present in other ankyrin isoforms, namely the long ank1 isoform ank1.3, ank2.2, and the ank3 isoform AnkG107. A role for ank2 in mediating the assembly of ryanodine and InsP3 receptors at specific domains of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle cells has been reported (Tuvia et al., 1999). The region of the ank2.2 protein necessary for the localization of calcium release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum has been restricted to a small region at the COOH terminus of ank2.2 (Mohler et al., 2002). We have found that the COOH terminus of ank2.2 is capable of binding to obscurin through a binding site homologous to that of ank1.5. On this basis, we propose a model where the interaction of obscurin with different ankyrin isoforms may promote the assembly of a large protein complex, which, in addition to supporting the association of the sarcoplasmic reticulum with the myofibrils, may participate in the mechanisms underlying the localization of Ca2+ release channels (i.e., ryanodine and InsP3 receptors), and eventually other proteins, to specific domains of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Obviously more work is required for better defining the complexity of these interactions.
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Materials and methods |
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Yeast two-hybrid studies
The cDNA of ank1.5 (coding for aa 22155) inserted into the pGBKT7 vector (Matchmaker system III) in fusion with GAL4-BD was used as bait to screen a human skeletal muscle cDNA library fused with GAL4-AD in pACT2 vector (CLONTECH Laboratories, Inc.). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain Y153 was cotransformed with the bait vector and the library-derived plasmid as described by the manufacturer (Matchmaker system III). 5 x 105 independent clones from a skeletal muscle cDNA library were screened with the recombinant bait. The DNA of colonies positive for HIS3 activation and in ß-galactosidase assays was extracted and electroporated in Escherichia coli to select and isolate the library plasmids. All the clones isolated were retransformed in yeast, and HIS3 activation and ß-galactosidase assays were performed to confirm the interaction with the bait. Interactions were further confirmed in two-hybrid assays by exchanging the bait DNA-BD vector with the library-derived DNA-AD vector and vice versa.
Site-directed mutagenesis
To map the residues involved in ankyrinobscurin interaction, ank1.5 (aa 22155) and a portion of obscurin (aa 62156353) were used as templates to perform site-directed mutagenesis using the QuickChange site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Protein expression
All in vitro transcription and translation experiments were performed using the TnT Quick Coupled Reticulocyte Lysate System as described by the manufacturer (Promega). To label the peptides, the reactions were performed in the presence of 35S L-methionine (Amersham Biosciences). The GST fusion proteins were obtained by cloning the cDNA of ank1.5 (aa 22155), ank1.6 (aa 22133), ank1.7 (aa 22109), ank2.2 (aa 17581872), and obscurin (aa 62156353) into pGEX4T expression vector (Amersham Biosciences). The MBP fusion protein was obtained by cloning ank1.5 (aa 22155) into pMAL-c2X expression vector (New England Biolabs, Inc.). Microsomes from mouse and rabbit skeletal muscles as well as from HEK293 cells (transfected with ank1.5, ank1.7, and ank1.5 mut) were obtained as previously described (Saito et al., 1984).
In vitro interaction studies and pull-down assay
The GST and MBP fusion proteins were expressed in XL1blue cells. The cell lysates (PBS, 20 mM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100) were incubated for 20 min at 4°C with the resin to immobilize the fusion proteins; glutathionesepharose 4B beads (Amersham Biosciences) and maltose agarose beads (New England Biolabs, Inc.) for GST and MBP, respectively. For binding experiments, 5 µl of TnT protein extract was incubated with 15 µg of fusion protein (50 µl of beads, 50% slurry) in interaction buffer (PBS, 1% Triton X-100, 1% BSA) for 1 h at 4°C. A total of 250 µg of protein from microsomes was used in pull-down experiments. The interactions with the fusion proteins (GST for transfected HEK293 and MBP for mouse skeletal muscle microsomes) were performed in PBS, 0.2 mM PMSF, 1% Triton X-100 for 2 h at 4°C. Beads were washed in PBS, 1% Triton X-100. Proteins eluted in SDS, ß-mercaptoethanol sample buffer were separated by SDS-PAGE.
Cell cultures, DNA transfection, and immunofluorescence staining
HEK 293 and NIH 3T3 cells were maintained in -MEM medium supplemented with 2 mM glutamine (Bio-Whittaker), 100 µg/ml streptomycin, 100 U/ml penicillin (Bio-Whittaker), 1 mM sodium pyruvate (Bio-Whittaker), 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (Bio-Whittaker) at 37°C under 5% CO2. Cultures of skeletal muscle cells were prepared from hind leg muscles of newborn rats. In brief, the muscles were minced and subjected to three successive treatments with 0.125% trypsin. Cells were resuspended in DME plus 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum and plated onto gelatin-coated coverslips. After 2 d, cells were transfected with appropriated constructs and then switched to differentiating media (i.e., DME supplemented with 2% horse serum) for 36 d. DNA transfections were performed using the Lipofectamine-Plus method (Invitrogen), following the manufacturer's instructions. Cells were fixed with 3% paraformaldehyde, 2% sucrose in PBS (137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 4.3 mM Na2HPO4, 1.4 mM KH2PO4) for 10 min at room temperature, washed, and incubated for 15 min in 5% goat serum in PBS. After washing, cells were permeabilized with Hepes Triton buffer (20 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, 300 mM sucrose, 50 mM NaCl, 3 mM MgCl2, 0.5% Triton X-100). For ankyrin detection, cells were incubated for 1 h at room temperature with an anti-myc monoclonal antibody at a 1:1,000 dilution. Cy3-conjugated antimouse secondary antibodies were from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories and were used according to the manufacturer's instructions. Antibodies against obscurin were prepared by injection of rabbits with a fusion protein containing aa 62156353 of obscurin in frame with GST as previously described (Giannini et al., 1995). Images were collected with an epifluorescence Axioplan 2 imaging microscope (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging, Inc.) equipped with a MicroMAX digital CCD camera (Princeton Instruments), digitized, stored, and subsequently processed with Meta Imaging Series 4.5 software (Universal Imaging Corp.).
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Footnotes |
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* Abbreviations used in this paper: HEK, human embryonic kidney; MBP, maltose binding protein.
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Acknowledgments |
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Submitted: 19 August 2002
Revised: 9 December 2002
Accepted: 10 December 2002
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References |
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