* Servicio de Inmunología and Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; § Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; and
Division of Haematology,
Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
![]() |
Abstract |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Cell-to-cell junction structures play a key
role in cell growth rate control and cell polarization. In
endothelial cells (EC), these structures are also involved in regulation of vascular permeability and leukocyte extravasation. To identify novel components in
EC intercellular junctions, mAbs against these cells
were produced and selected using a morphological
screening by immunofluorescence microscopy. Two
novel mAbs, LIA1/1 and VJ1/16, specifically recognized a 25-kD protein that was selectively localized at
cell-cell junctions of EC, both in the primary formation
of cell monolayers and when EC reorganized in the
process of wound healing. This antigen corresponded to
the recently cloned platelet-endothelial tetraspan antigen CD151/PETA-3 (platelet-endothelial tetraspan antigen-3), and was consistently detected at EC cell-cell
contact sites. In addition to CD151/PETA-3, two other
members of the tetraspan superfamily, CD9 and CD81/
TAPA-1 (target of antiproliferative antibody-1), localized at endothelial cell-to-cell junctions. Biochemical
analysis demonstrated molecular associations among
tetraspan molecules themselves and those of CD151/
PETA-3 and CD9 with 3
1 integrin. Interestingly,
mAbs directed to both CD151/PETA-3 and CD81/
TAPA-1 as well as mAb specific for
3 integrin, were
able to inhibit the migration of ECs in the process of
wound healing. The engagement of CD151/PETA-3
and CD81/TAPA-1 inhibited the movement of individual ECs, as determined by quantitative time-lapse
video microscopy studies. Furthermore, mAbs against
the CD151/PETA-3 molecule diminished the rate of
EC invasion into collagen gels. In addition, these mAbs
were able to increase the adhesion of EC to extracellular matrix proteins. Together these results indicate that
CD81/TAPA-1 and CD151/PETA-3 tetraspan molecules are components of the endothelial lateral junctions implicated in the regulation of cell motility, either
directly or by modulation of the function of the associated integrin heterodimers.
![]() |
Introduction |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
INTERCELLULAR adhesion structures provide, by means
of transmembrane proteins selectively localized at the
sites of cell-cell contact, the physical strength necessary to build up solid tissues interconnecting the cytoskeleton from the different cells. Junctional structures are also
responsible for the polarization of certain cell types, determining different functional subdomains along the plasma
membrane, each containing a defined subset of proteins. Tight junctions, composed by the transmembrane protein
occludin (Furuse et al., 1993) coupled to cytoplasmic proteins ZO-1, ZO-2, 7H6, cingulin, and symplekin (Keon et
al., 1996
; for review see Schneeberger et al., 1992; Anderson et al., 1993
; Citi 1993
), are directly involved in restricting the lateral diffusion of proteins along the plane of the
plasma membrane. Adherens junctions, formed by different cadherins (reviewed in Takeichi, 1990
; Geiger and Ayalon, 1992
; Dejana 1996
) linked to the actin cytoskeleton by catenins (Tsukita et al., 1992
; Kemler 1993
; Cowin and
Burke, 1996
), initiate cell-cell contacts, nucleate the formation of other junctional structures (Gumbiner et al.,
1988
), and regulate the expression of the genes involved in
the polarized phenotype (McNeill et al., 1990
; Marrs et al.,
1995
). Focal adhesions, in which integrins are the transmembrane adhesion moiety, are mainly responsible for
adhesion to the extracellular matrix (Jockusch et al., 1995
),
which may be sufficient for the establishment of some of
the characteristics of a polarized cell phenotype (Drubin and Nelson, 1996
). Other junctional complexes like gap
junctions, composed by connexin oligomers (for review
see Goodenough et al., 1996
), do not play a structural role
in intercellular adhesion but metabolically couple cells in a
determinate tissue.
Intercellular connections are responsible for the main
function of endothelial cells as a selective permeable barrier between the bloodstream and the rest of tissues along
the body. Endothelial cell-to-cell adhesion also plays the
aforementioned general role of cell growth rate control
(Caveda et al., 1996) and tissue integrity maintenance.
Growth control in endothelium has a great relevance in tumorigenesis, since angiogenesis is one of the main requisites for tumor progression and metastasis (Hanahan and
Folkman, 1996
). On the other hand, intercellular connections must be modulated by many different stimuli in order to finely regulate the permeability of the endothelial
cells (EC)1 monolayer to plasma macromolecules and, in
certain tissues and inflammatory conditions, to defined
subpopulations of leukocytes present in the bloodstream.
Vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an endothelium-specific member of the superfamily of cadherins, seems to be
one of the main regulators of permeability in EC monolayers. VE-cadherin is reversibly linked to actin cytoskeleton
by catenins and its association with these proteins is rapidly regulated through phosphorylation on catenin tyrosine residues (Lampugnani et al., 1992
; Dejana 1996
).
Other adhesion molecules, such as CD31/PECAM (platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule), also localize at intercellular contact sites where it may play a functional role similar to VE-cadherin. CD31 mediates both homophilic
as well as heterophilic (CD31-
v
3) molecular interactions, and is involved in the leukocyte transmigration
across the EC monolayer (reviewed in Newman 1997
).
Certain integrins, such as
2
1 and
5
1, have also been
implicated in the maintenance of the EC monolayer integrity (Lampugnani et al., 1991
).
The tetraspan superfamily of proteins (TM4) comprises
a group of molecules with four membrane-spanning domains, which have been implicated in several cellular functions, as regulation of cell growth and differentiation, cell
adhesion, and intracellular signaling (reviewed in Wright
and Tomlison, 1994; Hemler et al., 1996; Maecker et al.,
1997
). In this study, we show the specific intercellular localization of CD9, CD81/TAPA-1 and CD151/PETA-3 tetraspan molecules in EC as well as their specific interaction with
3
1 integrin. These tetraspan molecules appear
to have an important role in EC motility, likely by altering
cell-matrix adhesion.
![]() |
Materials and Methods |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Cells and Cell Cultures
Human EC from umbilical vein (HUVEC) were obtained and cultured as
described previously (Jaffe et al., 1972). In brief, cells were seeded on tissue culture flasks or dishes coated with gelatin 0.5% and grown in 199 medium (Bio Whittaker, Verviers, Belgium) supplemented with 20% FCS
(GIBCO BRL, Gaithersburg, MD), 50 IU/ml penicillin, 50 µg/ml streptomycin (ICN Biomedicals, Costa Mesa, CA), 250 µg/ml fungizone (Squibb
Industria Farmacéutica, Barcelona, Spain), 50 µg/ml EC growth supplement (ECGS; prepared from bovine brain), and 100 µg/ml heparin (Sigma
Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO), and used up to the third passage. Human
microvascular endothelial cell line-1 (HMEC-1; Ades et al., 1992
) was
grown in MCDB-131 medium (GIBCO BRL) supplemented with 20%
FCS, 50 IU/ml penicillin, 50 µg/ml streptomycin, 10 ng/ml EGF (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Mannheim, Germany), and 1 µg/ml hydrocortisone (Sigma Chemical Co.) on tissue cultured plates precoated with gelatin (0.5%). For immunofluorescence studies, ECs were cultured on glass
coverslips (12-mm diam), precoated with gelatin (1%) or human fibronectin (7 µg/ml; Sigma Chemical Co.).
Murine FDC-P1 cells infected with a retrovirus containing CD151
cDNA (FD-CD151) or empty retrovirus (FD-Ruf) were obtained and cultured as described (Ashman et al., 1997).
Antibodies
mAbs TEA1/31 (anti-VE-cadherin; Leach et al., 1993), TP1/15 (anti-CD31; García-Monzón et al., 1995
), TS2/16 (anti-
1 integrins; Arroyo et al.,
1992
), W6/32 (anti-HLA-A,B; Campanero et al., 1991), and 11B1.G4 and
14A2.H1 (anti-CD151/PETA-3; Fitter et al., 1995
) have previously been
described. mAb GR2110 (anti-CD9) was provided by Dr. F. Garrido
(Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain), 50H.19 (anti-CD9) by
Dr. A. Shaw (Cross Cancer Institute, Alberta, Canada), and 5A6 (anti-
CD81/TAPA-1) by Dr. S. Levy (Oncology, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, CA). TEA3/18 mAb, clustered as CD63 in the VI International Leukocyte Typing Workshop, and VJ1/14 (anti-
1 integrin)
were obtained in our laboratory and their characterization will be described elsewhere. The monoclonal Ig (IgG1,
) from the P3X63 myeloma
cell line was used as negative control. Anti-
2, -
3, -
5, and -
1 integrin
chain rabbit polyclonal antibodies directed against the cytoplasmic tail of
these molecules were provided by Dr. G. Tarone (Università di Torino, Italy), and anti-
3 rabbit polyclonal antibody as well as P1B5 mAb were purchased from Chemicon International, Inc. (Temecula, CA). Both anti-
v rabbit polyclonal and ABA-6D1 monoclonal Abs were provided by
Dr. C. Martinez-A. (Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain).
Generation of LIA1/1 and VJ1/16 mAbs
BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with 1.5 × 107 cells (U937 or
HMEC-1) on days 45 and
30 and intravenously on day
3. Spleen
cells were fused on day 0 with SP2 mouse myeloma cells at a ratio of 4:1
according to standard techniques and distributed on 96-well tissue culture
plates (Costar Corp., Cambridge, MA). After 2 wk, hybridoma culture supernatants were harvested and their reactivity was tested against the cell
line used in immunization by flow cytometry. Positive supernatants were
assayed by immunofluorescence staining of HUVEC, and hybridomas
showing a specific cell-cell contact staining were cloned and subcloned by
limiting dilution. Both mAbs LIA1/1 and VJ1/16 were IgG1,
. mAbs
were purified from ascitic fluid using an affinity chromatography column
of protein A-Sepharose (Pharmacia Biotech Sverige, Uppsala, Sweden)
eluted with sodium citrate 0.1 M pH 3.5. Purified antibodies were then either coupled to CNBr-activated CL-4B Sepharose (Pharmacia Biotech Sverige) or biotinylated with N-hydroxysuccinimide-biotin (Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, IL).
Immunofluorescence Microscopy
Immunofluorescence assays were performed as previously described
(Lampugnani et al., 1992), but nonspecific binding sites were blocked by
incubation with TNB (0.1 M Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.5% blocking reagent; Boehringer Mannheim GmbH). Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde in PBS supplemented with 1 mM CaCl2 and 1 mM MgCl2 for 15 min at room temperature or with methanol 5 min at
20°C. Secondary
FITC-conjugated antibodies to the immunoglobulins of the appropriate
species, depending on the primary antibody (anti-mouse Igs from DAKOPATTS, Copenhagen, Denmark or anti-rabbit Igs from Pierce Chemical
Co.) were used. When double stained for actin, samples were fixed again
with 4% formaldehyde in PBS supplemented with 1 mM CaCl2 and 1 mM
MgCl2, permeabilized with 0.1% NP-40 in PBS, washed and incubated
with Texas red-phalloidin (Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, OR). Samples
were examined with a Nikon Labophot-2 photomicroscope with a ×60 oil
immersion objective. Images were recorded on TMAX 400 film (Kodak).
Confocal Microscopy
For double staining, cells were incubated with the primary antibody followed by an FITC- or a Cy2-conjugated (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech Inc., Piscataway, NJ) anti-mouse Ig. Then, samples were saturated with mouse serum before the incubation with the second mAb coupled to biotin and revealed with avidin conjugated to Cy-3 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech Inc.) or to TMRITC (Vector Labs, Inc., Burlingame, CA). Series of optical sections were obtained with a confocal scanning laser microscope (MCR 1024; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) mounted on a Zeiss Axiovert 135 microscope (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) equipped with a ×63, 1.4 NA planapochromat objective. Fluorescences of Cy2/ FITC and Cy3/TMRITC were obtained with the two major lines at 488 and 514 nm of a 25 mW multilinea Argon laser. The gain and contrast of the photomultiplier were set in order to obtain an optimal detection of the two types of fluorescence while limiting fluorescence overlapping.
Flow Cytometry Analysis
EC either nonactivated or activated 15 h in the presence of 320 U/ml of
tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-
; Wiechen, Vienna, Austria), were trypsinized,
washed and resuspended in PBS. The activated state of the ECs was assessed
by measuring the expression level of inducible EC markers as E-selectin
or vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1; data not shown). Nonadherent cells were also washed and resuspended in PBS. A total of 5 × 105
cells were incubated with 100 µl of hybridoma culture supernatants for 20 min at 4°C, washed with PBS and then incubated with 100 µl of a 1:50 dilution of an FITC-conjugated anti-mouse Ig. Finally, fluorescence was measured using a FACScan® flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson Labware,
Lincoln Park, NJ)
Cell Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, and Western Blot
For metabolic labeling, HUVEC on confluence were washed twice with PBS supplemented with 1 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, and incubated at 37°C, 5% CO2 with RPMI-1640 medium free of methionine (ICN Biomedicals, Costa Mesa, CA) supplemented with 20% dialyzed FCS, 50 IU/ ml penicillin, 50 µg/ml streptomycin, ECGS, and heparin. After 45 min, 500 µCi 35S-labeled methionine (Trans 35S-LabelTM; ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Irvine, CA) were added as well as 10% of the final volume of 199 medium with 20% FCS containing ECGS and heparin. Cells were then cultured overnight at 37°C, 5%CO2, washed twice with PBS 1 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, and lysed in PBS, pH 7.5 containing 1% Triton X-100, 1% hemoglobin, 1 mM PMSF (Sigma Chemical Co.) at 4°C. Cell lysates were immediately clarified by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 10 min and precleared four times with Gly-Sepharose. For immunoprecipitation, ~6 × 107 cpm of precleared cell lysates were incubated, for 2 h at 4°C under continuous mixing, with 40 µl of the mAb or Glycine coupled to Sepharose. Immunoprecipitates were then washed twice with lysis buffer 1:10 in PBS 1 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, and boiled 5 min at 96°C in Laemmli buffer containing or not 5% 2-mercaptoethanol (reducing or nonreducing conditions, respectively). Samples were then analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by fluorography and autoradiography.
For Western blot assays, unlabeled cells were lysed under "mild" (TBS 1 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, 1% Brij-96, 1% hemoglobin, and 1 mM PMSF) or "stringent" conditions (PBS, 1% Triton X-100, 1% hemoglobin, and 1 mM PMSF). Lysates were immunoprecipitated as before, washed either in 1:10 or undiluted lysis buffer for stringent or mild detergent conditions, separated by SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions, and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Protran Nitrocellulose 0.2 µm; Filtration Life-Science, Dassel, Germany). The membrane was then blocked overnight in 10% nonfat milk or 5% BSA in PBS-T (PBS, 0.05% Tween 20), incubated with the primary antibody for 2 h at room temperature under continuous shaking, washed twice with PBS-T before incubation with the secondary antibody to the appropriate Ig species (Pierce Chemical Co.) or streptavidin (DAKOPATTS) conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, and then revealed by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL; Amersham Pharmacia Biotech Inc.).
Wound Healing Assays
For the measurement of cell migration during wound healing, ECs were seeded on 24-well plates (Costar Corp.) coated with gelatin and grown to confluence. Cells were changed to 199 medium 20% FCS without growth factors 16 h before the experiment and 30 min before the lesion, preincubated with different purified mAbs at 20 µg/ml. Monolayers were then disrupted with a cell scrapper of ~1.2 mm and photographed at 4, 8, 12, 24, and 28 h in a phase contrast microscope (Nikon ELWD 0.3). Experiments were done in duplicate and two fields of each well were recorded. For immunofluorescence studies during injury repair, cells were maintained in the presence of growth factors and no antibody was added. Cells were scrapped, fixed at the times indicated, and processed as indicated above.
Videomicroscopy Endothelial Cell Motility Assay
Endothelial cells were plated in 199 medium supplemented with 20% FCS on 0.5% gelatin-coated 3.5-cm plastic petri dishes and cultured for 24 h before filming in the absence of growth factors. 30 min before videorecording, different antibodies (final concentration 20 µg/ml) were added to the dishes. Cell videorecords were generated as a sequence of individual digital images (frames) that were obtained every 5 min for a period of 5 h in an Axiovert 135 Zeiss videomicroscope using the IP-LAB-Spectrum software (Signal Analytics Corporation, Vienna, Austria). The tracks of random migration, distances, and average speeds of individual endothelial cells were obtained using the CELL TRACKING software extension developed by Tim Hutton (Confocal Microscopy and Digital Image Unit, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, UK).
Collagen Gel Assay
Three-dimensional collagen gels were prepared by diluting type I collagen (ICN Biomedicals Inc.) in serum-free Dulbecco's MEM (Seromed, Heidelberg, Germany) to a final concentration of 500 µg/ml. 500 µl per well of this solution were dispensed onto 24-well plates (Costar Corp.) and allowed to solidify for one h at 37°C. Then, trypsinized HUVECs were plated at confluence in 199 medium (BioWhittaker, Inc., Walkersville, MD) supplemented with 10% FCS (GIBCO BRL) on the surface of the gels. After cell attachment, different mAbs (20 µg/ml) in combination with PMA (20 ng/ml; Sigma Chemical Co.) were added. Collagen gels were photographed after 24 h in a phase contrast microscope (Nikon ELWD 0.3), and migrating cells (dendritic-shaped cells, whose plane of focus was beneath the surface monolayer) were counted in four 20× random fields per well. Experiments were done in duplicate.
Adhesion Assays
For cellular adhesion assays, 96-microwell plates (Nunc-Immuno Plates
Maxisorp; Nunc, Inc., Naperville, IL) were coated with different extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (2 µg/ml fibronectin, 10 µg/ml laminin;
Sigma Chemical Co., or Type-I collagen 5 µg/ml; ICN Biomedicals Inc.)
for 2 h at 37°C, washed with PBS and blocked with 1% heat denatured (30 min 60°C) BSA for 1 h at 37°C. Then, trypsinized ECs were labeled with
the fluorescent probe BCECF-AM (Molecular Probes, Inc.) by incubating
the cells in loading buffer (199 medium supplemented with 20 mM Hepes;
BioWhittaker, Inc., and 0.1% heat denatured BSA) containing 1 µM
BCECF-AM for 15 min at 37°C. Cells were then washed and resuspended
in loading buffer containing either 10 µg/ml of different purified mAbs or,
anti-3 P1B5 mAb ascitic fluid diluted 1:100, for 10 min. Then, 3 × 104
cells/well were added to the coated plates, and incubated 15 or 30 min at
37°C. Unbound cells were removed by adding PBS 1 mM CaCl2, 1 mM
MgCl2, 20 mM Hepes, 0.1% BSA, sealing with plastic, and inverting the
plate for 30 min. The number of cells adhered to the wells was obtained by
solubilization with 0.1% SDS in 50 mM Tris, pH 8.5, and fluorescence intensity measurement in a microplate fluorescence reader (Bio-tek FL500).
All assays were run by triplicate.
![]() |
Results |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Expression of a Protein of 25-kD (CD151/PETA-3), Specifically Localized at Endothelial Cell-to-Cell Junctions
To search for novel molecules selectively localized at intercellular cell junctions, different mAbs were raised and screened by immunofluorescence techniques on HUVEC monolayers. Two novel mAbs, LIA 1/1 and VJ1/16, specifically recognized a molecule localized at endothelial cell- cell junctions (Fig. 1 a, C and D). When compared to other known EC junctional antigens, their staining pattern was similar to the almost continuous distribution along the cell-cell junctions of VE-cadherin (Fig. 1 a, A) and CD31 (Fig. 1 a, B), but completely different from the punctuated pattern of the gap-junction protein connexin 37 (data not shown). The biochemical analysis of the antigen recognized by LIA 1/1 and VJ 1/16 mAbs showed that both Abs immunoprecipitated a broad band of ~25 kD from EC lysates metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine, both under reducing and nonreducing conditions (Fig 1 b).
|
The expression of LIA1/1 and VJ1/16 antigen was then
analyzed by flow cytometry in EC. We found a high expression in both resting and TNF--activated HUVECs as
well as in the microvascular endothelial cell line HMEC-1
(Fig. 1 c). The pattern of cellular distribution of LIA1/1
antigen as well as its molecular mass strongly suggested its
identity with the platelet and endothelial tetraspan antigen
PETA-3 (Sincock et al., 1997
) clustered in the Sixth International Leukocyte Typing Workshop as CD151 (Immunol. Today. 1997. 18:100-101).
The identity of the 25-kD antigen recognized by LIA1/1
and VJ1/16 mAbs as CD151/PETA-3, was characterized
by Western blot analysis. We found that the anti-CD151/
PETA-3 mAb, 11B1.G4 (Fitter et al., 1995), specifically
reacted with the 25-kD band immunoprecipitated by
LIA1/1 and VJ1/16 mAbs, (Fig. 2 a, lanes A and B, respectively), with no reactivity towards other tetraspan molecules such as CD9 or CD63 (Fig. 2 a, lanes C and D, respectively). In addition, a flow cytometry analysis was
performed on cells transfected with the cDNA coding for
CD151/PETA-3 (Fitter et al., 1995
), that was independently cloned as SFA-1 (Hasegawa et al., 1996
), showing specific recognition by both mAbs LIA1/1 and VJ1/16 of
the transfected but not the parental cells (Fig. 2 b). Finally,
cross-competitive binding assays with labeled LIA1/1,
VJ1/16, and 11B1.G4 anti-CD151/PETA-3 mAbs showed
that all three mAbs competed for the binding of labeled LIA1/1 or VJ1/16 mAbs (not shown). These data demonstrated that the LIA1/1 and VJ1/16 mAbs specifically recognize the CD151/PETA-3 tetraspan molecule.
|
Selective Localization of CD151/PETA-3 to Cell-Cell Contacts in EC
We examined in detail the junctional localization of CD151/PETA-3 in HUVEC monolayers by different approaches. Confocal microscopy studies confirmed that the staining with anti-CD151/PETA-3 VJ1/16 and anti-VE-cadherin TEA1/31 mAbs was almost coincident among different optical sections suggesting that CD151 antigen is localized at adherens-junctions (Fig. 3 a). Next we studied the localization of the CD151 antigen in HUVEC monolayers with increasing degrees of confluence. When EC were sparse, the staining was strictly confined to the cell- cell contact areas, being completely absent in isolated cells and the cell borders where no intercellular contact had yet been established. As the cellular density increased and the EC monolayer approached to confluence, the staining pattern was reinforced, always defining the points where adjacent EC interacted (Fig. 3 b, A, and data not shown). In confluent cell monolayers, the pattern of expression of this antigen was that of a typical junctional protein localizing all around the cell margins (Fig. 3 b, C), independently of the substratum where the EC were initially seeded (data not shown). The localization of CD151/PETA-3 in cell- cell contact areas was also evident during the process of cell monolayer repair in wound healing (Fig. 3 c). When an EC confluent monolayer is disrupted, the cells along the margin of the wound progressively invade the damaged area until the continuity of the cell monolayer is reestablished. We found that the CD151/PETA-3 antigen vanished from the margins of the ECs situated on the border of the wound where the cell-cell contact disappeared (Fig. 3 c, A and E). During the invasive movement of the cells into the damaged area, the staining was always confined to those sites where the cell-cell contact was retained.
|
Tetraspan Molecules CD9, CD81/TAPA-1 and
CD151/PETA-3 Localize at EC Cell-to-Cell Junctions
and Are Noncovalently Associated with Each Other
and with 3
1 Integrin
Members of the tetraspan superfamily exhibit a complex
pattern of cellular distribution and no detailed study of
their localization in EC has yet been made, except for
CD63 (Vischer and Wagner, 1993). By this reason, we decided to study the expression of other transmembrane 4/tetraspan molecule (TM4) proteins in EC. A high expression of
CD9 and CD81/TAPA-1 was detected in the plasma membrane of resting HUVECs, as assessed by flow cytometry
(data not shown). The cellular distribution of these antigens studied on HUVEC monolayers by immunofluorescence microscopy, showed that CD9 and CD81/TAPA-1 (Fig. 4 a, A and B) were localized at cell boundaries. In
contrast, CD63 staining (Fig. 4 a, C) was, as expected, mainly
restricted to lysosomes and intracellular vesicles, that likely
corresponded to Weibel-Palade bodies (Vischer and Wagner, 1993
). The expression of CD53 was completely absent
in this cell type (not shown). Thus, HUVEC express, aside
from CD151/PETA-3, considerable levels of CD9 and CD81/
TAPA-1 tetraspan molecules, which all localize at cell-cell
junctions.
|
Proteins from the tetraspan superfamily share the capacity to interact noncovalently among themselves and
with other integral membrane proteins including 1 integrins (Hemler et al., 1996
). Therefore, we studied the possible association of CD151/PETA-3 with CD81/TAPA-1
and CD9 as well as the interaction of these TM4 molecules
with
1 integrins in EC. For this purpose, we carried out
Western blot analysis on immunoprecipitates of unlabeled
EC lysates performed under mild detergent conditions.
As shown in Fig. 4 b, coprecipitation of CD81/TAPA-1,
CD151/PETA-3, and CD9 was observed in EC immunoprecipitates obtained with either the 5A6 anti-CD81/
TAPA-1 mAb (lane A), the LIA1/1 and VJ1/16 anti- CD151/PETA-3 mAbs (lanes B and C), or the GR2110
anti-CD9 mAb (lane D). In contrast, CD63, that did not
localize at lateral junctions, did not coprecipitate CD9 or
CD151/PETA-3 (lane E).
On the other hand, CD151/PETA-3 and CD9 molecules
were found in anti-1 (Fig. 5 a, lane A) as well as in anti-
3
(Fig. 5 a, lane D), but not in anti-
v,
5, or
2 immunoprecipitates (Fig. 5 a, lanes B, C, and E, respectively), whereas
CD81 was not detected in any of the anti-integrin immunoprecipitates (not shown). Conversely, both the
1 as
well as the
3 integrin chains, were easily detected in anti-
CD151/PETA-3 and anti-CD9 but not in anti-CD63 or
anti-CD81/TAPA-1 immunoprecipitates (Fi.g 5 b, lanes
A-H, and data not shown). These associations were specific and independent of the level of integrin expression
since both
2
1 and
5
1 heterodimers seemed to be
quantitatively far more represented than
3
1 in EC, as shown by the amount of
1 integrin chain coprecipitated
with each
chain. No associations of CD9 and CD151/
PETA-3 with other proteins also localized to EC cell-cell
junctions, such as VE-cadherin, catenins or CD31 were
observed (data not shown).
|
The 2
1 and
5
1 integrins have previously been reported to localize at EC cell-to-cell junctions (Lampugnani et al., 1991
), whereas
3
1 has been detected in cell-
cell contact sites from other cell types, such as epithelial
cells (Larjava et al., 1990
). Therefore, we have compared
the cellular localization of the different integrins expressed by EC.
1 integrins were detected on EC plasma membrane, showing a reinforced staining at focal adhesions and intercellular boundaries (Fig. 5 c, A).
2 chain
was mainly confined at cell-cell contact sites (Fig. 5 c, B),
whereas anti-
5 mAbs mainly stained sites of cell-matrix
interaction (Fig. 5 c, C), and only in some fields reacted
with cell-cell contact sites. The
v integrin chain, which
did not coprecipitate with
1 chain in EC (Fig. 5 a, lane B),
showed a focal adhesion staining pattern (Fig. 5 c, E). Interestingly,
3 chain was detected in cell-to-cell junctions
(Fig 5 c, D), in accordance to its association with TM4 proteins, and clearly colocalized with CD151/PETA-3 (Fig. 5 c,
F), as assessed by two-color confocal microscopy analysis.
Antibodies Against CD151/PETA-3 and CD81/TAPA-1 Proteins Inhibit Migration of ECs
It has previously been reported by different experimental
approaches, the involvement of CD9 (Miyake et al., 1991;
Jones et al., 1996
; reviewed in Maecker et al., 1997
), and
recently of CD63 (Radford et al., 1997
) and CD81/TAPA-1
(Domanico et al., 1997
) in tumor cell motility. Therefore,
it was of interest to explore the effect of mAbs to different
tetraspan molecules on EC motility in a wound healing migration assay. Interestingly, anti-CD81/TAPA-1 5A6 and
anti-CD151/PETA-3 LIA1/1 and VJ1/16 mAbs significantly delayed the migration process by which the integrity of the EC monolayer is reestablished (Fig. 6 a, B and
C). This effect was also observed with the P1B5 anti-
3 integrin chain mAb (Fig. 6 a, A). In addition, an inhibitory
effect was observed with the proactivatory anti-
1 mAb
TS2/16, which is able to block leukocyte migration (Weber
et al., 1996
; Gómez et al., 1997
) and increase cell adhesion
and spreading (Arroyo et al., 1992
). In contrast, the anti-
VE-cadherin TEA1/31 mAb, did not significantly affect
the rate of migration of EC (Fig. 6 a, A). The anti-CD9 GR2110 showed no effect or a slight inhibitory effect in
some migration assays (data not shown).
|
The effect of antitetraspan mAbs on the EC motility
was further assessed by measuring the rate of random migration of individual ECs by time-lapse videomicroscopy.
Representative individual cell migration tracks are shown
in Fig. 6 b. In this assay, the anti-CD81/TAPA-1 5A6 as
well as the anti-CD151/PETA-3 LIA1/1 significantly decreased cell migration (Fig. 6 b, C and D and Table I),
whereas the anti-VE-Cadherin TEA1/31 did not exert any
effect (Fig. 6 b, A). The proactivatory anti-1 integrin TS2/
16 also diminished migration of endothelial cells (Fig. 6 b,
B and Table I).
|
Antibodies Against CD151/PETA-3 Decrease the Ability of ECs to Invade Type I Collagen Gels
The effect of anti-TM4 mAbs on EC was further assessed
in a collagen gel invasion assay. After PMA treatment,
these cells are able to migrate into a type I collagen gel
and assemble to form tube-like structures (Montesano and
Orci, 1985, 1986
). This kind of assay has been broadly used
as an in vitro approach to study several steps in the angiogenic process (Jain et al., 1997
). As shown in Fig. 7 a (D)
and b, the anti-CD151/PETA-3 LIA1/1 and VJ1/16 mAbs
were able to reduce EC migration and tube formation as
compared to control antibodies, whereas the anti-CD81/
TAPA-1 5A6 mAb showed no effect or a slight inhibition
on EC migration in this assay (Fig. 7 b). Proactivatory
anti-
1 integrin TS2/16 also inhibited both processes (Fig.
7 b). On the other hand, both the anti-VE-Cadherin
TEA1/31 (Fig. 7 a, C, and 7 b) and the anti-HLA-A,B W6/
32 mAbs (Fig. 7 b) neither affected EC invasivity nor their ability to develop cord-like structures.
|
Effect of Anti-TM4 mAbs on EC-ECM Adhesion
To determine the possible mechanism of inhibition of cell
migration by anti-TM4 mAbs, we studied the possible role
of tetraspan molecules in regulating the activity of their associated 3
1 integrin, that it has been shown to function
as a receptor for several ECM proteins, including fibronectin, collagen and laminin (Wayner and Carter,
1987
). We found that mAbs against CD81/TAPA-1 and
CD151/PETA-3 induced a slight but significant (P < 0.01)
increase of EC adhesion to the three substrates studied
(Fig. 8). In addition, the proactivatory anti-
1 mAb TS2/
16 greatly enhanced the cellular adhesion to the different
ECM proteins, whereas the blocking anti-
1 mAb VJ1/14
inhibited almost completely EC adhesion (Fig. 8). Lastly, the anti-
3 P1B5 mAb, which has been shown to interfere
with fibrosarcoma cell adhesion to different ECM proteins
(Wayner and Carter, 1987
), did not inhibit EC adhesion,
but instead it showed an increment.
|
![]() |
Discussion |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Members of the tetraspan superfamily of proteins have
been implicated in diverse cellular functions such as regulation of cell growth and differentiation (Ledbetter et al.,
1987; Oren et al., 1990
; Kallin et al., 1991
; Miyake et al.,
1991
; Gil et al., 1992
; Wice and Gordon, 1995
) as well as in
cell adhesion (Toothil et al., 1990
; Forsyth 1991
; Masellis-Smith and Shaw, 1994
; Behr and Schriever, 1995
). In addition, other reports show their capacity to induce intracellular signals when crosslinked on the cell surface (Olweus et al.,
1993
; Lebel-Binay et al., 1995
; Tai et al., 1996
; reviewed in
Wright and Tomlison, 1994; Maeker et al., 1997). In this
study, we investigated the expression and subcellular localization of different members of this protein superfamily
in EC. By using a morphological screening, we selected two monoclonal antibodies that recognize an endothelial
cell-to-cell junction molecule, that corresponds to the recently identified tetraspan molecule CD151/PETA-3.
We found that EC express CD151/PETA-3, CD9,
CD81/TAPA-1, and CD63. Interestingly, they were all localized at intercellular contact sites with the exception of
CD63, which bears a lysosome-targeting signal in its cytoplasmic C-term tail (Metzelaar et al., 1991). The junctional
character of these proteins was studied in detail for
CD151/PETA-3. The specific localization of this molecule
at sites of cell-cell contact is evident not only when the EC
monolayer is already confluent, but also during the processes of formation and reestablishment after wounding.
In this regard, it has been previously shown that typical
junctional molecules, as VE-cadherin, relocalize away
from the margins of ECs that are at the wound border,
where cell-to-cell contacts are disrupted (Breviario et al.,
1995
; Lampugnani et al., 1995
). Similarly, the expression of CD151/PETA-3 shows a dynamic behavior during the
process of migration of ECs into the damaged area, being
preserved in the sites where intercellular contact is retained and disappearing from the borders that have lost it.
On the other hand, the localization of this antigen at cell-
cell junctions is not specific for EC, and CD151/PETA-3
shows a typical junctional staining in all adherent cell
types studied that express it (Yáñez-Mó, M., unpublished results). All these data suggest that CD151/PETA-3 is an
important element of an intercellular adhesion complex,
together with other tetraspan molecules, as CD9 and
CD81/TAPA-1.
Tetraspan molecules exhibit a great capacity to interact
with other integral proteins in the plasma membrane, such
as CD2 (Bell et al., 1992), CD4-CD8 (Imai and Yoshie,
1993
), CD19-CD21 (for review Fearon 1993
; Bradbury et al.,
1993
), Fc receptors (Kitani et al., 1991
), HLA-DR (Angelisová et al., 1994
), tyrosine phosphatases (Carmo and
Wright, 1995
), heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor
(Iwamoto et al., 1994
), and PI 4-Kinase (Berditchevski et al.,
1997
). It has also been reported on different cell lines that
members of TM4 associate consistently with integrins
1(Berditchevski et al., 1996
; for review see Wright and
Tomlison, 1994; Hemler et al., 1996
; Maecker et al., 1997
),
2 (Skubitz et al., 1996
), GpIIb-IIIa (Slupsky et al., 1989
),
and other TM4 molecules (Imai and Yoshie, 1993
; Radford et al., 1996
; Rubinstein et al., 1996
). It seems that
their highly hydrophobic nature greatly favors their interactions with other transmembrane proteins. Our data
demonstrate the association of this novel TM4 member
CD151/PETA-3 with CD9, CD81/TAPA-1, and
3
1 integrin in ECs, but not with other transmembrane proteins
also localized in cell-to-cell junctions, such as VE-cadherin or CD31. In this regard, CD9 has also previously been localized at sites of intercellular contact on monkey kidney
epithelial cells where is associated to the same
3
1 integrin heterodimer (Nakamura et al., 1995
). In contrast,
CD63 does not seem to associate with CD9, CD151/
PETA-3 or
1 integrins in EC, likely because its expression is almost restricted to lysosomes and Weibel-Palade bodies (Vischer and Wagner, 1993
). However, when expressed on the cell surface, such as in melanoma cells,
CD63 is able to associate with other tetraspan proteins
present on this cell type (Radford et al., 1996
). Together,
these observations further support the specificity of the
interactions among CD9, CD81/TAPA-1, and CD151/ PETA-3 on EC, and rule out the possibility of an artefactual association of these molecules during the immunoprecipitation procedure. On the other hand, CD81/TAPA-1,
although associated to both CD9 and CD151/PETA-3,
does not seem to be directly associated to
3
1 integrin or
other
1 integrins in this cell type. However, it still remains to be determined whether the complexes CD9-
CD81/TAPA-1 and CD151/PETA-3-CD81/TAPA-1 include
3
1 integrin via its association with CD9 and
CD151/PETA-3.
Although the interactions among tetraspan molecules
and integrins have been widely described (for review
Wright and Tomlison, 1994; Hemler et al., 1996; Maecker
et al., 1997
), there is little evidence regarding a functional
role of the tetraspan molecules in these complexes. It is
feasible that integrins are responsible for some of the effects seen in cell motility and adhesion triggered by anti-TM4 antibodies. This point is supported by the specific inhibition of these phenomena with anti-integrin blocking
antibodies (Masellis-Smith and Shaw, 1994
; Behr and
Shriever, 1995; Shaw et al., 1995
), although some other effects seem to be integrin-independent. Herein, we explored the effect of anti-TM4 mAbs on the motility of EC
and found that the anti-CD81/TAPA-1 and -CD151/
PETA-3 mAbs significantly reduced the rate of cellular
migration. In addition, both the anti-
3 integrin P1B5 and
the proactivatory anti-
1 TS2/16 mAbs had the same inhibitory effect. In this regard, it has been reported that an
anti-
3 mAb blocked the motility of melanoma cells without inhibiting cell adhesion (Melchiori et al., 1995
). Therefore, we analyzed on EC, the possible correlation between adhesion to ECM proteins and inhibition of cell migration.
We found that anti-TM4 mAbs simultaneously induced an
inhibitory effect in cell motility and a slight but statistically
significant increase in cell adhesion to ECM proteins. A
similar dual effect exhibited the anti-
3 mAb P1B5, despite that it has been reported to block cellular adhesion to
fibronectin, collagen and laminin (Wayner and Carter,
1987
). All these data suggest the existence of TM4-
3
1
functional complexes at EC cell-to-cell contacts in which
the tetraspan components of the complex are able to modulate cell motility, likely through regulation of the integrin
adhesiveness. However, it remains to be determined
whether the TM4-
3
1 complexes that are the targets for
motility-regulating antibodies are identical to those at lateral junctions. It also remains to be established whether
these effects of TM4 molecules, when engaged by specific mAbs, on cell adhesion and migration are due to direct
modulation of the
3
1 function or a consequence of a
proactivatory signaling effect on other ECM receptors expressed by ECs. It has been postulated that in ECs
3
1
might act both as an ECM receptor and as an intercellular adhesion moiety (Takeuchi et al., 1994
; Weitzman et al.,
1994
) involved in homophilic (Sriramarao et al., 1993
) or
heterophilic interactions (Symington et al., 1993
), although other reports have proposed a negative role for
this integrin in intercellular adhesion (Weitzman et al.,
1995
).
Cellular migration and invasion are accompanied by remodeling of ECM, which comprises both degradation of
preexisting and deposition of new ECM components. Integrins have been shown to be able to regulate these events
in several cell types, either by modulating the expression
or subcellular localization of different metalloproteases
(Werb et al., 1989; Larjava et al., 1993
; Langholz et al.,
1995
; Brooks et al., 1996
) or by regulating ECM assembly (Langholz et al., 1995
; Wu et al., 1995
). In particular, the
3
1 is involved in Type IV collagenase expression and
ECM deposition (Larjava et al., 1993
; Wu et al., 1995
).
Large-vessel EC are known to be able to migrate into collagen gels and form tubular structures after treatment with
PMA (Montesano and Orci, 1985
, 1986
; Gamble et al.,
1993
). This phenomenon involves several events such as degradation of ECM, cell migration, and cellular adhesion
in order to form capillary-like cords. Our data showing the
inhibitory effect of anti-CD151/PETA-3 mAbs on EC collagen gel invasion indicate that, in addition to their putative role on cell motility, this tetraspan protein could also
modulate the possible effect of integrins in endothelial remodeling of ECM. The failure of the anti-CD81/TAPA-1 mAb to significantly inhibit EC migration in this assay,
suggests that different tetraspan molecules could participate in either distinct steps of the migration process or
other events involved in the EC invasion mechanism. Further research is required to elucidate this issue.
Another possible way of regulation of integrin function
by their associated TM4 molecules, could be by determining their cellular localization to a certain subdomain along
the plasma membrane. Thus, it is feasible that TM4 proteins, through interactions among the different members
of the family, would create a tetraspan web on the cell
membrane (Rubinstein et al., 1996; Maecker et al., 1997
),
that would include the
3
1 integrin, modulating the specificity or function of this adhesion receptor. The existence of this "tetraspan lattice" has been morphologically described in the bladder epithelium, where the TM4 members uroplakins Ia and Ib, interact with the transmembrane proteins uroplakins II and III, and form molecular
complexes which stabilize the apical surface of urothelium
(Yu et al., 1994
).
As pointed out above, cell-cell junctions play crucial
roles in cell differentiation and homeostasis. It still remains to be determined whether these TM4-3
1 complexes play also a role in cell growth control. Integrins, via
association with the transmembrane protein caveolin,
have recently been involved in the control of cell cycle
progression (Wary et al., 1996
). Thus, tetraspan molecules, via their interaction with integrins, might be also implicated in these processes. It is also conceivable that the
TM4-integrin complexes in EC, due to its localization at
the cell-cell contact sites in the endothelial monolayer,
could participate in key functions of these cells such as the
control of vascular permeability and regulation of leukocyte extravasation. Integrins, which are also localized at
cell-cell junctions, have been implicated in the maintenance of EC monolayer integrity (Lampugnani et al.,
1991
). It remains thus to be further investigated whether
their associated TM4 members are also involved in this
function.
![]() |
Footnotes |
---|
Received for publication 19 June 1997 and in revised form 3 February 1998.
Address all correspondence to F. Sánchez-Madrid, Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain. Tel.: 34-1-4023347. Fax: 34-1-3092496. E-mail: fsmadrid/ princesa{at}hup.esWe thank M.A. Olazcarizqueta for technical assistance with confocal microscopy, and Drs. R. González-Amaro and F.W. Luscinskas for critical reading of the manuscript. We would also thank for the support and technical assistance in different aspects to J. Espada, M. Gómez, M. Montoya, M. Nieto, M.A. del Pozo, M.A. Ramirez, P. Sánchez-Mateos, J. Serrador, and M. Vitón. We are grateful to Dr. N. Hogg, T. Hutton, P. Jordan, A. Stokes, and R. Pepperkok (Confocal Microscopy and Digital Image Unit, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, UK) for all their help with the videomicroscopy experiments.
This work was supported by grants Fondo Investigaciones Sanitarias 95/0212, SAF 96/0039 from Plan Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo; grant 07/44/96 from Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid; a grant from Asociación de la Lucha contra el Cáncer to F. Sánchez-Madrid; and grant PM95-0162 to M.O. de Landázuri. C. Cabañas has been partially supported by European Molecular Biology Organization Short Term Fellowship ASTF8757.
![]() |
Abbreviations used in this paper |
---|
EC, endothelial cells;
ECM, extracellular matrix;
HMEC-1, human microvascular endothelial cell line-1;
HUVEC, human EC from umbilical vein;
PECAM, platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule;
TM4, transmembrane 4/tetraspan molecule;
TNF-, tumor
necrosis factor-
;
PETA-3, platelet-endothelial tetraspan antigen-3;
TAPA-1, target of antiproliferative antibody-1;VE, vascular endothelial.
![]() |
References |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
1. | Ades, E.W., F.J. Candal, R.A. Swerlick, V.G. George, S. Summers, D.C. Bosse, and T.J. Lawley. 1992. HMEC-1: Establishment of an immortalized human microvascular endothelial cell line. J. Invest. Dermatol. 99: 683-690 [Abstract]. |
2. | Anderson, J.M., M.S. Balda, and A.S. Fanning. 1993. The structure and regulation of tight junctions. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 5: 772-778 |
3. | Angelisová, P., I. Hilgert, and V. Horejsi. 1994. Association of four antigens of the tetraspan family (CD37, CD53, TAPA-1, and R2/C33) with MHC class II glycoproteins. Immunogenetics. 39: 249-256 |
4. |
Arroyo, A.G.,
P. Sánchez-Mateos,
M.R. Campanero,
I. Martín-Padura,
E. Dejana, and
F. Sánchez-Madrid.
1992.
Regulation of the VLA integrin-ligand
interactions through the ![]() |
5. | Ashman, L.K., S. Fitter, P.M. Sincock, L. Nguyen, and A.C. Cambareri. 1997. Summary report: CD151. In Leucocyte Typing VI. Ed by T. Kishimoto, M. Miyasaka, D. Mason, K. Sugamura, T. Springer, S. Shaw, S.M. Goyert, L. Moretta, H. Zola, A.E.-G.Kr. von dem Borne, K. Okumura, and K. Kikutani. Garland Publishing, New York. |
6. |
Behr, S., and
F. Schriever.
1995.
Engaging CD19 or target of an antiproliferative antibody-1 on human B lymphocytes induces binding of B cells to the interfollicular stroma of human tonsils via integrin ![]() ![]() |
7. | Bell, G.M., W.E. Seaman, E.C. Niemi, and J.B. Imboden. 1992. The OX-44 molecule couples to signaling pathways and is associated with CD2 on rat T lymphocytes and in a Natural Killer cell line. J. Exp. Med. 175: 527-536 [Abstract]. |
8. | Berditchevski, F., M.M. Zutter, and M.E. Hemler. 1996. Characterization of novel complexes on the cell surface between integrins and proteins with 4 transmembrane domains (TM4 proteins). Mol. Biol. Cell. 7: 193-207 [Abstract]. |
9. | Berditchevski, F., K.F. Tolias, K. Wong, C.L. Carpenter, and M.E. Hemler. 1997. A novel link between integrins, transmembrane-4 superfamily proteins (CD63 and CD81) and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 2585-2598 . |
10. |
Bradbury, L.E.,
V.S. Goldmacher, and
T.F. Tedder.
1993.
The CD19 signal
transduction complex of B lymphocytes.
J. Immunol.
151:
2915-2927
|
11. |
Breviario, F.,
L. Caveda,
M. Corada,
I. Martín-Padura,
P. Navarro,
J. Golay,
M. Introna,
D. Gulino,
M.G. Lampugnani, and
E. Dejana.
1995.
Functional
properties of human vascular endothelial cadherin (7B4/Cadherin-5), an endothelium-specific cadherin.
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.
15:
1229-1239
|
12. |
Brooks, P.C.,
S. Stromblad,
L.C. Sanders,
T.L. von Schalscha,
R.T. Aimes,
W.G. Stetler-Stevenson,
J.P. Quigley, and
D.A. Cheresh.
1996.
Localization
of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-2 to the surface of invasive cells by interaction with integrin ![]() ![]() |
13. |
Campanero, M.R.,
A.G. Arroyo,
R. Pulido,
A. Ursa,
M.S. de Matías,
P. Sánchez-Mateos,
P.D. Kassner,
B.M.C. Chan,
M.E. Hemler,
A.L. Corbí,
M.O. de Landázuri, and
F. Sánchez-Madrid.
1992.
Functional role of ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
14. | Carmo, A.M., and M.D. Wright. 1995. Association of the transmembrane 4 superfamily molecule CD53 with a tyrosine phosphatase activity. Eur. J. Immunol. 25: 2090-2095 |
15. |
Caveda, L.,
I. Martín-Padura,
P. Navarro,
F. Breviario,
M. Corada,
D. Gulino,
M.G. Lampugnani, and
E. Dejana.
1996.
Inhibition of cultured cell growth
by vascular endothelial cadherin (Cadherin-5/VE-Cadherin).
J. Clin. Invest.
98:
886-893
|
16. | Citi, S.. 1993. The molecular organization of tight junctions. J. Cell Biol. 121: 485-489 |
17. | Cowin, P., and B. Burke. 1996. Cytoskeleton-membrane interactions. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8: 56-65 |
18. |
Dejana, E..
1996.
Endothelial adherens junctions: implications in the control of
vascular permeability and angiogenesis.
J. Clin. Invest.
98:
1949-1953
|
19. |
Domanico, S.Z.,
A.J. Pelletier,
W.L. Havran, and
V. Quaranta.
1997.
Integrin
![]() ![]() |
20. | Drubin, D.G., and W.J. Nelson. 1996. Origins of cell polarity. Cell. 84: 335-344 |
21. | Fearon, D.T.. 1993. The CD19-CR2-TAPA-1 complex, CD45 and signaling by the antigen receptor of B lymphocytes. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 5: 341-348 |
22. | Fitter, S., T.J. Tetaz, M.C. Berndt, and L.K. Ashman. 1995. Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding a novel platelet-endothelial cell tetra-span antigen, PETA-3. Blood. 4: 1348-1355 . |
23. | Forsyth, K.D.. 1991. Anti-CD9 antibodies augment neutrophil adherence to endothelium. Immunology. 72: 292-296 |
24. | Furuse, M., T. Hirase, M. Itoh, A. Nagafuchi, S. Yonemura, S. Tsukita, and S. Tsukita. 1993. Occludin: a novel integral membrane protein localizing at tight junctions. J. Cell Biol. 123: 1777-1788 [Abstract]. |
25. | Gamble, J.R., L.J. Matthias, G. Meyer, P. Kaur, G. Russ, R. Faull, M.C. Berndt, and M.A. Vadas. 1993. Regulation of in vitro capillary tube formation by anti-integrin antibodies. J. Cell Biol 121: 931-943 [Abstract]. |
26. | García-Monzón, C., F. Sánchez-Madrid, L. García-Buey, A.G. Arroyo, A. García-Sánchez, and R. Moreno-Otero. 1995. Vascular adhesion molecule expression in viral chronic hepatitis: evidence of neoangiogenesis in portal tracts. Gastroenterology. 108: 231-241 |
27. | Geiger, B., and O. Ayalon. 1992. Cadherins. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 8: 307-332 . |
28. |
Gil, M.L.,
N. Vita,
S. Lebel-Binay,
B. Miloux,
P. Chalon,
M. Kaghad,
C. Marchiol-Fournigault,
H. Conjeaud,
D. Caput,
P. Ferrara, et al
.
1992.
A member
of the tetra spans transmembrane protein superfamily is recognized by a
monoclonal antibody raised against an HLA class I-deficient, lymphokine-activated killer-susceptible, B lymphocyte line.
J. Immunol.
148:
2826-2833
|
29. |
Gómez, M.,
A. Luque,
M.A. del Pozo,
N. Hogg,
F. Sánchez-Madrid, and
C. Cabañas.
1997.
Functional relevance during lymphocyte migration and cellular localization of activated ![]() |
30. | Goodenough, D.A., J.A. Goliger, and D.L. Paul. 1996. Connexins, connexons, and intercellular communication. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65: 475-502 |
31. | Gumbiner, B., B. Stevenson, and A. Grimaldi. 1988. The role of the cell adhesion molecule uvomorulin in the formation and maintenance of the epithelial junctional complex. J. Cell Biol. 107: 1575-1587 [Abstract]. |
32. | Hanahan, D., and J. Folkman. 1996. Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell. 86: 353-364 |
33. | Hasegawa, H., Y. Utsunomiya, K. Kishimoto, and K. Yanagisawa. 1996. SFA-1, a novel cellular gene induced by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily. J. Virol. 70: 3258-3263 [Abstract]. |
34. | Hemler, M.E., B.A. Mannion, and F. Berditchevski. 1996. Association of TM4SF proteins with integrins: relevance to cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1287: 67-71 |
35. |
Imai, T., and
O. Yoshie.
1993.
C33 antigen and M38 antigen recognized by
monoclonal antibodies inhibitory to syncitium formation in human T cell
leukemia virus type 1 are both members of the transmembrane 4 superfamily and associate with each other and with CD4 or CD8 in T cells.
J. Immunol.
151:
6470-6481
|
36. | Iwamoto, R., S. Higashiyama, T. Mitamura, N. Taniguchi, M. Klagsbrun, and E. Mekada. 1994. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor, which acts as the diphteria toxin receptor, forms a complex with membrane protein DRAP27/ CD9, which up-regulates functional receptors and diphteria toxin sensitivity. EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J. 13: 2322-2330 [Abstract]. |
37. | Jaffe, E.A., R.I. Nachman, C.G. Becker, and R.C. Minick. 1972. Culture of human endothelial cells derived from umbilical veins. Circulation. 46: 211-253 . |
38. | Jain, R.K., K. Schlenger, M. Höckel, and F. Yuan. 1997. Quantitative angiogenesis assays: progress and problems. Nat. Med. 3: 1203-1208 |
39. | Jockusch, B.M., P. Bubeck, K. Giehl, M. Kroemer, J. Moschner, M. Rothkegel, M. Rüdiger, K. Schlüter, G. Stanke, and J. Winkler. 1995. The molecular architecture of focal adhesions. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 11: 379-416 . |
40. | Jones, P.H., L.A. Bishop, and F.M. Watt. 1996. Functional significance of CD9 association with beta-1 integrins in human epidermal keratinocytes. Cell Adhes. Commun. 4: 297-305 |
41. |
Kallin, B.,
R. de Martin,
T. Etzold,
V. Sorrentino, and
L. Philipson.
1991.
Cloning of a growth arrest-specific and transforming growth factor ![]() |
42. | Kemler, R.. 1993. From cadherins to catenins: cytoplasmic protein interactions and regulation of cell adhesion. Trends Genet. 9: 317-321 |
43. | Keon, B.H., S. Shäfer, C. Kuhn, C. Grund, and W.W. Franke. 1996. Symplekin, a novel type of tight junction plaque protein. J. Cell Biol. 134: 1003-1018 [Abstract]. |
44. |
Kitani, S.,
E. Berenstein,
S. Mergenhagen,
P. Tempst, and
R.P. Siraganian.
1991.
A cell surface glycoprotein of rat basophilic leukemia cells close to the
high affinity IgE receptor (Fc![]() |
45. | Lampugnani, M.G., M. Resnati, E. Dejana, and P.C. Marchisio. 1991. The role of integrins in the maintenance of endothelial monolayer integrity. J. Cell Biol. 112: 479-490 [Abstract]. |
46. | Lampugnani, M.G., M. Resnati, M. Raiteri, R. Pigott, A. Pisacane, G. Houen, L.P. Ruco, and E. Dejana. 1992. A novel endothelial-specific membrane protein is a marker of cell-cell contacts. J. Cell Biol. 118: 1511-1522 [Abstract]. |
47. |
Lampugnani, M.G.,
M. Corada,
L. Caveda,
F. Breviario,
O. Ayalon,
B. Geiger, and
E. Dejana.
1995.
The molecular organization of endothelial cell to cell
junctions: differential association of plakoglobin, ![]() ![]() |
48. |
Langholz, O.,
D. Röckel,
C. Mauch,
E. Kozlowska,
I. Bank,
T. Krieg, and
B. Eckes.
1995.
Collagen and collagenase gene expression in three-dimensional
collagen lattices are differentially regulated by ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
49. |
Larjava, H.,
J. Peltonen,
S.K. Akiyama,
S.S. Yamada,
H.R. Gralnick,
J. Uitto, and
K.M. Yamada.
1990.
Novel function for ![]() |
50. | Larjava, H., J.G. Lyons, T Salo, M. Mäkelä, L. Koivisto, H. Birkedal-Hansen, S.K. Akiyama, K.M. Yamada, and J. Heino. 1993. Anti-integrin antibodies induce type IV collagenase expression in keratinocytes. J. Cell. Physiol 157: 190-200 |
51. |
Leach, L.,
P. Clark,
M.G. Lampugnani,
A.G. Arroyo,
E. Dejana, and
J.A. Firth.
1993.
Immunoelectron characterization of the inter-endothelial junctions in
human term placenta.
J. Cell. Sci.
104:
1073-1081
|
52. | Lebel-Binay, S., C. Lagaudrière, D. Fradelizi, and H. Conjeaud. 1995. CD82, member of the tetra-span-transmembrane protein family, is a costimulatory protein for T cell activation. J. Immunol. 155: 101-110 [Abstract]. |
53. | Ledbetter, J.A., G. Shu, and E.A. Clark. 1987. Monoclonal antibodies to a new gp40-45 (CD37) B-cell-associated cluster growth modulate B-cell proliferation. In Leukocyte Typing III. A.J. McMichael, P.C.L. Beverley, S. Cobbold, M.J. Crumpton, W. Gilks, F.M. Gotch, N. Hogg, M. Horton, N. Ling, J.C.M. MacLennan, D.Y. Mason, C. Milstein, D. Spiegelhalter, and H. Waldmann, editors. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 339 pp. |
54. |
Maecker, H.T.,
S.C. Todd, and
S. Levy.
1997.
The tetraspanin superfamily: molecular facilitators.
FASEB J.
11:
428-442
|
55. | Marrs, J.A., C. Andersson-Fisone, M.C. Jeong, L. Cohen-Gould, C. Zurzolo, I.R. Nabi, E. Rodriguez-Boulan, and W.J. Nelson. 1995. Plasticity in epithelial cell phenotype: modulation by expression of different cadherin cell adhesion molecules. J. Cell Biol. 129: 507-519 [Abstract]. |
56. |
Masellis-Smith, A., and
A.R.E. Shaw.
1994.
CD9-regulated adhesion. Anti-CD9 monoclonal antibody induce pre-B cell adhesion to bone marrow fibroblasts through de novo recognition of fibronectin.
J. Immunol.
152:
2768-2777
|
57. | McNeill, H., M. Ozawa, R. Kemler, and W.J. Nelson. 1990. Novel function of the cell adhesion molecule uvomorulin as an inducer of cell surface polarity. Cell. 62: 309-316 |
58. |
Melchiori, A.,
R. Mortarini,
S. Carlone,
P.C. Marchisio,
A. Anichini,
D.M. Noonan, and
A. Albini.
1995.
The ![]() ![]() |
59. |
Metzelaar, M.J.,
P.L.J. Wijngaard,
P.J. Peters,
J.J. Sixma,
H.K. Nieuwenhuis, and
H.C. Clevers.
1991.
CD63 antigen. A novel lysosomal membrane glycoprotein, cloned by a screening procedure for intracellular antigens in eukaryotic cells.
J. Biol. Chem.
266:
3239-3245
|
60. | Miyake, M., M. Koyama, M. Seno, and S. Ikeyama. 1991. Identification of the motility-related protein (MRP-1), recognized by monoclonal antibody M31-15, which inhibits cell motility. J. Exp. Med. 174: 1347-1354 [Abstract]. |
61. | Montesano, R., and L. Orci. 1985. Tumor-promoting phorbol esters induce angiogenesis in vitro. Cell. 42: 469-477 |
62. | Montesano, R., and L. Orci. 1986. Phorbol esters induce angiogenesis in vitro from large-vessel endothelial cells. J. Cell Physiol 130: 284-291 . |
63. |
Nakamura, K.,
R. Iwamoto, and
E. Mekada.
1995.
Membrane-anchored heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and diphteria toxin receptor-associated protein (DRAP27)/CD9 form a complex with integrin ![]() ![]() |
64. |
Newman, P.J..
1997.
The biology of PECAM-1.
J. Clin. Invest.
99:
3-8
|
65. |
Olweus, J.,
F. Lund-Johansen, and
V. Horejsi.
1993.
CD53, a protein with four
membrane-spanning domains, mediates signal transduction in human monocytes and B cells.
J. Immunol.
151:
707-716
|
66. | Oren, R., S. Takahashi, C. Doss, R. Levy, and S. Levy. 1990. TAPA-1, the target of an antiproliferative antibody, defines a new family of transmembrane proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 4007-4015 |
67. |
Radford, K.J.,
R.F. Thorne, and
P. Hersey.
1996.
CD63 associates with transmembrane 4 superfamily members, CD9 and CD81, and with ![]() |
68. | Radford, K.J., R.F. Thorne, and P. Hersey. 1997. Regulation of tumor cell motility and migration by CD63 in a human melanoma cell line. J. Immunol. 158: 3353-3358 [Abstract]. |
69. | Rubinstein, E., F.L. Naour, C. Lagaudrière-Gesbert, M. Billard, H. Conjeaud, and C. Boucheix. 1996. CD9, CD63, CD81, and CD82 are components of a surface tetraspan network connected to HLA-DR and VLA integrins. Eur. J. Immunol. 26: 2657-2665 |
70. |
Schneeberger, E.E., and
R.D. Lynch.
1992.
Structure, function and regulation
of cellular tight junctions.
Am. J. Physiol.
262:
L647-L661
|
71. |
Shaw, A.R.,
A. Domanska,
A. Mak,
A. Gilchrist,
K. Dobler,
L. Visser,
S. Poppema,
L. Fliegel,
M. Letarte, and
B.J. Willet.
1995.
Ectopic expression of
human and feline CD9 in a human B cell line confers beta 1 integrin-dependent motility on fibronectin and laminin substrates and enhanced tyrosine
phosphorylation.
J. Biol. Chem.
270:
24092-24099
|
72. |
Sincock, P.M.,
G. Mayrhofer, and
L.K. Ashman.
1997.
Localization of the transmembrane 4 superfamily (TM4SF) member PETA-3 (CD151) in normal human tissues: comparison with CD9, CD63 and ![]() ![]() |
73. | Skubitz, K.M., K.D. Campbell, J. Iida, and A.P.N. Skubitz. 1996. CD63 associates with tyrosine kinase activity and CD11/CD18, and transmits an activation signal in neutrophils. J. Immunol. 157: 3617-3626 [Abstract]. |
74. |
Slupsky, J.R.,
J.G. Seehafer,
S. Tang,
A. Masellis-Smith, and
A.R.E. Shaw.
1989.
Evidence that monoclonal antibodies against CD9 antigen induce specific association between CD9 and the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex.
J. Biol. Chem.
264:
12289-12293
|
75. |
Sriramarao, P.,
P. Steffner, and
K.R. Gehlsen.
1993.
Biochemical evidence for a
homophilic interaction of the ![]() ![]() |
76. |
Symington, B.E.,
Y. Takada, and
W.G. Carter.
1993.
Interaction of integrins
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
77. | Tai, X.G., Y. Yashiro, R. Abe, K. Toyooka, C.R. Wood, J. Morris, A. Long, S. Ono, M. Kobayashi, T. Hamaoka, et al . 1996. A role for CD9 molecules in T cell activation. J. Exp. Med. 184: 753-758 [Abstract]. |
78. | Takeichi, M.. 1990. Cadherins: a molecular family important in selective cell- cell adhesion. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 59: 237-252 |
79. |
Takeuchi, K.,
T. Tsuji,
S. Hakomori, and
T. Irimura.
1994.
Intercellular adhesion induced by anti-![]() |
80. |
Toothil, V.J.,
J.A. van Mourik,
H.R. Niewenhuis,
M.J. Metzelaar, and
J.D. Pearson.
1990.
Characterization of the enhanced adhesion of neutrophil leukocytes to thrombin-stimulated endothelial cells.
J. Immunol.
145:
283-291
|
81. | Tsukita, S., S. Tsukita, A. Nagafuchi, and S. Yonemura. 1992. Molecular linkage between cadherins and actin filaments in cell-cell adherens junctions. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 4: 834-839 |
82. | Vischer, U.M., and D.D. Wagner. 1993. CD63 is a component of Weibel-Palade bodies of human endothelial cells. Blood. 82: 1184-1191 [Abstract]. |
83. | Wary, K.K., F. Miniero, S.J. Isakoff, E.E. Marcantonio, and F.G. Giancotti. 1996. The adaptor protein Shc couples a class of integrins to the control of cell cycle progression. Cell. 87: 733-743 |
84. |
Wayner, E., and
W.G. Carter.
1987.
Identification of multiple cell adhesion receptors for collagen and fibronectin in human fibrosarcoma cells possessing
unique ![]() ![]() |
85. |
Weber, C.,
R. Alon,
B. Moser, and
T.A. Springer.
1996.
Sequential regulation
of ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
86. | Weitzman, J.B., R. Pasqualini, Y. Takada, and M.E. Hemler. 1994. The function and distinctive regulation of the integrin VLA-3 in cell adhesion, spreading and homotypic cell aggregation. J. Biol. Chem. 12: 8651-8657 . |
87. |
Weitzman, J.B.,
A. Chen, and
M.E. Hemler.
1995.
Investigation of the role of
![]() |
88. | Werb, Z., P.M. Tremble, O. Behrendtsen, E. Crowly, and C.H. Damsky. 1989. Signal transduction through the fibronectin receptor induces collagenase and stromelysin gene expression. J. Cell. Biol 109: 877-889 [Abstract]. |
89. |
Wice, B.M., and
J.I. Gordon.
1995.
A tetraspan membrane glycoprotein produced in the human intestinal epithelium and liver that can regulate cell density-dependent proliferation.
J. Biol. Chem.
270:
21907-21918
|
90. | Wright, M.D., and M.G. Tomlinson. 1994. The ins and outs of the transmembrane 4 superfamily. Immunol. Today. 15: 588-594 |
91. |
Wu, C.,
A.E. Chung,
J.A. Mc, and
Donald.
1995.
A novel role for ![]() ![]() |
92. | Yu, J., J.H. Lin, X.R. Wu, and T.T. Sun. 1994. Uroplakins Ia and Ib, two major differentiation products of bladder epithelium, belong to a family of four transmembrane domain (4TM) proteins. J. Cell Biol. 125: 171-182 [Abstract]. |