* Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology; and The Digestive Disease Center, Department of
Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California 94305; The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine,
Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304; § LeukoSite, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142;
Gryphon Sciences, South San Francisco, California 94080; and ¶ Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of
Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, California 94304
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Abstract |
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The chemokine known as 6-C-kine, secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (SLC), TCA4, or
Exodus-2 (herein referred to as 6CK/SLC) can trigger
rapid integrin-dependent arrest of lymphocytes rolling under physiological shear and is highly expressed by
high endothelial venules, specialized vessels involved in
lymphocyte homing from the blood into lymph nodes
and Peyer's patches. We show that 6CK/SLC is an agonist for the lymphocyte chemoattractant receptor,
CCR7 (EBI-1, BLR-2), previously described as a receptor for the related
chemokine MIP-3
(ELC or
Exodus-3). Moreover, 6CK/SLC and MIP-3
attract
the same major populations of circulating lymphocytes, including naive and memory T cells > B cells (but not
natural killer cells); desensitization to MIP-3
inhibits
lymphocyte chemotaxis to 6CK/SLC but not to the
chemokine SDF-1 (stromal cell-derived factor); and
6CK/SLC competes for MIP-3
binding to resting
mouse lymphocytes. The findings suggest that the
majority of circulating lymphocytes respond to 6CK/SLC
and MIP-3
in large part through their common receptor CCR7 and that these molecules may be important mediators of physiological lymphocyte recirculation in vivo.
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Introduction |
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LYMPHOCYTES cycle throughout the body and are in constant flux, traveling long distances via the circulation, entering tissues where they may encounter antigens and eventually reentering the circulation. Secondary
lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and spleen)
are major sites of lymphocyte traffic, as these organs are
specialized for the support of antigen presentation and for facilitating lymphocyte interactions. Lymphocyte recruitment from the blood into lymph nodes and Peyer's patches
and into sites of severe chronic inflammation is controlled
by interactions with specialized high endothelial venules
(HEV).1 These interactions are thought to be mediated by
a multistep process, involving in many instances: (1a) tethering of blood borne cells through receptors presented on
microvilli, followed by (1b) rolling along the vessel wall,
(2) rapid activation of lymphocyte integrins, (3) integrin-dependent adhesion resistant to shear, and (4) diapedesis
(2, 8, 36). The rapid adhesion triggering (step 2) and
transendothelial migration (step 4) are thought to be mediated by Gi-linked receptors of the chemoattractant subfamily. Chemoattractant cytokines (chemokines) act
through this class of receptors (1, 30, 40), and it has been
speculated that they mediate these lymphocyte trafficking
events (7, 8, 31, 32).
In the context of physiological lymphocyte recirculation,
recent studies have focused our attention on two chemokines in particular: the chemokine 6-C-kine or secondary
lymphoid-tissue chemokine (6CK/SLC; also known as TCA4
and Exodus-2) (15, 17, 24, 34), whose receptor has not
been defined, and MIP-3
(ELC, Exodus-3) (27, 39),
whose receptor is CCR7 (also known as EBI-1 and BLR-2). Although antibodies to these chemokines remain to be
produced, Northern blot and cDNA library analyses suggest that 6CK/SLC and MIP-3
are most highly expressed
in lymphoid organs (15, 17, 24, 27, 39). Of particular interest is the finding that 6CK/SLC message is abundant in
HEV (14), the vessels involved in lymphocyte recruitment
into lymph nodes and Peyer's patches in vivo, and that
6CK/SLC and MIP-3
can trigger rapid
2 integrin activation in a major proportion of resting human and mouse
lymphocytes, inducing adhesion to ICAM-1 and promoting rapid lymphocyte arrest under physiologic shear (12).
6CK/SLC is also a highly selective chemoattractant for
lymphocytes, attracting naive but also memory T cells and,
to a lesser extent, B cells (14, 17). Although chemotactic
activity of MIP-3
on resting lymphocytes has not been reported previously, several T cell lines are attracted efficiently to MIP-3
, and neither 6CK/SLC nor MIP-3
appear to act on monocytes or granulocytes (14, 17, 34, 39).
This is an important issue because circulating monocytes
and neutrophils share with lymphocytes the L-selectin and
2 integrin adhesion molecules required for rolling and arrest in lymph node HEVs, leading to the current hypothesis that the adhesion triggering (and potentially chemoattractant) agonists associated with these specialized venules must be responsible for the highly selective lymphocyte
accumulation observed, and thus must preferentially or
exclusively act on recirculating lymphocytes (18, 19, 36). In
contrast to 6CK/SLC and MIP-3
, message for the other
major chemoattractant for recirculating lymphocytes, stromal cell-derived factor 1
(SDF-1
), is widely expressed
in diverse tissues (35), and SDF-1 attracts monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and other cell types as well (reference 5 and vide infra). Other chemokines with reported attractant activity for subsets of circulating lymphocytes,
such as MCP-1 and IL-8, also lack lymphocyte selectivity,
displaying prominent chemoattractant activities for myeloid or monocytic cells (1, 28, 30).
Here we report that the HEV-expressed chemokine
6CK/SLC signals through the MIP-3 receptor CCR7.
Moreover, the same major lymphocyte subpopulations
that chemotax to 6CK/SLC also migrate to MIP-3
, and
desensitization of resting lymphocytes to MIP-3
inhibits
their responses to 6CK/SLC, as well. We propose that, along with the specialized adhesion/homing receptors involved, 6CK/SLC, MIP-3
, and their common receptor
CCR7 may play an important role in the physiological recirculation and homing of lymphocytes.
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Materials and Methods |
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Preparation of Human and Mouse Lymphocytes
Human peripheral blood was collected in heparinized tubes from healthy donors. Granulocytes were removed as described (25). Monocytes were removed by two 30-min rounds of adherence to a culture flask (model T-175; Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) at 37°C and 8% CO2 in RPMI 1642 medium supplemented with 10% calf serum. Mouse lymph nodes (cervical, axillary, inguinal, and mesenteric) were gently ground between the frosted ends of microscope slides and filtered through nylon mesh, and adherent cells were removed as above. BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice were used, as indicated.
Chemotaxis
All migration assays were performed in 24-well plate tissue culture inserts
(Costar Corp., Cambridge, MA) with 5-µm pore polycarbonate filters. 5 × 105 cells were placed in the upper chamber in 100 µl, and 600 µl of a given
chemokine dilution in the lower well (unless otherwise indicated, as for
the checkerboard assays). Recombinant human and mouse 6CK/SLC
were obtained from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). Synthetic human
MIP-3 and SDF-1
were synthesized by the authors (M.A. Siani and D. Thomas, Gryphon Sciences) by chemical ligation (13). Human MIP-3
and SDF-1
were used for both the human and mouse systems since the
murine MIP-3
homologue has not yet been reported. The use of human
MIP-3
on mouse lymphocytes is validated by its cross-reactivity with
mouse CCR7 (see Figs. 1 and 2), although the Kd may not be identical.
Human and mouse SDF-1
differ by only two conservative amino acid
substitutions (35), and their activities are reportedly similar. Chemotaxis medium consisted of RPMI-1642/10% calf serum for mouse lymphocytes and L1/2 cells, and RPMI-1642/0.5%BSA Fr. V (Sigma Chemical Co., St.
Louis, MO) for human lymphocytes. Migration times were 30-60 min for
mouse lymphocytes, 90 min for human lymphocytes, and 3 h for L1/2 cells.
Migrated cells were counted as described (11, 12). All migration assays
were carried out at 37°C and 8% CO2.
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Optimal chemotactic doses for each chemokine on each cell type were
determined by testing 10-fold dilutions between 1 µM and 1 nM. Twofold
dilutions were then carried out within the most effective decade. The optimal chemotactic doses were: 100 nM for murine 6CK/SLC on mouse lymphocytes and L1/2 transfectants; 1 µM for human 6CK/SLC on human
lymphocytes and 100 nM on L1/2 transfectants; 50 nM for human SDF-1
on mouse lymphocytes and 100 nM on human lymphocytes; and 25 nM
human MIP-3
on mouse lymphocytes, 100 nM on L1/2 transfectants, and
1 µM on human lymphocytes.
Determination of Lymphocyte Subsets
The number of cells of each subtype was determined for the starting population of each chemotactic assay. The number of cells belonging to the
same subtype was determined in the migrated population, and the percent
migration was determined from these two numbers. Six to eight wells
were chemotaxed for each chemokine, and the migrated cells were pooled
(after counting) to obtain sufficient cells for flow cytometry. Directly conjugated antibodies used in this study were obtained from PharMingen,
Inc. (San Diego, CA) unless otherwise indicated. Anti-mouse reagents:
FITC-conjugated CD8 (clone 53-6.7) and CD44 (clone MJ-64, grown and
conjugated by Butcher lab staff), APC-conjugated CD4 (clone GK1.5, a
generous gift of S. Michie, Stanford University, Stanford, CA), biotinylated CD3 (clone 145-2C11), and TCR
(clone H57-597). Anti-human
reagents: FITC-conjugated CD3 (clone UCHT1) and CD45RA (clone
HI100); PE-conjugated CD19 (clone B43), CD45RO (clone UCHL1), and
CD56 (clone B159); biotinylated CD4 (clone RPA-T4), CD8 (clone RPA-T8), and CD16 (clone 3G8). The second stage reagent used for all biotinylated antibodies was streptavidin-conjugated PerCP (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA). Flow cytometry analysis was performed on a FACSCalibur® driven by Cell Quest software (Becton Dickinson).
CCR7 Transfectants
L1/2 cells were stably transfected with epitope-tagged receptors as described (10, 11, 16). The FLAGged muCCR7 cDNA was obtained from BALB/c lymph node RNA using PCR primers based on GenBank accession number L31580 and inserted into a cytomegalovirus-driven vector (pMRB-101). Human CCR7 (data available from GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ under accession number L31581) cDNA was tagged at the NH2 terminus with a hemagglutin in epitope (YPYDVPDYA) and subcloned into pCDNA3. For transient transfections, L1/2 cells were cotransfected by electroporation with these same constructs and the green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression vector pGreen Lantern (GIBCO BRL, Gaithersburg, MD).
Receptor Binding Studies
Interaction of 6CK/SLC with a common lymphocyte receptor was assessed by direct competition for radioactive MIP-3 binding. Mouse
lymph node lymphocytes were incubated with 125I-MIP-3
(obtained from
New England Nuclear [Boston, MA] and Amersham Corp. [Arlington
Heights, IL]; 0.2 nM) in the presence or absence of 200 nM cold MIP-3
,
6CK/SLC, or MCP-1 (R&D Systems). Chemokine binding to mouse lymphocytes was carried out using a modification of a method described previously (38). Briefly, mouse lymphocyte cells were prepared from lymph
nodes, washed, and resuspended in binding buffer (50 mM Hepes, pH 7.5, 1 mM CaCl2, 5 mM MgCl2, and 0.5% BSA) at 2 × 107 cells/ml. For each
binding reaction (in a final volume of 100 ml), 25 µl of cell suspension (5 × 105 cells) was mixed with 0.2 nM labeled chemokine, in the presence or
absence of 200 nM unlabeled chemokines. The reactions were incubated
at room temperature for 60 min and stopped by transferring the mixture
to GFB filter plates, which were then washed three times with binding
buffer containing 0.5 M NaCl. The plates were dried, and MicroScint scintillation fluid was added before counting. The bound radioactivity was determined and used to calculate the percent inhibition by each of the competitors. Two independent experiments were performed showing inhibition
by cold MIP-3
and 6CK/SLC, each with duplicate or triplicate determinations. MCP-1 inhibition was assessed in one experiment in triplicate.
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Results and Discussion |
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6CK/SLC Mediates Chemotaxis of CCR7 Transfectants
In a method described previously (10, 11, 16), L1/2 cells
(an Abelson-transformed murine pre-B cell line) were stably transfected with an epitope-tagged (FLAGged) version of mouse CCR7 (Fig. 1). As expected, FLAGged
CCR7 transfectants, but not CCR1 transfectants, were attracted efficiently to the known CCR7 ligand MIP-3. As
shown in Fig. 1 D, mouse 6CK/SLC also attracted the
CCR7 transfectants, but not the CCR1 transfectants.
When working with stably transfected cell lines, it is always formally possible that observed changes in cell behavior are brought about by selection pressures unrelated
(or only indirectly related) to the transfected gene. To
confirm that the 6CK/SLC-induced migration was mediated by the transfected CCR7, transient transfections were
performed. Transient transfection of L1/2 cells creates
a heterogeneous population of receptor-expressing cells
successfully taking up and expressing transfected plasmid
(Fig. 2 A): In this system, cotransfected plasmids are coordinately expressed (Bowman, E.P., unpublished data).
Cells transiently expressing transfected human or mouse
CCR7 sequences (GFP[+]) migrated efficiently towards MIP-3 and 6CK/SLC (Fig. 2 C), while those cells that did
not take up the electroporated DNA (GFP[
]) remained
unresponsive to these chemokines. We conclude that
CCR7 is a receptor for 6CK/SLC as well as for MIP-3
.
Importantly, CCR7, also known as EBI-1 or BLR-2 (3, 6),
is constitutively expressed at the Northern level in human
PBMC (3) and is highly represented in Southern blots of
complex cDNA libraries from L-selectin+ naive T cells
and Ig+ B cells from mouse spleen (Zlotnik, A., unpublished data). CCR7 is thus likely to be a prominent receptor for 6CK/SLC on circulating lymphocytes.
MIP-3, as well as 6CK/SLC, Is a Potent
Chemoattractant for Resting Lymphocytes
We reasoned that if 6CK/SLC and MIP-3 share CCR7
as a prominent receptor on lymphocytes, then MIP-3
should attract the major populations of circulating peripheral blood lymphocytes and mouse lymph node (LN) lymphocytes that respond to 6CK/SLC, including naive lymphocytes. Indeed, we found that the majority of both human and mouse lymphocytes responding efficiently in
Transwell assays to MIP-3
, with chemotaxis comparable
to that of 6CK/SLC (Fig. 3). Checkerboard analyses confirmed that the responses to MIP-3
and 6CK/SLC were
chemotactic (not shown). Thus, both 6CK/SLC and MIP-3
are not only potent adhesion-triggering chemokines for
most resting lymphocytes (12), but they are also potent circulating lymphocyte chemoattractants.
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MIP-3 and 6CK/SLC Attract Similar Major
Populations of Resting Human and Mouse Lymphocytes
The relative migration efficiency of various lymphocyte
types was determined by noting the number of each subtype in the starting population (as determined by flow cytometry) and observing what percentage of this specific
population migrated to the bottom well in response to optimal chemotactic concentrations of MIP-3, 6CK/SLC,
or, for comparison, SDF-1
. CD4(+) helper T cells form the largest subpopulation of circulating human lymphocytes and can be divided into naive and memory phenotypes based on their expression of CD45RA vs. CD45RO
(29). CD4(+) T cells are also a major subpopulation in
mouse lymph node, and naive vs. memory subpopulations
can be distinguished by relative CD44 levels in C57BL/6
mice (21). Both naive and memory helper T cells (Fig. 4)
were attracted efficiently to all three chemokines, as were CD8(+) cytotoxic T and B cells. The NK population (defined as CD3[
], CD56[+], and CD16[+]), however,
showed strong differences in its ability to respond to these
chemokines. This lymphocyte subset was only studied in
the human system, as it is not a major population in
healthy mouse lymph nodes. It is interesting to note that
the background migration of NK cells was higher than that
of any other population studied in this report (up to 20% in some donors) and that NK cells comprised ~80% of all
human lymphocytes that migrated in the absence of chemokine in our system (not shown). Although the background
migration was high, a gradient of SDF-1
more than tripled the number of migrating NK cells, whereas MIP-3
and 6CK/SLC had no effect.
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Thus, with the exception of NK cells (a population that
does not normally traffic through secondary lymphoid tissue), MIP-3 and 6CK/SLC were potent attractors of each
of the major human and mouse lymphocyte subpopulations. Different cell types were attracted with varying efficiency. However, in our opinion, the quantitative differences in B vs. T cell chemotaxis to these chemokines in
vitro must be interpreted with caution since B cells also
migrate less efficiently in response to SDF-1
. In the absence of a "control" B cell attractant that recruits the majority of B cells across Transwell membranes, one cannot
exclude that mechanical limitations (e.g., deformability) or
other cell properties limit in vitro B cell responses. On the
other hand, additional chemokines may support B cell recruitment, and it is also worth pointing out that B cell recirculation is in general slower than that of T cells in vivo,
as well.
It is interesting to note that the optimal chemotactic
doses of MIP-3 and 6CK/SLC differed by 10-fold between human circulating lymphocytes and mouse lymph
node lymphocytes in our system. However, when human
or mouse CCR7 were expressed in L1/2 cells, the optimal chemotactic doses were indistinguishable (100 nM, similar
to those for mouse lymph node cells). This suggests that
the cellular environment in which the receptor is expressed may influence its interaction with ligand and/or its
signaling.
MIP-3 Inhibits Lymphocyte Chemotaxis to 6CK/SLC
but Not to SDF-1
Cross-desensitization assays are an established tool for assessing common receptor usage by chemokines: Binding of
agonist to chemokine receptors induces rapid homologous
desensitization, inhibiting responses to other agonists acting through the same receptor, but not to those interacting
with independent receptors (for review see reference 1).
Therefore, we postulated that if 6CK/SLC acts primarily
through the MIP-3 receptor on lymphocytes, then MIP-3
preincubation should inhibit its activity. The mouse system
was used for these studies because much lower concentrations of chemokines were needed for optimal chemotaxis
to 6CK/SLC and MIP-3
than were required for the human system (see Materials and Methods).
Mouse lymphocytes were treated for 30 min with MIP-3
(at 5× the optimal chemotactic dose) or control medium,
washed quickly by centrifugation through a layer of serum,
and then immediately placed in a chemotaxis assay. Ability to migrate towards an optimal concentration of 6CK/
SLC was then tested. The desensitization process did not
appreciably increase background migration (not shown).
MIP-3
quite effectively desensitized migration to 6CK/ SLC, whereas the response to SDF-1
(which acts through
an independent receptor CXCR4; references 4, 26) was not
inhibited (Fig. 5). Similarly, 6CK/SLC preincubation abrogated lymphocyte chemotaxis to MIP-3
. In contrast, preincubation with SDF-1
inhibited its own responses, with
only minor effects on migration to the CCR7 agonists.
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6CK/SLC Inhibits MIP-3 Binding to Lymphocytes
We reasoned that if CCR7 is a prominent receptor for
6CK/SLC and MIP-3 on lymphocytes, then 6CK/SLC
should inhibit MIP-3
binding to the lymphocyte surface.
Mouse lymph node cells bound 125I-MIP-3
, and this binding was significantly inhibited by excess cold MIP-3
(62 and 78% in two separate experiments) and to a similar extent by 6CK/SLC (69 and 73%). In contrast, cold MCP-1 had no significant effect. Thus, the predominant MIP-3
receptor on resting lymphocytes is shared by 6CK/SLC.
Our results demonstrate that two major lymphocyte
chemoattractants of lymphoid tissues6CK/SLC, expressed by HEV(15), and MIP-3
, also prominently expressed in LN, Peyer's patch (PP), and spleen (27, 39)
share a common receptor and attract the major circulating
lymphocyte subsets that traffic through secondary lymphoid organs. Both chemokines are potent attractants for
naive T cells, but also recruit memory CD4(+) T cells and
CD8(+) T cells and B cells, all populations that enter lymphoid tissues via HEV with varying efficiency (8, 9, 22, 33,
37). Although murine MIP-3
protein was not available
for these experiments, a mouse sequence with 74% amino
acid identity to human MIP-3
is found in the EST database (available from GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ under accession number AA444730), suggesting that a mouse version of MIP-3
protein does indeed exist in vivo. In light
of the functional similarities between 6CK/SLC and MIP-3
, including preferential, high levels of mRNA expression in secondary lymphoid organs as well as shared receptor usage and chemoattractant activity for lymphocytes as
shown here, it is of interest that these two CC chemokines
share a common chromosomal location (24). Thus, even though they display only 33% amino acid identity in the
chemokine domain, they may well have arisen from a relatively recent common lymphocyte chemoattractant precursor. The evolutionary advantage of having two related
agonists for CCR7 is unclear at present, but such promiscuity is not uncommon among the chemokines and their
receptors (1, 29). It will be of interest to determine the extent of specialization between 6CK/SLC and MIP-3
in
controlling lymphocyte migration into and within lymphoid organs, and to ask how such specialization relates to
the clear structural differences between them, especially
the 38-amino acid COOH-terminal extension of 6CK/
SLC. Since 6CK/SLC is abundantly expressed by HEV by
in situ analyses, one can postulate that its COOH-terminal
extension may have a role in stabilizing or facilitating its
presentation at the vascular lumen, where it may help trigger
2 integrin-dependent lymphocyte arrest.
Recent studies show that 6CK/SLC can also signal
through CXCR3, a receptor that also supports chemotaxis
to the chemokines MIG and IP-10 (Zlotnik, A., unpublished data). Importantly, responses to MIG and IP-10 are
reported to be predominantly limited to in vitro-activated
T cells, with little effect on the bulk of freshly isolated
PBL (20, 23). Moreover, MIP-3
does not signal though CXCR3. Thus, CXCR3 may contribute to the migration of
activated T cells in vivo, but is unlikely to play a significant
role in the major, especially naive, B and T cell responses
to 6CK/SLC and MIP-3
discussed here.
It is important to consider the potential contribution of
chemokines to the specificity of lymphocyte trafficking in
the context of the specialized selectin, integrin, and other
adhesion/homing receptors involved. As mentioned in the
introduction, although most circulating white blood cells
express L-selectin and 2 integrins required for rolling
and arrest in lymph node HEV (36), and eosinophils and
subsets of NK cells, at least, also display the
4
7 integrin intestinal homing receptor involved in homing to Peyer's patches, these cells do not normally enter LN or
PP efficiently from the blood in the absence of significant
inflammation. Such observations, in fact, led to the initial
hypothesis of a generalized multistep model of leukocyte-
endothelial recognition, in which an essential, rapid activation event required for integrin-mediated adhesion was
postulated to control specificity of lymphocyte (vs. monocyte and granulocyte) arrest in HEV (7). In this context, the apparent selectivity of 6CK/SLC and MIP-3
for recirculating lymphocyte populations, and their lack of activity
on monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells, would allow
them to make a critical contribution to the selectivity of
lymphocyte-HEV recognition. On the other hand, each of
these chemokines appears to be expressed in both intestinal (PP, appendix) and peripheral (LN, spleen) lymphoid
organs (15, 17, 24, 27, 39). Thus, while they may permit
lymphocyte but not other leukocyte arrest in these sites,
differential adhesion/homing receptor requirements (e.g.,
4
7-MAdCAM-1 in PPs) may remain the primary determinants for the targeted homing and segregation of intestinal vs. peripheral memory lymphocytes to PPs vs. peripheral lymphoid tissues (8).
Finally, the finding that CCR7 is a shared receptor for
the HEV-expressed chemokine 6CK/SLC, as well as for
MIP-3, suggests that it may itself be an important lymphocyte "homing receptor" for secondary lymphoid organs. In vivo studies will be required, however, to explore
further the involvement of CCR7 in physiological lymphocyte trafficking, to elucidate the relative contributions of
6CK/SLC and MIP-3
, and to define their roles in physiological lymphocyte recirculation and in lymphocyte homing during pathological inflammation.
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Footnotes |
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Received for publication 20 February 1998 and in revised form 24 March 1998.
Address all correspondence to James J. Campbell, Ph.D., Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305. Tel.: (650) 493-5000 (x6-3133). Fax: (650) 858-3986. E-mail: jcampbel{at}cmgm.stanford.eduWe thank S. Michie for APC-conjugated GK1.5, J. Twelves for FITC-conjugated MJ-64, S. Grossman for administrative assistance, and L. Rott for expert flow cytometry support.
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant GM37743 (E.C. Butcher), Public Health Service grant 5T32CA09151 (E.P. Bowman), the NIH Cancer Etiology, Prevention, Detection, and Diagnosis Training Grant 5T32CA090302 (J.J. Campbell and K.R. Youngman), NIH Individual National Research Service Award 1F32AI08930 (J.J. Campbell), and by the FACS® Core facility of the Stanford Digestive Diseases Center under DK38707. E.P. Bowman and J.J. Campbell are recipients of Arthritis Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowships.
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Note Added in Proof |
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Since submission of this manuscript, Kim et al. (J. Immunol. 1998. 160:2418) have reported that MIP-3 (CK
-11) induced
chemotaxis of blood B and T cells, and Yoshida et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 1998. 273:7118) have confirmed that CCR7 is a receptor of 6CK/SLC.
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Abbreviations used in this paper |
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6CK, 6-C-kine; GFP, green fluorescent protein; HEV, high endothelial venules; LN, lymph node(s); NK, natural killer; PP, Peyer's patch(es); SDF, stromal cell-derived factor; SLC, secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine.
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