* Division of Signal Transduction, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan; Central Laboratories for
Key Technology, Kirin Brewery Company Limited, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; § Metropolitan Institute of
Medical Science, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo 113-0021, Japan;
Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; and ¶ Department of Biochemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
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Abstract |
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The Ras target AF-6 has been shown to serve as one of the peripheral components of cell-cell adhesions, and is thought to participate in cell-cell adhesion regulation downstream of Ras. We here purified an AF-6-interacting protein with a molecular mass of ~220 kD (p220) to investigate the function of AF-6 at cell-cell adhesions. The peptide sequences of p220 were identical to the amino acid sequences of mouse Fam. Fam is homologous to a deubiquitinating enzyme in Drosophila, the product of the fat facets gene. Recent genetic analyses indicate that the deubiquitinating activity of the fat facets product plays a critical role in controlling the cell fate. We found that Fam accumulated at the cell-cell contact sites of MDCKII cells, but not at free ends of plasma membranes. Fam was partially colocalized with AF-6 and interacted with AF-6 in vivo and in vitro. We also showed that AF-6 was ubiquitinated in intact cells, and that Fam prevented the ubiquitination of AF-6.
Key words: AF-6; Fam; deubiquitinating enzyme; ubiquitination; cell-cell adhesions ![]() |
Introduction |
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These results indicate that AF-6 forms a complex with and serves as one of the substrates for Fam, and suggest that the degradation of peripheral components of cell-cell adhesions may be regulated by Fam.
RAS (Ha-Ras, Ki-Ras, N-Ras) is a signal-transducing
guanine nucleotide-binding protein for tyrosine kinase-type receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptors and the Src family (for reviews see Satoh
et al., 1992; McCormick, 1994
). Ras has GDP-bound inactive and GTP-bound active forms, the latter of which
make physical contact with targets (Marshall, 1995a
). Intensive investigations revealed that the Raf kinase family,
consisting of c-Raf-1 (for reviews see Blenis, 1993
; Daum
et al., 1994
), A-Raf (Vojtek et al., 1993
), and B-Raf
(Moodie et al., 1994
; Jaiswal et al., 1994
; Catling et al.,
1994
; Yamamori et al., 1995
), is one of the direct targets
for Ras. The activated Raf phosphorylates mitogen-activated protein (MAP)1 kinase kinase and activates it. Consequently, the activated MAP kinase kinase activates
MAP kinase, leading to the expression of certain genes
such as c-fos (for reviews see Cano and Mahadevan, 1995
;
Marshall, 1995b
). Several molecules interacting with activated Ras in addition to Raf have been identified in mammals. These include phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase
(Rodriguez-Viciana et al., 1994
), Ral guanine nucleotide
dissociation stimulator (Kikuchi et al., 1994
; Spaargaren
and Bischoff, 1994
), and Rin1 (Han and Colicelli, 1995
).
We previously identified the acute lymphoblastic leukemia-1 (ALL-1) fusion partner from chromosome 6 (AF-6)
as a Ras target (Kuriyama et al., 1996
). AF-6 was identified as the fusion partner of ALL-1 protein (Prasad et al.,
1993
). The ALL-1/AF-6 chimeric protein is a critical product of the t(6;11) abnormality associated with some human
leukemia. AF-6 has the postsynaptic density protein PSD-95/discs-large tumor suppressor protein Dlg/ZO-1 (PDZ)
domain, which is thought to localize AF-6 at the specialized sites of plasma membranes such as cell-cell contact
sites.
We have recently found that AF-6 accumulates at tight
junctions in epithelial cells such as MDCKII cells and at
cell-cell adhesions in nonepithelial cells such as Rat1 fibroblasts and PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells (Yamamoto et al., 1997). AF-6 interacts with ZO-1 in vitro. ZO-1
interacts with the Ras-binding domain of AF-6, and this
interaction is inhibited by activated Ras. Overexpression
of activated Ras in Rat1 cells results in perturbation of
cell-cell contacts, followed by a decrease of the accumulation of AF-6 and ZO-1 at the cell surface (Yamamoto et al.,
1997
). These observations indicate that AF-6 serves as one
of the peripheral components of tight junctions in epithelial cells and of cell-cell adhesions in nonepithelial cells,
and that AF-6 may participate in the regulation of cell-cell
contacts including tight junctions via direct interaction
with ZO-1 downstream of Ras. To understand the function of AF-6 at cell-cell contact sites, we here attempted to
identify AF-6-interacting molecules. We purified an AF-6-interacting protein with a molecular mass of ~220 kD, and identified it as the bovine counterpart of mouse Fam
protein (Wood et al., 1997
).
Fam is homologous to a deubiquitinating enzyme in
Drosophila, the product of the fat facets (faf) gene (Fischer-Vize et al., 1992; Huang et al., 1995
; Huang and Fischer-Vize, 1996
). The faf gene is specifically required for
normal eye development in Drosophila. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway plays an important role in the complete degradation of abnormal and short-lived regulatory
proteins that include transcriptional activators such as c-fos,
NF
B-I
B complex, and p53, or growth factor receptors
such as platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)
and fibroblast growth factor 1 receptor (FGFR-1; Hochstrasser, 1995
; Hicke, 1997
). This pathway requires ATP
and a covalent conjugation of the ubiquitin (Ub) molecules. The conjugation involves a series of enzymatic reactions: Ub itself is first activated with ATP by the Ub-activating enzyme (E1), secondly transferred onto a Ub
carrier protein (E2), and in a third step transferred onto a
Ub ligase (E3). Multiubiquitinated substrates are then recognized by the 26S proteasome and rapidly degraded into
short peptides.
A large superfamily of genes encoding deubiquitinating
enzymes, ubiquitin-specific proteases (Ubps), was recently
identified (Hochstrasser, 1995). The deubiquitinating enzymes can generally be divided into two main types. The
first one is thought to remove ubiquitin from Ub-conjugated degradation products produced by the proteasomes,
and thereby to accelerate the proteasome-dependent proteolysis. This type is present in all cells, and is thought to
have little substrate specificity. The second one is thought to remove Ub from multiubiquitinated substrates, and
thereby to prevent their proteasome-dependent proteolysis before they reach the proteasome. This type shows a
tissue-specific expression pattern, and is thought to have
substrate specificity (Hochstrasser, 1995
). Recent genetic
analyses indicate that Faf belongs to the second type, and
that the deubiquitinating activity of Faf is essential for regulating a cell communication pathway essential for normal eye development (Huang et al., 1995
; Huang and Fischer-Vize, 1996
). In situ hybridization analyses revealed that
mouse Fam transcripts exist in the rapidly expanding cell
population of gastrulating and neurulating embryos, and
in postmitotic cells of the central nervous system as well as
in the apoptotic regions between digits (Wood et al.,
1997
), although the role and the physiological substrate of
mammalian Fam are unknown.
In this study, we found that Fam accumulated at cell- cell contacts, and that AF-6 interacted with Fam both in vivo and in vitro. We also found that AF-6 was ubiquitinated in intact cells and that Fam prevented the ubiquitination of AF-6.
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Materials and Methods |
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Materials and Chemicals
The Fam cDNA clone was generated as described previously (Wood et al.,
1997). MDCKII cells, EL cells, and the mouse antibody against ZO-1
were kindly provided by Drs. A. Nagafuchi and S. Tsukita (University of
Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan) (Itoh et al., 1991
; Nagafuchi et al., 1994
). pMT123
(HA-ubiquitin expression plasmid) was kindly provided by Dr. D. Bohmann (European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany)
(Treier et al., 1994
). Rabbit polyclonal antibodies against AF-6 (914-1129
aa; #3), AF-6 (1130-1612 aa; #4), Fam (1-20 aa; N20), Fam (2441-2554 aa;
C114), and Fam (1165-1967 aa; K2) were generated as described previously (Harlow and Lame, 1988
). FITC-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody, Texas red-conjugated anti-mouse IgG antibody, and [35S]methionine were purchased from Amersham Corp. (Buckinghamshire, United
Kingdom). Mouse monoclonal antibody against
-catenin was purchased
from Transduction Laboratories (Lexington, KY). Rabbit polyclonal antibodies against
-catenin and
-catenin were purchased from Sigma
Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO). Polyvinylidene difluoride membranes
(Problott, 0.45-µm pore size) were purchased from PE Applied Biosystems (Foster, CA). Achromobacter protease I was purchased from Wako
Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Proteasome inhibitor
ALLN (N-acetyl-Leu-Leu-norleucinal) and calpain inhibitor II ALLM
(N-acetyl-Leu-Leu-methional) were purchased from Peptide Institute,
Inc. (Osaka, Japan). All materials used in the nucleic acid study were purchased from Takara Shuzo Corp. (Kyoto, Japan). Other materials and
chemicals were obtained from commercial sources.
Plasmid Construction
The Escherichia coli expression plasmid pGEX-3X-AF-6 (1130-1612 aa)
was constructed by subcloning the PvuII and EcoRI fragments of AF-6
into the SmaI and EcoRI sites of pGEX-3X. The plasmids for in vitro
translation of Fam were constructed by amplifying the cDNA fragments
encoding Fam (1-669 aa, 670-1213 aa, 1210-2100 aa, and 2097-2554 aa)
by PCR from the full-length Fam cDNA in pBluescript SK(). The fragment of Fam (1-669 aa) was amplified using the sense primer containing
a BamHI site (5'-AATTGGATCCATGACAGCCACGACTCGTG-3') and the antisense primer containing a BamHI site (5'-ATTAGGATCCTCACAGCTGGCCATCCTTCA-3'). The fragment of Fam (670-1213 aa)
was amplified using the sense primer containing a BamHI site (5'-AATTGGATCCCTGTGGCTGTGTGCTCCAC-3') and the antisense primer
containing a BamHI site (5'-ATTAGGATCCTCAGCATGCATTCAGATGATGGG-3'). The fragment of Fam (1210-2100 aa) was amplified
using the sense primer containing a BamHI site (5'-AATTGGATCCTGCATGCTTAGAAACGTGTC-3') and the antisense primer containing
a BamHI site (5'-ATTAGGATCCTTACTCAGAGAATCGATTTGAAAC-3'). The fragment of Fam (2097-2554 aa) was amplified using the
sense primer containing a BamHI site (5'-AATTGGATCCCGATTCTCTGAGTACCTTTTG-3') and the antisense primer containing a
BamHI site (5'-ATTAGGATCCTTAATATGTGCATTTCACTGATC-3'). The fragments (1-669 aa, 670-1213 aa, and 2097-2554 aa) were cloned into the BamHI site of pRSET-A, and the fragment (1210-2100 aa) was
cloned into the BamHI site of pBluescript SK(
). The Escherichia coli expression plasmid pMal-c2-Fam (1476-1918 aa) was constructed by inserting
the blunt-ended PstI and BstXI fragment of Fam into pMal-c2. The mammalian expression plasmid pEF-BOS-AF-6-myc was constructed as follows:
the cDNA fragments encoding AF-6 were subcloned into pBluescript SK(
)
having a sequence encoding a myc epitope tag (MEQKLISEEDL), and
AF-6-myc cDNA fragment was inserted into the XbaI site of pEF-BOS.
For the preparation of pEF-BOS-HA-Fam-CAT (1210-2410 aa), the fragment (1210-2410 aa) was subcloned into pBluescript SK(
), and the fragment was inserted into the BamHI site of pEF-BOS-HA.
Cell Culture
MDCKII and Rat1 cells were grown in DME containing 10% calf serum, penicillin, and streptomycin in an air-5% CO2 atmosphere at constant humidity. EL cells were grown in DME containing 10% FBS and 100 µg/ml of G418 in an air-5% CO2 atmosphere at constant humidity. COS7 cells were grown in DME containing 10% FBS, penicillin, and streptomycin in an air-5% CO2 atmosphere at constant humidity.
Preparation of Bovine Brain Cytosolic Fraction
100 g of bovine brain gray matter was cut into small pieces with scissors
and suspended in 300 ml of homogenizing buffer A (25 mM Tris/HCl at
pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 10 mM MgCl2, 10 µM [p-amidino-phenyl]methanesulfonyl fluoride [p-APMSF], 1 µg/ml leupeptin, 10% sucrose).
The suspension was homogenized with a Potter-Elvehjem Tefron-glass
homogenizer and filtered through four layers of gauze. The homogenate
was centrifuged at 20,000 g for 30 min at 4°C and then at 100,000 g for 60 min at 4°C as described (Yamamoto et al., 1995). The supernatant was
stored at
80°C as the cytosolic fraction.
GST-AF-6 (1130-1612 aa) Affinity Column Chromatography
Glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-AF-6 (1130-1612 aa) was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and purified according to the manufacturer's instructions. Glutathione-Sepharose 4B (1 ml) was coated with GST-AF-6 (1130-1612 aa; 30 nmol). The brain cytosolic fraction was then preabsorbed to remove the native GST with glutathione-Sepharose 4B and loaded onto the GST-AF-6 (1130-1612 aa) affinity column. The column was washed with 10 ml of buffer B (20 mM Tris/HCl at pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 5 mM MgCl2, 10 µM p-APMSF, 1 µg/ml leupeptin) followed by washing with 10 ml of buffer B containing 75 mM NaCl. The protein bound to the affinity column was eluted 10 times with 1 ml of buffer B containing 10 mM reduced glutathione.
Peptide Sequence Analysis of p220
The 10-mM reduced glutathione eluates from the first to seventh fractions
were dialyzed three times against distilled water and concentrated by
freeze-drying. The concentrated samples were subjected to SDS-PAGE
and transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Iwamatsu,
1992). The immobilized p220 was reduced and S-carboxymethylated, followed by in situ digestion with Achromobacter protease I and Asp-N. The
digested peptides were fractionated by C18 column chromatography and
subjected to amino acid sequencing (Iwamatsu, 1992
).
Hydrolysis Assay of Ub-PEST
For purification of Fam, the brain cytosolic fraction was loaded onto the
GST-AF-6 (1130-1612 aa) affinity column. Fam was eluted by adding
buffer B containing 200 mM NaCl from the GST-AF-6 affinity column.
Ubiquitin-NH-MHISPPEPESEEEEEHYC (Ub-PEST) was radiolabeled with Na125I using IODO-BEADS (Markwell, 1982
). Fam (1.6 µg)
was incubated for various periods at 37°C in a final volume (50 µl) containing 1 µg of 125I-labeled Ub-PEST, 100 mM Tris/HCl at pH 7.5, 1 mM
EDTA, 1 mM DTT, and 5% (vol/vol) glycerol. The reaction was terminated by adding 50 µl of acetone, and the mixture was frozen overnight at
80°C. The pellet fractions were boiled in sample buffer for SDS-PAGE,
and were subjected to SDS-PAGE detected by Coomassie Brilliant Blue
staining and by autoradiography (Woo et al., 1995
).
Immunofluorescence and Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy
MDCKII cells plated on 13-mm round glass coverslips were fixed with
methanol for 10 min. The fixed cells were incubated for 2 h with mouse
monoclonal antibodies against ZO-1 or -catenin, and were washed three
times for 10 min with PBS. The cells were then incubated for 2 h with anti-Fam antibody (K2) and washed three times for 10 min with PBS. The cells
were incubated for 1 h with FITC-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody
and Texas red-conjugated anti-mouse IgG antibody, and washed three
times for 10 min with PBS. The distributions of Fam, ZO-1, and
-catenin
were examined using a laser scanning confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss,
Inc., Thornwood, NY) equipped with an argon laser and a helium-neon laser for double fluorescence at 488 and 543 nm (emission filter; BP510-525
and LP590).
Coimmunoprecipitation Assay
MDCKII cells were grown in 100-mm tissue culture dishes. After being washed with PBS, the cells were lysed with 1 ml of buffer C (50 mM Tris/ HCl at pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA, 75 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 0.2% Triton X-100, 10 µM p-APMSF, 10 µg/ml leupeptin). The lysate was removed from the dishes with a rubber policeman. The lysate was sonicated, incubated in a 1.5-ml tube for 15 min on ice, and then clarified by centrifugation at 12,000 g for 30 min at 4°C. The soluble supernatant was incubated with 10 µg of anti-Fam antibody (K2), anti-AF-6 antibody (#3), or preimmuneserum. The immunocomplexes were then precipitated with protein A-Sepharose 4B (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology AB, Uppsala, Sweden). The immunocomplexes were washed six times with buffer C, eluted by boiling in sample buffer for SDS-PAGE and subjected to immunoblot analysis using anti-Fam antibody (N20) or anti-AF-6 antibody (#4).
In Vitro Binding Assay (In Vitro-translated Fam)
In vitro translation of pRSET-Fam (1-669 aa), pRSET-Fam (670-1213
aa), pBluescript SK()-Fam (1210-2100 aa), and pRSET-Fam (2097-
2554 aa) were performed using a TNT T7-coupled reticulocyte lysate system (Promega Corp., Madison, WI) under the conditions described in the
manufacturer's instruction manual. Glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads (31 µl)
were coated with GST fusion proteins and washed with 310 µl of buffer B. The coated beads were added to 40 µl of the in vitro-translated products
labeled with [35S]methionine containing 1 mg/ml BSA, and were incubated for 1 h at 4°C with gentle mixing. The beads were washed six times
with 102 µl of buffer B, and the bound proteins were coeluted with GST
fusion proteins three times by adding 102 µl of buffer B containing 10 mM
reduced glutathione. The eluates were subjected to SDS-PAGE and vacuum-dried. The [35S]-labeled bands corresponding to in vitro-translated
Fam were visualized with an image analyzer (BAS-2000; Fuji Photo Film
Co., Tokyo, Japan).
In Vitro Binding Assay (Maltose-binding Protein [MBP]-Fam)
The deubiquitinating catalytic domain of Fam (1476-1918 aa) was expressed as a MBP fusion protein, and was purified with amylose resin (New England Biolabs, Inc., Beverly, MA). MBP-Fam (1476-1918 aa; 0.05, 0.125, 0.25, 1.25, 2.5, and 7.5 nmol) was mixed with glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads (30 µl) coated with 0.3 nmol of either GST or GST-AF-6 (1130-1612 aa) in 250 µl of buffer B. The beads were washed six times with 100 µl of buffer B, and were then washed three times with 100 µl of buffer B containing 50 mM NaCl. The bound MBP-Fam (1476-1918 aa) was coeluted with GST or GST-AF-6 (1130-1612 aa) by adding 100 µl of buffer B containing 10 mM glutathione three times. Portions (30 µl each) of the three fractions of the glutathione-eluates were subjected to SDS-PAGE, followed by Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining. MBP-Fam (1476- 1918 aa) was visualized and estimated with a densitograph (ATTO, Tokyo, Japan).
Effect of Proteasome Inhibitor on Rat1 and EL Cells
Rat1 and EL cells were seeded in 100-mm tissue culture dishes at a cell
density of 1 × 106 cells/dish, and were cultured for 24 h. The cells were
then treated with 25 µM ALLN or ALLM for 3 h. ALLN and ALLM
were dissolved in DMSO to a final concentration of 10 mM. The cells
were washed twice with PBS and lysed in 360 µl of buffer D (50 mM Tris/
HCl at pH 7.5, 100 mM KCl, 4 mM EGTA, 1 mM NaF, 1 mM sodium vanadate, 0.25% Triton X-100, 10 µM p-APMSF, 1 µg/ml leupeptin, 25 µM
ALLN, and 300 mM sucrose). The cell lysates of Rat1 and EL cells were subjected to SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted with anti-AF-6 (#4) antibody, polyclonal antibody against -catenin, or anti-
-catenin antibody.
Ubiquitination Assay of AF-6 In Vivo
COS7 cells were seeded on 60-mm tissue culture dishes at a cell density of
6 × 105 cells/dish, and were cultured for 16 h. COS7 cells were transfected with pEF-BOS-AF-6-myc (12 µg) and pMT123 (HA-ubiquitin; 3 µg) by
the standard DEAE-dextran method (Lopata et al., 1984). To examine
the effect of the proteasome inhibitor ALLN, COS7 cells were grown for
30 h after transfection, and were then treated with 25 µM ALLN for 18 h.
The cells were washed twice with PBS and lysed in 360 µl of buffer D. An
immunoprecipitation analysis with anti-AF-6 antibody (#3) was performed as described above. The samples were subjected to SDS-PAGE
followed by immunoblot analysis using anti-HA antibody.
Deubiquitination Assay of the Ubiquitinated AF-6 by Fam
The plasmids pEF-BOS-AF-6-myc (12 µg) and pMT123 (3 µg) were transfected with or without pEF-BOS-HA-Fam-CAT (5 µg) in COS7 cells. Immunoprecipitation and an immunoblot analysis were carried out as described above.
Other Procedures
SDS-PAGE was performed as described (Laemmli, 1970). Protein concentrations were determined with BSA as the reference protein as described (Bradford, 1976
). Immunoblot analyses were carried out as described (Harlow and Lame, 1988
).
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Results |
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Identification of AF-6 (1130-1612 aa)-interacting Molecules
To detect molecules interacting with AF-6 (1130-1612 aa),
which includes a proline-rich region, the bovine brain cytosolic fraction was loaded onto affinity columns coated
with GST, GST-AF-6 (1130-1612 aa), or GST-CD44. The
proteins bound to the affinity columns were coeluted with
GST-AF-6 (1130-1612 aa) by adding glutathione. The glutathione-eluted fractions were subjected to SDS-PAGE
followed by silver staining. A protein with a molecular
mass of ~220 kD (p220) was detected in the glutathione
eluate from the GST-AF-6 (1130-1612 aa) affinity column,
but not from the GST or GST-CD44 affinity columns (Fig.
1 a), indicating that p220 specifically interacts with AF-6
(1130-1612 aa) directly or indirectly. To identify the AF-6
(1130-1612 aa)-interacting molecule, p220 was subjected
to amino acid sequencing as described in Materials and Methods. Two peptide sequences derived from p220 were
determined. These were LSVPATFMLVSLD and NDYFEF. Both peptide sequences were identical to the deduced amino acid sequence of mouse Fam, which is one of
the deubiquitinating enzymes (Wood et al., 1997).
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Fam shows homology with Ubps-type deubiquitinating
enzyme in Drosophila, the product of the fat facets (faf)
gene. Recent genetic analyses indicate that the faf gene is
required for normal eye development and embryogenesis,
suggesting that the deubiquitinating activity of the faf
product plays a critical role in controlling the cell fate. The
amino acid sequence of Fam shows ~50% amino acid
identity and 70% similarity with that of Faf (Wood et al., 1997). Fam has the cysteine and histidine domains characteristic of Ubps. Fam shows a high similarity to several
Ubps from yeast to mammals in these two regions (Wood
et al., 1997
). The calculated molecular mass of mouse Fam
is 290 kD, but the apparent molecular mass of bovine Fam
estimated by SDS-PAGE is ~220 kD. To confirm that
p220 is Fam, an immunoblot analysis was performed on
p220 from the glutathione-eluted fraction with two anti-Fam antibodies. Anti-Fam antibody (N20) against 20 aa of
the amino-terminal site and anti-Fam antibody (C114)
against 114 aa of the carboxy-terminal site were generated.
Since p220 was recognized by both anti-Fam antibodies
(N20 and C114) as shown in Fig. 1 b, we judged that p220 was
the full length of Fam, but not the degradation product of
Fam. We therefore concluded that p220 was the bovine counterpart of mouse Fam, and hereafter refer to it as Fam.
Deubiquitinating Activity Catalyzed by Fam
First we examined whether Fam has deubiquitinating activity. We used the 200-mM NaCl eluate from the GST-AF-6 (1130-1612 aa) affinity column as a source of Fam. Fam was incubated with the 125I-labeled ubiquitin-conjugated PEST sequence (Ub-PEST) for various periods of time. As shown in Fig. 2, Fam could release ubiquitin from Ub-PEST (a), and could produce the hydrolyzed 125I-PEST peptides from Ub-PEST (b). In the Fam minus control of Fig. 2, the 200-mM NaCl buffer that did not contain any enzyme was used. These results indicate that Fam is able to generate free ubiquitin from Ub-PEST. It is well-known that ubiquitin-aldehyde (Ub-CHO) inhibits Ubps. Release of ubiquitin from Ub-PEST or production of the PEST peptides was almost abolished in the presence of Ub-CHO. The deubiquitinating activity was not detected in the 200-mM NaCl eluate from the GST affinity column (data not shown). These results demonstrated that Fam has deubiquitinating activity.
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Distributions of Fam in Confluent MDCKII Cells
To understand the functions of Fam, we examined its intracellular distribution in MDCKII epithelial cells that
show characteristics of polarized epithelial cells and form
the junctional complex, including the tight junction and
adherens junction at cell-cell contact sites (Gonzalez-Mariscal et al., 1985). The immunoblot analysis of cell lysates from MDCKII cells showed that anti-Fam antibody
recognized a single band corresponding to a molecular weight of ~220 kD (Fig. 3 A) as in the case of bovine brain
extract (Fig. 1 b). Antibody preincubation with the recombinant Fam abolished the immunoreactivity (data not
shown). The immunoreactivity of Fam was specifically localized at sites where a cell contacted a neighboring cell,
and not at free ends of plasma membranes (Fig. 3 B). The
cytoplasm exhibited a relatively low level of immunoreactivity. To further examine whether Fam exists in the apical
or basal site of the lateral membrane, cellular distribution
of Fam was compared with that of ZO-1 and
-catenin
(Fig. 3, C, b and e). ZO-1 was concentrated at the apical
sections, whereas
-catenin was found at more basal sections as described previously (Nagafuchi and Takeichi,
1989
; Itoh et al., 1993
). In contrast, Fam immunoreactivity was colocalized at the immunofluorescence microscopic
level with ZO-1 at the apical sites, and with
-catenin at
the basal sites (Fig. 3, C, c and f). Since we have previously
shown that AF-6 interacts with ZO-1 and is colocalized
with ZO-1 at cell-cell contact sites including tight junctions (Yamamoto et al., 1997
), part of the Fam that is localized at the same sites with ZO-1 may be colocalized
with AF-6. We also found that accumulation of Fam is induced by the formation of cell-cell adhesions by using a
Ca2+ switch assay in MDCKII cells (data not shown).
These results suggest that Fam is partly colocalized with
AF-6 at apical sites of the lateral membrane in confluent
MDCKII cells.
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Interaction of Fam and AF-6 In Vivo
Because Fam was partly colocalized with AF-6 at apical sites of the lateral membrane, we examined whether Fam interacts with AF-6 in vivo. When Fam was immunoprecipitated with anti-Fam antibody from confluent MDCKII cells, AF-6 was coimmunoprecipitated with Fam (Fig. 4 a). AF-6 was not coimmunoprecipitated with control preimmuneserum. AF-6 appeared to associate with Fam with a stoichiometry of about one AF-6 per ten Fam under these conditions. Similarly, Fam was also coimmunoprecipitated with AF-6 (Fig. 4 b) when AF-6 was immunoprecipitated with anti-AF-6 antibody from confluent MDCKII cells. These results indicate that Fam interacts with AF-6 in vivo.
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Interaction of Fam and AF-6 In Vitro
We examined which domain of Fam interacts with AF-6 using in vitro-translated Fam such as Fam (1-669 aa), Fam (670-1213 aa), Fam (1210-2100 aa), and Fam (2097-2554 aa; Fig. 5 a). Affinity beads coated with GST or GST-AF-6 (1130-1612 aa) were mixed with the in vitro-translated Fam (1-669 aa), Fam (670-1213 aa), Fam (1210-2100 aa), and Fam (2097-2554 aa), and the interacting proteins were then coeluted with GST fusion proteins by adding glutathione. As shown in Fig. 5 b, Fam (1210-2100 aa) bound to GST-AF-6 (1130-1612 aa), but Fam (1-669 aa), Fam (670-1213 aa), and Fam (2097-2554 aa) did not. Fam (1210-2100 aa) did not bind to control GST.
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To test the specificity of the binding, we carried out a kinetic study of the binding of Fam to AF-6. We first examined whether GST-AF-6 (1130-1612 aa) could bind to MBP-Fam (1476-1918 aa) involving the deubiquitinating catalytic domain. Affinity beads coated with GST or GST-AF-6 (1130-1612 aa) were mixed with MBP-Fam (1476- 1918 aa). The bound MBP-Fam (1476-1918 aa) was then coeluted with the GST fusion proteins by adding glutathione, and the eluted MBP-Fam (1476-1918 aa) was detected by Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining. MBP-Fam (1476-1918 aa) was detected in the eluates from the GST-AF-6 (1130-1612 aa) affinity beads, but only slightly in those from the GST affinity beads (data not shown). In addition, as shown in Fig. 6, MBP-Fam (1476-1918 aa) bound to GST-AF-6 (1130-1612 aa) in a dose-dependent manner, and this binding was saturable when the amounts of MBP-Fam (1476-1918 aa) were increased (Fig. 6, a and b). The apparent Kd value for binding MBP-Fam (1476- 1918 aa) to GST-AF-6 (1130-1612 aa) was estimated to be ~810 nM under the conditions used. These results indicate that mainly 1476-1918 aa of Fam is responsible for binding Fam to AF-6.
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Ubiquitination of AF-6 In Vivo
As described above, AF-6 interacts with Fam, and the AF-6-interacting domain of Fam involves the deubiquitinating
catalytic domain of Fam. This raises the possibility that
AF-6 is the substrate of Fam, and that AF-6 is Ub-conjugated and subjected to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
First, to determine whether AF-6 is degraded by the proteasome-dependent proteolysis pathway, Rat1 fibroblasts
and EL cells were treated with the proteasome inhibitor.
EL cells are L cells stably expressing E-cadherin (Nagafuchi et al., 1994). It is well-known that the peptide aldehyde
ALLN inhibits the proteasome-dependent proteolysis pathway, leading to an accumulation of proteins that are
usually metabolized by the proteasome pathway (Coux
et al., 1996
). ALLM is the related peptide aldehyde and a
calpain inhibitor, but it does not inhibit the proteasome
pathway. Recently some groups reported that the turnover
of
-catenin is regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (Aberle et al., 1997
; Orford et al., 1997
). They
showed that treating certain cell lines with ALLN resulted
in accumulation of the higher molecular weight
-catenin.
It has been reported that such a modification in
-catenin
was not observed when cells were treated with ALLN. We
obtained similar results as shown in Fig. 7, b and c, when
Rat1 and EL cells were treated with ALLN. To determine
whether AF-6 shows the similar modification, we immunoblotted the cell lysates with anti-AF-6 antibody. The
higher molecular weight forms of AF-6 were detected by
the treatment with ALLN, but little was detected by the
treatment with ALLM under the same conditions (Fig. 7
a). These results suggest that AF-6 is degraded by the proteasome pathway.
|
Next, to determine whether AF-6 is ubiquitinated, we
performed an assay to detect ubiquitinated proteins
(Treier et al., 1994; Aberle et al., 1997
). AF-6 and hemagglutinin-tagged ubiquitin (HA-Ub) were transiently expressed in COS7 cells. The immunoprecipitates were then
collected with anti-AF-6 antibody and subjected to an immunoblot analysis with anti-HA antibody. As shown in
Fig. 8, HA-Ub-conjugated AF-6 was detected in cells expressing HA-Ub, but not in control cells. We examined
the effect of ALLN on AF-6 ubiquitination. HA-Ub-conjugated proteins were more strongly detected in the cells
treated with ALLN than in the untreated cells (Fig. 8).
The band below HA-Ub-conjugated AF-6 was as strong
as HA-Ub-conjugated AF-6 in the lane of ALLN plus.
The lower band was probably the degradation product of
the full-length AF-6, because the lower band as well as the
upper band were detected only when the AF-6 cDNA was
transfected. It may be noted that the intensity of the lower
band was more strongly enhanced by ALLN, though we
can not give the precise reasons for this phenomenon.
Taken together, these results indicate that AF-6 is ubiquitinated in vivo and suggest that the ubiquitinated AF-6 is
degraded by the proteasome pathway.
|
Deubiquitination of the Ubiquitinated AF-6 by Fam-CAT
For the determination of whether Fam can release ubiquitin from the ubiquitinated AF-6 in vivo, AF-6 and HA-Ub were expressed with or without Fam-CAT in COS7 cells. We used Fam-CAT, which includes the deubiquitinating catalytic domain of Fam (1210-2410 aa), because we could not detect the expression of full-length Fam, probably due to its low expression level. As described above, AF-6 was immunoprecipitated from the cell lysates with anti-AF-6 antibody, and the immunoprecipitates were subjected to an immunoblot analysis with anti-HA antibody. In the absence of Fam-CAT, HA-Ub-conjugated AF-6 was observed (Fig. 9) as shown in Fig. 8. When AF-6 was coexpressed with Fam-CAT, the amount of HA-Ub-conjugated AF-6 was reduced while the amount of immunoprecipitated AF-6 was not affected (Fig. 9). These results indicate that Fam inhibited the ubiquitination of AF-6, and suggest that AF-6 is one of the substrates of Fam.
|
![]() |
Discussion |
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---|
Interaction of AF-6 and Fam
We here identified Fam as an AF-6 (1130-1612 aa)-interacting protein. The carboxyl terminal domain of AF-6
(1130-1612 aa) has the proline-rich region. Since it has
been reported that the proline-rich region interacts with
certain proteins containing the src homology region 3 (SH3) or WW domain (Sudol, 1996), we first thought that
AF-6 (1130-1612 aa) may interact with proteins containing the SH3 or WW domain. The present results, however, showed that the AF-6 (1130-1612 aa) containing the proline-rich region interacts with Fam, which has neither an
SH3 nor a WW domain, and that the AF-6-interacting domain of Fam involves the cysteine and histidine domains
characteristic of Ubps.
As described above, Fam is partly colocalized with AF-6
at cell-cell contact sites, but not at free ends of the plasma
membrane. We also found that accumulation of Fam is induced by formation of cell-cell adhesions by using a Ca2+
switch assay in MDCKII cells (data not shown). These observations raised the possibility that AF-6 may function as
an anchoring molecule for recruiting Fam to cell-cell contact sites. Fam is, however, widely distributed at other lateral membranes where AF-6 is not localized. In this case,
Fam may be recruited to lateral membranes by interacting
with other cell-cell adhesion molecules. In this regard, we
have recently found that Fam interacts with -catenin, but
not with
-catenin and the cytoplasmic domain of E-cadherin in vitro (unpublished results). Investigations to identify the Fam-interacting molecules are in progress; their
findings may clarify the mechanisms by which Fam is recruited to cell-cell contact sites.
Ubiquitination of AF-6
Since the AF-6-interacting domain of Fam involves the
deubiquitinating catalytic domain of Fam, we speculate
that AF-6 is the substrate of Fam, and is subjected to the
ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. As described above, when
Rat1 and EL cells were treated with the proteasome inhibitor ALLN, the higher molecular weight forms of AF-6
were detected. We also performed an assay for detecting the ubiquitinated proteins (Treier et al., 1994; Aberle et al., 1997
) and found that AF-6 was ubiquitinated in vivo.
Many proteins involved in cell cycle control, transcription
activation, cell growth, antigen presentation, and so on are
known to be regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. These proteins include c-fos, NF
B-I
B complex,
p53 and growth factor receptors such as PDGFR and
FGFR-1, and it has been gradually clarified how these proteins are subjected to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway
(Hochstrasser, 1995
; Hicke, 1997
). It remains to be clarified how AF-6 is ubiquitinated and subsequently degraded
by the proteasome pathway.
Deubiquitination of AF-6 by Fam
Fam belongs to the deubiquitinating enzyme, and we showed that Fam has deubiquitinating activity in vitro (Fig. 2). Indeed, we found that Fam-CAT decreases the amount of HA-Ub-conjugated AF-6 in COS7 cells (Fig. 9), suggesting that Fam can release ubiquitin from AF-6, although we cannot exclude the possibility that Fam simply inhibits the ubiquitination of AF-6. Whether Fam-CAT is expressed or not in Fig. 9, the AF-6 level was similar. We first thought that the AF-6 level might increase when Fam-CAT was expressed. However, HA-Ub-conjugated AF-6 was only ~5% of the total AF-6 under our conditions. Thus, we think that we can not detect a big change of the AF-6 level in this assay.
Since Fam is widely distributed at lateral membranes, it
is possible that Fam deubiquitinates components of cell-
cell adhesions including -catenin. We have recently found
that Fam interacts with
-catenin in vitro as described
above. However, we could not examine whether
-catenin
is the substrate of Fam because exogenous
-catenin was
hardly ubiquitinated in COS7 cells under our assay conditions. Further studies are necessary to resolve this problem
and to clarify the substrate spectrum of the Fam deubiquitinating enzyme.
Possible Roles of Fam at Cell-Cell Adhesions
Polarized epithelial cells form the junctional complex, including tight junctions and adherens junctions, at cell-cell
contact sites (Gonzalez-Mariscal et al., 1985). In epithelial
and endothelial cells, ZO-1 is directly associated with occludin, which has four transmembrane domains in its
amino-terminal half, in tight junctions (Itoh et al., 1993
;
Furuse et al., 1993
). In nonepithelial cells, ZO-1 is concentrated at adherens junctions, and is associated with a cadherin/catenin complex via a direct interaction with
-catenin (Itoh et al., 1993
; Itoh et al. 1997
). Since AF-6 directly interacts with ZO-1 and Fam, we propose that the roles of
Fam in epithelial cells and nonepithelial cells are as follows: Fam is probably recruited to tight junctions or adherens junctions via direct interaction with AF-6. When cells
move and enter the mitotic phase, cell-cell adhesions appear to be perturbed or dynamically rearranged. These
perturbations or rearrangements of cell-cell adhesions
may be regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Fam probably maintains the stability of cell-cell adhesions
by deubiquitinating the components of cell-cell adhesions.
It remains to be determined whether Fam deubiquitinates
the components of cell-cell adhesions.
The transformation of epithelial and fibroblastic cells by
activated Ras results in the perturbation of cell-cell adhesions. We observed that the formation of the AF-6/ZO-1
complex is specifically inhibited or changed by activated
Ras, as described previously (Yamamoto et al., 1997).
Since this alteration by activated Ras may prevent recruitment of Fam to the cell-cell adhesions or inhibit the deubiquitinating activity of Fam, Fam may become unable to contribute to the stability of cell-cell adhesions. It remains to be clarified whether the function of Fam is regulated by
Ras signaling and is implicated in the Ras-induced transformation.
The Interaction of AF-6-Fam Pathway with Ras Signaling
AF-6 shows strong sequence homology with Drosophila
Canoe, and shares a common domain organization with
Canoe (Kuriyama et al., 1996). The Drosophila compound
eye consists of 800 identical facets that are each made up
of eight photoreceptors (R1-R8) and four cone cells. Canoe is implicated in cone cell formation in the developing
compound eye in Drosophila (Matsuo et al., 1997
). The
fates of cone cells are thought to be determined by cell- cell contacts. The phenotypic effect of Canoe mutations on
the cone cells depends on the state of Ras (Matsuo et al.,
1997
), and Canoe is shown to interact with the activated
Ras, indicating that Canoe serves as a target of Ras, as described for AF-6 (Kuriyama et al., 1996
; Matsuo et al.,
1997
).
Here we showed that AF-6 interacts with Fam in vitro
and in vivo. Fam is homologous to a deubiquitinating enzyme in Drosophila, the product of the fat facets (faf) gene
(Huang et al., 1995; Wood et al., 1997
). Faf is essential for
regulating of a cell communication pathway in the early
stage of eye development. Faf regulates the number of
photoreceptor cells in each facet of the compound eye
(Fischer-Vize et al., 1992
; Huang and Fischer-Vize, 1996
).
When the deubiquitinating activity of Faf is abolished by
mutagenesis in Drosophila, the mutant fly has an abnormal eye morphology, suggesting that the deubiquitinating
activity of Faf is necessary for the normal eye development (Huang et al., 1995
). It was recently reported that
Ras1 interacts genetically with Faf in Drosophila eye development (Li et al., 1997
). Faf has an additional function
in the later stage of eye development involving Ras1.
These observations in Drosophila raise the possibility that both Faf and Canoe function downstream of Ras and that
Faf interacts genetically with Canoe, although further genetic analyses are required to determine the relation of the
Ras1-Canoe and Ras1-Faf pathways.
![]() |
Footnotes |
---|
Received for publication 28 May 1998 and in revised form 9 July 1998.
Address all correspondence and proofs to Kozo Kaibuchi, M.D. & Ph.D., Division of Signal Transduction, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan. Tel.: 81-743-72-5440. Fax: 81-743-72-5449. E-mail: kaibuchi{at}bs.aist-nara.ac.jpWe thank Drs. Masahiko Itoh, Akira Nagafuchi and Shoichiro Tsukita (University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan) for kindly providing anti-ZO-1 antibody, MDCKII cells, and EL cells; Dr. Eli Canaani (Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel) for kindly providing human AF-6 cDNA, and Dr. Dirk Bohmann (European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany) for kindly providing pMT123 (HA-ubiquitin expression plasmid). We are also grateful to Akemi Takemura for her secretarial assistance.
This study was supported by grants-in-aid for scientific research and for cancer research from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of Japan, by Japan Society of the Promotion of Science Research for the Future, by Human Frontier Science Program, and by grants from the Mitsubishi Foundation and Kirin Brewery Company Limited. S. Taya and T. Yamamoto are research fellows of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. Masami Kanai-Azuma, John S. Mattick, and Stephen A. Wood are supported by Australian National Health and Medical Research Council grant no. 961159. The Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology is a Special Research Centre of the Australian Research Council.
![]() |
Abbreviations used in this paper |
---|
ALL-1, acute lymphoblastic
leukemia-1;
ALLM, N-acetyl-Leu-Leu-methional;
ALLN, N-acetyl-Leu-Leu-norleucinal;
HA-Ub, hemagglutinin-tagged ubiquitin;
GST, glutathione-S-transferase;
MAP, mitogen-activated protein;
MBP, maltose-binding protein;
p-APMSF, (p-amidino-phenyl)methanesulfonyl fluoride;
SH3, src homology region 3;
Ub, ubiquitin;
Ubps, ubiquitin-specific proteases;
Ub-PEST, ubiquitin-NH-MHISPPEPESEEEEEHYC;
ZO-1, zonula occludens-1.
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