Article |
Address correspondence to Wen-Cheng Xiong, Dept. of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294. Tel.: (205) 975-7138. Fax: (205) 975-9340. E-mail: wxiong{at}path.uab.edu
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Abstract |
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Key Words: FAK; PYK2; actin cytoskeleton; focal adhesions; podosomes
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Introduction |
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Several lines of evidence indicate that PYK2 plays a key role in regulating osteoclastic actin cytoskeletal organization and bone resorption. PYK2 is highly homologous to FAK, a major cell adhesionactivated tyrosine kinase in fibroblastic cells (Schaller et al., 1992; Lev et al., 1995; Sasaki et al., 1995). PYK2, but not FAK, is highly expressed in osteoclasts (Duong et al., 1998; Pfaff and Jurdic, 2001). On adhesion, PYK2 translocates into the Triton X-100insoluble cytoskeletal fraction and localizes to podosomes and tight-sealing zones in resorbing osteoclasts plated on bone (Duong et al., 1998). Moreover, PYK2 becomes tightly associated with c-Src, an important cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase implicated in bone resorption in adherent osteoclasts (Soriano et al., 1991). When PYK2 expression is inhibited by an adenoviral antisense approach, osteoclasts display defects in bone resorption, which are similar to that in Src-/- osteoclasts (Duong et al., 2001). How PYK2 functions in osteoclasts remains largely unknown.
Gelsolin is an actin-binding protein important for actin cytoskeletal organization in multiple cells including osteoclasts (Kwiatkowski, 1999; Chellaiah et al., 2000; Robinson et al., 2000; Sun et al., 2000). It contains six tandem homologous repeats (S16) which can be separated into the N-half (S13) and the C-half (S46; Robinson et al., 2000; Sun et al., 2000). The S4 domain in the C-half binds to a single actin molecule when Ca2+ is present, whereas the N-half binds to an actin monomer (G-actin) via the S1 domain and actin filaments (F-actin) via the S2 domain, even in the absence of Ca2+(Robinson et al., 2000; Sun et al., 2000). Per the tail latch hypothesis, the C-tail in the C-half acts as a latch to inhibit actin binding by the N-half (Kwiatkowski et al., 1989; Robinson et al., 2000; Sun et al., 2000). In the presence of calcium, the C-tail releases inhibition of the N-half, which caps and severs actin filaments. Although calcium regulates gelsolin-actin binding positively, polyphosphoinositides negatively regulate gelsolinactin binding (Janmey and Stossel, 1987; Robinson et al., 2000; Sun et al., 2000). Functionally, gelsolin is involved in osteoclastic podosome formation and bone resorption (Chellaiah et al., 2000). Osteopontin, a major bone matrix protein, stimulates gelsolin-associated Src and PI 3-kinase activities, leading to increased actin filament formation in avian osteoclasts (Chellaiah and Hruska, 1996). In osteoclasts derived from gelsolin-/- mice, podosome assembly and osteopontin-stimulated signaling related to motility and bone resorption are blocked (Chellaiah et al., 2000).
In this paper, we report the interaction of PYK2 with gelsolin in yeast two-hybrid system, in vitro, and in osteoclasts. We demonstrate that the focal adhesiontargeting (FAT) domain of PYK2 interacts with the LD motif in the C-tail of gelsolin. PYK2 phosphorylates gelsolin, decreases gelsolin binding to actin monomer, yet increases gelsolin binding to phosphatidylinositol. In addition, overexpression of PYK2 in fibroblasts results in increased actin polymerization at the cell periphery; this event depends on the presence of gelsolin protein. Finally, we demonstrate that PYK2 activation is required for the formation of actin rings in osteoclasts. These results suggest that PYK2 regulates actin cytoskeletal organization in osteoclasts by interacting with and regulating gelsolin.
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Results |
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To further characterize the interaction, we assessed the relative binding affinity by ELISA-based binding assay. Gelsolin was coated in a 96-well plate and incubated with increasing concentrations of GST-PYK2 fusion proteins. Bound PYK2 or mutants were detected by monoclonal anti-GST antibody, followed by antimouse secondary antibody conjugated to alkaline phosphatase. As shown in Fig. 1 C, PYK21781 bound to gelsolin in dose-dependent and saturable manners with an EC50 value of 30 ± 4 nM. Confirming the results from studies above, partial deletion of the FAT domain (as in PYK2
1902) inhibited the binding (Fig. 1 C).
Dependence of the PYK2gelsolin interaction on the COOH-terminal region of gelsolin
The original clones isolated from the yeast two-hybrid screen contain the COOH-terminal region of gelsolin (Fig. 2 A; Gelsolin1258 and Gelsolin
1656), suggesting that the NH2 terminus and the first five gelsolin repeats were not essential for the interaction and instead, the COOH terminus may be critical. To identify the sequence in gelsolin responsible for PYK2 interaction, we generated a gelsolin mutant with a deletion of COOH-terminal 19 amino acids (Gelsolin
1258/
C19) and examined it's binding to PYK2. This mutant did not interact with PYK2 (Fig. 2 A), suggesting that the COOH terminus was required for the interaction. Previous studies have shown that the FAT domain interacts with paxillin and its family members via the LD motif. This motif is characterized by leucine-rich sequences that begin with a leucine (L) and an aspartate (D; Brown et al., 1996; Turner, 2000). The dependence of the PYK2gelsolin interaction on the FAT domain led us to investigate whether there is a similar motif in gelsolin's COOH terminus. Sequence analyses revealed an LD-like motif (LDxxLxxL) in this region (residues 721 to 732) that is homologous to those in paxillin and Hic5 (Fig. 2 B). To determine whether the LD-like motif is critical for interaction with PYK2, we generated point mutations in this motif and assayed their binding activities (Fig. 2 A). Mutations of conserved residues including leucine 722, aspartic acid 723, or leucine 729 abolished the interaction (Fig. 2 A). These results indicate that the LD-motif in the COOH terminus of gelsolin is critical for the interaction with PYK2.
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Correlation of gelsolin tyrosine phosphorylation with PYK2gelsolin interaction
We investigated whether PYK2 kinase activity regulates its binding to gelsolin. Flag-tagged gelsolin was cotransfected with Myc-tagged wild-type (PYK2-WT), catalytically inactive (PYK2-KD), autophosphorylation mutant (PYK2-Y402F) of PYK2, or FAK into HEK 293 cells. The interaction of gelsolin with PYK2 was examined by coimmunoprecipitation. PYK2-WT associated with gelsolin as expected (Fig. 3 A). However, PYK2-KD, PYK2-Y402F, or FAK had significantly reduced binding with gelsolin (Fig. 3 A), indicating that the catalytic activity of PYK2 may regulate the interaction between PYK2 and gelsolin, and that gelsolin may be a substrate of PYK2 kinase. To test this hypothesis, we examined tyrosine phosphorylation of gelsolin by PYK2. As shown in Fig. 3 B, gelsolin was tyrosine phosphorylated in cells coexpressing PYK2. However, tyrosine phosphorylation of gelsolin was diminished in cells coexpressing PYK2-KD or PYK2-Y402F, suggesting the involvement of PYK2 kinase activity in this event. The specificity of phosphorylation was demonstrated in that gelsolin was not phosphorylated by FAK (Fig. 3 B), probably due to its inability to interact with gelsolin.
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Regulation of gelsolin association with G-actin
Gelsolin is implicated in actin filament severing and capping in a manner dependent on gelsolin binding to actin. Three actin binding sites are identified in gelsolin; two in the NH2-terminal region (one for F-actin and one for G-actin) and one in the COOH-terminal region that binds G-actin in a calcium-dependent manner (Robinson et al., 2000; Sun et al., 2000). To understand the possible role of PYK2 in regulating gelsolin function, we examined the effect of PYK2 on gelsolin-actin monomer binding using two methods; coimmunoprecipitation and DNaseI-Sepharose pull-down. For coimmunoprecipitation assay, HEK 293 cells expressing gelsolin with or without PYK2 were lysed in an extraction buffer containing 1 mM EGTA to chelate calcium. Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation for gelsolin with a washing buffer containing 30 mM MgCl2 to depolymerize F-actin, and subsequent immunoblotting for actin. Because of the presence of EGTA in the assay, the gelsolin-actin binding detected is believed to be calcium-independent, and thus mediated by the NH2-terminal region. Indeed, under these conditions, C-gelsolin did not bind to actin, whereas N-gelsolin did (Fig. 4 A). Interestingly, actin interaction with the full-length gelsolin was significantly reduced in HEK 293 cells expressing PYK2 (Fig. 4 A), suggesting that PYK2 inhibits calcium independent gelsolin-actin monomer binding. Similar results were obtained in experiments using the DNaseI-Sepharose beads, which pull down actin monomers and associated proteins (Yamamoto et al., 2001). As shown in Fig. 4 B, actin as well as full-length and N-gelsolin, but not C-gelsolin, were detected in the pull-down complexes. Again, PYK2 reduced the amount of actin associated with full-length gelsolin (Fig. 4 B). Note that the actin association with N-gelsolin was not inhibited by PYK2 (Fig. 4, A and B), presumably because it did not interact directly with PYK2. Together with the finding that COOH-terminal gelsolin interacts with PYK2, these results suggest that PYK2 interacts with the COOH-terminal region of gelsolin to regulate the calcium-independent actin binding by the NH2-terminal gelsolin. Attesting the specificity of the regulatory effect, the gelsolinactin interaction was not regulated by the kinase-dead PYK2 or wild-type FAK (Fig. 4 C). Moreover, PYK2 appeared to have little effect on gelsolin binding to F-actin (Fig. 4 D).
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Then, we examined subcellular localizations of PYK2 and gelsolin in mouse osteoclasts. Mouse osteoclasts, indicated by the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatate (TRAP) staining (Fig. 7 D), were plated on glass coverslips, fixed, and immunostained using antibodies against PYK2 (polyclonal; United Biomedical, Inc.) and gelsolin (monoclonal). The PYK2 antibody was specific and did not cross-react with overexpressed FAK (Du et al., 2001). PYK2 was distributed in dot- or ringlike podosomes at the cell periphery. Gelsolin was colocalized with PYK2 in dotlike podosomes (Fig. 7 E, solid arrow). However, the two proteins only partially overlap in ring-like podosomes (Fig. 7 E, open arrow). The staining did not appear to be nonspecific because immunostaining osteoclasts with secondary antibodies alone generated the background staining that was different from staining by PYK2 or PY402 antibodies (unpublished data). These results imply that PYK2 and gelsolin may function as a complex to regulate podosome and actin ring formation in mouse osteoclasts. In addition to mouse osteoclasts, chicken osteoclasts were used to examine PYK2 subcellular localization. The active PYK2 stained with the PY402 antibody was codistributed with F-actin labeled by phalloidin at podosomes in the cell periphery (Fig. 7 F), conforming the results from mouse osteoclasts.
Role of PYK2 activity in the formation of actin rings and cell periphery podosomes in osteoclasts
The interaction of PYK2 with gelsolin in osteoclasts suggests a role of PYK2 in regulating osteoclastic actin cytoskeletal organization. To address this hypothesis, adenoviruses encoding PYK2-KD, a dominant-negative mutant of PYK2, and GFP were generated and used to infect cultured mouse osteoclasts. Infected cells were fixed and immunostained with phalloidin to examine the actin ring and podosome structures, two important actin-associated structures in mouse osteoclasts. Fig. 8 A shows the expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of PYK2 and its mutant in virus-infected mouse osteoclasts. Although nearly all osteoclasts (>90%) infected with the adenovirus encoding GFP exhibited normal actin ring and podosome structures, the majority (>80%) of osteoclasts expressing PYK2-KD had no visible actin ring structures (Fig. 8, B and C), indicating that PYK2 activity is required for the actin ring formation in osteoclasts. Most dotlike podosomes were distributed at the cell periphery in osteoclasts expressing GFP adenovirus (Fig. 8 D). In contrast, podosomes were concentrated at central regions of the cytoplasm in PYK2-KD expressing osteoclasts (Fig. 8 D). These results are consistent with the previous report that osteoclasts expressing PYK2 anti-sense RNA exhibit major defects of actin ring formation (Duong et al., 2001). These results suggest that PYK2 activation may be required for the formation of cell periphery podosomes, or alternatively, translocation of podosomes from central regions to the cell periphery, which is important for the assembly of actin ring structures.
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Discussion |
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The exact mechanisms by which PYK2 decreases gelsolinactin interaction remain to be identified. The dependence of the PYK2 regulation of gelsolinactin interaction on the kinase activity suggests an important role of tyrosine phosphorylation. An intriguing hypothesis is that on phosphorylation by PYK2, gelsolin has a lower affinity for actin molecules due to a conformational change. Note that gelsolin tyrosine phosphorylation was very low when PYK2 was activated in osteoclasts. This may suggest that other mechanisms, in addition to tyrosine phosphorylation of gelsolin, are involved in PYK2 regulation of gelsolin activity. Earlier studies have shown that the gelsolinactin interaction is regulated by PI(4,5)P2 (Janmey and Stossel, 1987; Robinson et al., 2000; Sun et al., 2000). There is a reciprocal relationship between gelsolin binding to actin and that to PI(4,5)P2. It is believed that binding to PI(4,5)P2 causes a conformational change in gelsolin that causes the release of actin (Janmey and Stossel, 1987; Robinson et al., 2000; Sun et al., 2000). Interestingly, our studies show that PYK2 increases PI(4,5)P2 binding to gelsolin. It seems reasonable that PYK2 inhibits the gelsolin-actin binding by increasing the association with PI(4,5)P2. It is worth pointing out that the kinase-inactive mutant PYK2 also increased, albeit weakly, the gelsolinPI(4,5)P2 interaction, which may suggest that the binding to PYK2 may regulate gelsolin's conformation. Moreover, PYK2 stimulates PI4-kinase (unpublished data), and Nirs, Drosophila rdgB homologues in human and mouse with phosphoinositol transfer activity (Lev et al., 1999). Both PI4-kinase and Nirs are important for generation of PI(4,5)P2 in the cell. Thus, an increase in PI(4,5)P2 supply in the PYK2 signaling complex may be an mechanism to increase the gelsolin-PI(4,5)P2 binding in vivo.
Actin rings at cell periphery of osteoclasts contain highly dynamic clustered F-actin filaments. Stimulation of integrin leads to activation of gelsolin-associated PI 3 kinase and decrease in gelsolin-actin association, both of which are important for actin cytoskeleton reorganization (Chellaiah and Hruska, 1996). Our studies may provide a link between integrin stimulation and downstream actin polymerization. Interestingly, PYK2 and gelsolin colocalize at the podosomes and actin rings at the cell periphery of osteoclasts. Osteoclasts expressing PYK2-KD exhibit defects in the formation of actin rings at the cell periphery, but not dotlike podosomes in the cytoplasm. These observations support a role of PYK2 as an important regulator of gelsolin in actin cytoskeletal organization induced by various stimuli that activate PYK2 in addition to integrin engagement (Fig. 9). It is worthy pointing out that some data in this paper were from in vitro and overexpression experiments, and thus need to be confirmed in in vivo models.
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Materials and methods |
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Yeast two-hybrid studies
The PYK2 COOH terminus (amino acid residues 7811009) subcloned into pGBT10 (pGBT10-PYK21781) was used as bait to screen mouse brain cDNA libraries fused to the GAL4 transcriptional activation domain (Gal4-AD; Ren et al., 2001). The Y190 yeast strain was first transformed with pGBT10-PYK2
1781, and subsequently with the mouse brain cDNA library. Positive clones were screened out on plates lacking leucine, tryptophan, and histidine with 30 mM 3-aminotriazole and by filter assays for ß-galactosidase activity. Plasmid DNA was purified from the His+ ß-gal+ colonies, and was retransformed into yeast with different bait vectors to determine specificity. To characterize binding between PYK2 and gelsolin, plasmids encoding PYK2, gelsolin, or their mutants were cotransformed into yeast Y190; interactions were characterized by growth and by ß-galactosidase activity (Ren et al., 2001).
Expression vectors
The cDNAs of FAK and PYK2 were subcloned into mammalian expression vectors downstream of a Myc epitope tag (MEQKLISEEDL) as described previously (Xiong and Parsons, 1997). The cDNAs encoding gelsolin or its mutants were amplified by PCR, and were subcloned into mammalian expression vectors downstream of a Flag epitope tag (MDYKDDDDKGP) under the control of the CMV promoter (Ren et al., 2001). PYK2-KD (kinase inactive mutant [lysine 457 to alanine]) and PYK2-Y402F (autophosphorylation mutant [tyrosine 402 to phenylalanine]) were generated as described previously (Xiong and Parsons, 1997). Other point mutations in PYK2 or gelsolin were also generated by PCR amplification (QuikChange®; Strategene). Mutations were verified by DNA sequencing.
Cell culture and transfection
HEK 293 cells and 10T1/2 fibroblasts were maintained in DME supplemented with 10% FCS, 100 µg/ml penicillin G, and 100 µg/ml streptomycin (GIBCO BRL). The calcium phosphate precipitation method was used to transfect HEK 293 cells, and 2030 µl SuperFect® (Invitrogen) was incubated with the constructs to transfect 10T1/2 cells.
Dermal fibroblasts derived from Gsn-/- and Gsn+/+ mice were generated as described previously (Witke et al., 1995; Azuma et al., 1998). In brief, skin tissue extracts from the mice were prepared by homogenization. Dermal fibroblasts were maintained in DME supplemented with 10% FCS. SuperFect® was used for transfection.
Mouse osteoclasts were generated by in vitro differentiation of mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) by RANKL/M-CSF (Feng et al., 2001). In brief, whole bone marrow cells were flushed out of mouse long bones and plated on 150-mm tissue culture plates in -MEM containing 10% FBS plus 10 ng/ml recombinant M-CSF (R&D Systems). Cells were incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2 overnight. Nonadherent cells were harvested 12 h later and subjected to Ficoll-Hypaque gradient to purify BMMs. Isolated BMMs were then cultured in
-MEM containing 10% FBS plus 10 ng/ml recombinant M-CSF. To generate osteoclasts, 105 BMMs were plated in one well of a 24-well plate in
-MEM containing 10% FBS in the presence of 10 ng/ml recombinant M-CSF and 88 ng/ml recombinant GST-RANKL. Osteoclasts began to form 96 h later. The identity of osteoclasts was confirmed by TRAP staining using the Leukocyte Acid Phosphatase Kit (Sigma-Aldrich). Chicken osteoclasts were generated as described previously (Williams et al., 1996).
Protein pull-down assays
GST-fusion protein pull-down assay was performed as described previously (Ren et al., 2001). DNaseI-Sepharose pull-down assay was performed as described previously (Yamamoto et al., 2001). In brief, transiently transfected HEK 293 cells were lysed in the extraction buffer containing 0.75% Triton X-100, 60 mM Pipes, 25 mM Hepes, pH 7.2, 1 mM EGTA, 2 mM MgCl2, 1 mM sodium vanadate, 10 µg/ml leupeptin, 40 µg/ml aprotinin, 80 µg/ml benzamidine, and 1 mM PMSF. Cell lysates were incubated with DNaseI immobilized on Sepharose beads at 4°C for 1 h. Actin monomers bind DNaseI and many proteins, such as gelsolin, that bind actin monomers are pulled down as well. The bound protein complexes were analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting.
ELISA
ELISA based binding assay was performed as described previously (Luo et al., 2002). In brief, 96-well MaxiSorpTM immunoplates (Nunc) were coated with purified human gelsolin (5 pmol/well; Cytoskeleton, Inc.) in BBS (125 mM borate, 75 mM NaCl at pH 8.5) overnight at 4°C. Plates that were washed three times in PBS and preblocked were incubated with different fragments of GST-PYK2 or FAK fusion proteins overnight at 4°C, and were washed four times in BBS, followed by incubating with mouse anti-GST mAb (1:20,000) for 2 h at RT. After washing four times in BBS and once with substrate buffer (0.1 mM MgCl2, 5% vol/vol diethanolamine, pH 9.8), plates were subjected to color reaction by incubating with 1 mg/ml PNPP (para-nitrophenyl phosphate) in substrate buffer. Absorbance at 405 nm was read with a microplate reader. All values were converted to relative binding by defining maximal absorbance as 100%.
Immunoprecipitation
PYK2gelsolin coimmunoprecipitation was performed as described previously (Ren et al., 2001). Assay of gelsolin-actin association was performed as described previously (Chaponnier et al., 1987; Lind et al., 1987) with modification. Gelsolin constructs were cotransfected with empty vector or PYK2 constructs in HEK 293 cells. 48 h after transfection, cells were lysed in extraction buffer containing 0.75% Triton X-100, 60 mM Pipes, 25 mM Hepes, pH 7.2, 1 mM EGTA, 2 mM MgCl2, 1 mM sodium vanadate, 10 µg/ml leupeptin, 40 µg/ml aprotinin, 80 µg/ml benzamidine, and 1 mM PMSF. Flag-tagged gelsolin was immunoprecipitated with anti-Flag M2 affinity agarose beads (Sigma-Aldrich), washed three times with the extraction buffer, and once with 0.3 M MgCl2 included in the extraction buffer. The immunoprecipitates were analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting.
Actin co-sedimentation assay
Transfected HEK 293 cells were rinsed twice with ice cold PBS and then collected in 0.5 ml of the binding buffer (10 mM imidaxole, pH 7.2, 75 mM KCl, 5.0 mM MgCl2, and 0.5 mM DTT) supplemented with 1 mM EGTA, 1 µg/ml leupeptin, 1 µg/ml aprotinin, and 1 µg/ml pepstatin A. Cells were homogenized, followed by centrifugation at 100,000 g for 1 h at 4°C in a TLA-120.1 rotor (Beckman Coulter). Muscle monomer actin (Cytoskeleton, Inc.) was diluted to 2.5 mg/ml in binding buffer and incubated for 1 h at RT. Polymerized actin was stabilized by adding phalloidin (Molecular Probes, Inc.) to a final concentration of 25 µg/ml. 5.5 µM F-actin was added to clarified cell lysates (50 µg total protein) to final volume of 200 µl, and the mixtures were incubated at RT for 30 min. Samples were centrifuged at 100,000 g for 30 min at 20°C. Pellet and supernatant were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting.
In vitro phosphorylation of gelsolin
2 µg purified gelsolin was incubated with immunoprecipitated PYK2 or mutants in 40 µl phosphorylation buffer containing 10 mM Hepes, pH 7.6, 10 mM magnesium acetate, 5 µCi of [32P]ATP, and 50 µM ATP for 30 min at 30°C. Phosphorylated gelsolin and PYK2 were subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis. The dried gel was exposed to x-ray film. The corresponding PYK2 or gelsolin protein bands were excised from gel, and radioactivity was measured in a liquid scintillation counter (Beckman Coulter).
Assay of gelsolin-PIP2 binding
The PI(4,5)P2 beads were purchased from Echelon Biosciences Incorporated. Gelsolin-PI(4,5)P2 binding was performed per the manufacturer's instructions. In brief, HEK 293 cell lysates expressing Flag-gelsolin with or without PYK2, PYK2-KD, or FAK were incubated with PI(4,5)P2 beads for 4 h at 4°C. Gelsolin-bound beads were subjected to immunoblotting with indicated antibodies.
Generation of adenovirus and infection of osteoclasts
The recombinant, replication-deficient adenoviruses expressing PYK2 and catalytically inactive PYK2 were generated using the AdEasyTM system (He et al., 1998). Wild-type and catalytically inactive mutant of PYK2 were constructed into pTRACK-GFP vector. The recombinant adenoviruses were generated by homologous recombination between the parental virus genome and the expression shuttle vector. Recombinant viruses were produced in the HEK 293 cell line.
Mouse osteoclasts were infected with recombinant adenoviruses at different multiplicities of infection. Adenoviruses were usually applied at day 5 of differentiation, then incubated for 24 h followed by a change of medium. At day 7, cells were washed with PBS, then fixed with 4% PFA for immunostaining or lysed for Western blotting analysis.
Immunocytochemistry
Cells were fixed with 4% PFA for 20 min, blocked with 10% BSA, and incubated with antibodies against PYK2 (goat polyclonal; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) or gelsolin (monoclonal; Transduction Laboratories). Double labeled immunostaining was done with appropriate fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibodies. Fluorescent images of cells were captured on a Sony CCD camera mounted on a microscope (model E600; Nikon) using Photoshop® imaging software.
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Footnotes |
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Q.-S. Du's present address is Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908.
* Abbreviations used in this paper: C-gelsolin, COOH-terminal domain of gelsolin; FAT, focal adhesion targeting; N-gelsolin, NH2-terminal domain of gelsolin; PI 3, phosphatidylinositol 3; PY402, phosphotyrosine 402; PYK2, proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2; TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatate.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (AR48120 to W.-C. Xiong; AR43225 and AR46031 to J.M. McDonald; AR47830 to X. Feng; and NS40480 to L. Mei) and the American Heart Association Southeastern Affiliate Grant In Aid (051566B to W.-C. Xiong). This work was also supported in part by the University of Alabama at Birmingham Core Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders (P30AR46031).
Submitted: 8 July 2002
Revised: 17 December 2002
Accepted: 3 January 2003
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