The protein-tyrosine kinase Pyk2/CAK
/CADTK is
a key activator of Src in many cells. At hippocampal synapses,
induction of long term potentiation requires the Pyk2/Src signaling
pathway, which up-regulates the activity of
N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptors.
Because localization of protein kinases close to their substrates is
crucial for effective phosphorylation, we investigated how Pyk2 might
be recruited to the N-methyl-D-aspartate
receptor complex. This interaction is mediated by PSD-95 and its
homolog SAP102. Both proteins colocalize with Pyk2 at postsynaptic
dendritic spines in the cerebral cortex. The proline-rich regions in
the C-terminal half of Pyk2 bind to the SH3 domain of PSD-95 and
SAP102. The SH3 and guanylate kinase homology (GK) domain of PSD-95 and SAP102 interact intramolecularly, but the physiological significance of
this interaction has been unclear. We show that Pyk2 effectively binds
to the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain of SAP102 only when the GK domain is
removed from the SH3 domain. Characterization of PSD-95 and SAP102 as
adaptor proteins for Pyk2 fills a critical gap in the understanding of
the spatial organization of the Pyk2-Src signaling pathway at the
postsynaptic site and reveals a physiological function of the
intramolecular SH3-GK domain interaction in SAP102.
 |
INTRODUCTION |
At low stimulus frequency, synaptic transmission depends largely
upon
-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)1-type glutamate
receptors (1, 2). High frequency stimulation promotes Ca2+
influx through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)
receptors, thereby inducing long term potentiation (LTP) (1, 3, 4). LTP is a lasting increase in synaptic transmission that may underlie learning and memory (5, 6). NMDA receptors likely consist of one or two
NR1 and two or three NR2 subunits; each subunit has an extracellular N
terminus and an intracellular C terminus (7-10). The very C termini of
NR2 subunits interact with the first two PDZ domains of PSD-95/SAP90
and the related proteins SAP102 and PSD-93/chapsyn110. PSD-95 and its
homologs (SAP102, PSD-93, and SAP97) are scaffolding proteins
consisting of three PDZ domains, one SH3 domain, and one GK domain.
PSD-95, PSD-93, and SAP102 are thought to be involved in clustering
glutamate receptors together with other proteins at postsynaptic sites
(11-15). SAP97 interacts with the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1
(16-18). SAP97 colocalizes with GluR1, but not GluR2/3, at
postsynaptic sites (17). This interaction may already occur early in
the secretory pathway and may be involved in trafficking or targeting
of AMPA receptors (19).
SH3 and GK domains of PSD-95 and its homologs form intramolecular and,
to some degree, intermolecular interactions (20-24). A point mutation
in the Drosophila protein Dlg (a homolog of PSD-95) results
in the substitution of a conserved leucine in the SH3 domain to a
proline; this mutation leads to the loss of septate junction formation
and overproliferation of the imaginal disc (25). Replacing the
homologous leucine (Leu-460) with a proline in the SH3 domain of
PSD-95 inhibits the interaction of the mutant SH3 domain with the GK
domain (20, 22). Collectively these findings indicate the physiological
importance of the SH3-GK domain interaction, but a molecular function
of this interaction remains to be established.
Tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2B (26, 27) is augmented on LTP
induction (28, 29), and several observations suggest that up-regulation
of NMDA receptor activity by Src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation is
an important step in the induction of LTP. 1) Src increases NMDA
receptor activity (30-32) by elevating its peak current (33), 2) the
activity of Src is up-regulated during LTP (34), 3) inhibition of Src
can prevent LTP (30), and 4) an increase in synaptic transmission on
Src activation occludes subsequent LTP induction (34).
It is well established that Src can be activated by another tyrosine
kinase, Pyk2/CAK
/CADTK (35-38). Pyk2 is stimulated upon Ca2+ influx, activation of PKC by phorbol esters, or
stimulation of Gq-linked receptors such as the muscarinic
acetylcholine receptor M1 or the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1
(35, 37, 39-48). Neither Ca2+ nor PKC appear to directly
regulate Pyk2 in vitro (39); how Ca2+ or PKC
activates Pyk2 in vivo is unknown. When stimulated, Pyk2 autophosphorylates itself on tyrosine 402. The SH2 domain of Src binds
to this phosphorylated tyrosine of Pyk2, resulting in activation of Src
(35, 36). Recent evidence indicates that similar to Src, Pyk2 is
necessary for the induction of LTP, likely because it increases the
activity of Src (49).
Precise localization of protein kinases is a critical requirement for
fast and specific signaling via phosphorylation of a variety of
substrates (50-52). For example, efficient regulation of AMPA
receptors requires that PKA be localized in close proximity to protein
kinase A anchor proteins (53). Similarly,
Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II is
recruited to the postsynaptic site via multiple, highly regulated
interactions with the NMDA receptor (54-58). We now show that Pyk2
binds to PSD-95 and SAP102 in the NMDA receptor complex, which also
contains Src. More specifically, the proline-rich region in the
C-terminal half of Pyk2 directly interacts with the SH3 domains of
PSD-95 and SAP102. This binding is inhibited by the intramolecular
interaction of the GK domain with the SH3 domain in SAP102 by
regulating Pyk2 binding to the SH3 domain.
 |
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES |
Materials--
Glutathione-Sepharose was purchased from Amersham
Biosciences and protein A-Sepharose from Sigma. Antibodies against Pyk2 and pcDNA3 plasmids for the expression of hemagglutinin-tagged full-length rat Pyk2 and FLAG-tagged human CRNK (residues 692-1009 of
Pyk2) (59, 60) in HEK293 cells were generously provided by Drs. L. M. Graves and H. S. Earp (University of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill). We also purchased monoclonal antibodies against the C terminus
of Pyk2 from BD Transduction Laboratories. Mammalian pCMV expression
vectors of Myc-tagged full-length rat PSD-95 and rat SAP102 and
bacterial expression vectors for the production of GST fusion proteins
containing the PDZ1-3 (residues 57-405), PDZ2 (residues 156-248), and
GK (residues 534-723) domains of PSD-95 and the SH3-GK domains
(residues 537-647) of SAP102 (13, 61, 62) were graciously supplied by
Dr. C. C. Garner (Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA), and
plasmids for the production of GST fusion proteins of the PDZ3
(residues 302-402; originally in pGAD; subcloned into the
EcoRI site of pGEX4T-1) and SH3 (residues 431-500) domains
of PSD-95 were graciously supplied by Dr. M. Sheng (Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston) (63,
64). Expression vectors for GST-CRNK (residues 671-1009 in pGEX2TK)
and GST-
N-CRNK (residues 876-1009) were generously made available
by Drs. T. Sasaki (Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan), and
M. D. Schaller (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill). Other
reagents were of standard biochemical quality and from established providers.
Immunoprecipitation and Immunoblotting--
Crude membrane
fractions were prepared from rat forebrain as described (65). NMDA
receptor complexes were extracted either directly from hippocampal
tissue or from membrane fractions with deoxycholate (1%) at 0-4 °C
(18, 55, 65). In some experiments membrane fractions were solubilized
with 1% SDS for 30 min at 60 °C. This SDS extraction protocol
dissociates the NMDA receptor complex and subsequently allows the
specific immunoprecipitation of individual subunits after
neutralization of SDS by excess Triton X-100 (18, 55, 65).
Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting were performed as described (18,
65) with antibodies against NR1-, NR2A-, NR2B-, and NR2A/B (18, 65),
PSD-95 (residues 494-510 (66)), SAP102 (residues 21-119 (66)), Src
(monoclonal antibody 327 (67)), and portions of the N- and the
C-terminal half of Pyk2 (the antibodies Pyk2-N and Pyk2-C were produced
by immunizing rabbits with GST fusion proteins encompassing residues 1-80 and 680-860, respectively, as described (68)). The specificities of the antibodies have been carefully characterized (17, 18, 65-68).
Chromatographically purified nonspecific mouse or rabbit IgGs
(Zymed Laboratories Inc.) were used for control
immunoprecipitations to test for nonspecific interactions of proteins
with antibodies.
Transient Expression of Pyk2, CRNK, PSD-95, and SAP102 in HEK293
Cells--
HEK293 fibroblasts were plated at 20-30% and maintained
at 50-90% confluency in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
(Invitrogen), containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum
(NovaTech), 2 mM L-glutamine, and 1 mM sodium pyruvate. HEK293 cells were transiently
transfected following a modified (69) calcium phosphate precipitation
protocol (70) with pCMV-PSD-95 or -SAP102 and pcDNA3-Pyk2 or -CRNK
expression constructs. To enhance transfection efficiency, an equimolar
amount of pAdVantage (Promega) was present during each transfection
(71). Cells were collected 24-48 h post-transfection and lysed with
RIPA buffer (10% glycerol, 1% Nonidet P-40, 0.4% deoxycholate, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EGTA, 5 mM EDTA in 50 mM Tris, pH 7.4) or 1% Triton X-100 in 25 mM
Tris-Cl, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM EGTA. Both lysis buffers contained pepstatin A (1 µg/ml), leupeptin (10 µg/ml), aprotinin (20 µg/ml), and
phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (200 nM). Lysates were
cleared by ultracentrifugation and used for either immunoprecipitation or pull-down experiments with GST fusion proteins.
Expression Constructs for GST Fusion Proteins of the SH3 and GK
Domains of SAP102--
A vector for expressing GST-SH3 fusion protein
carrying residues 537-647 of rat SAP102 was produced by removing the
GK domain from the original SAP102 GST-SH3-GK vector (a modified pGEX2T vector (13)) with NdeI and EcoRI. Overhangs were
filled in with Klenow fragment, followed by blunt-end ligation.
Positive clones were identified by colony PCR. The vector for
expressing the GST-GK fusion protein covering residues 658-837 of
full-length SAP102 was obtained through amplification of the GK domain
by PCR using primers containing EcoRI restriction sites
(5'primer, 5' CAA GAA GAA TTC TAT GCC AGG CCT GTG ATC ATC TTG G 3';
3'primer, 5' CCA AAT GAA TTC TCA AGA CTG GTC CTC AAT GAT TTG TTT G 3').
The PCR product was digested with EcoRI and inserted into
EcoRI-digested pGEX4T-1 vector before transformation into
Escherichia coli. Clones containing pGEX4T-1 vectors with
the GK domain inserted in the correct orientation were identified by
colony PCR. All new and old vectors used in this study were confirmed
by DNA sequencing.
Interaction Assays with GST Fusion Proteins--
GST and GST
fusion proteins of the PDZ1-3, PDZ2, PDZ3, SH3, and GK domains of
PSD-95 or SH3, GK, and SH3-GK domains of SAP102, along with CRNK and
N-CRNK, were expressed from pGEX vectors (13) in the E. coli strain BL21 (Novagen) as described (18). Equal amounts of the
different GST fusion proteins or GST (~25 µg) were absorbed onto
glutathione-Sepharose (~20 µl), and the residues were incubated for
2 h at 4 °C with lysates (prepared with RIPA buffer) from
HEK293 cells transiently overexpressing Pyk2, CRNK, PSD-95, or SAP102.
Typically, the aliquots of the HEK293 lysates contained 300 µg of
total protein as determined with the BCA assay (Pierce). Resins were
washed with 500 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.4, with 0.1% Triton X-100 in TBS (150 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.4) and with TBS alone and then analyzed by immunoblotting as described (18, 55). Lysate containing 5-10 µg of
protein was loaded onto gels as a positive control. Pyk2 was detected
in these experiments with an antibody against the C-terminal portion of
the kinase (residues 833-997; purchased from BD Transduction
Laboratories). The presence of equal amounts of the GST fusion proteins
was routinely verified by Ponceau S staining (Sigma) or probing with an
anti-GST antibody (18).
Immunofluorescence--
Four male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-350
g; Charles River) were deeply anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital
(60 mg/kg intraperitoneally), and intracardially perfused with
heparinized saline followed by freshly depolymerized 0.5%
paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffer (PB, 0.1 M, pH 7.4).
Coronal 50-µm sections were cut on a Vibratome and collected in cold
PB. For single immunofluorescence, sections were incubated overnight in
antibody to Pyk2 (1:1,000). Immunoreactivity was then visualized by
donkey anti-rabbit conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC;
Jackson ImmunoResearch). Because Pyk2, SAP102, and NR2A/B antibodies
were raised in rabbit, tyramide signal amplification (TSA) was used for
one of them, and subsequent conventional fluorescent staining was used
for one of the other antibodies for double-labeling (72-74). After
preincubation in 10% normal donkey serum, sections were incubated with
Pyk2 antiserum at a dilution not recognized by a conventional
fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibody (1:20,000) and then reacted
with biotinylated secondary antibody. Biotin was localized by a
FITC-TSA direct kit (PerkinElmer Life Sciences). After preincubation in
1% normal donkey serum, SAP102 antiserum (1:1,000; Chemicon) or NR2
antiserum (1:1,000; Chemicon) was applied overnight. Immunoreactivity
was visualized with donkey anti-rabbit antibody, conjugated to CY-3
(Jackson ImmunoResearch). Sections were then processed for
synaptophysin (1:1,000; Clone SVP-38; Sigma) or PSD-95 (1:1,000; Clone
16; Transduction Laboratories). After overnight incubation in primary
antibody, immunoreactivity was visualized with donkey anti-mouse
antibody conjugated to Cy-5 (Jackson ImmunoResearch). Control sections
were processed as above, except that primary or secondary antibodies
were omitted or replaced by nonspecific control antisera. To control
for possible cross-reaction between the first primary antibody and the
second secondary antibody, tissue was processed as above, except that
the second primary antibody was omitted. Omission of primary or
secondary antibodies eliminated specific labeling. Furthermore,
consistent results were obtained after reversing the first and the
second primary antibodies, using first SAP102 or NR2 (1:20,000) with
FITC-TSA and then Pyk2 (1:1,000) with Cy-3-conjugated secondary antibody.
 |
RESULTS |
Coimmunoprecipitation of Pyk2 and Src with NMDA
Receptors--
Because kinases are often localized in close proximity
to their targets, we hypothesized that kinases involved in tyrosine phosphorylation of the NMDA receptor may be associated with this receptor. In fact, an earlier report (31) suggests that Src, which can
up-regulate NMDA receptor activity, binds to the NMDA receptor complex.
To test whether Pyk2, an activator of Src, associates with the NMDA
receptor complex, rat forebrain samples were solubilized with
deoxycholate and used for immunoprecipitations with antibodies against
NR2A and -2B. Previously, we showed (18, 55, 65) that the interactions
between the NMDA receptor and its associated proteins including PSD-95,
SAP102, and Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein
kinase II are well preserved under these conditions. Subsequent
immunoblotting revealed that Pyk2 specifically and reproducibly
coprecipitated with the NMDA receptor complex (Fig.
1A). We also observed
copurification of Src with the Pyk2-NMDA receptor complex, especially
if a mixture of NR2A and 2B antibodies was used for immunoprecipitation
of the NMDA receptor (Fig. 1B). Coprecipitation of Pyk2 and
Src with the NMDA receptor was specific because precipitations with
non-immune control antibodies did not result in isolation of Pyk2
or Src.

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Fig. 1.
Pyk2 is associated with
the NMDA receptor complex. NMDA receptor complexes were extracted
with 1% deoxycholate from rat hippocampal tissue, and
immunoprecipitations (IP) were performed with antibodies
against NR2A (A, lanes 1 and 2), NR2B
(A, lanes 5 and 6), a mixture of
antibodies against NR2A and -2B (B, lanes 1 and
2), or non-immune control antibodies (A,
lanes 3 and 7, B, lane 3).
Immunoblots of these samples were cut, and the portions comprising the
range around 200 kDa were probed with antibodies against NR2A
(lanes 1-4 in A and B), or an
antibody that recognizes NR2A and -2B (A, lanes
5-7). The portions surrounding the range around 120 and 60 kDa
were incubated with the Pyk2-N antibody (A and B)
and the antibody against Src (B), respectively (indicated on
the left and right side of each blot). For
comparison, 20 µl of extract was also directly applied to SDS-PAGE.
Specific coprecipitations of Pyk2 and Src with the NMDA receptor
precipitations are shown in duplicate to document reproducibility of
the coprecipitations and were performed several times with similar
results.
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Coimmunoprecipitation of Pyk2 with PSD-95 and SAP102--
PSD-95
and its homologs SAP102 and PSD-93 mediate the association of the NMDA
receptor with various signaling proteins including neuronal
nitric-oxide synthase and Ras-activating SynGAP (75-77). Therefore, we
tested whether Pyk2 might be associated with PSD-95 or SAP102.
Immunoprecipitation with antibodies against SAP102 resulted in
coprecipitation of Pyk2 as detected with the antibody against the
N-terminal 80 residues of Pyk2 (Pyk2-N; Fig.
2A, lanes 6 and 7).
Probing of total membrane extract with the Pyk2-N antibody demonstrated
the specificity of this antibody for Pyk2, which possesses a molecular
mass of about 115 kDa (lane 1). Immunoprecipitation with
both Pyk2-N and Pyk2-C also yielded the 115-kDa polypeptide that is
immunoreactive for Pyk2-N (lanes 3 and 4,
respectively). Pyk2 copurified with PSD-95 (lane 11), as
well. To test whether Pyk2 might bind to SAP102 or PSD-95 after
extraction with detergents rather than being associated with those two
proteins in vivo, we solubilized brain membranes with 1%
SDS at 60 °C and subsequently added an excess of Triton X-100, which
forms mixed micelles with SDS, thereby neutralizing it. This treatment
dissociates the different components of the NMDA receptor complex
including PSD-95 and SAP102 (9, 55, 62, 65). Under these conditions
Pyk2 did not coprecipitate with either SAP102 (lanes 8 and
9) or PSD-95 (lane 13). These observations
indicate that the interactions between Pyk2 and PSD-95 or SAP102 do not
form during the extraction procedure and are likely to occur in
vivo. These interactions were further confirmed by
immunoprecipitation of Pyk2 with either Pyk2-N or Pyk2-C and subsequent
detection of SAP102 (Fig. 2B) and PSD-95 (data not shown) in
immunocomplexes by immunoblotting.

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Fig. 2.
Coimmunoprecipitation of Pyk2 with PSD-95 and
SAP102 from rat brain. Rat forebrain membrane fractions were
extracted with 1% deoxycholate on ice or, when indicated, with SDS at
60 °C (dissociated; A, lanes
8, 9, and 13) and used for
immunoprecipitations (antibodies are indicated at the bottom
of each blot) and subsequent immunoblotting. NR2A/B and
Control indicate immunoprecipitations (IP) with a
mixture of antibodies against NR2A and -2B and with nonspecific control
IgG, respectively. 20 µl of extract were also directly applied to
SDS-PAGE when indicated (Extract). Blots were probed with
antibodies against Pyk2-N (68) (A) or SAP102 (B).
Similar results were obtained in several other experiments.
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Pyk2 Interacts with PSD-95 and SAP102 in HEK293 Cells in the
Absence of the NMDA Receptor--
To evaluate whether the association
between Pyk2 and PSD-95 or SAP102 depends on the presence of the NMDA
receptor or is due to a direct interaction, we expressed Pyk2 with
either PSD-95 or SAP102 in the heterologous HEK293 cell line.
Immunoprecipitation of Pyk2 with either Pyk2-N or Pyk2-C from cell
lysates resulted in coprecipitation of PSD-95 and SAP102 (Fig.
3, upper panels). The
specificities of these coprecipitations were demonstrated by the lack
of PSD-95 and SAP102 immunoreactivity in immunoprecipitations with
control IgG. Because HEK293 cells are non-neuronal and do not express
NMDA receptors, these results suggest that Pyk2 interaction with PSD-95
and SAP102 does not require the NMDA receptor and might be direct.

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Fig. 3.
Pyk2 interacts with PSD-95 and SAP102 in
HEK293 cells. Pyk2 was transiently expressed in HEK293 cells
together with either PSD-95 or SAP102. HEK293 cells were solubilized
with RIPA buffer. Immunoprecipitations (IP) were performed
with the Pyk2-N and the Pyk2-C antibody (68) and with non-immune rabbit
IgG (Control). PSD-95 and SAP102 were detected by
immunoblotting with the corresponding antibodies (upper
panels). Blots were stripped and reprobed with Pyk2-N to confirm
the presence of Pyk2 and the specificity of the immunoprecipitations
(lower panels). Two other experiments yielded similar
results.
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Colocalization of Pyk2 with SAP102 and PSD-95--
Multiple
immunofluorescence staining was performed to compare the cellular and
subcellular distribution of Pyk2 with that of SAP102 and PSD-95. Pyk2
antibodies stained a population of neurons distributed throughout the
cerebral cortex (Fig. 4). Some of these
neurons can be identified as pyramidal neurons (Fig. 4B,
arrows); others were non-pyramidal cells of various shapes and
sizes (Fig. 4B, arrowheads). Staining was typically patchy within dendrites and somatic cytoplasm, excluding the nucleus. At
higher magnification, Pyk2 immunoreactivity was obvious in many
dendritic spines (Fig. 4C). Numerous Pyk2 immunoreactive puncta were observed throughout the neuropil (Fig. 4D1,
arrowheads). Such a distribution pattern often reflects a synaptic
distribution. Double labeling with the presynaptic marker synaptophysin
confirmed that many of the Pyk2-positive puncta were at synaptic sites
(e.g. see Fig. 4F, 1, 3, and 4,
arrows).

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Fig. 4.
Pyk2 colocalizes with SAP102 at subcellular
sites including synapses and postsynaptic spines in rat forebrain.
A-C, confocal immunofluorescence images of
immunostaining with the Pyk2-N antibody in the cerebral cortex.
A, low magnification view showing numerous stained neurons
in cortical layer III. B, higher magnification view from
layer V. Both pyramidal (arrows) and nonpyramidal neurons
(arrowheads) were immunopositive. Staining was prominent in
somata and proximal dendrites, especially in apical dendritic shafts of
pyramidal neurons. C, Pyk2 immunoreactivity was also
observed in many spines (arrowheads) and puncta in nearby
neuropil. D-F, confocal images showing colocalization of
Pyk2 (FITC, green) with SAP102 (Cy-3, red).
D, low magnification view of cortical layer III. Nearly all
cells immunoreactive for Pyk2 were also immunoreactive for SAP102.
Likewise, in the neuropil, colocalization of Pyk2 and SAP102 was
frequently observed (arrowheads). E, high
magnification view of a spiny dendrite immunoreactive for both Pyk2 and
SAP102. Many spines positive for Pyk2 were also positive for SAP102
(arrowheads). F, enlargement of area
boxed in E; arrowheads point to
double-labeled spines and arrows to double-labeled puncta,
likely to correspond to synapses, as defined by their association with
synaptophysin (Syn., Cy-5, blue). Scale
bars: A, 50 µm; B, 20 µm; C,
5 µm; D, 50 µm; E, 5 µm; and F,
3 µm.
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SAP102-immunopositive neurons were also widely distributed in the
cerebral cortex in a pattern that matched Pyk2 staining (Fig.
4D2). Double labeling confirmed that almost all
SAP102-positive neurons were also positive for Pyk2 and vice versa
(Fig. 4D3). In the neuropil, punctate colocalization was
prominent (Fig. 4D3, arrowheads). Many of these puncta are
likely to be synapses as indicated by double labeling with
synaptophysin (e.g. Fig. 4, F2-4, arrows).
Furthermore, Pyk2 and SAP102 immunoreactivity codistributed along
dendrites, concentrating at dendritic spines (Fig. 4E1) juxtaposed to presynaptic synaptophysin staining (Fig. 4F).
These results indicate that Pyk2 and SAP102 are colocalized not only in
neuronal somata and dendrites but also at postsynaptic sites, where
they may be associated with NMDA receptors.
NR2 and PSD-95 antibodies stained a large population of pyramidal and
non-pyramidal neurons throughout the cortex. Triple immunofluorescence
labeling showed cellular colocalization of Pyk2 with NR2 and PSD-95
(Fig. 5). This distribution was patchy in
somata and proximal dendrites; some of these patches exhibited all
three antigens, but others were immunopositive only for NR2 (Fig. 5,
lower right). In the neuropil, most Pyk2-positive puncta colocalized with NR2 and PSD-95 staining. Likewise, Pyk2-positive spines were also triple-labeled (Fig. 5, arrowheads in
insets). However, many PSD-95 and some NR2-positive puncta
were negative for Pyk2. These findings indicate that Pyk2 is
colocalized with PSD-95 and NMDA receptors at many, although perhaps
not all, postsynaptic spines where these proteins might be associated
with each other.

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Fig. 5.
Subcellular and synaptic colocalization of
Pyk2 with PSD-95 and NR2 subunits in the cerebral cortex. Confocal
immunofluorescence images showing colocalization of Pyk2 (Pyk2-N
antibody; FITC, green) with NR2 (Cy-3, red), and
PSD-95 (Cy-5, blue). Arrows point to two
triple-labeled pyramidal neurons in layer V. In the neuropil, most
Pyk2-positive puncta are also positive for NR2 and PSD-95. However,
many PSD-95-positive and some NR2-positive puncta are negative for
Pyk2. Insets show an enlargement of the boxed
area. Pyk2-positive dots colocalize with NR2 and PSD-95
immunoreactivity (arrows); arrowheads point to
spines immunopositive for all three proteins. Scale bars, 20 µm; insets, 3 µm.
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The Proline-rich Region of Pyk2 Binds to the SH3 Domain of
PSD-95--
To define the interaction site of Pyk2 in PSD-95, we
expressed GST fusion proteins of the PDZ1-3, PDZ2, PDZ3, SH3, and GK domains of PSD-95 in E. coli. Equal amounts of these fusion
proteins were immobilized on glutathione-Sepharose, washed, and
incubated with cell lysates of transfected HEK293 cells that
ectopically expressed Pyk2, after lysates were pre-cleared with GST
alone. Subsequent immunoblotting demonstrated that Pyk2 specifically bound to the SH3 domain of PSD-95 (Fig.
6A) and SAP102 (Fig.
6B). We obtained the same results when brain extracts were
used as a source of native Pyk2 in similar pull-down experiments (data not shown). Immunoblots were stained with Ponceau S (Fig. 6,
lower panels) and re-probed with anti-GST antibodies (not
shown) to ensure that comparable amounts of each GST fusion protein
were present in the various samples.

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Fig. 6.
Interaction of the SH3 domain of PSD-95 and
SAP102 with the C-terminal region of Pyk2. GST and the GST fusion
proteins given at the bottom of each panel were expressed in
E. coli, adsorbed onto glutathione-Sepharose, and incubated
with RIPA buffer lysates from HEK293 cells transiently overexpressing
Pyk2 (A and B) or its truncated version, CRNK
(C). After washing, samples were analyzed by immunoblotting.
Cell extract (Lysate) containing 5 µg of protein was used
as positive control. Probing blots with an antibody against the
C-terminal portion of Pyk2 (upper panels) demonstrated that
Pyk2 specifically bound to the SH3 domain of PSD-95 (A) and
SAP102 (B). This Pyk2 antibody was from Transduction
Laboratories and recognizes full-length Pyk2 (A and
B) as well as CRNK (C) but does not cross-react
with the GST moiety of our fusion proteins (in contrast to the Pyk2-N
and Pyk2-C antibodies, which had been produced against GST fusion
proteins of the corresponding Pyk2 regions (68)). Binding to PSD-95 was
mediated by the C-terminal region of Pyk2 (CRNK; C). Blots
were stained with Ponceau S (lower panels) before blocking
and probing to show that comparable amounts of GST fusion proteins were
present on each resin sample. Similar results were obtained in several
other experiments.
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Pyk2 contains two segments that are proline-rich and constitute
potential interaction sites for SH3 domains. These segments are toward
the C terminus of Pyk2 (residues 713-720 and 855-862). We used the
C-terminal Pyk2 fragment spanning residues 671-1009 for interaction
assays. This fragment included the two proline-rich regions together
with flanking sequences on both ends. It lacked the N-terminal region
of Pyk2, which contains a homologous band 4.1 domain and the central
catalytic domain. This catalytically inactive fragment, called CRNK
(CADTK or CAK
-related
non-kinase) or Pyk2-related non-kinase, is
expressed as a truncated version of Pyk2 in brain and other tissues
(59, 78, 79). Analogous to a similar C-terminal fragment of the related
focal adhesion kinase FAK, which is also expressed in vivo
and inhibits certain functions of FAK (80-82), CRNK is thought to
interfere with those signaling mechanisms of Pyk2 that depend on the
interaction of the C-terminal domain of Pyk2 with corresponding binding
partners (59, 78, 79). It is, therefore, not only of biochemical but
also of physiological interest to determine whether the SH3 domain of
PSD-95 binds to CRNK. Like Pyk2, we expressed CRNK in HEK293 cells and
used lysates of these cells for pull-down experiments with the PSD-95
derived GST-SH3 fusion protein. CRNK bound to this fusion protein but
not to GST alone (Fig. 6B) indicating a specific interaction
with the SH3 domain of PSD-95.
To test whether the proline-rich segments of Pyk2 are responsible for
PSD-95 and SAP102 binding, we expressed GST fusion proteins of CRNK
(residues 671-1009) and
N-CRNK (residues 876-1009, lacking the two
proline-rich segments) as GST fusion proteins. Lysates of HEK293 cells
ectopically expressing full-length PSD-95 or SAP102 were used for
pull-down experiments with GST fusion proteins of CRNK,
N-CRNK, and
the SH3 and GK domains of PSD-95 or SAP102. CRNK but not
N-CRNK
specifically interacted with full-length PSD-95 and SAP102 in these
in vitro binding assays (Fig.
7). These results indicate that the
proline-rich segments mediate the Pyk2-PSD-95 interaction. We
consistently observed much weaker binding of SAP102 to CRNK than PSD-95
and therefore analyzed the availability of the SH3 domains in
full-length PSD-95 and SAP102 for binding. Biochemical and
crystallographic studies demonstrated that the SH3 and GK domains of
PSD-95 and its homologs form intramolecular interactions (20-24).
Intermolecular binding of the SH3 domain of one PSD-95 molecule with
the GK domain of another PSD-95 molecule can occur, but the
intramolecular interaction is favored and occludes exogenous SH3 from
binding to the GK domain and vice versa. The GST-SH3 and GST-GK fusion
proteins specifically bound full-length PSD-95 on a weak basis,
suggesting that, under our conditions, there is some access for the SH3
domain to its binding site on the GK domain, and vice versa, in
full-length PSD-95. The interaction of GST-SH3 with SAP102 was weaker,
and binding of GST-GK to SAP102 was not detectable. These results raise
the possibility that the intermolecular interaction between the SH3 and
GK domains of SAP102 may limit the interaction between Pyk2 and the SH3
domain.

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|
Fig. 7.
Requirement of the proline-rich region of
Pyk2 for binding to PSD-95 and SAP102. GST and the GST fusion
proteins outlined at the bottom of the panels
(CRNK, residues 671-1009; N-CRNK, residues 876-1009 of
Pyk2) were adsorbed onto glutathione-Sepharose, incubated with 1%
Triton X-100 lysates of HEK293 cells transiently overexpressing
Myc-tagged PSD-95 (left) or SAP102 (right), and
analyzed by immunoblotting with anti-Myc antibody (upper
panels). Cell extract (Lysate, 10 µg of protein) was
loaded as positive control. CRNK specifically interacted with PSD-95
and SAP102 only when the proline-rich region was present
(FL-CRNK). Consistently less SAP102 than PSD-95 was pulled
down by either CRNK or the respective SAP102 SH3 domain. Blots were
stained with Ponceau S (lower panels) before probing to
confirm that equal amounts of GST fusion proteins were present. Results
were replicated in several additional experiments.
|
|
Intramolecular GK Domain Association with the SH3 Domain Inhibits
Pyk2 Binding--
To test whether the presence of the GK domain within
the same polypeptide influences the interaction of the SH3 domain of SAP102 with Pyk2, we performed pull-down experiments with GST fusion
proteins carrying the SH3 or GK domain separately or in tandem. Whereas
the GST fusion protein carrying only the SH3 domain of SAP102 pulled
down Pyk2 from HEK293 cell lysates, a similar amount of a GST fusion
protein with the combined SH3-GK domain did not (Fig.
8). The GK domain by itself did not
mediate precipitation of Pyk2 in these pull-down experiments. These
experiments indicate that SAP102 binds via its SH3 domain to Pyk2 and
that the GK domain can inhibit this interaction.

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[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Fig. 8.
Inhibition of Pyk2 binding to the SH3 domain
of SAP102 by an intramolecular SH3-GK domain interaction. GST and
the GST fusion proteins indicated at the bottom of the
panels were adsorbed onto glutathione-Sepharose, incubated with RIPA
buffer lysates of HEK293 cells transiently overexpressing Pyk2, and
analyzed by immunoblotting with an antibody against the C-terminal
portion of Pyk2 (Transduction Laboratories; upper panel).
Cell extract (Lysate, 5 µg of protein) was used as
positive control. Pyk2 only bound to the isolated SH3 domain of SAP102
but not to the GST fusion protein carrying the combined SH3-GK domains.
Ponceau S staining (lower panels) detected similar amounts
of GST fusion proteins in each resin sample. Similar results were
obtained in several other experiments.
|
|
 |
DISCUSSION |
Our results indicate that Pyk2, like Src, is associated with the
NMDA receptor complex (Fig. 1) via the SH3 domains of PSD-95 and
SAP102. The Pyk2 interaction with PSD-95 and SAP102 appears to be
rather stable, as it can be detected after immunoprecipitation from
brain (Fig. 2), a procedure that takes several hours, and also from
HEK293 cells ectopically expressing these proteins (Fig. 3).
Re-association does not appear to play a role during these immunoprecipitations; after dissociation of the Pyk2-PSD-95 and Pyk2-SAP102 complexes with SDS and neutralization of SDS with Triton
X-100, Pyk2 does not rebind to PSD-95 or SAP102 (Fig. 2). An in
vivo interaction of Pyk2 with PSD-95 and SAP102 is further supported by our immunofluorescence microscopy studies. Pyk2
colocalizes with SAP102 and PSD-95 at synapses, which were identified
by triple labeling with the presynaptic marker protein synaptophysin
(Fig. 4) or with antibodies against the NR2A and -2B subunits of the NMDA receptor complex (Fig. 5).
Pyk2 did not interact with the different PDZ domains of PSD-95 in
pull-down experiments (Fig. 6), consistent with the fact that the C
terminus of Pyk2 (Pro-Pro-Ala-Glu) does not conform to a classic PDZ
domain binding motif. Rather, it specifically bound to the SH3 domains
of PSD-95 and SAP102. An ~300-residue-long C-terminal fragment of
full-length Pyk2 containing two proline-rich regions (713-720 and
855-862) was sufficient for binding to the SH3 domain. This portion of
Pyk2, known as CRNK, is expressed in parallel with full-length Pyk2 in
several tissues including brain (59, 78, 79), similar to the homologous
fragment FAK-related non-kinase of the related focal adhesion kinase
FAK (80-82). Signaling pathways that depend on the interaction of the
C-terminal domain of Pyk2 with corresponding binding partners can be
inhibited by CRNK (59, 78, 79). Therefore, CRNK may regulate the Pyk2 interaction with PSD-95 and SAP102 and thereby the efficiency of NMDA
receptor regulation by Pyk2. In support of this speculation, the
dominant negative Pyk2 mutant K457A (35, 39) prevents up-regulation of
NMDA receptor peak currents by endogenous Pyk2 (49), suggesting the
mutant blocks access of the endogenous wild-type Pyk2 to the SH3
domains of PSD-95 and SAP102 in the NMDA receptor complex.
Only a few binding partners for the SH3 domain of PSD-95 and its
homologs have been identified, including the KA2 subunit of the
kainate-type glutamate receptor (83), A kinase anchor protein 150 (84),
and huntingtin (85). In addition to these interactions, the SH3 and GK
domains of PSD-95 and its homologs can undergo intramolecular and, to
some extent, intermolecular interactions (20-24). Mutations that
disrupt this intramolecular association in the PSD-95 homolog Dlg
result in overproliferation of the imaginal disc in
Drosophila (25). These observations suggest that the
regulation of protein-protein interactions between the SH3 and GK
domains has a critical function in vivo. Recent experiments
indicate that disruption of the SH3-GK domain interaction interferes
with the channel clustering activity of PSD-95 (22); however, the
precise mechanism underlying this phenomenon is unclear.
The linker domain between the SH3 and GK domain has been implicated as
a potential binding site for ligands that might induce conformational
changes of the SH3-GK module (21, 86, 87). This region is also involved
in targeting Dlg to septate junctions in epithelial cells (88) and to
synapses at the neuromuscular junction (89) of Drosophila.
Our present results indicate that the SH3 domain of SAP102, and perhaps
also PSD-95, primarily binds Pyk2 when the SH3 domain is not engaged in
an intramolecular interaction with the GK domain. We hypothesize that
specific regulatory mechanisms, such as association of the GK or linker
domain with a binding partner or a post-translational modification,
like phosphorylation of SAP102 and PSD-95, control the SH3-GK
interaction and, thereby, Pyk2 binding to the SH3 domain.
Several PKC phosphorylation sites have been identified on the NMDA
receptor (65, 90-92) that influence receptor function. For example,
phosphorylation of the C1 cassette of the NR1 C terminus may regulate
the distribution of the NMDA receptor on the cell surface (91, 93). In
addition, stimulation of PKC generally results in up-regulation of NMDA
receptor activity (94-99). However, recent findings suggest that
potentiation of NMDA receptors is not always due to direct
phosphorylation of the receptor subunits by PKC (100). Elegant work by
MacDonald and co-workers (33, 49) demonstrated that Pyk2 and Src act
downstream of PKC to increase NMDA receptor activity. Earlier studies
indicated that NR2A and -2B are phosphorylated on tyrosine residues
in vivo (26, 27, 46, 101) and that NMDA receptor activity is
up-regulated by Src (30-32,102). Furthermore, the increase in NMDA
receptor activity by PKC was prevented by specific inhibitors of Src
(33). These observations suggest that intermediary kinases, such as Pyk2 and Src, are involved in the PKC signaling cascade resulting in the phosphorylation of the NMDA receptor. This model is supported by
coimmunoprecipitation of Src and the NMDA receptor (Fig. 1; see also
Ref. 34) reflecting the formation of a Src-NMDA receptor complex for
efficient and specific phosphorylation of the receptor. However,
additional experiments are necessary to characterize further the
interaction between Src and the NMDA receptor and the phosphorylation
of NR2A and -2B by Src.
How does PKC control Src activity? Stimulation of PKC by phorbol esters
or Gq-coupled receptors results in activation of Pyk2 (35,
38, 39, 46). Up-regulation of NMDA receptor activity by PKC can be
inhibited by injection of a purified, dominant negative Pyk2 mutant
into hippocampal pyramidal neurons (49). Furthermore, injection of
purified wild-type Pyk2 increases NMDA receptor currents, and this
effect is blocked by inhibition of Src. In contrast, the Src-mediated
increase in NMDA receptor activity (31-33) is not antagonized by
dominant negative Pyk2 (49). These results place PKC upstream of Pyk2
and Src downstream of Pyk2 in that signaling pathway (49). Because the
induction of NMDA receptor-dependent LTP requires Src (34)
and Pyk2 (49), we hypothesize that LTP may depend on the coassembly of
Pyk2 and Src at the NMDA receptor. Because Ca2+ influx also
leads to the activation of Pyk2 independent of PKC stimulation (39,
46), anchoring of the kinase at the NMDA receptor may place Pyk2 at a
strategically ideal location where NMDA receptor-mediated
Ca2+ influx into the cytosol may most effectively
contribute to Pyk2 activation. As a result, Pyk2 autophosphorylation
could lead to the association and activation of Src (35). However, it
is yet unknown how Ca2+ influx or PKC activation induces
Pyk2 activation in vivo.
As an integral component of the NMDA receptor complex, Pyk2 plays a
critical role in the regulation of NMDA receptor activity and function
(Fig. 1) (49). We demonstrated that Pyk2 binds to the SH3 domain of
PSD-95 and SAP102 and that the interaction of Pyk2 with the SH3 domain
is inhibited by the GK domain. Our biochemical studies indicate a
functional role of the SH3-GK domain interaction in PSD-95 homologs,
the regulation of Pyk2 binding. Our results will aid further studies
concerning the precise regulation of the NMDA receptor by PKC, Pyk2,
and Src signaling and the role of PSD-95 and its homologs in synaptic
functions that depend on the targeting of these kinases.
We thank Dr. L. M. Graves and H. S. Earp, University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill, NC), for antibodies
against Pyk2 and the mammalian expression vector for Pyk2 and CRNK; Dr.
C. C. Garner, Stanford University (Palo Alto, CA), for mammalian
expression vectors of PSD-95 and SAP102 and the pGEX vectors for the
production of GST fusion proteins of the PDZ1-3, PDZ2, and GK domain of
PSD-95 and SAP102 SH3-GK; Dr. M. Sheng, Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Boston), for plasmids
for the expression of GST fusion proteins of the PDZ3 and SH3 domains of PSD-95; Dr. R. J. Wenthold, NIDCD, National Institutes of
Health (Bethesda), for antibodies against the NR2 subunits; and Drs. T. Sasaki, Sapporo Medical University (Sapporo, Japan), and M. D. Schaller, University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill), for the GST-CRNK
and GST-
N-CRNK expression vectors.
Published, JBC Papers in Press, February 7, 2003, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M212825200
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