From the
Department of Biochemistry, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan, the
Japan Science and Technology Corporation (CREST), Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, the ¶Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada, and the
Department of Biochemistry and Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
Received for publication, February 14, 2003 , and in revised form, March 13, 2003.
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ABSTRACT |
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INTRODUCTION |
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In addition to post-translational regulation, CT mRNA levels have been reported to be regulated transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally. Tessner et al. (19) provided the first evidence for increased CT mRNA in colony stimulating factor 1-stimulated macrophages. Houweling et al. (20) demonstrated that CT
is regulated at the level of its mRNA in rat liver after partial hepatectomy. The maximal increase in the CT
mRNA coincided with maximal DNA synthesis 24 h after partial hepatectomy (21). CT
is highly expressed during the perinatal period, and the expression of CT
is positively associated with hepatic cell division (22, 23). Golfman et al. (24) recently showed that CT
mRNA increased during the S phase of the cell cycle in C3H10T1/2 cells. Several reports indicate that CT
can be regulated post-transcriptionally, apparently by reduction in the rate of mRNA degradation (19, 25). However, the precise mechanisms involved in regulating CT mRNA stability still have to be elucidated.
Tang et al. (26) isolated the murine CT gene (Ctpct) and showed that the exon/intron organization of the gene closely resembles the functional domains of the enzyme. The gene is transcribed from two transcriptional start sites, lacks a TATA box, but contains GC-rich regions. The 5'-terminal,
200 bp of the proximal promoter, appears to contain Sp1, NF-
B, Ets, and cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREBP)-binding sites as shown in Fig. 1. Bakovic et al. (27) characterized its regulatory elements and associated factors. Three Sp1-binding regions (-31/-9, -88/-50, and -148/-128) have basal, activator, and suppressor promoter activities, respectively. Sp1, Sp2, and Sp3 can competitively bind to these regions, and the relative abundance of these factors regulates promoter activity of the CT
gene (28). More recently we have shown that transcriptional enhancer factor-4 (TEF-4) binds to the promoter region between -97 and -89 as shown in Fig. 1 and stimulates the expression of the CT
gene by association with the basal transcription machinery (29). TEF-4 is closely related to TEF-1 (30, 31) that was previously isolated as a regulatory protein of the SV40 enhancer (32). Kast et al. (33) and Mallampalli et al. (34) reported a functional sterol response element 156 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site. Induction of CT mRNA was observed when Chinese hamster ovary cells and alveolar type II epithelial cells were cultured in lipoprotein-deficient serum, respectively. However, the physiological importance of this sterol response site in transcriptional regulation of the CT
gene is not clear (35).
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In this study, we provide evidence that Ets-1 is a major transcription factor involved in the basal transcription of the CT gene. Ets-1 was first reported as a proto-oncogene for avian erythroblastosis (36).
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES |
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Preparation of Deleted and Mutated CT Promoter-Luciferase ReportersVarious 5'-deleted CT
promoter regions, LUC.C7 (-1268/+38), LUC.C8 (-201/+38), LUC.D1 (-90/+38), LUC.D2 (-130/+38), LUC.D3 (-52/+38), LUC.D4 (-10/+38), and LUC.D5 (+10/+38), inserted into the promoter-less luciferase vector pGL3-basic (Promega) were prepared as described previously (27). LUC.D3.25 (-43/+38), LUC.D3.5 (-31/+38), and LUC.D1.5 (-71/+38) clones were obtained from LUC.C8 by PCR using the corresponding forward primers, 5'-CAGGTACCCAGTCCGGTCAGATGTTTCCCG-3', 5'-CAGGTACCCAGATGTTTCCCGGGCGTCTCC-3', and 5'-CAGGTACCAGGGCGGGCGGGAGGCGGGACT-3', respectively, and GL Primer 2 (Promega) as a universal reverse primer from the luciferase vector. The amplified fragments were purified, cut with KpnI/HindIII, and cloned into the corresponding site of the pGL3-basic vector. Fig. 1 shows the partial structure of the mouse Ctpct promoter from -212 to +38 and indicates the start positions of the deletion mutants. When we searched the CT
promoter region by TRANSFAC transcription factor data base, several important consensus elements for the binding of transcription factors were identified (Fig. 1). To prepare mutated promoters, GCCC (-139/-136) was mutated to AGCT and named LUC.mSp1 (1)/C7 or D1.5, CGGGCG (-67/-62) was changed to AATTCA and named LUC.mSp1 (2)/C7 or D1.5, GGCGG (-58/-54) was mutated to AACAA and named LUC.mNF-
B/C7 or D1.5, GACTTC (-53/-48) was converted to ACCAAA and named LUC.mEts-a/C7 or D1.5, TCC (-49/-47) was changed to AAA and named LUC.mEts-b/C7 or D1.5, and TGAC (+20/+23) was mutated to AAAA and named LUC.mCREB/C7 or D1.5. These mutations were created from LUC.C7 or LUC.D1.5 by PCR using QuikChangeTM site-directed mutagenesis kits (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). The mutated complementary primers were used for making each mutated construct, and the resulting plasmids were used for transformation of JM109 cells. The amplified plasmids were cut with KpnI/HindIII and cloned into the corresponding site of the pGL3-basic vector. All deleted and mutated constructs were sequenced and correct ones were selected for further experiments.
Construction of TEF-4 and Ets-1 Expression VectorsThe mouse TEF-4 expression vector carrying the cDNA of TEF-4 was obtained by the yeast one-hybrid system as reported (29). The mouse full-length cDNA coding murine Ets-1 was obtained through PCR of a reverse-transcribed product of mRNA from NIH cells using Superscript II (Invitrogen). PCR was performed with the complementary primers, 5'-GGCACCATGAAGGCGGCCGTCGATC-3', and 5'-GTCAGCATCCGGCTTTACATCCAGC-3' with Takara Ex TaqTM DNA polymerase (Takara-Bio. Co., Tokyo, Japan). The 1.4-kb PCR product was cloned into pcDNA3.1/V5 (Invitrogen) in frame with V5-tag, and the sequence was confirmed.
Tissue Culture, Transfection, and Luciferase AssaysCOS-7 cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Cells (1 x 105) were plated on 35-mm plates (Falcon-Becton Dickson Labware, Franklin Lakes, NJ) and grown overnight. Three µl of FuGENE 6TM was suspended in 100 µl of serum-free medium and mixed with 0.5 µg of the CT promoter-luciferase constructs (see above), 0.001 µg of pRL-CMV Renilla vector as a transfection control, and 0.5 µg of either pcTEF-4 or pcDNA (Invitrogen). Transfection was initiated by dropwise addition of DNA suspension to the cell culture. Forty-eight hours later cells were harvested, lysed in 200 µl of Passive lysis buffer (Promega), and 10 µl of the cell lysate was used for the dual-luciferase assay according to the manufacturer's instructions. Luciferase activity was normalized for transfection efficiency by using the ratio of the activities obtained with the CT
promoter deletion constructs (see above) and the pRL-CMV construct carrying the cytomegalovirus promoter-luciferase fusion. When we assayed luciferase activities with Ets-1, pcDNA was used so that the plasmid content in each experiment was equal, and luciferase values were normalized against total protein concentrations determined by protein assay (Bio-Rad).
Preparation of Nuclear Extracts and Electromobility Gel-shift AssaysNuclear extracts from COS-7 cells were prepared according to Andrews and Faller (37) with minor modifications (27). Five hundred pmol of the opposite strands of pEts (5'-GGCGGGAGGCGGGACTTCCGGTCCGCAGTC-3'), pmEts-a (5'-GGCGGGAGGCGGaccaaaCGGTCCGCAGTC-3'), and pmEts-b (5'-GGCGGGAGGCGGGACTaaaGGTCCGCAGTC-3') were annealed (70 °C, 10 min) in 100 µl of 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.5 mM MgCl2, and 25 mM NaCl and then cooled to room temperature. An aliquot (10 pmol) of the double-stranded oligonucleotides was 5'-end-labeled with [32P]ATP (Amersham Biosciences) and T4 polynucleotide kinase and purified on a Sephadex G-25 column (Amersham Biosciences). A DNA protein-binding reaction was performed for 30 min at room temperature in 40 µlof1x binding buffer (40 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.9, 4 mM MgCl2, 2 mM EDTA, 100 mM NaCl, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 200 µg/ml bovine serum albumin, 20% glycerol, and 0.2% Nonidet P-40) containing 1 µg of poly(dI-dC) (Amersham Biosciences), 1 µl of the radiolabeled probe (50,00080,000 cpm), and nuclear extracts of COS-7 cells. In some cases, unlabeled double-stranded pEts (100-fold molar excess), anti-Ets-1 or anti-Ets-1/Ets-2 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA), or anti-V5 antibody (Invitrogen) was included in the incubation mixture. The labeled probe was separated from DNA-protein complexes by electrophoresis on 6% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels in Tris borate/EDTA buffer (44.5 mM Tris-HCl, pH8.3, 44.5 mM boric acid, and 1 mM EDTA) at 4 °C until the xylene cyanol dye reached 5 cm from the bottom of the gel. Autoradiography was performed by exposure of the gel to an imaging plate for 1530 min, and images were analyzed by Fuji BAS-2000 (Fiji Photo Film Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The intensity of the gel-shift band was calculated using the Quantity One software (PDI, Huntington Station, NY).
SDS-PAGE and Immunoblot AnalysisThe proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE according to the method of Laemmli (38) with 10% (w/v) gels, and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Hybond-C, Amersham Biosciences) with a semi-dry electroblotter (Sartorius, Goetingen, Germany). The membrane was treated with 5% (w/v) dried skim milk in 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, containing 0.15 M NaCl at 4 °C overnight, washed, and then treated with anti-Ets-1/Ets-2, anti-Ets-1, or anti-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) antiserum diluted 1:200 for 2 h, followed by washing with 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, containing 0.15 M NaCl. Immunoreactive proteins were visualized by treatment for 30 min with protein A-peroxidase complex (Zymed Laboratories, San Francisco, CA), diluted 1:2,500, and the peroxidase immunostaining kit (Wako, Osaka, Japan).
RT-PCRCOS-7 cells (2.5 x 105) were transfected with pcDNA (1.25 µg), pcEts-1 (1.25 µg), pcTEF-4 (1.25 µg), or pcEts-1 and pcTEF-4 (1.25 µg each) in 60-mm plates as described above. pcDNA was used so that the plasmid content in each experiment was equal. After cells were cultured for 24 h, total mRNA was obtained with RNA extraction kits (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. One µg of total RNA was reverse-transcribed at 50 °C for 30 min, then subjected to 25 cycles of amplification (94 °C for 1 min, 56 °C for 1 min, and 72 °C for 1 min) using the one-step RT-PCR kit (Qiagen). The primers used for CT were 5'-ATGCACAGTGTTCAGCCAA-3' (sense) and 5'-GGGCTTACTAAAGTCAACTTCAA-3' (antisense), and they produce an
200-bp CT
fragment. Primers for glycero-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) were 5'-TCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTA-3' (sense) and 5'-ACCACAGTCCATGCCATCAC-3' (antisense). The intensities of the CT
bands were normalized to those of the G3PDH bands using the Quantity One software.
Statistical AnalysisAll values are expressed as means ± S.D. Group means were compared by Student's t test or Cochran-Cox test after analysis of variance to determine the significance of difference between the individual means. Statistical significance was assumed at p < 0.05.
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RESULTS |
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To substantiate this proposal we made mutated constructs of LUC.C7 and LUC.D1.5 at each putative transcription factor binding site shown in Fig. 1. After transfection, the luciferase activities of the mutated LUC.C7 and LUC.D1.5 constructs were assayed (Fig. 2, B and C, respectively). When the Sp1 site at -139 was mutated, the luciferase activity of the LUC.mSp1 (1)/C7 was decreased significantly, but only 25% compared with LUC.C7. When the Sp1 site at -67 was mutated, the luciferase activities of LUC.mSp1 (2)/C7 did not decrease compared with LUC.C7. The luciferase activity of the NF-B site mutant (LUC.mNF-
B/C7) decreased by 25% compared with LUC.C7 (Fig. 2B). Mutation in the CREBP-binding site at +20 slightly decreased the luciferase activity (Fig. 2B). However, the luciferase activities of mutated constructs in the putative Ets-binding site (EBS), LUC.mEts-a/C7 and LUC.mEts-b/C7, were decreased by
80% compared with LUC.C7 activity as shown in Fig. 2B. The expression of the shorter constructs, LUC.mEts-a/D1.5 and LUC.mEts-b/D1.5, were very low, only
5% compared with LUC.D1.5 (Fig. 2C). These results strongly suggest that the promoter region between -53 and -47 is an important site for basal CT
transcription. We reported TEF-4 enhanced the luciferase activity of LUC.C7 and LUC.D1.5 about twice (Ref. 29 and Fig. 2). When the mutations in EBS were created, co-transfection with TEF-4 cDNA also stimulated the activity of LUC.mEts-a/C7 or D1.5 and LUC.mEts-b/C7 or D1.5 about 2-fold. However, the TEF-4-enhanced luciferase activities with LUC.mEts-a/C7 or D1.5 and LUC.mEts-b/C7 or D1.5 were much smaller than LUC.C7 or LUC.C1.5. Thus, mutation of the Ets binding of the CT
promoter decreased luciferase activity to a low level (Fig. 2, AC).
DNA Binding Properties of the Nuclear Extracts of COS-7 CellsTo test whether or not there is a protein in the nuclear extracts from COS-7 cells that binds to the putative EBS (-49/-47), we prepared probes with or without a mutation in the EBS. As shown in Fig. 3A, lanes 2 and 3, DNA-protein complexes with the pEts (-65/-36) probe were clearly identified. When the EBS in pEts was mutated from GACTTC to ACCAAA (-53/-48) (pmEts-a) (Fig. 3A, lanes 7 and 8) or from TCC to AAA (-49/-47) (pmEts-b) (Fig. 3A, lanes 10 and 11), the bands were attenuated or disappeared. These results strongly suggested that there was a protein(s) in the extracts of COS-7 cells that bound to EBS in the pEts probe.
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After transfection with pcTEF-4, the band intensities of the specific DNA-protein complexes were significantly increased (Fig. 3A, lanes 2 and 3, and Fig. 3B). This result indicated that TEF-4 enhanced the binding of pEts probe and protein complexes to EBS.
Identification of Ets-1 as the Protein That Binds to the pEts ProbeTo identify the protein(s) binding to pEts, we used an antibody, anti-Ets-1/Ets-2, with specificity for the DNA-binding site in the C terminus of Ets family proteins. Immunoblot analysis indicated the existence of a 54-kDa protein that cross-reacted with anti-Ets-1/Ets-2 antibody in the nuclear extracts from COS-7 cells (Fig. 4A, upper panel). When various amounts of the anti-Ets-1/Ets-2 antibody were added to incubations of nuclear extracts with the pEts probe, the intensity of the immunoreactive band decreased (Fig. 4B, left). This result indicated that the bands revealed by the gel-shift analysis resulted from a complex of Ets-1 or Ets-2 with the pEts probe. To determine which member of the Ets family was binding to pEts, we used an Ets-1-specific antibody. Immunoblot analysis showed a 54-kDa protein that cross-reacted with anti-Ets-1 antibody in the nuclear extracts from COS-7 cells (Fig. 4A, middle panel). When we used the anti-Ets-1 antibody with the probe in gel shift analyses, the decrease in the intensity of the band was similar to anti-Ets-1/-2 (Fig. 4B, right). Thus, it appears that Ets-1 is the protein that binds to the EBS of pEts.
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When COS-7 cells were stimulated with TEF-4, the basal luciferase activities of LUC.C7 and LUC.D1.5 were increased (Fig. 2), and the binding of endogenous Ets-1 to pEts was significantly enhanced (Fig. 3, lane 3). However, immunoblot analysis showed that the amount of Ets-1, or actin as the internal standard, was not changed by TEF-4 stimulation (Fig. 4A). Thus, TEF-4 might modify the binding of Ets-1 to the promoter, and enhance Ets-1-stimulated CT transcription.
Over-expression of Ets-1 Increases the Binding of Ets to the CT PromoterIn another approach to confirm that Ets does indeed bind to the CT
promoter, we transfected COS-7 cells with a vector that contained the cDNA encoding Ets-1 (pcEts-1) or the vector alone (pcDNA). Nuclear extracts were prepared after 48 h and incubated with labeled pEts probe (Fig. 5A). There was increased binding of a nuclear protein to the probe in extracts from cells transfected with pcEts-1 (lane 3) compared with pcDNA (lane 2). Evidence that this nuclear protein was Ets was provided by incubation of the nuclear extract with antibody to Ets-1 (anti-V5), and a super shift was observed (Fig. 5A, lane 5).
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In complementary experiments, pcEts-1 or pcDNA was co-transfected with CT promoter-luciferase constructs LUC.C7 (-1268/+38), LUC.D2 (-130/+38), or LUC.D1.5 (-71/+38). The expression of luciferase activities was normalized to protein concentration. The vertical axis in Fig. 5B represents the fold increase in luciferase activity after 48 h of transfection relative to that obtained for the minimal promoter construct, LUC.D1.5 with pcDNA. The results in Fig. 5B show transfection with a cDNA-encoding Ets-1 caused an increase in luciferase activity relative to the vector control with the longest promoter-luciferase construct (LUC.C7) exhibiting the highest fold increase.
TEF-4 is an activating nuclear factor that binds at the -97/-89 region of the CT promoter (29). To test whether co-expression of TEF-4 with Ets-1 would enhance luciferase expression, we performed co-transfection experiments with plasmids that expressed these nuclear proteins and either LUC.C7 (-1268/+38), which contains both TEF-4- and Ets-1-binding sites, or LUC.D1.5 (-71/+38), that lacks the TEF-4-binding site. It is evident from Fig. 5C that transfection with pcTEF-4 and pcEts-1 slightly stimulates the expression of luciferase with the LUC.D1.5 promoter, whereas there was more than a doubling of luciferase activity when pcTEF-4 and pcEts-1 were co-expressed with LUC.C7. Thus, the TEF-4-binding element in the CT
promoter appears to be important in the activation by Ets-1 and TEF-4.
Expression of Ets-1 and TEF-4 Enhance the Expression of the mRNA for CT in COS-7 CellsWe also determined if the expression of the endogenous CT
mRNA would be increased in cells transfected with pcEts-1, pcTEF-4, or both, compared with pcDNA. The results in Fig. 6 show an
1.5-fold increase in the mRNA for CT
when either pcEts-1 or pcTEF-4 was transfected into COS-7 cells, and more than a doubling of CT
mRNA when pcEts-1 and pcTEF-4 were co-transfected.
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DISCUSSION |
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Ets was originally identified as one of three transforming genes in avian erythroblastosis virus, E26, 20 years ago (36). The transforming gene consists of three elements, the myb domain, the ets domain, and -gag domain (36, 39). Ghysdael et al. (40) identified the c-ets proto-oncogene product as a 54-kDa cytoplasmic protein. Watson et al. (41, 42) showed that the human Ets-1 gene encodes a protein with 441 amino acids. Ets-2 cDNA encodes a closely related protein with 469 amino acids (42). Ets-1 and Ets-2 have three domains: the C-terminal conserved DNA binding domain, a N-terminal domain referred to as the "pointed domain," and a trans-activation domain between these two structures (43, 44). The Ets DNA binding domain has a winged helix-turn-helix (45). Recently, the Ets-1 pointed domain was found to be phosphorylated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (46) and was reported to contain a mitogen-activated protein kinase 2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) docking site (47). Currently, at least 18 Ets domain-containing genes have been identified in the human genome. EBS has also been identified in the promoter/enhancer regions of more than 200 viral and cellular genes (44). Thus, the Ets family of proteins and the EBS are implicated in the control of the expression of genes involved in cellular proliferation, development, hematopoiesis, and apoptosis (44).
Ets-1 expression increases in murine embryos after implantation and during organogenesis. In later fetal stages, its expression is predominant in lymphoid tissues and brain (48). Disruption of Ets-1 expression can block the proliferative capacity and the activation of T cells (49, 50). Ets proteins have also been implicated in several malignant disorders. The specific chromosomal translocation of Ets-1 genes was reported in human leukemias (51), and several Ets genes are located at the translocation breakpoints of several patients' leukemias and solid tumors (52). In addition, Ets factors are over-expressed in prostate cancer (53) and breast cancer (54). Vascular endothelial growth factor secreted by human glioma cells induces Ets-1 expression in adjacent endothelial cells and promotes angiogenesis (55). However, the genes that are important targets of over-expressed Ets factors in cancer development have not been identified.
In the present study, we demonstrated that Ets-1 binds to its GGAA consensus site (-47/-50) in the CT promoter and enhances the transcription of CT
luciferase reporters in COS-7 cells. The expression of CT
is positively associated with preparation for cell division (24), in colony-stimulating factor 1-stimulated macrophages (19), after partial hepatectomy (20, 21), and during the perinatal period (22). Moreover, CT
expression is enhanced in tumorigenic cells (56, 57, 58). Ets-1 may be expressed in cells and tissues in proliferative situations, then enhance the induction of CT
mRNA in preparation for cell growth.
Several factors, such as NF-B (59), core binding factor (60), and Sp1 (61) were reported to form complexes with Ets-1 and act as enhancers or modulators of DNA binding and trans-activation by Ets-1 (62). NF-
B-, Sp1-, Sp2-, and Sp3-binding sites are found adjacent to the Ets-1-binding site in Ctpct (27, 28). Mutations in either the NF-
B (-58) or Sp1 (-139) binding sites in Ctpct slightly, but significantly, decreased the luciferase activity of the CT
promoter reporter in COS-7 cells as shown in this study. NF-
B is a ubiquitous transcription factor involved in immune, inflammatory, and stress responses (63). Adjacent or overlapping binding sites for Ets and NF-
B are present in many inducible lymphoid genes, including the interleukin 2-receptor (64), interleukin 3 (65), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (66), and interleukin 12 (67). Thus, the combination of Ets and NF-
B may play an important role in CT
transcription. More recently, Ets-1 and Sp1 were reported to cooperatively enhance the transcription of several genes (61, 68, 69, 70). In addition, we reported the importance of Sp1 and Sp3 binding for the regulation of the CT
gene in several cell lines (27, 28), and showed more recently that Ha-Ras stimulated CT
gene transcription through Sp3 phosphorylation by p42/44MAPK (71). Ets-1 is also a nuclear target of the Ras signaling system, and phosphorylation of the pointed domain of Ets-1 is important for Ras-mediated activation of Ets-1 (47, 72). However, no evidence for enhanced binding of Ets was observed in the Ras-expressing C3H10T1/2 cells (71).
We recently reported that the binding site of TEF-4 in Ctpct is -97/-89 (29). However, TEF-4 enhanced the basal luciferase activity of CT promoter-reporter constructs shorter than -71 that lacked the TEF-4-binding site. As reported here, gel-shift analysis clearly revealed that TEF-4 enhanced the binding of Ets-1 to the CT
promoter. TEF-4 was a more effective activator of Ets-1-enhanced luciferase activation with a construct that contained the TEF-4-binding site. These results suggest that TEF-4, while binding to its own element, might have some interaction with Ets-1 so as to enhance the binding ability of Ets-1 to the promoter and thereby stimulate CT
transcription.
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FOOTNOTES |
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|| Both authors contributed equally to this research.
Medical Scientist of the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research and Canada Research Chair in Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids.
** To whom correspondence may be addressed. Tel: 81-27-220-7940; Fax: 81-27-220-7948; E-mail: takizumi{at}med.gunma-u.ac.jp. ¶¶ To whom correspondence may be addressed. Tel: 780-492-8286; Fax: 780-492-3383; E-mail: dennis.vance{at}ualberta.ca.
1 The abbreviations used are: PC, phosphatidylcholine; CREBP, cAMP responsive element-binding protein; CT, CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase
; Ctpct, CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase
gene; EBS, Ets-binding site; G3PDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; TEF-4, transcriptional enhancer factor-4; RT, reverse transcription; CMV, cytomegalovirus; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; LUC, luciferase.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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REFERENCES |
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