From the Servei d'Immunologia, Institut
Clínic d'Infeccions i Immunologia, Institut d'Investigacions
Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic,
Barcelona 08036,
Institut d'Investigacions
Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer-Serveis Cientifico-Tècnics,
Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, §§ Departament de Biologia Cellular, Facultat de
Medicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i
Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, and
Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital
de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid
28006, Spain
Received for publication, September 18, 2002, and in revised form, October 23, 2002
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ABSTRACT |
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CD5 and CD6 are closely related lymphocyte
surface receptors of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich superfamily,
which show highly homologous extracellular regions but little
conserved cytoplasmic tails. Both molecules are expressed on the same
lymphocyte populations (thymocytes, mature T cells, and B1a cells) and
share similar co-stimulatory properties on mature T cells. Although
several works have been reported on the molecular associations and the signaling pathway mediated by CD5, very limited information is available for CD6 in this regard. Here we show the physical association of CD5 and CD6 at the cell membrane of lymphocytes, as well as their
localization at the immunological synapse. CD5 and CD6
co-immunoprecipitate from Brij 96 but not Nonidet P-40 cell lysates,
independently of both the co-expression of other lymphocyte surface
receptors and the integrity of CD5 cytoplasmic region. Fluorescence
resonance energy transfer analysis, co-capping, and co-modulation
experiments demonstrate the physical in vivo association of
CD5 and CD6. Analysis of T cell/antigen-presenting cells conjugates
shows the accumulation of both molecules at the immunological synapse.
These results indicate that CD5 and CD6 are structurally and physically
related receptors, which may be functionally linked to provide either similar or complementary accessory signals during T cell activation and/or differentiation.
The correct activation and differentiation of T lymphocytes
results from the fine-tuning of intracellular signals delivered through
co-engagement of the antigen-specific receptor and a series of
accessory molecules simultaneously expressed on the cell surface. Among
the lymphocyte accessory molecules (CD2, CD4, CD8, CD9, CD28, CD43,
CD45, etc.), there are CD5 and CD6, two highly homologous representatives of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich
(SRCR)1 superfamily (1, 2).
The SRCR superfamily includes a heterogeneous group of soluble and/or
membrane-associated receptors involved in the development of the immune
system and in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immune
responses (1). This family is characterized by the presence of one or
several repeats of a well conserved extracellular domain named SRCR,
which was first reported at the C terminus of the macrophage type I
scavenger receptor (SR-AI) (3). CD5 and CD6 are the two representatives of the SRCR superfamily reported to be expressed on human lymphocytes. Both lymphocyte receptors are type I transmembrane glycoproteins with
extracellular regions composed of three SRCR domains and cytoplasmic
domains devoid of intrinsic catalytic activity but well adapted for
signal transduction (4, 5). The two molecules show a similar cell
expression pattern, being expressed on thymocytes, mature T cells, B1a
cells, and B chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells (2), and their surface
expression levels are also up-regulated by similar stimuli (6, 7). The
genes for CD5 and CD6 map to contiguous regions of human chromosome
11q12.2 and are supposed to have arisen from duplication of a common
ancestral gene (8, 9).
CD5 has been shown to behave as a dual receptor, which provides either
positive or negative co-stimulatory signals depending on the cell type
and the developmental stage (10). To achieve this, engagement of
different signaling molecules and cascades by CD5
(phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), acidic
sphingomyelinase (ASMase), casein kinase II (CKII), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Cbl, RasGAP, extracellular
signal-regulated protein kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase, etc.)
have been reported (10). Initial positive co-stimulatory properties on peripheral T cells were first reported for CD5, by using either soluble
or solid phase-bound monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (11-14). Later, data
from CD5-deficient mice have shown that CD5 may also negatively
regulate the signaling through the antigen-specific receptor complex on
thymocytes and B1a cells (15, 16). Subsequent studies (17-19) have
highlighted the importance of CD5 in thymocyte development and of its
cytoplasmic domain for the inhibitory function. It seems, however, that
CD5 could exert negative effects on only one branch (Ca2+
influx following phospholipase C- The precise function of CD6 in lymphocyte activation and
differentiation still remains elusive. Available evidence indicates that it is an accessory molecule capable of providing co-stimulatory signals in mature T cells (27-32). The signaling pathway used by CD6
to influence T cell activation is, however, mostly unknown. It has been
shown that CD6 becomes hyperphosphorylated on Ser and Thr residues (29,
33) and transiently tyrosine-phosphorylated after CD3 stimulation alone
or by co-cross-linking of CD3 with either CD2 or CD4 (34, 35). In B
chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, CD6 ligation protects from
anti-IgM-mediated apoptosis through Bcl-2 induction (36). A role for
CD6 in thymocyte development has also been suggested. CD166/activated
leukocyte cell adhesion molecule, a CD6 ligand, is expressed on thymic
epithelium and mediates adhesion of thymocytes to it (37-39). The
correlation of CD6 expression with thymocyte-positive selection and
resistance to apoptosis has also been reported (40). Mice deficient for CD6 are not available yet, and the possibility that CD6 possesses negative regulatory properties similar to those reported for CD5 on
thymocyte development still has to be evaluated.
CD5 has been found physically associated with the antigen-specific
receptor present on B1a (B cell receptor) and T (TCR) cells (41, 42),
as well as with the surface receptors CD4 or CD8, CD2, and CD9 (23, 43,
44). This positions CD5 as an important regulatory molecule relevant
for T and B cell-mediated responses. In the CD6 case, no associations
with other lymphocyte surface receptors have been reported up to now.
The fact that CD5 and CD6 are closely related molecules, not only at
structural but also at expression and functional level (2), prompted us
to investigate a possible physical association between them. Here we
present strong biochemical and microscopic evidence on the in
vivo association and co-localization of CD5 and CD6 on the membrane of T lymphocytes. This suggests that they may constitute a
functional unit subserving lymphocyte activation and differentiation processes.
Cells--
Lymphocytes were obtained either from peripheral
blood (PBL) samples subjected to centrifugation on a standard Ficoll
gradient (d = 1,077) or from lymph node suspensions.
Thymocytes were obtained by disruption of human thymus specimens from
children undergoing cardiac surgery. The human T cell lines HUT-78 and
Jurkat JE6.1, and the lymphoblastoid B cell line Raji were obtained
from the American Tissue Culture Collection (ATCC). COS-7 cells were
from the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC 87021302). Cell lines were grown in RPMI with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 2 mM
L-glutamine, 50 units/ml penicillin G, and 50 µg/ml streptomycin.
Antibodies and Reagents--
The mouse Cris-1 (anti-CD5,
IgG2a), 148.1C3 (anti-CD43, IgG2a), 33-2A3
(anti-CD3, IgG2a) and 161.8 (anti-CD6, IgG1)
mAbs were produced in our laboratory by R. Vilella (Hospital
Clínic, Barcelona, Spain). Affinity-purified Leu-1 (anti-CD5,
IgG2a) mAb was purchased from BD Biosciences. The SPV L14.2
(anti-CD6, IgG1) mAb was from Immunotech (Marseille,
France), and the W6/32 (anti-HLA class I, IgG2a) was from
the ATCC (HB-95). The fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled
anti-CD5 (UCTH2, IgG1), anti-CD6 (M-T605,
IgG1), and anti-CD3 (UCHT1, IgG1) mAb were from
Pharmingen. The 148.1C3 mAb was conjugated to FITC (Sigma) as described
previously (45). The Leu-1 and 161.8 mAbs were conjugated to cyanine 3 (Cy3) using the Cy3 mAb labeling kit (Amersham Biosciences). The
FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse polyvalent immunoglobulins (GAMIg-FITC)
were from Sigma. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated streptavidin
(SAv) was from Dako (Denmark). Tricolor- and Texas Red (TR)-conjugated SAv were from Caltag (Burlingame, CA). The generation of the rabbit polyclonal antiserum against the extracellular region of human CD5 has
been reported elsewhere (46). The anti-CD6 polyclonal antiserum
was produced in our laboratory by immunizing rabbits for 2 weeks with
four intramuscular injections (50 µg each) of glutathione
S-transferase (GST)-CD6cy in complete (first) and incomplete
(next) Freund's adjuvant (Invitrogen). Biotinylation of mAbs and cell
surface proteins was performed with EZ-Link sulfo-NHS-LC-LC-Biotin following the manufacturer's instructions (Pierce). Mowiol 4-88 was
from Calbiochem, and poly-L-lysine (PLL) was from Sigma.
The blue fluorescent cell tracker chloromethyl derivative of
aminocoumarin (CMAC) was from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR).
Staphylococcal enterotoxin E (SEE) was from Toxin Technology (Sarasota, FL).
CD5 and CD6 Expression Constructions--
The cDNA used to
amplify the cytoplasmic region of CD6 was obtained by
retrotranscription of total mRNA from PBL with
SuperscriptTM II RNase H
The expression construct coding for wild-type CD6 (CD6.WT) was obtained
by cloning SalI/EcoRI- and
EcoRI/BamHI-restricted (Fermentas MBI) fragments
corresponding to the extracellular and cytoplasmic regions of CD6,
respectively, into SalI/BamHI-restricted pH Immunoprecipitation--
Aliquots of surface biotinylated cells
were lysed for 30 min on ice with a buffer containing 10 mM
Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 140 mM NaF, 0.4 mM orthovanadate, 5 mM
pyrophosphate, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, protease
inhibitor mixture tablets (CompleteTM, Roche Molecular
Biochemicals), and either 1% Nonidet P-40 (Nonidet P-40) (Roche
Molecular Biochemicals) or 1% Brij 96 (Fluka). After centrifugation at
12,000 × g for 15 min at 4 °C, the cell
lysates were precleared by end-over-end rotation with 50 µl of 50%
protein A-Sepharose CL-4B beads (Amersham Biosciences AB).
Immunoprecipitations were carried out by adding 3 µg of mAb plus 20 µl of 50% protein A-Sepharose beads and by rotating for 2 h at
4 °C. The immune complexes were washed three times in lysis buffer
with 1% detergent. For re-precipitation, the immune complexes were
boiled for 5 min in lysis buffer containing 3% SDS. The eluate was
recovered and diluted 9-fold with lysis buffer and then pre-cleared
with 50 µl of 50% protein A-Sepharose beads for 30 min. Proteins
were re-precipitated with 5 µl of anti-CD6 or -CD5 polyclonal rabbit antiserum plus 20 µl of protein A-Sepharose beads for 90 min at 4 °C. Re-precipitates were washed three times with 200 µl of lysis buffer, eluted by boiling for 5 min in SDS sample buffer, and run on
8% SDS-PAGE. For immunodepletion experiments, surface-biotinylated HUT-78 cells were lysed with 1% Brij 96 and then sequentially immunoprecipitated (eight times) with anti-CD5 (Cris-1) or anti-CD6 (161.8) mAbs. Once depleted, the lysates were immunoprecipitated with
the reverse mAb and re-precipitated as above with rabbit polyclonal
antisera (5 µl) against the depleted molecule.
Transfection of COS-7 Cells--
Transient transfection into
COS-7 cells was performed by the
diethylaminoethyl-dextran/Me2SO method as previously
described (49). Briefly, 2 µg of plasmid DNA per 2 × 105 cells in a 9-cm2 dish were used. The cells
were harvested ~48 h after transfection and then surface-biotinylated
and lysed with lysis buffer containing 1% Brij 96 as indicated above.
Western Blot Analysis--
Samples resolved by 8% SDS-PAGE were
electrophoretically transferred (at 0.4 A, 100 V for 1 h) to
nitrocellulose membranes (Bio-Rad). Filters were blocked for 30 min at
37 °C with 5% non-fat milk powder in phosphate-buffered saline
(PBS) and then incubated for 30 min at room temperature with a 1/1000
dilution of HRP-SAv in blocking solution. After three washes with PBS
plus 0.1% Tween 20, the membranes were developed by chemiluminescence
with SuperSignal West Dura Extended Duration Substrate (Pierce) and
exposure to X-OmatTM films (Eastman Kodak).
Capping--
All procedures were performed at 4 °C unless
otherwise indicated. 1 × 106 PBL were incubated for
10 min with saturating amounts of biotinylated anti-CD6 (SPV L14.2) or
anti-CD5 (Cris-1) mAbs. After washing with ice-cold PBS plus 0.1%
sodium azide, cells were incubated with saturating doses of TR-SAv for
10 min at 4 °C. For capping to proceed, cells were then incubated at
37 °C for 30 min. The reaction was stopped by adding ice-cold
PBS/azide. Next, the cells were transferred onto PLL-coated coverslips
and stained for 30 min with FITC-conjugated anti-CD5, -CD6, or -CD43
mAbs before fixation with PBS 2% paraformaldehyde. After washing
twice, the coverslips were transferred onto Mowiol-treated glass
slides, and visualized in a confocal spectral microscope (Leica
Microsystems Heidelberg GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). The images were
analyzed with the Image Processing Leica confocal software and
Photoshop 4.0 (Adobe Systems).
Antibody-induced Modulation of Cell Surface
Molecules--
1 × 106 PBL were incubated for 30 min
on ice with 500 µl of RPMI medium supplemented with 10% FCS in the
presence or absence of 3 µg of Cris-1 or 161.8 mAbs. After washing
twice with cold PBS, the cells were incubated on ice with 500 µl of
RPMI 10% FCS containing 3 µl of FITC-GAMIg for 30 min. Then the
cells were washed and left overnight at 37 °C in order to allow the
immune complexes to be internalized. At this point, part of the cells were analyzed by flow cytometry (FACScan, BD Biosciences), and the
remaining cells were incubated with biotinylated mAb plus Tricolor-SAv
before flow cytometry analysis. Cells left overnight in RPMI 10% FCS
alone were stained with 1 µg of Cris-1 or 161.8 mAb and 3 µl
of FITC-GAMIg and used as a control to monitor CD5 and CD6 expression
on unmodulated cells.
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)
Measurements--
1 × 106 PBL (in 300 µl of PBS)
were transferred onto PLL-coated coverslips for 30 min at room
temperature. After blocking with 1% heat-inactivated rabbit serum for
10 min at room temperature, cells were incubated for 15 min at 4 °C
with saturating amounts of FITC- (donor) and Cy3-labeled (acceptor)
antibodies, either alone or mixed. Cells were then rinsed twice for 5 min at 4 °C with PBS and fixed with PBS, 2% paraformaldehyde for 10 min at room temperature. After washed twice, the coverslips were
transferred onto Mowiol-treated glass slides.
FRET measurements were based on the sensitized emission method (50, 51)
with minor modifications for the confocal microscope. A Leica TCS SL
laser scanning confocal spectral microscope (Leica Microsystems)
equipped with argon and green HeNe lasers, ×100 oil immersion
objective lens, and triple dichroic filter (488/543/633 nm) was used.
To measure FRET, three images were acquired in the same order in all
experiments as follows: 1) the FITC channel (absorbance 488 nm and
emission 500-555 nm), 2) the FRET channel (absorbance 488 nm and
emission 590-700 nm), and 3) the Cy3 channel (absorbance 543 nm
and emission 590-700 nm). Background was subtracted from
images before FRET calculations. Control and experiment images were
taken under the same conditions of photomultiplier gain, offset, and
pinhole aperture. The crossover of donor and acceptor fluorescence
through the FRET filter is a constant proportion between the
fluorescence intensity levels of donor and acceptor and their bleed
through. In order to calculate the spectral bleed through of the donor
and acceptor through the FRET filter, images of cells labeled only with
FITC-conjugated mAb and cells labeled only with Cy3-conjugated mAb were
also taken under the same conditions as for the experiments. As a
control, images of FITC-GAMIg combined with an unlabeled anti-CD5 mAb
(Leu-1) were included. The fraction of bleed through of FITC
(A) and Cy3 (B) fluorescence through the FRET
filter channel was calculated for different labeling conditions:
FITC-anti-CD3, 0.13 ± 0.024; FITC-anti-CD43, 0.13 ± 0.020;
FITC-anti-CD6, 0.13 ± 0.022; anti-CD5 plus FITC-GAMIg, 0.12 ± 0.015; and Cy3-anti-CD5, 0.56 ± 0.043. Corrected FRET
(FRETc) was calculated on a pixel-by-pixel basis for the
entire image by using Equation 1,
Fluorescence Analysis of Cell Conjugates--
T cell-APC
cell conjugates were generated by using V The CD5 and CD6 Surface Receptors Co-precipitate in Normal and
Leukemic Human T Lymphocytes--
The possible membrane association of
CD5 and CD6 was explored by co-immunoprecipitation experiments of
biotin-labeled surface proteins solubilized under different detergent
conditions (either 1% Brij 96 or 1% Nonidet P-40). The presence of
CD6 in CD5 immunoprecipitates was investigated by re-precipitation with
a CD6-specific rabbit polyclonal antiserum. Conversely, a similar
re-precipitation procedure was used to investigate the presence of CD5
in CD6 immunoprecipitates. Experiments performed with the human
leukemic T cell line HUT-78 showed 105-130-kDa bands in CD5
immunoprecipitates from Brij 96 but not Nonidet P-40 lysates (Fig.
1A). No similar
bands were detected after CD6 re-precipitation of HLA class I and CD3
immunoprecipitates from Brij 96 lysates of biotin-labeled HUT-78 cells
(Fig. 1B). The bands observed agreed with the reported
molecular mass of CD6, for which an un-phosphorylated 105-kDa form
exists that rapidly changes to a phosphorylated 130-kDa form by
exposure to serum or activators of protein kinase C (29, 33).
Conversely, a 67-kDa band, probably corresponding to CD5, was observed
after re-precipitating CD6 immunoprecipitates with a CD5-specific
polyclonal antiserum (Fig. 1A). Depletion experiments showed
that removal of either CD5 or CD6 by sequential immunoprecipitations
abrogated the co-precipitation of the two molecules (Fig.
1C), thus confirming that the 67 and 105-130 kDa
bands detected by our polyclonal antisera are specific and almost
certainly correspond to CD5 and CD6, respectively. Further experiments
performed with surface-biotinylated thymocytes and lymph node cells
(Fig. 1D) demonstrated the association of CD5 and CD6 on
normal cell types.
The Association of CD5 and CD6 Is Independent of Co-expression of
Other Lymphocyte Surface Receptors and of the Integrity of the CD5
Intracellular Region--
CD5 is known to associate with other
lymphocyte receptors (CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD9) under Brij
96-mediated cell membrane solubilization conditions (23, 43, 44).
Therefore, we used a heterologous cell environment to investigate
whether CD5 and CD6 co-precipitation was either direct or mediated by
an interposed lymphocyte surface molecule. For this purpose, COS-7
cells were transfected with wild-type CD5 alone or in combination with
wild-type CD6 and then surface-biotinylated before lysis with 1% Brij
96. As shown in Fig. 2, we detected a
130-kDa band in CD5 immune complexes only when the cells were
co-transfected with CD5.WT and CD6.WT. This result indicates that the
bands detected in our re-precipitation studies correspond to CD6 and
that the association of CD5 and CD6 is unlikely to be mediated by other
lymphocyte surface antigens previously reported to be associated with
CD5. The relevance of the intracellular region of CD5 for the
association with CD6 was also investigated by performing similar
re-precipitation studies in COS-7 cells transfected with a cytoplasmic
tail-less CD5 form (CD5.K378Stop). This truncated CD5 form
was also able to co-precipitate CD6 (Fig. 2), indicating that the
deleted cytoplasmic region (from Lys-378 to Leu-471) is dispensable for
the association of CD5 with CD6.
Measurement of CD6 and CD5 Association by FRET--
To circumvent
possible detergent-based artifacts, FRET microscopy analysis, a method
that can detect molecular proximity between two proteins with a
resolution of 10s of Ångstroms, was performed on living lymphocytes
(51). We utilized Cy3-labeled anti-CD5 mAb as acceptor and a series of
FITC-conjugated mAbs against CD6, CD3, and CD43 as donor. The FRET
images obtained for the different pairs of mAbs used are shown in Fig.
3A. Positive FRET between FITC-anti-CD6 and Cy3-anti-CD5 mAbs was found, thus confirming the
association data between CD5 and CD6 deduced by co-precipitation studies. In agreement with previous reports on the physical association of CD5 and the TCR-CD3 complex on the surface of T lymphocytes (42), we
also observed FRET between FITC-anti-CD3 and Cy3-anti-CD5 mAbs. On the
contrary, very low FRET was observed when FITC-anti-CD43 and
Cy3-anti-CD5 mAbs were used, which agrees with our data showing lack of
co-capping between CD5 and CD43 molecules (data not shown). As a
control of optimal energy transfer, we included Cy3-anti-CD5 cross-linked with FITC-GAMIg. The efficiency of energy transference between FITC and Cy3 fluorochromes measured by calculating the sensitized FRET signal (FRETc) on a pixel-by-pixel basis is
shown in Fig. 3B. The highest median Ea
value was observed by cross-linking Cy3-anti-CD5 with FITC-GAMIg. The
median Ea values obtained for the combination of the
Cy3-anti-CD5 plus FITC-anti-CD6 mAbs and Cy3-anti-CD5 plus FITC-anti-CD3 mAbs were similar and reached statistical significance when compared with the combination used as negative control
(Cy3-anti-CD5 plus FITC-anti-CD43 mAbs) (Fig. 3B). Taken
together, our FRET data indicate that CD5 is in close proximity not
only with CD3 but also with CD6. The proportion of CD3 and CD6
molecules that associate with CD5 was estimated as 18 and 12%,
respectively, from the numerical data presented in Fig. 3B
(assuming 100% association for FITC-GAMIg/Cy3- CD5 and CD6 Partially Co-cap and Localize at the Immunological
Synapse--
To confirm further that CD5 physically associates with
CD6 on the lymphocyte surface, we examined the ability of the two
molecules to co-cap using double immunofluorescence.
Co-capping was explored by incubating cells with biotin-labeled
mAbs plus TR-SAv for 30 min at 37 °C, followed by fixation and
staining with FITC-conjugated mAbs. As shown in Fig.
4A, partial co-capping of CD5
and CD6 was observed independently of the direction explored. On the
contrary, no co-capping of CD43 was found with CD6 (Fig. 4A)
and CD5 (data not shown). The predicted presence of CD3 molecules on
the caps induced with anti-CD5 mAbs (42) was confirmed (Fig.
4A).
Next, we explored whether the down-modulation of the surface expression
of one of the antigens (CD5 or CD6) reduced the surface expression of
the other. For these purposes, lymphocytes were left overnight at
37 °C in the presence or absence of unlabeled specific mAbs
cross-linked with FITC-GAMIg. This resulted in complete loss of the
corresponding antigen as assessed by comparing the green florescence
emission (FL1) of mAb-modulated cells with that of unmodulated cells
(data not shown). Then the cells were stained with biotinylated
specific mAbs plus Tricolor-SAv and analyzed for red fluorescence
(FL3). As shown in Fig. 4B, a reduction in CD5 surface
expression of CD6-modulated cells was observed, compared with that of
unmodulated cells. Similarly, a reduction in CD6 expression was also
observed after mAb-induced modulation of CD5 (Fig. 4B).
Taken together, the co-capping and co-modulation results further extend
our evidence on the physical association of CD5 and CD6 on the membrane
of lymphocytes.
The recruitment of the CD5 and CD6 receptors to the same cap structures
might be a nonspecific process related to membrane flow and cell
motility. Therefore we decided to investigate the localization of the
two molecules on more physiological supramolecular activation clusters
(SMACs) formed at the interface of physical contact between
T cells and APCs, also known as immunological synapse (IS). APC-T cell
conjugates between Raji B cells and J77c120 Jurkat T cells were
generated in the presence or absence of superantigen SEE. At 30 min,
the localization of CD5 or CD6 at the cell interface was studied by
staining with specific mAb plus FITC-GAMIg. As shown in Fig.
4C, both CD5 and CD6 accumulated at the contact zone between
J77c120 and Raji cells in an antigen-specific manner. These data
indicate that the association of CD5 and CD6 detected in resting
lymphocytes is maintained when highly specialized and functionally
relevant structures, such as IS, are formed.
Lymphocytes express numerous receptors, which continuously
engage with ligands on cell surfaces. Some of these receptor/ligand pairs have co-stimulatory or inhibitory capacity. The dynamic cross-talk between these receptors ultimately governs the cell activation state. The present report shows that a fraction of the CD5
and CD6 lymphocyte receptors associate at the membrane of resting cells
(thymocytes, lymph node cells, and PBL), likely constituting a
functional unit. This is the first reported association for CD6 and
provides further evidence on the relationship existing between the
physiology of CD5 and CD6, not only at structural but also at
functional level. Importantly, this association seems to be maintained
following lymphocyte activation because they co-localize when more
ordered structures, such as caps, are formed at the lymphocyte
membrane. The cap structures consist of the assembly of receptors and
signaling molecules involved in lymphocyte activation, which resembles
that of SMACs at the interfaces of physical contact between T cells and
APCs (54). Although the biological significance of caps is
questionable, that of the SMACs is indubitable. It is the TCR-mediated
stimulation following contact between TCRs and major histocompatibility
complex ligands expressed on APCs that leads to the formation of SMACs
(54). Thus, accumulation of CD5 and CD6 at this structure implies a
relevant role for these molecules in the signaling processes taking
place during T cell activation and differentiation. This is not
surprising because both CD5 and CD6 have cytoplasmic tails that are
well adapted for signal transduction. Furthermore, co-stimulatory
properties on mature T cells have been reported for both molecules.
Similarly, the certain role played by CD5 in thymocyte selection is
probably shared by CD6, as deduced from the already available evidence (40).
During lymphocyte maturation, developing T cell precursors are in
continuous contact with stromal cells of the thymic microenvironment, and this physical contact is crucial for differentiation and selection. In this regard, it is known that both CD5 and CD6 are coordinately expressed from early (pro-T and double negative) stages of thymocyte development (22, 40) and possess ligands expressed on thymic epithelial
cells (26, 37, 38). This fact, together with the association data
herein reported, may indicate that CD5 and CD6 are also functionally
linked to influence thymocyte development and selection. This situation
would be reminiscent of that reported previously (24) for CD2 and CD5.
Both molecules present a similar pattern of expression during T cell
ontogeny (40), have been reported to be associated independently of CD3
(23), and have synergistic effects on thymocyte-positive selection
(24). Therefore, the availability in the future of single (CD6) and
double (CD5/CD6)-deficient mice would help to confirm the possible
functional linkage existing between CD5 and CD6 during intrathymic
selection and to demonstrate whether they are connected with a common
signaling pathway. Thus, if confirmed, it might indicate that redundant
functional units (CD5/CD2 and CD5/CD6) are used to securely drive the
thymocyte selection process. This could explain why the extracellular
region of CD5 is dispensable for the CD5-mediated down-regulation of TCR signaling during thymocyte development (25). Although intact, the
extracellular regions of CD2 and/or CD6 would interact with their
respective ligands at the thymus and co-engage signals delivered through the associated CD5 molecules. In fact the deletion of the
extracellular region of CD5 does not abrogate its association with CD2
(55).
The data presented here indicate that the association of CD5 and CD6 is
independent of both the co-expression of other lymphocyte receptors and
most of the cytoplasmic region of CD5. These results, however, do not
completely rule out the existence of interactions mediated through the
cytoplasmic region, and further experiments are needed to fully map the
CD5 and CD6 regions involved in this association. Interestingly, it has
been reported recently (55) that the association of CD2 with CD5 is
held at both the intra- and extracellular levels, and this could also
be true in the association of CD5 and CD6. Our results also do not
preclude that CD6 could associate independently with other lymphocyte
surface receptors. This is illustrated by CD5, which has been reported
to associate independently with CD2 and CD3 (23) and, herein, with CD6.
The composition and organization of the plasma membrane is not
homogenous, and these independent associations could take place
at different membrane compartments, such as lipid rafts (56). Indeed,
it has been reported that a fraction of CD5 molecules resides in T cell
rafts (57). Our preliminary data, however, indicate that pretreatment
of lymphocytes with methyl- In conclusion, the association of CD5 and CD6 suggests that both
molecules may act coordinately during activation and/or differentiation of T lymphocytes by providing either similar or complementary intracellular signals. CD5 and CD6 share very similar extracellular regions but little homologous intracellular regions. Therefore, it can
be hypothesized that they could recruit different signaling elements.
The two molecules are rapidly phosphorylated on serine/threonine and
tyrosine residues following engagement of the TCR-CD3 complex and then
may interact with different intracytoplasmic molecules. Although not
completely understood, the CD5 signaling pathway has been extensively
studied (10). On the contrary, there is still limited information
available on CD6-mediated signaling. Thus, in light of the present
report, it would be interesting to study not only the signaling
capabilities of CD6 but also the possible cross-talk mechanisms
existing between CD5 and CD6.
INTRODUCTION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
activation) of the T cell receptor
(TCR)-mediated signal, during CD5-mediated differentiation of double
positive thymocytes (20, 21). The influence of CD5 in the selection
process of developing thymocytes has been shown to depend on the
TCR/major histocompatibility complex/ligand affinity (15, 17, 18).
This, together with the fact that CD5 surface expression is
developmentally regulated by TCR signals and TCR avidity (22), has led
to the notion that CD5 functions to fine-tune TCR signaling (18).
Whether this tuning is achieved by CD5 alone or in conjunction with
other lymphocyte receptors remains to be ascertained. Recently, the
synergistic effect on thymocyte-positive selection of the null
mutations of CD5 and CD2, two associated molecules (23), has been
reported (24). The identity and the role played by the CD5 ligand(s)
are also a matter of controversy (2, 25). A good candidate is, however,
gp150 (26), a broadly distributed receptor that is expressed on thymic
epithelial cells.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Reverse
Transcriptase (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's instructions.
The GST-CD6cy construct codes for a fusion protein was composed of the
GST protein fused in-frame to the CD6 cytoplasmic region (from Lys-427
to Ala-688). This was done by PCR amplification of CD6 cDNA with
the sense/antisense oligonucleotide pair,
5'-AGCAGTCGACGAAAGGAAAATATGCCCTCCCCGTA-3' and
5'-AAGAATGCGGCCGCTAGGCTGCGCTGATGTCATCGT-3', and further cloning into
SalI- and NotI-restricted (Fermentas MBI,
Vilnius, Lithuania) pGEX 4T2 expression vector (Amersham Biosciences AB).
APr-1-neo mammalian expression vector. The extracellular portion of CD6 was obtained by PCR amplification using the
5'-TCTCGTCGACATGTGGCTCTTCTTCGGGAT-3' and
5'-AACTTCTTTGGGGATGGTGATGGG-3' primers and the CD6-PB1
cDNA sequence cloned into pBJneo as a template (47). The
intracellular region of CD6 was obtained by PCR amplification of HUT78
cDNA with the 5'-GTCACTATAGAATCTTCTGTG-3' and
5'-AAAGGATCCCTAGGCTGCGCTGATGTCATC-3' primers. The generation of
expression constructs coding for CD5.WT and CD5.K384stop
molecules has been described elsewhere (48).
where FRET, FITC, and Cy3 correspond to background-subtracted
images of cells labeled with FITC- and Cy3-conjugated antibodies acquired through the FRET, FITC, and Cy3 channels, respectively. Images
of FRETc intensity were renormalized according to a lookup
table where the minimum and maximum values are displayed as blue and
red, respectively. Mean FRETc values were calculated from
mean fluorescence intensities for each of the 10 regions of interest
(ROI) selected from 5 different cells according to Equation 1. The
apparent efficiency (Ea) of FRET was calculated
according to Equation 2,
(Eq. 1)
where FRETc and Cy3 are the mean intensities of
FRETc and Cy3 in the selected regions of interest. These
calculations allowed Ea to be <0. All calculations
were performed using the Image Processing Leica confocal software and
Microsoft Excel. The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS
statistical software (Chicago, IL). The results are graphed showing the
mean ± S.D. and percentiles 25 and 75. Statistical differences
between groups were tested using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test.
A value of p < 0.001 was taken to indicate statistical significance.
(Eq. 2)
8 TCR-expressing Jurkat
cells (J77c120) and the human B cell line Raji in the presence or
absence of SEE as described previously (52). Jurkat J77 cells were
loaded with 10 µM CMAC for 20 min at 37 °C. Raji cells
(5 × 106 cell/ml) were resuspended in Hanks'
balanced salt solution and incubated for 20 min in the presence or
absence of 5 µg/ml of SEE. J77 cells (5 × 104
cell/well) were mixed with an equal number of Raji cells in a final
volume of 600 µl and incubated for 30 min before plating onto PLL-coated slides in flat-bottomed 24-well plates (Costar Corp.).
Cells were allowed to settle for 10 min at 37 °C, fixed for 5 min in
PBS 2% formaldehyde, and blocked with 100 µg/ml human IgG (Sigma)
before staining with the appropriated mAb plus FITC-GAMIg. Cells were
observed by a DMR photomicroscope (Leica) with ×63 and 100 oil
immersion objectives. Images were acquired using the Leica QFISH 1.0 software. Conjugates were first identified by directly observing both
cell morphologies under differential interference contrast and blue
fluorescent CMAC-labeled J77 cells.
RESULTS
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
View larger version (23K):
[in a new window]
Fig. 1.
CD6 and CD5 co-precipitates from Brij 96 lysates of normal and leukemic human T cells. A,
co-precipitation of CD5 and CD6 from human leukemic T cells. 25 × 106 HUT-78 cells were surface-biotinylated and lysed with
either 1% Nonidet P-40 or Brij 96 lysis buffer. CD5 and CD6 proteins
were immunoprecipitated (Ip) using specific mAbs (Cris-1 and
161.8, respectively) and re-precipitated (Re-Ip) with rabbit
polyclonal antisera specific for either CD5 or CD6. Re-precipitates
were run in 8% SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and transferred to
nitrocellulose. Biotinylated proteins were detected by HRP-SAv and
enhanced chemiluminescence and exposure to x-ray films. B,
specific association of CD5 and CD6. Brij 96 lysates from 25 × 106 surface-biotinylated HUT-78 cells were
immunoprecipitated with specific mAbs for HLA class I (W6-32), CD3-
(33-2A3), CD5 (Cris-1), and CD6 (161.8) and re-precipitated with
specific rabbit polyclonal antisera for CD6 as in A. Biotinylated proteins were run and detected as described above.
C, CD5 and CD6 depletion experiments. Samples of
surface-biotinylated HUT-78 cells (50 × 106) were
lysed in 1% Brij 96 lysis buffer, split in two, and then subjected to several rounds
(1, 3, and 8 times) of immunoprecipitation with either anti-CD6 (161.8)
or anti-CD5 (Cris-1) mAbs. A second immunoprecipitation with either
anti-CD5 or anti-CD6 mAbs was carried out only in the indicated
samples. All the immunoprecipitates were re-precipitated with rabbit
polyclonal antisera against either CD6 or CD5. Detection of
biotinylated proteins in re-precipitates was done by HRP-SAv and
enhanced chemiluminescence after running in 8% SDS-PAGE under reducing
conditions and subsequent transfer to nitrocellulose membranes.
D, co-precipitation of CD5 and CD6 in thymocytes and lymph
node cells. Samples of thymocytes (2 × 108) and lymph
node cells (1 × 108) were surface-biotinylated and
analyzed as described in A.
View larger version (19K):
[in a new window]
Fig. 2.
Co-transfection experiments of COS-7
cells. COS-7 cells were transiently transfected with expression
constructs for wild-type CD6 (CD6.WT) and CD5 (CD5.WT), and a tail-less
CD5 form (CD5.K378Stop), either alone or in combination.
Transfected cells were surface-biotinylated, lysed with 1% Brij 96, and subjected to CD5 immunoprecipitation (Cris-1 mAb). Immune complexes
were eluted and then re-precipitated with polyclonal rabbit anti-CD6
serum. Detection of biotinylated proteins was done by HRP-SAv and
enhanced chemiluminescence after running in 8% SDS-PAGE under reducing
conditions and subsequent transfer to nitrocellulose membranes.
CD5 and background
levels for FITC-
CD43/Cy3-
CD5 Ea values). This
estimate is in agreement with data reported previously showing that
10-20% of CD5 associates with CD3 in human T lymphocytes (53).
View larger version (20K):
[in a new window]
Fig. 3.
Detection of CD5 and CD6 association
by FRET. A, PBLs were simultaneously stained with
Cy3-conjugated (acceptor) anti-CD5 mAb and FITC-conjugated (donor)
antibodies against either CD3, CD6, CD43, or mouse immunoglobulins
(GAMIg). FRETc images were obtained as described under
"Material and Methods" and presented as pseudocolor
intensity-modulated images. alufi, arbitrary linear
units of fluorescence intensity. Bar, 2 µm.
B, the apparent efficiencies of energy transference
between FITC and Cy3, Ea, were calculated for
several cell membrane regions (regions of interest). The median
Ea values ± S.D. are presented and graphed
indicating the 25 and 75 percentiles. Asterisk indicates
statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) as
deduced from the Mann-Whitney test.
View larger version (26K):
[in a new window]
Fig. 4.
Association of CD5 and CD6 on supramolecular
membrane structures. A, co-capping of CD5 and CD6. PBLs
were induced to cap at 37 °C with biotinylated (b) mAbs
plus TR-SAv. At time 0 and 30 min, the cells were washed with ice-cold
PBS/azide and stained with the indicated FITC-conjugated mAbs. The
images show the red (TR) and green
(FITC) fluorescence. B, co-modulation of CD5 and
CD6. Lymph node cells were subjected to CD5 or CD6 mAb-induced
modulation by overnight incubation at 37 °C plus FITC-GAMIg. At the
end of the incubation period cells were stained with biotinylated
(b) mAbs against CD5 or CD6 plus Tricolor-SAv and subjected
to flow cytometry analysis. The histograms show the red
fluorescence (FL3, in log scale) of modulated (gray
line) and un-modulated (black line) cells with anti-CD6
(left) and anti-CD5 (right) mAbs. C,
localization of CD5 and CD6 in T cell-APC conjugates. Raji cells were
incubated with or without 5 µg/ml of SEE and mixed with Jurkat J77
cells probed with CMAC. After 30 min of incubation, cell conjugates
were adhered to PLL-coated coverslips, fixed, and stained (in
green) for CD5 and CD6. The corresponding differential
interference contrast images were superimposed on the blue staining of
J77 cells.
DISCUSSION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
-cyclodextrin, which disrupts lipid rafts
microdomains, does not abrogate the association of CD5 with CD6.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
---|
We thank Carles Serra-Pagès for assistance with art graphics and Maria Rosa Sarriàs for critical reading and reviewing of the manuscript. We thank Dr. J. R. Parnes for kindly providing the PBJneo-CD6-PB1 construct.
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FOOTNOTES |
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* This work was supported in part by Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología Grant SAF 2001-1832 and Comissió Interdepartamental de Reserca i Innovació Tecnològica Grant 2001SGR 00388.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
§ Recipient of Premio Fin de Residencia Emili Letang fellowship from the Hospital Clínic.
¶ Recipient of fellowship from Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer.
** Recipient of fellowship from FIS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer.
¶¶ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic i Provincial de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain. Tel.: 34-93-4544920; Fax: 34-93-4518038; E-mail: lozano@medicina.ub.es.
Published, JBC Papers in Press, December 8, 2002, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M209591200
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ABBREVIATIONS |
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The abbreviations used are: SRCR, scavenger receptor cysteine-rich; mAb, monoclonal antibody; TCR, T cell receptor; PBL, peripheral blood lymphocytes; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; Cy3, cyanine 3; FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer; GST, glutathione S-transferase; FCS, fetal calf serum; TR, Texas Red; PLL, poly-L-lysine; SEE, staphylococcal enterotoxin E; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; CMAC, chloromethyl derivate of aminocoumarin; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; Abs, antibodies; SAv, streptavidin; SMACs, supramolecular activation clusters; APC, antigen present cell.
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