From the Cardiovascular Research Group, Departments of Physiology & Biophysics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
Received for publication, October 28, 2002
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ABSTRACT |
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The 12.6-kDa FK506-binding protein
(FKBP12.6) interacts with the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) and
modulates its channel function. However, the molecular basis of
FKBP12.6-RyR2 interaction is poorly understood. To investigate the
significance of the isoleucine-proline (residues 2427-2428) dipeptide
epitope, which is thought to form an essential part of the FKBP12.6
binding site in RyR2, we generated single and double mutants, P2428Q,
I2427E/P2428A, and P2428A/L2429E, expressed them in HEK293 cells, and
assessed their ability to bind GST-FKBP12.6. None of these mutations
abolished GST-FKBP12.6 binding, indicating that this
isoleucine-proline motif is unlikely to form the core of the
FKBP12.6 binding site in RyR2. To systematically define the molecular
determinants of FKBP12.6 binding, we constructed a series of internal
and NH2- and COOH-terminal deletion mutants of RyR2
and examined the effect of these deletions on GST-FKBP12.6 binding.
These deletion analyses revealed that the first 305 NH2-terminal residues and COOH-terminal residues 1937-4967
are not essential for GST-FKBP12.6 binding, whereas multiple sequences
within a large region between residues 305 and 1937 are required for
GST-FKBP12.6 interaction. Furthermore, an NH2-terminal
fragment containing the first 1937 residues is sufficient for
GST-FKBP12.6 binding. Co-expression of overlapping NH2 and
COOH-terminal fragments covering the entire sequence of RyR2 produced
functional channels but did not restore GST-FKBP12.6 binding. These
data suggest that FKBP12.6 binding is likely to be
conformationdependent. Binding of FKBP12.6 to the
NH2-terminal domain may play a role in stabilizing the conformation of this region.
Ryanodine receptors
(RyRs)1 are intracellular
Ca2+ channels located in the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum
of muscle and nonmuscle cells. They govern the release of
Ca2+ from intracellular stores and play an essential role
in various cellular processes including muscle contraction,
fertilization, secretion, and apoptosis (1). These channels are
regulated by a number of protein modulators, such as the 12- and
12.6-kDa FK506-binding proteins (FKBP12 and FKBP12.6) (2-6). FKBP12 is tightly associated with the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1)
predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle (7), whereas FKBP12.6 is
selectively associated with the type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2) mainly
expressed in cardiac muscle and in the brain (8, 9). The type 3 ryanodine receptor (RyR3), which is expressed at relatively low levels
in a variety of tissues, has also been shown to be capable of
interacting with both FKBP12 and FKBP12.6 (10). The interactions
between FKBP and RyR are believed to be involved in the stabilization of the full conductance state (11), channel gating (12), and modulating
the sensitivity to Ca2+ activation of RyR (13, 14).
Alterations in these interactions have been implicated in
cardiomyopathy (15), cardiac hypertrophy (16), and heart failure (17,
18).
Given the important roles of FKBPs in RyR regulation, a number of
studies have focused on the structural basis of FKBP-RyR interactions,
and some insights into the molecular determinants of FKBP binding have
recently been revealed (10, 12, 14, 19-21). Using the yeast two-hybrid
technique, it has been shown that a 114-amino acid region containing
residues 2497-2520 of RyR1 interacts with FKBP12. An analogous region
in the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) has also been shown
to bind FKBP12 (19). This 114-amino acid fragment contains a
valine-proline (residues 2461 and 2462) dipeptide epitope thought to be
the FKBP12 binding motif in RyR1 (19), and its significance in FKBP12
binding to the intact full-length RyR1 protein has been confirmed.
Mutations of valine 2461 to glycine, glutamate, or isoleucine eliminate FKBP12 binding to RyR1 (12). This valine-proline dipeptide motif is
conserved in RyR3, where mutation of the corresponding valine to
aspartate also diminishes FKBP12 binding (10). These observations demonstrate that the valine-proline motif is essential for FKBP12 interaction with RyR1 and RyR3.
In the corresponding location of RyR2, the valine-proline motif is
replaced with isoleucine-proline. The role of this motif in FKBP12.6
binding to RyR2 has not yet been defined. Using the yeast two-hybrid
method, Marx et al. (14) reported that a 136-amino acid
fragment of the human RyR2 containing residues 2361-2496 interacted
with FKBP12.6 and that this interaction was inhibited by rapamycin, a
drug known to dissociate FKBP12.6 from RyR2. Based on these
observations, Marx et al. (14) proposed that the FKBP12.6 binding site is defined by isoleucine 2427 and proline 2428, analogous to the FKBP12 binding motif in IP3Rs, RyR1, and RyR3. However, contradictory to this proposal and the observations by Marx et al. (14), recent studies by Zissimopoulos and Lai (21) using the
yeast two-hybrid and immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that of
the 10 overlapping fragments covering the entire sequence of human
RyR2, none interacted with FKBP12.6. Using the same assay, they were,
however, able to observe interactions between the cytoplasmic domain of
the type 1 tumor growth factor- In the present study, we investigated the significance of the
isoleucine-proline motif in FKBP12.6 interaction with RyR2. Using a
GST-FKBP12.6 pull-down assay, we found that mutations of this motif did
not prevent GST-FKBP12.6 from binding to RyR2, in contrast to
observations with RyR1 and RyR3. This prompted us to conduct systematic
studies to define the FKBP12.6 binding site in RyR2. Through internal,
NH2-terminal, and COOH-terminal deletion analysis, we
showed that the first 1937 NH2-terminal residues are
sufficient for GST-FKBP12.6 binding, whereas the last ~3000
COOH-terminal residues encompassing the proposed FKBP12.6 binding motif
are neither required nor sufficient for GST-FKBP12.6 binding. In
addition, we demonstrated that multiple regions within the
NH2-terminal domain are required for GST-FKBP12.6
interaction. Furthermore, co-expression of overlapping NH2
and COOH-terminal fragments led to the formation of functional RyR
channels but did not reconstitute the GST-FKBP12.6 binding site. These
observations suggest that FKBP12.6 binding may be
conformation-dependent.
Materials--
Restriction endonucleases and DNA-modifying
enzymes were purchased from New England Biolabs Inc. The anti-c-Myc
antibody was kindly provided by the Immunology Core Facilities at the
Wadsworth Center of the New York State Department of Health. Soybean
phosphatidylcholine was obtained from Avanti Polar Lipid. CHAPS and
other reagents were purchased from Sigma.
Cell Culture and DNA Transfection--
HEK293 cells were
maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium as described
previously (22). HEK293 cells grown on 100-mm tissue culture dishes for
18-20 h after subculture were transfected with 6-12 µg of wild type
or mutant RyR cDNAs using Ca2+ phosphate precipitation
(23).
Site-directed Mutagenesis--
The point mutation, RyR2
(I4827T), was produced as described previously (24). Mutations in the
proposed FKBP12.6 binding motif, P2428Q, I2427E/P2428A, and
P2428A/L2429E, were generated by the overlap extension method using PCR
(25). A BamHI (7065)-HpaI (7581) fragment
containing the single point mutation, P2428Q, or double mutations,
I2427E/P2428A or P2428A/L2429E, was used to replace the corresponding
fragment in the wild type EcoRV (6439)-EcoRV (13,873) fragment. The mutated EcoRV (6439)-EcoRV
(13,873) fragment was subsequently ligated to the full-length mouse
RyR2 cDNA. The "outer" primers used were
5'-GGTAATGGTCTCCTTGCA-3' (forward) and 5'-TCTATGGAGTCCCGCTGA-3'
(reverse). The primers used for mutation P2428Q were
5'-ATCTCTAATTCAATTGGGAGACTTG-3' (forward) and
5'-TCTCCCAATTGAATTAGAGATCGC-3' (reverse). The primers used for
mutations I2427E/P2428A were 5'-CGATCTCTGGAGGCATTGGGAGACTTG-3' (forward) and 5'-GTCTCCCAATGCCTCCAGAGATCGCAA-3' (reverse). The primers
used for mutations P2428A/L2429E were 5'-TCTCTGATTGCAGAGGGAGACTTGGTG-3' (forward) and 5'-CAAGTCTCCCTCTGCAATCAGAGATCG-3' (reverse).
Construction of Internal Deletion Mutants of RyR2--
The
full-length mouse RyR2 cDNA was digested with HpaI, and
the HpaI (7581)-HpaI (14,304) fragment was
discarded, whereas the remaining fragment was self-ligated to form the
deletion mutant D2530-4770. To generate the deletion mutant
D1636-4414, the RyR2 cDNA was digested with Bsu36I, the
Bsu36I (4900)-Bsu36I (13,237) fragment was
discarded, and the remaining fragment self-ligated. The full-length
RyR2 cDNA was digested with Bsu36I and HpaI,
followed by Klenow treatment to blunt the digested DNA ends. The
blunted RyR2 cDNA fragment containing the pcDNA3 plasmid was
ligated with the HpaI (7581)-HpaI (14,304)
fragment to form the D1636-2530 deletion mutant. The BamHI
(7065)-HpaI (7581) fragment was removed form the
EcoRV (6439)-EcoRV (13,873) fragment by digestion
with BamHI and HpaI, blunting with Klenow, and
self-ligating. This modified EcoRV (6439)-EcoRV
(13,873) fragment was then used to replace the corresponding fragment
in the full length RyR2 to produce the deletion mutant D2358-2530. To
construct the D2150-2358 deletion mutant, the BamHI
(7065)-EcoRV (13,873) fragment was removed from the RyR2
cDNA, blunted with Klenow, and used to replace the EcoRV
(6439)-EcoRV (13,873) fragment in the full-length RyR2 cDNA. A Bsu36I (4900)-EcoRV (introduced at
position 5811) fragment was generated by PCR using primers
5'-GATCCTCTGCAGTTCATGTCCCTC-3' (forward) and
5'-ATGATATCGTCTTGGAGTTTAGCTACAAAGTCA-3' (reverse). This
Bsu36I (4900)-EcoRV (5811) fragment was used to
replace the Bsu36I (4900)-EcoRV (13,873) fragment
in the full-length RyR2. The missing EcoRV
(6439)-EcoRV (13,873) fragment was then added back to form
the D1937-2150 deletion mutant. Similarly, to construct the
D1636-1937 deletion mutant, a Bsu36I (introduced at
5811)-EcoRV (6439) fragment was produced by PCR using the
primers 5'-TACCTGAGGACAACCAACGGTTCAGGTATAATGAAG-3' (forward) and
5'-TCCATCACTGTCTCATGCATCCC-3' (reverse). This Bsu36I (5811)-EcoRV (6439) fragment was used to replace the
Bsu36I (4900)-EcoRV (13,873) fragment in the
full-length RyR2. The missing EcoRV (6439)-EcoRV (13,873) fragment was then added back. A
KpnI-Bsu36I adaptor, formed by annealing two
primers, 5'-CATAGACCC-3' (forward) and 5'-TCAGGGTCTATGGTAC-3'
(reverse), was ligated with the KpnI
(3823)-Bsu36I (13237) fragment containing the pcDNA3
vector. The missing Bsu36I (4900)-Bsu36I (13237)
fragment was then added back to form the D1274-1636 deletion mutant.
By the same approach, a XhoI-KpnI adaptor, formed
by two primers, 5'-TCGAGAGCCGAGGATGGTAC-3' (forward) and
5'-CATCCTCGGCTC-3' (reverse), was used to delete the XhoI (3216)-KpnI (3823) fragment in order to generate the
deletion mutant D1072-1274; a ClaI-XhoI adaptor,
formed by two primers, 5'-CGATGGCGCC-3' (forward) and
5'-TCGAGGCGCCAT-3' (reverse), was used to remove the ClaI
(2350)-XhoI (3216) fragment to form the D784-1072 deletion
mutant; and an AflII-ClaI adaptor, formed by two
primers, 5'-TTAAGCCTCAT-3' (forward) and 5'-CGATGAGGC-3' (reverse), was
used to replace the AflII (915)-ClaI (2350)
fragment to produce the deletion mutant D305-784.
Construction of NH2-terminal Deletion Mutants of
RyR2--
An NheI-AflII adaptor was generated by
annealing two primers, 5'-CTAGCAGCGCGGAGCCATGGCTGATTAC-3' (forward) and
5'-TTAAGTAATCAGCCATGGCTCCGCGCTG-3' (reverse). The full-length mouse
RyR2 cDNA was digested with NheI and AflII.
The NheI (vector)-AflII (915) fragment was
discarded, and the remaining fragment was ligated with the
NheI-AflII adaptor to form the
NH2-terminal deletion mutant D305. Similarly, an
NheI-ClaI adaptor, formed by two primers,
5'-CTAGCCGGAGCCATGGCTGATAT-3' (forward) and
5'-CGATATCAGCCATGGCTCCGG-3' (reverse) was used to replace the
NheI (vector)-ClaI (2350) fragment in the
full-length RyR2 cDNA to form the deletion mutant D784. In order to
generate the D1072 NH2-terminal deletion mutant, an
NheI-XhoI adaptor, formed by two primers,
5'-CTAGCCGGAGCCATGGCTGATGCC-3' (forward) and
5'-TCGAGGCATCAGCCATGGCTCCGG-3' (reverse), was used to replace the
NheI (vector)-XhoI (8501) fragment. The missing
XhoI (3216)-XhoI (8501) fragment was then added
back. To obtain the D1636 NH2-terminal deletion mutant, an
NheI-Bsu36I adaptor, formed by two primers, 5'-CTAGCCGGAGCCATGGCTGATCC-3' (forward) and
5'-TCAGGATCAGCCATGGCTCCGG-3' (reverse), was used to replace the
NheI (vector)-Bsu36I (13,237) fragment. The
missing Bsu36I (4900)-Bsu36I (13,237) fragment
was then added back. An NheI-EcoRV adaptor,
formed by two primers, 5'-CTAGCCGGAGCCATGGCTGAT-3' (forward) and
5'-ATCAGCCATGGCTCCGG-3' (reverse), was used to replace the
NheI (vector)-EcoRV (13,873) fragment. The
missing EcoRV (6439)-EcoRV (13,873) fragment was then added back, producing the D2150 NH2-terminal deletion mutant.
Construction of COOH-terminal Deletion Mutants of RyR2--
The
BsiWI (8864)-NotI (vector) fragment in the
pcDNA3 plasmid was digested with HpaI and ligated with a
linker containing a stop codon, 5'-CTAGCTAG-3'. The BsiWI
(8864)-NotI (vector) fragment containing the inserted stop
linker was then used to replace the corresponding fragment in the
full-length RyR2 cDNA to yield the 1-4770 COOH-terminal deletion
mutant. Similarly, a stop linker, 5'-GTAGCTAC-3' was inserted into the
Bsu36I (position 13,237) site after being cut and blunted by
Klenow treatment to form the 1-4114 deletion mutant. A stop linker,
5'-TAGTGATCACTA-3', was inserted into the SalI site
(introduced at 11,821) after being cut and blunted by Klenow treatment
to form the 1-3940 COOH-terminal deletion mutant. The 1-2958
COOH-terminal deletion mutant was constructed by inserting a stop
linker, 5'-TAGTGATCACTA-3', into the BsiwI (8864) site after
being cut and blunted by Klenow treatment in the full-length RyR2
cDNA. An NheI (vector)-BsiWI (8864) fragment in pcDNA3 was digested with HpaI and ligated with a stop
linker, 5'-CTAGCTAG-3', yielding the 1-2531 COOH-terminal deletion
mutant. Similarly, a stop linker, 5'-TAGTGATCACTA-3', was inserted into the EcoRV (6439) site, forming the 1-2150 COOH-terminal
deletion mutant. PCR was used to introduce a stop codon after residue
1937. The forward primer used is 5'-GATCCTCTGCAGTTCATGTCCCTC-3'. The reverse primer containing a stop codon followed by an EcoRV
site is 5'-GATATCCTAGTCTTGGAGTTTAGCTACAA-3' (1937-stop). The
Bsu36I (4900)-EcoRV (introduced after the stop
codon) PCR fragment was used to replace the Bsu36I
(4900)-EcoRV (13,873) fragment in the full-length RyR2
cDNA to yield the 1-1937 COOH-terminal deletion mutant. In order
to produce the 1-1636 COOH-terminal deletion mutant, a stop linker,
5'-GTAGCTAC-3', was inserted into the Bsu36I (4900) site
after being cut and blunted by Klenow treatment. To construct the
1-1072 and 1-531 COOH-terminal deletion mutants, a stop linker,
5'-AGTGATCACT-3', was inserted into the XhoI (3216) and
EcoRI (1590) sites, respectively, after being cut and
blunted by Klenow treatment. All point mutations and deletions were
confirmed by DNA sequencing.
GST-FKBP12.6 Pull-down, Immunoprecipitation, and Immunoblotting
Analyses--
Cell lysates from 5-10 dishes (100 mm in diameter) of
transfected HEK293 cells, prepared as described previously (26), were incubated with glutathione-Sepharose (30 µl) that was prewashed with
PBS (137 mM NaCl, 8 mM
Na2HPO4, 1.5 mM
KH2PO4, and 2.7 mM KCl) and
prebound with 100 µg of GST-FKBP12.6 or protein G-Sepharose (30 µl)
that was prewashed with PBS and prebound with 10 µg of anti-c-Myc
antibody at 4 °C for 17-19 h. The glutathione-Sepharose and the
protein G-Sepharose beads were washed with ice-cold lysis buffer (25 mM Tris, 50 mM Hepes (pH 7.4), 137 mM NaCl, 1% CHAPS, 0.5% soybean phosphatidylcholine, 2.5 mM dithiothreitol, 1 mM benzamidine, 2 µg/ml
leupeptin, 2 µg/ml pepstatin A, 2 µg/ml aprotinin, and 0.5 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) three times, each time for 10 min. The proteins bound to the Sepharose beads were solubilized by the addition of 30 µl of 2× Laemmli's sample buffer (27) plus
5% Ca2+ Release Measurements in Transfected HEK293
Cells--
Free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in
transfected HEK293 cells was measured with the fluorescence
Ca2+ indicator dye fluo-3-AM as described previously
(29).
Mutations in the Proposed FKBP12.6 Binding Motif Do Not Abolish
GST-FKBP12.6-RyR2 Interaction--
It has been shown that mutating the
proline at position 1401 in IP3R into glutamine or alanine abolishes
FKBP12 binding (19). To determine the significance of the equivalent
proline in RyR2 to FKBP12.6 binding, we mutated proline 2428 to
glutamine (P2428Q). As shown in Fig. 1,
both the wild type RyR2 (RyR2 (wt)) and the P2428Q mutant
were pulled down by GST-FKBP12.6 (lanes 1 and
2) but not by GST (not shown), indicating that the P2428Q
mutation does not abolish FKBP12.6 binding to RyR2, in contrast to
observations with IP3R. It has also been shown that mutations of valine
2461 in RyR1 or valine 2327 in RyR3 abolish FKBP12 binding and that leucine 195 after the leucine-proline motif in the tumor growth factor- Multiple Regions within Residues 305-1937 in RyR2 Are Required for
GST-FKBP12.6 Binding--
To identify regions in RyR2 that are
essential for FKBP12.6 binding, we carried out a systematic deletion
analysis. As shown in Fig. 2, deletion of
amino acid residues 2530-4770 (construct 2) did not remove
GST-FKBP12.6 binding, whereas deletion of residues 1636-4414
(construct 3) did, suggesting that a region between 1636-2530 is
required for FKBP12.6 binding. In line with this suggestion, deletion
of this region (1636-2530, construct 4) also abolished GST-FKBP12.6
binding (Fig. 2B).
The region between residues 1636-2530 was divided into four
subregions. Deletion of subregions 2358-2530 (construct 5), 2150-2358 (construct 6), or 1937-2150 (construct 7) did not eliminate FKBP12.6 binding. It should be noted that subregion 2358-2530 encompasses the
isoleucine-proline motif, further indicating that this motif and its
flanking regions are not required for FKBP12.6 binding, which is
consistent with the results of single point mutations (Fig. 1). On the
other hand, deletion of subregion 1636-1937 (construct 8) did abolish
FKBP12.6 binding. The importance of regions that are
NH2-terminal to residues 1636 in FKBP12.6 binding was
assessed by further deletion studies. Deletion of regions 1274-1636
(construct 9), 1072-1274 (construct 10), 784-1072 (construct 11), or
305-784 (construct 12) eliminated or diminished FKBP12.6 binding.
Thus, a large region between residues 305 and 1937 is required for
FKBP12.6 binding to RyR2.
GST-FKBP12.6 Binding-deficient Mutants Are Capable of Forming
Functional Heteromeric Channels--
The effects of these internal
deletions on RyR2 channel function were assessed by measuring the
caffeine response of HEK293 cells transfected with each deletion
mutant. All deletions completely abolished caffeine-induced
Ca2+ release in transfected HEK293 cells (Fig.
3, A, C,
E, G, I, K, M,
O, Q, S, and U), indicating
that a large portion of the RyR2 sequence is required for activation by
caffeine.
To assess their ability to form heteromeric channels, we co-expressed
deletion mutants with an RyR2 mutant, RyR2 (I4827T), in HEK293 cells
and determined their caffeine responses. We have shown previously that
HEK293 cells transfected with the RyR2 (I4827T) mutant exhibited no
caffeine-induced Ca2+ release (24). Reasoning that if a
deletion mutant is capable of forming a heteromeric channel with RyR2
(I4827T), co-transfection of HEK293 cells with a deletion mutant and
RyR2 (I4827T) may rescue their caffeine response, since the mutants may
complement each other's defects through the formation of heteromeric
channel complexes. As shown in Fig. 3, HEK293 cells co-transfected with
RyR2 (I4827T) and all internal deletion mutants except for mutant
D2530-4770 (Fig. 3B) displayed caffeine-induced
Ca2+ release. Hence, most deletion mutants retain the
ability to form functional heteromeric channels, suggesting that these
deletions did not grossly alter the channel structure.
The First 305 NH2-terminal Amino Acid Residues Are Not
Essential for GST-FKBP12.6 Binding and Caffeine Activation--
To
investigate the role of the NH2 terminus in FKBP12.6
binding, we constructed a series of NH2-terminal deletion
mutants and examined the effect of these deletions on GST-FKBP12.6
binding. As shown in Fig. 4, deletion of
the first 305 NH2-terminal residues (D305) did not
eliminate GST-FKBP12.6 binding (Fig. 4B), indicating that
the first 305 NH2-terminal residues are not essential for FKBP12.6 binding. On the other hand, deletion of the first 784 (D784),
1072 (D1072), 1636 (D1636), or 2150 (D2150) NH2-terminal residues abolished GST-FKBP12.6 binding (Fig. 4, A and
B). This indicates that a NH2-terminal region
after residue 305 is critical for FKBP12.6 binding, which is consistent
with the results of internal deletion studies (Fig. 2). These data also
indicate that a >4000-amino acid COOH-terminal fragment of RyR2
encompassing the proposed FKBP12.6 binding motif is insufficient for
GST-FKBP12.6 binding.
The effect of NH2-terminal deletions on channel function is
shown in Fig. 5. HEK293 cells transfected
with deletion mutant D305 remained sensitive to caffeine (Fig.
5A), indicating that the first 305 NH2-terminal
amino acid residues are not essential for caffeine activation of RyR2.
On the other hand, deletion of the first 784, 1072, 1636, or 2150 NH2-terminal amino acid residues abolished caffeine-induced
Ca2+ release in transfected HEK293 cells (Fig. 5,
B, D, F, and H). Co-expression of these deletion mutants with RyR2 (I4827T) restored their response to caffeine activation (Fig. 5, C,
E, G, I), indicating that these
GST-FKBP12.6 binding-deficient NH2-terminal deletion mutants remain capable of forming functional heteromeric channels.
The NH2-terminal Fragment Including the First 1937 Amino Acid Residues Is Sufficient for GST-FKBP12.6 Binding and Is
Capable of Restoring the Function of NH2-terminal Deletion
Mutants--
The significance of the COOH-terminal region of RyR2 in
FKBP12.6 interaction was assessed by constructing a series of
COOH-terminal deletions and determining the effect of these deletions
on GST-FKBP12.6 binding. Deletion of up to ~3000 COOH-terminal amino
acid residues (Fig. 6, constructs 2-8)
did not abolish GST-FKBP12.6 binding, whereas further deletion of the
COOH terminus to residue 1636 led to a complete loss of GST-FKBP12.6
binding (Fig. 6B). These observations demonstrate that the
COOH-terminal region starting at residue 1937 is not required for
GST-FKBP12.6 binding and that the first 1937 NH2-terminal
residues are sufficient for GST-FKBP12.6 binding.
These findings together with the observation that multiple
deletions within the NH2-terminal region abolish
GST-FKBP12.6 binding and channel function (Figs. 2 and 3) raise the
possibility that the NH2-terminal region may constitute a
unique domain structure. To test this possibility, we co-expressed this
NH2-terminal fragment (amino acids 1-1937) with the
NH2-terminal deletion mutants, D1072, D1636, and D2150, in
HEK293 cells (Fig. 7A) and
examined the caffeine response of the transfected cells. As shown in
Fig. 7B, caffeine-induced Ca2+ release was
observed in HEK293 cells co-transfected with the 1-1937 and D1072
fragments (Fig. 7Ba) and with the 1-1937 and D1636
fragments (Fig. 7Bb). On the other hand, cells
co-transfected with 1-1937 and D2150 fragments did not exhibit
caffeine-induced Ca2+ release (Fig. 7Bc), which
is consistent with the results of internal deletion studies in which
residues between 1937-2150 are essential for caffeine activation (Fig.
3K). These results indicate that the
NH2-terminal fragment, amino acids 1-1937, is capable of
interacting functionally with the COOH-terminal fragments, aa
1072-4967 and 1636-4967.
Co-expression of Overlapping NH2 and COOH-terminal
Fragments Produces Functional RyR2 Channels but Does Not Restore
GST-FKBP12.6 Interaction--
We next examined whether a GST-FKBP12.6
binding-deficient NH2-terminal fragment was able to form
functional channels with an overlapping COOH-terminal fragment. We
co-expressed the NH2-terminal fragment containing residues
1-1636 with the COOH-terminal fragments D1072, D1636, and D2150 in
HEK293 cells and examined caffeine-induced Ca2+ release in
transfected cells (Fig. 8, A
and B). Co-expression of fragments 1-1636 and D1072, which
exhibit no GST-FKBP12.6 binding, produced caffeine-sensitive
Ca2+ release channels in HEK293 cells (Fig.
8Ba). On the other hand, no significant caffeine-induced
Ca2+ release was observed in HEK293 cells co-transfected
with fragments 1-1636 and D1636 and with fragments 1-1636 and
D2150, which have little or no overlap, indicating that residues around
1636 are critical for channel function. We then reasoned that if
co-expression of fragments 1-1636 and D1072 can form functional
channels, it might also be able to restore the FKBP12.6 binding site.
To this end, we carried out immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays
using cell lysate from HEK293 cells co-transfected with fragments
1-1636 and D1072, D1636, or D2150. As shown in Fig. 8C, the
anti-c-Myc antibody was able to precipitate all of the expressed
fragments, whereas none of these fragments were pulled down by
GST-FKBP12.6. These data indicate that overlapping fragments covering
the entire sequence of RyR2 are not sufficient to form a stable
FKBP12.6 binding site.
It is widely believed that the isoleucine-proline (residues 2427 and 2428) motif constitutes an essential part of the FKBP12.6 binding
site in RyR2 (14, 18, 31-33). This belief stems mainly from the
observation that a small fragment of RyR2 encompassing this motif
interacts with FKBP12.6 in the yeast two-hybrid assay and that the
corresponding motif in RyR1, RyR3, and IP3R is critical for FKBP12 and
FKBP12.6 binding (10, 12, 14, 19, 20). However, until now, the
significance of the isoleucine-proline motif or regions encompassing
this motif in FKBP12.6-RyR2 interaction has not been tested
biochemically, and it has recently been questioned (21). In the present
study, we directly examined the role of this isoleucine-proline motif
and regions containing this motif in the interaction of FKBP12.6 with
the full-length RyR2. Site-directed mutagenesis and deletion analysis
revealed that mutations of this motif do not abolish GST-FKBP12.6
binding to RyR2. In addition, the removal of large fragments containing
the motif does not eliminate the ability of the mutant RyR2 to bind
GST-FKBP12.6. These results provide the first biochemical evidence that
the isoleucine-proline motif and regions flanking the motif are
unlikely to form the core of the FKBP12.6 binding site in RyR2.
These findings differ from those observed with RyR1 and RyR3, in which
mutations in the FKBP12 binding motif abolish FKBP12 and FKBP12.6
interactions (10, 12), raising a question as to whether the FKBP12.6
binding site in RyR2 is structurally different from the FKBP12/12.6
binding site in RyR1 and RyR3. It has been shown that a 114-amino acid
fragment containing residues 2497-2520 of RyR1 is sufficient for
FKBP12 binding (19). However, we found that RyR2 fragments containing
the corresponding region do not bind FKBP12.6 (Fig. 4), whereas an
NH2-terminal fragment of RyR2 containing the first 1937 residues is sufficient for FKBP12.6 binding (Fig. 6). These
observations suggest that the FKBP12.6 binding site in RyR2 and the
FKBP12 binding site in RyR1 are located in different regions of RyR.
However, this view is apparently inconsistent with the results of a
recent study, which showed that the three-dimensional location of
FKBP12.6 in RyR2 is similar to that of FKBP12 in RyR1 (34).
Alternatively, it is possible that both the NH2-terminal
and central regions are involved in binding with FKBP12 and FKBP12.6,
but to different extents. FKBP12.6 binding may largely depend on the
NH2-terminal region, whereas FKBP12 binding may mainly rely
on the central region that encompasses the valine-proline motif. In
addition, FKBP12.6 may bind more tightly to RyR2 than to RyR1 and RyR3.
As a result, the central region may have less influence on FKBP12.6
binding to RyR2 than to RyR1 and RyR3. This may explain why mutations
in the central region affect FKBP12.6 binding to RyR1 and RyR3, but not
to RyR2. To further delineate the roles of these regions in FKBP12 and FKBP12.6 interactions, it will be of interest to determine whether the
equivalent NH2-terminal fragment of RyR1 and RyR3 is
capable of interacting with FKBP12.6 and FKBP12. It will also be
important to determine biochemically whether truncated RyR1 and RyR3
proteins that lack the NH2-terminal region but contain the
valine-proline motif are sufficient to bind FKBP12 and FKBP12.6.
Our observation that a truncated RyR2 lacking only the first 784 NH2-terminal amino acid residues fails to interact with
GST-FKBP12.6 (Fig. 4) also appears to be inconsistent with the results
of early studies using the yeast two-hybrid method. In one study, a
136-amino acid fragment including residues 2361-2496 of RyR2 was found
to be sufficient to interact with FKBP12.6 (14), whereas, in another study, FKBP12.6 was found to bind to a different region in RyR2, most
likely at the COOH terminus (21). The reasons for these discrepancies
are not clear. It is possible that there are multiple FKBP12.6 binding
sites in RyR2 with different binding properties. The GST-FKBP12.6
pull-down assay used in the present study may not be sensitive enough
to detect (probably low affinity or transient) FKBP12.6 binding to the
central and COOH-terminal regions, as was detected by the yeast
two-hybrid method. On the other hand, the yeast two-hybrid assay may
fail to detect FKBP12.6 binding to the NH2-terminal region,
because the RyR2 fragments used in this assay may not contain all of
the necessary sequences to form a stable FKBP12.6 binding site as
discussed below. In any event, based on our biochemical studies, it is
likely that the NH2-terminal region of RyR2 represents the
major binding site for FKBP12.6 if multiple binding sites exist.
An important finding of our present study is that multiple regions
between residues 305 and 1937 of RyR2 are required for GST-FKBP12.6
binding. It is unlikely that all of these regions are involved in
direct contact with FKBP12.6. Some of these regions are likely to
be involved in the proper folding of the FKBP12.6 binding site. In
other words, the binding of FKBP12.6 to RyR2 is likely to be
conformation-dependent. We have found that co-expression of
two large overlapping fragments covering the full sequence of RyR2
restores channel function but not GST-FKBP12.6 binding (Fig. 8).
Similarly, Zissimopoulos and Lai (21) have shown that 10 overlapping
fragments that cover the entire RyR2 sequence fail to bind to FKBP12.6
either individually or in multiple combinations. Thus, overlapping
fragments, although they contain all of the linear sequence necessary
for binding, are insufficient to reconstitute a stable FKBP12.6 binding
site, supporting the idea that FKBP12.6 binding is dependent on the
proper folding of the binding site.
This observation would in turn imply that binding of FKBP12.6 to the
binding site might stabilize its conformation. We have shown that an
NH2-terminal fragment is able to form functional channels
with overlapping COOH-terminal fragments (Fig. 7), suggesting that the
NH2-terminal region contains one or more functional domains capable of interacting with the COOH-terminal portion of the channel protein. It is possible that binding of FKBP12.6 to the
NH2-terminal region may stabilize intradomain interactions
either within the NH2-terminal region or between the
NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal regions. Further
identification of the residues involved in direct interaction with
FKBP12.6 should provide important insight into its roles in RyR
function and regulation.
INTRODUCTION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
receptor and FKBP12.6 and FKBP12
(21). Zissimopoulos and Lai (21) also found that a large
COOH-terminal fragment of human RyR2 encompassing all 10 transmembrane
helices interacted with FKBP12.6, leading to the suggestion that
the FKBP12.6 binding site is located at the COOH terminus of RyR2 (21).
Therefore, the location of the FKBP12.6 binding site in RyR2 remains
controversial and has yet to be defined.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
-mercaptoethanol and boiled at 100 °C for 5 min. The solubilized proteins (20 µl) were separated by 6% SDS-PAGE. The SDS-PAGE-resolved proteins were either stained with Coomassie Brilliant
Blue or transferred to nitrocellulose membranes at 45 mV for 18-20 h
at 4 °C in the presence of 0.01% SDS according to Towbin et
al. (28). The nitrocellulose membrane was blocked for 30 min with
PBS containing 0.5% Tween 20 and 5% skim milk powder. The blocked
membrane was incubated with the anti-c-Myc antibody and washed three
times each time for 15 min with PBS containing 0.5% Tween 20. The membrane was then incubated with the secondary anti-mouse IgG
(H & L) antibodies conjugated with alkaline phosphatase for 30-40
min. After washing three times each time for 15 min, the bound
antibodies were visualized by the alkaline phosphatase-mediated color
reaction using nitro blue tetrazolium and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl
phosphate as the substrates.
RESULTS
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
receptor is critical for FKBP12 binding (10, 12, 30). To
assess the role of the corresponding RyR2 residues in FKBP12.6
interaction, we generated two double mutations, I2427E/P2428A and
P2428A/L2429E. Both mutants were pulled down by GST-FKBP12.6 (Fig. 1,
lanes 3 and 4) but not by GST (not
shown). Like the WT RyR2-transfected cells, HEK293 cells transfected
with mutants P2428Q, I2427E/P2428A, and P2428A/L2429E exhibited
caffeine-induced Ca2+ release (Fig. 1C). These
data demonstrate that the isoleucine-proline motif is not essential for
the interaction of RyR2 with FKBP12.6, although the corresponding motif
is critical for FKBP12 binding to RyR1, RyR3, IP3Rs, and the tumor
growth factor-
receptor.
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Fig. 1.
Significance of the proposed FKBP12.6 binding
motif in GST-FKBP12.6 interaction with RyR2. A, the amino
acid sequences encompassing the proposed FKBP12/FKBP12.6 binding
motifs, indicated in boldface letters, in three
RyR isoforms (RyR1, RyR2, and RyR3) and in three IP3R isoforms (IP3R1,
IP3R2, and IP3R3) are shown. B, HEK293 cells were
transfected with wild type RyR2 (RyR2 (wt)) (lane
1), a single point mutant, P2428Q (lane
2), or the double mutants I2427E/P2428A (lane
3) and P2428A/L2429E (lane 4)
cDNA. The expressed wild type and mutant RyR2 proteins were
precipitated from cell lysates by GST-FKBP12.6 glutathione-Sepharose.
The precipitates were then solubilized and separated in SDS-PAGE and
stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. C, HEK293 cells were
transfected with 12 µg of wild type RyR2 (RyR2 (wt))
(a), P2428Q (b), I2427E/P2428A (c), or
P2428A/L2429E (d) cDNA. Fluorescence intensity of the
fluo-3-loaded transfected cells was monitored continuously before and
after the addition of 2.5 mM caffeine at a point indicated
by the letter C. Similar results were obtained from three
separate experiments.
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Fig. 2.
Construction of internal deletion mutants of
RyR2 and GST-FKBP12.6 binding to these mutants. A, the wild
type RyR2 and internal deletion mutants are depicted by
rectangles (constructs 1-12). The deleted amino acid
residues of each internal deletion mutant are shown on the
left of the corresponding rectangle, and the
relative positions of the deleted regions are indicated by
solid lines. The position of the proposed
FKBP12.6 binding motif (isoleucine-proline (IP); residues
2427 and 2428) is also shown. In order to detect their expression, all
deletion mutants were tagged with the c-Myc antibody epitope near the
COOH terminus or the NH2 terminus as indicated by
small open boxes. Deletion mutants
that retain GST-FKBP12.6 binding are shown by open
rectangles, whereas deletion mutants that lack GST-FKBP12.6
binding are indicated by filled rectangles.
B, HEK293 cells were transfected with wild type RyR2 or
deletion mutants as indicated. The c-Myc-tagged wild type and mutant
RyR2 proteins were precipitated from cell lysates by anti-c-Myc
antibody and by GST-FKBP12.6 glutathione-Sepharose. The precipitates
were solubilized and separated in SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie
Brilliant Blue. All deletion mutants are expressed in HEK293
cells.
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Fig. 3.
Caffeine-induced Ca2+ release in
HEK293 cells transfected with deletion mutants either individually or
in combination with a point mutant RyR2 (I4827T). HEK293 cells
were transfected with deletion mutant D2530-4700 (A),
D1636-4414 (C), D1636-2530 (E), D2358-2530
(G), D2150-2358 (I), D1937-2150 (K),
D1636-1937 (M), D1274-1636 (O), D1072-1274
(Q), D784-1072 (S), or D305-784 (U)
cDNA alone (12 µg each) or co-transfected with each deletion
mutant (6 µg) plus mutant RyR2 (I4827T) (6 µg) (B,
D, F, H, J, L,
N, P, R, T, or
V). Fluorescence intensity of the fluo-3-loaded transfected
cells was monitored continuously before and after the addition of 2.5 mM caffeine, indicated by the letter C. There
was a decrease in fluorescent intensity immediately after the addition
of caffeine due to fluorescence quenching by caffeine. In all the
co-transfected cells, except for cells co-transfected with D2530-4770
and RyR2 (I4827T) (B), a transient increase in fluorescence
as a result of caffeine-induced Ca2+ release from
intracellular stores was detected. Similar results were obtained from
three separate experiments.
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Fig. 4.
GST-FKBP12.6 binding to
NH2-terminal deletion mutants of RyR2. A, the
wild type RyR2 (RyR2 (wt)) and NH2-terminal
deletion mutants are depicted by rectangles (constructs
1-6). The deleted NH2-terminal residues of each
NH2-terminal deletion mutant are shown on the
left of the corresponding rectangle. The position
of the proposed FKBP12.6 binding motif (isoleucine-proline
(IP); residues 2427 and 2428) is also indicated. All
deletion mutants were tagged with the c-Myc antibody epitope near the
COOH terminus, as indicated by small open
boxes. B, HEK293 cells were transfected with
deletion mutants as indicated. The c-Myc-tagged mutant RyR2 proteins
were precipitated from cell lysates by anti-c-Myc antibody and by
GST-FKBP12.6 glutathione-Sepharose. The precipitates were solubilized
and separated in SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue.
Although all deletion mutants are expressed in HEK293 cells, only the
D305 deletion mutant is capable of binding GST-FKBP12.6 (B,
panel 2).
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Fig. 5.
Effect of NH2-terminal deletions
on caffeine-induced Ca2+ release in transfected HEK293
cells. HEK293 cells were transfected with the
NH2-terminal deletion mutants D305 (A), D784
(B), D1072 (D), D1636 (F), or D2150
(H) cDNA alone (12 µg each) or co-transfected with the
deletion mutants, D784, D1072, D1636, or D2150 (6 µg each) plus
mutant RyR2 (I4827T) (6 µg) (C, E,
G, and I). Fluorescence intensity of the
fluo-3-loaded transfected cells was monitored continuously before and
after the addition of 2.5 mM caffeine indicated by the
letter C. In cells transfected with mutant D305 and in all
co-transfected cells, a transient increase in fluorescence was
detected. Similar results were obtained from three separate
experiments.
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Fig. 6.
The first 1937 NH2-terminal amino
acid residues (aa) are sufficient for GST-FKBP12.6
binding. A, the wild type RyR2 (RyR2 (wt)) and
COOH-terminal deletion mutants are depicted by rectangles
(constructs 1-11). The remaining NH2-terminal residues of
each COOH-terminal deletion mutant are shown on the left of
the corresponding rectangle. B, HEK293 cells were
transfected with the deletion mutants 1-1937 and 1-1636. The
c-Myc-tagged mutant RyR2 proteins were precipitated from cell lysates
by anti-c-Myc antibody and by GST-FKBP12.6 glutathione-Sepharose. The
precipitates were solubilized and separated in SDS-PAGE and stained
with Coomassie Brilliant Blue.
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Fig. 7.
Co-expression of overlapping NH2
and COOH-terminal fragments produces functional Ca2+
release channels in HEK293 cells. The NH2-terminal
fragment containing residues 1-1937 and COOH-terminal fragments
missing the first 1072, 1636, or 2150 NH2-terminal residues
are shown by open and filled boxes,
respectively, in A. B, HEK293 cells were
co-transfected with the NH2-terminal fragment (residues
1-1937) plus COOH-terminal fragments D1072 (a), D1636
(b), or D2150 (c). Fluorescence intensity of the
fluo-3-loaded transfected cells was monitored continuously before and
after the addition of 2.5 mM caffeine indicated by the
letter C. A transient increase in fluorescence was detected
in cells co-transfected with mutants 1-1937 and D1072 and mutants
1-1937 and D1636, indicating caffeine-induced Ca2+ release
from intracellular stores. Similar results were obtained from three
separate experiments. IP, isoleucine-proline.
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Fig. 8.
Co-expression of overlapping NH2-
and COOH-terminal fragments restores caffeine-induced Ca2+
release but not GST-FKBP12.6 binding. A, the
NH2-terminal fragment containing residues 1-1636 and
COOH-terminal fragments missing the first 1072, 1636, or 2150 NH2-terminal residues are shown by filled
boxes. All of these fragments are incapable of binding
GST-FKBP12.6. B, HEK293 cells were co-transfected with the
NH2-terminal fragment (residues 1-1636) plus the
COOH-terminal fragment D1072 (a), D1636 (b), or
D2150 (c). Fluorescence intensity of the fluo-3-loaded
transfected cells was monitored continuously before and after the
addition of 2.5 mM caffeine (letter C). Similar
results were obtained from three separate experiments. C,
HEK293 cells were co-transfected with the NH2-terminal
fragment (residues 1-1636) plus the COOH-terminal fragment D1072,
D1636, or D2150. The c-Myc-tagged RyR2 NH2- and
COOH-terminal fragments were precipitated from cell lysates by
anti-c-Myc antibody and by GST-FKBP12.6 glutathione-Sepharose. The
precipitates were solubilized and separated in SDS-PAGE and were
stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB). A similar
SDS-PAGE gel was transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane
was probed with the anti-c-Myc antibody in Western blotting
(WB). The smear staining around 200 kDa probably represents
aggregates of the anti-c-Myc antibodies from the
immunoprecipitates.
DISCUSSION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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We thank the Immunology Core Facilities at the Wadsworth Center of the New York State Department of Health for providing the anti-c-Myc antibody, Dr. Wayne R. Giles for continued support, Dr. Paul Schnetkamp for the use of the luminescence spectrometer, Pin Li and Cindy Brown for excellent technical assistance, and Jeff Bolstad for critical reading of the manuscript.
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FOOTNOTES |
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* This work was supported by research grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Alberta Northwest Territories and Nunavut (to S. R. W. C.).The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Supported by the Uehara Memorial Foundation (Japan) and
Postdoctoral Fellowships from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada and Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research (AHFMR).
§ AHFMR Senior Scholar. To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 403-220-4235; Fax: 403-283-4841; E-mail: swchen@ucalgary.ca.
Published, JBC Papers in Press, November 22, 2002, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M210962200
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ABBREVIATIONS |
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The abbreviations used are: RyR, ryanodine receptor; IP3R, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor; GST, glutathione S-transferase; CHAPS, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonic acid.
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