From the Laboratories of Biochemical
Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal,
Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada and § The Regional
Protein Chemistry Center, Diseases of Aging Unit, Ottawa Health
Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontaria K1Y 4E9, Canada
Received for publication, August 6, 2002, and in revised form, October 29, 2002
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ABSTRACT |
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To investigate if some residues within the
prosegment of PC5A are important for its optimal proteolytic function,
various PC5A mutants were cellularly expressed, and their processing
activities were compared using pro-vascular endothelial growth factor C
(pro-VEGF-C) as a substrate. Although wild type PC5A almost completely
processes pro-VEGF-C, a prosegment deletion as well as both P1 mutants
of the primary (R116A) and secondary (R84A) autocatalytic cleavage sites are inactive. The in vitro inhibitory potency of
various decapeptides mimicking the C-terminal sequence of PC5
prosegment (pPC5) revealed that the native
107QQVVKKRTKR116
peptide is a nanomolar inhibitor, whereas its P6 mutant K111H is more
selective toward PC5A than Furin. In vitro activity assays using the bacterially expressed pPC5 and its mutants revealed them to
be very potent nanomolar inhibitors (IC50) and only ~ 6-fold more selective inhibitors of PC5A versus Furin.
Expression of the preprosegment of PC5 (ppPC5) and its mutants in
Chinese hamster ovary FD11 cells overexpressing pro-VEGF-C with either PC5A or Furin showed them to be as good inhibitors of PC5A as the
serpin Numerous secretory proteins and hormones are initially synthesized
as inactive precursors that undergo post-translational processing into
one or more biologically active polypeptide(s). The mammalian
proprotein convertases (PCs)1
of the secretory pathway are calcium-dependent serine
proteinases related to bacterial subtilisin. The PCs recognize various
precursors and cleave at the general consensus motif
(K/R)Xn(K/R) PCs contain an N-terminal signal sequence followed by a prosegment, a
catalytic domain, and a P domain. In addition, PCs possess a C-terminal
segment that varies between the different members. Although analysis of
the tissue and cellular distribution revealed that PC5 is widely
expressed but enriched in certain areas such as in brain,
cardiovascular system, endothelial cells, and Sertoli cells (8-11), it
is one of the least understood enzymes of the convertase family. Its
levels are up-regulated in proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells
(12) as well as during embryo implantation (13). PC5 exists in two
different isoforms, a soluble PC5A sorted to regulated secretory
granules (8, 14) and a membrane-bound PC5B cycling between the
trans-Golgi network and the cell surface (14, 15). Active PC5A can
cleave a variety of secretory precursors; that is,
pro-mullerian-inhibiting substance (16), prorenin (17), proneurotensin
(18), pro-PTPµ receptor (19), pro-cholecystokinin (20), integrin
pro- The critical role of PCs in the proteolytic maturation of multiple
proprotein substrates, their implication in various pathologies (1, 27,
28), and their unidentified specific and/or redundant functions make
them attractive targets for the development of potent and selective
inhibitors. The various successful approaches include
active-site-directed chloromethyl ketone inhibitors (29, 30),
reversible peptide-based inhibitors (31-33), plant derivatives (34),
and several engineered variants of protein-based inhibitors that
possess a Furin-like motif. These include
Previous subtilisin-, kexin-, and Furin-based studies established that
the prosegment could act both as an intramolecular chaperone and a
potent inhibitor of its cognate enzyme (42-45). The prodomain of PCs
acts as a tight binding competitive inhibitor (45, 46), whereas the
prodomain of yeast kexin behaves as a mixed inhibitor with an
IC50 of 160 nM (43). In vitro
experiments demonstrated that the prosegment of Furin (pFurin) is
10-fold more potent toward PC5A (IC50 ~ 0.4 nM) than Furin (IC50 ~ 4 nM), whereas the prosegment of PC7 (pPC7) is a relatively selective inhibitor of its cognate enzyme (IC50 ~ 0.4 nM) (45). In addition, the prosegment of SKI-1 was also
shown to specifically inhibit SKI-1 in vitro but at a much
lower potency (47). Finally, it was shown that ex vivo
overexpression of the preproregions of Furin (ppFurin) and PC7 (ppPC7)
resulted in potent but moderately selective inhibition of their parent
enzyme (23, 45).
As for other convertases, autocatalytic zymogen activation of
pro-PC5 involves cleavage at the specific primary site
KKRTKR116 Because no specific function of PC5A has been established yet and given
that no known precursor protein is specifically processed by only PC5A
and not by Furin, it is of great importance to develop a selective
inhibitor of PC5A, which in turn may help to define its function. Thus,
in this study, we first defined some of the critical amino acids within
the prosegment of PC5 that affect the ability of PC5A to process the
substrate pro-VEGF-C. The data show that a PC5A isoform lacking the
prosegment (PC5A- Cellular Activity and Biosynthetic Analysis of PC5A and Its
Mutants--
The various mutants S79R, R80A, T81R, R84A, R116A, and
PC5A- Synthesis of Prosegment-derived Peptides--
All peptides from
Table II were synthesized with the
C terminus in the amide form on a solid-phase automated peptide
synthesizer (Pioneer; PE-PerSeptive Biosystems, Framingham, MA)
following the
O-hexafluorophospho- [7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl]-N,
N, N', N'- tetramethyluronium
(HATU)/ di-isopropylethylamine (DIEA)-mediated Fmoc
(N-(9-fluorenyl)methoxycarbonyl) chemistry (56). The
crude peptides were purified by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography using an analytical Vydac C18 column with 300-Å pore
diameter (5 µm, 4.6 × 250 mm). Peptides were eluted with a
1%/min linear gradient (10-27%) of 0.1% (v/v) aqueous
trifluoroacetic acid/acetonitrile at a flow rate of 2 ml/min. The
purified peptides were characterized by matrix-assisted laser
desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry as described
(45, 47, 56), and the peptide concentrations were determined by
quantitative amino acid analysis.
Enzyme Preparations and Activity--
Active enzymes were
produced by infections of BSC40 cells with different recombinant
vaccinia viruses of each PC (22). The media of cells infected with a
soluble form of rat PC7 (VV:rPC7-BTMD) (57), soluble human Furin
(VV:hFurin-BTMD) (22), mouse and human PC5A (VV:mPC5A and hPC5A), or
the shed form of yeast kexin (VV:ykexin) were collected 18 h
post-infection and concentrated 80-fold using a Centriprep YM-30
concentrator (Millipore). The concentrated media were kept at
Inhibition Assays (Ki Determination)--
The
Ki values (nM) of the various synthetic
peptides were determined using Lineweaver-Burk plots. For each assay, six different concentrations of substrate were used for each of the
three concentrations of inhibitory peptides and the control in absence
of inhibitor. The enzymes were preincubated for 30 min at room
temperature with the synthetic peptides. After the incubation period,
the fluorogenic substrate pERTKR-MCA was added at different
concentrations (1.75, 3.5, 7, 17.5, 35, and 70 µM), and
the time-dependent MCA release (0, 20, 40, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min) was measured. The Ki values were calculated by plotting the results with a GraFit4 program (Erithacus Software, Ltd.) using the Lineweaver-Burk equation for competitive inhibition.
Expression and Purification of Bacterial Mouse PC5
Prosegments--
The bacterial expression vector pET-24b(+) (Novagen)
was cut at the 5' and 3' ends with XhoI and
DraIII, respectively, to replace the stop codon by double
stop codons after a His6 insert using the pairs of
oligonucleotides S1/AS1 (Table I). The cDNAs coding for the mPC5
prosegments (pPC5) were isolated by a three-step PCR using elongase
(Invitrogen) for 20 cycles. The amplification oligonucleotides used for
pPC5 WT, R116A, K111H, K111I, K111L, K111P, and K111V were S2/AS2,
S2/AS3, S2/AS4, S2/AS5, S2/AS6, S2/AS7, and S2/AS8 (Table I),
respectively. The mutation R84A was produced by PCR using as a template
the DNAs generated by two previous PCR reactions combined together. The
first two PCRs that were combined used the S2/AS9 and S3/AS2 primer
pairs, respectively. The second PCR reaction was performed with the
pair S2/AS2. These 380-bp cDNA fragments were cloned into the
pCRII-TOPO TA cloning vector (Invitrogen) for sequencing. The cDNAs
were transferred into the 5' NdeI/3' NotI sites
of the modified bacterial expression vector pET-24b(+), N-terminal to
the hexahistidine tag. For protein production of these recombinants
plasmids, they were transferred into host Escherichia coli
strain called BL21(DE3) (Novagen). Protein expression was induced by
the addition of 0.4 mM
isopropyl-1-thio- Western Blots Using pPC5 Antibodies--
The bacterially
produced purified native pPC5 was used to raise polyclonal antisera in
rabbits. The cellular expression of the preprosegments was done by
transient transfections using Effectene (Qiagen) of 6-7 × 105 HK293 cells in 60-mm dishes with a final 1.2 µg of
either pIRES2-EGFP, mppPC5, rppPC7, hppFurin, hppPACE4-A, or hppSKI-1.
After 24 h of incubation at 37 °C in Dulbecco's modified
Eagle's medium (DMEM), 10% fetal calf serum (Invitrogen), the cells
were rinsed with serum-free DMEM and incubated for another 6 h
with serum-free DMEM containing brefeldin A (BFA; 2.5 µg/ml;
Epicentre). The cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline) and
lysed with radioimmune precipitation assay buffer as described (23).
The various lysates were resolved by SDS-PAGE on a 14% Tricine gel.
The prosegment (pPC5) was detected by Western blotting using the pPC5
antibody (Ab:pPC5) at a 1:2500 dilution.
Stop-time Inhibition Assays (IC50)--
The
different enzymes (VV:rPC7-BTMD, VV:hFurin BTMD, VV:mPC5A, VV:ykexin)
were initially preincubated for 30 min at room temperature with the
different proregions at various concentrations. The proregions were
initially diluted in water containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin (45).
The fluorogenic substrate pERTKR-MCA was then added, and the released
AMC was measured at different times over the course of 3 h. The
reactions were performed at saturating conditions (5×
Km value) of the fluorogenic substrate pERTKR-MCA. The Km values of the pERTKR-MCA processing are 70 µM for rPC7-BTMD, 45 µM for ykexin, and 7 µM for hFurin-BTMD and mPC5A (30, 57). The
IC50 values were obtained by plotting the results with the
GraFit4 program.
Transfections and Biosynthetic Analysis of ppPC5s--
The
preprosegments of mPC5 (coding for residues 1-116) were amplified for
20 cycles by a three-step PCR reaction. The primer pairs used to
amplify the ppPC5 WT and R116A were S4/AS10 and S5/AS11 (Table I),
respectively. All P6 ppPC5 mutants were amplified with a sense primer
corresponding to a region upstream of the multiple cloning sites of
pIRES2-EGFP. The ppPC5 K111H, K111I, K111L, K111P, K111V, and
ppPC5-FLAG (signal peptide of Inhibition of VEGF-C Processing ex Vivo--
CHO-K1 cells were
transiently transfected with hVEGF-C and either various ppPCs or
Biosynthesis of PC5A and Its Mutants and Their Proteolytic
Activities--
Biosynthetic analysis demonstrated that PC5A lacking
its prosegment, PC5A- Inhibitory Potency and Specificity of C-terminal pPC5-derived
Decapeptides--
Previously, we showed that peptides as small as 10 amino acids corresponding to the C-terminal end of the proregions of
Furin and PC7 were potent inhibitors of these enzymes (45, 60). To
determine whether similar peptides derived from the C terminus of pPC5
are also potent inhibitors of PC5A and possibly of other convertases,
we synthesized a number of pPC5-derived C-terminal decapeptides. These
included WT and mutant peptides in which conserved residues (P6 His and
P4 Ile) within the processing site of integrin Expression of Various pPC5s and Antibody Production--
Based on
the inhibition constants obtained from the above decapeptides, we next
verified if the full-length pPC5 could be a better and/or more
selective in vitro inhibitor of PC5A. Therefore, WT pPC5 and
some of its variants, namely R84A and R116A as well as the P6 mutants
K111H, K111I, K111L, K111P, and K111V, were bacterially produced and
purified (see "Experimental Procedures"). The purified WT pPC5 was
used to raise a polyclonal antibody in rabbit. To test the antiserum
selectivity, we expressed the preprosegments of PC5, Furin, PC7, PACE4,
and SKI-1 in HK293 cells treated with BFA in order to retain them in
the ER (63) and maximize their levels and analyzed their
immunoreactivity by Western blot (Fig. 5). It is clear that the antiserum is
highly selective, as it recognizes only pPC5 in HK293 cell extracts
(8.9 kDa, derived from ppPC5) and the purified protein from a bacterial
extract (10.2 kDa). The difference in molecular masses is because of
the 17-amino acid C-terminal extension, which includes a hexahistidine tag, of the bacterial pPC5 antigen (see the legend to Fig. 5 and "Experimental Procedures"). Furthermore, this antiserum recognizes the intracellular 8.9-kDa pPC5 that is generated by the zymogen processing of the full-length enzyme in CHO-FD11 cells in the absence
or presence of BFA (Fig. 5).
Comparative in Vitro Inhibition Efficacies of pPC5s--
The
IC50 values of the various bacterially produced pPC5s on
the in vitro processing of the fluorogenic substrate
pERTKR-MCA by mPC5A are presented in Table
III. Only the R116A and the K111L are
much less active inhibitors of PC5A in vitro, and the
apparent rank order of potency is K111H Biosynthetic Fate of the Cellularly Expressed ppPC5 and Its
Mutants--
We first tested the integrity and total level of the
various prosegment constructs after their expression in the easily
transfected HK293 cells that were pulse-labeled for 6 h with
[35S]Met in the presence of BFA, ensuring their retention
in the ER. The ppPCs were cloned into the pIRES2-EGFP vector with their own signal peptides (45). As shown in Fig.
6A, immunoprecipitations with
the pPC5 antibody revealed a similar expression level for all ppPC5
constructs. Furthermore, WT ppPC5 or its R84A and R116A derivatives
were effectively processed by the signal peptidase, since sequencing of
the [3H]Val 8.9-kDa form revealed Val at positions 2 and
9, confirming that the sequence starts at Arg35 of mPC5A
(data not shown), as for the whole enzyme (14). Analysis of the media
revealed the secretion of a smaller fragment (~3 kDa) (Fig.
6B). The fact that the
R84A mutant is similarly processed to the other forms suggests
processing of pPC5 into the secreted ~3-kDa form does not seem to
require Arg84 and may, thus, be performed by another
enzyme. In contrast, the removal of the signal peptide was practically
abolished in a construct connecting a Inhibition of Cellular pro-VEGF-C Processing--
We next compared
the ability of the various ppPC5s, ppFurin, ppPACE4, ppPC7, and
Previous work on subtilisin (42) and subsequently on Furin (54)
demonstrated the presence of a primary site found at the C terminus of
the prosegment, which when cleaved in the ER generates a tight binding
complex between the prosegment and the enzyme. This generally inactive
complex requires a secondary processing event within a conserved region
of the prosegment (55), an event thought to be favored within the
acidic environment of the trans-Golgi network (54). Therefore, we first
mutated the P1 Arg at the primary site of PC5A into Ala (R116A) and
demonstrated that this resulted in an uncleavable pro-PC5A
zymogen, mostly blocked in the ER, barely secreted even in an
overexpression system (Fig. 2), and unable to cleave pro-VEGF-C (Fig.
4). These data extend the notion that primary cleavage of the
prosegment is a prerequisite for PC5 to exit from the ER (14) and puts
this enzyme in the same category as Furin (44), PC1 (50), PACE4 (48),
and PC7 (57) but not PC2 (50, 51, 64). Alignment of the various PC
prosegments (55) suggested that Arg84 occupies the P1
position of the secondary processing site of pro-PC5A, within the
sequence 79SRTIKR84 The fact that the inactive PC5A-R84A (Fig. 3) is C-terminally processed
to its 65-kDa form, similar to the WT enzyme (Fig. 2), suggests this
cleavage is not autocatalytic as was originally suspected (14) but,
rather, implicates another enzyme that is yet to be
defined.3 With respect to the
other secondary site mutants, the data revealed that P6 Ser is not
critical but that P5 Arg80 and P4 Thr81 seem to
play prominent roles, since their replacement by Ala significantly
reduced pro-VEGF-C processing (Fig. 3). In that context, it is
interesting to note that in the Furin mutation of the corresponding
secondary processing site P4 Val72 into Arg resulted in a
mostly unfolded, unprocessed inactive enzyme that remains in the ER
(54). Finally, as was observed for Furin (54), kexin (43), and SKI-1
(7), PC5A- We demonstrated that a 10-amino acid peptide corresponding to the C
terminus of pPC5 is a potent in vitro inhibitor of PC5A and
Furin, with Ki values of ~16 and ~190
nM, respectively (Table II). Thus, as originally observed
for PC7 and Furin (45), synthetic prosegment decapeptides are potent
inhibitors of more than one convertase and are poorly selective (45). A
similar conclusion was recently reached with dodecapeptides mimicking the C terminus of the wild type prosegment of each of the seven known
PCs (65). In an effort to improve the potency and/or selectivity of the
inhibitory propeptides, we targeted the P6, P4, and P2 amino acids
(Table II), which are known to be critical for Furin (2). Among others,
decapeptides containing P6 His or Arg and P4 Ile were tested because
they are found in PC5A-specific substrates (16, 19, 21, 24), and a
Q108A mutant was chosen because Gln at P9 is conserved in all PC
prosegments (55). Compilation of our results revealed that although
selectivity toward PC5A as compared with Furin can be improved,
especially for the P6 K111H and K111L mutants, the potency of these
inhibitors is at best in the same range as the WT sequence (Fig. 4;
Table II). Interestingly, although the P9 Q108A mutant is the most
potent inhibitor, it is not selective at all (Fig. 4; Table II).
In parallel, we introduced these mutations in bacterially expressed
full-length prosegments in the hope of obtaining more selective but
still highly potent inhibitors (45). Based on their IC50
values, the entire WT prosegment was ~6-fold more selective toward
PC5A than Furin, and none of the mutant prosegments exhibited a better
selectivity in vitro (Table III). In addition, there was an
overall absence of correlation between the results obtained with pPC5s
and synthetic decapeptides (compare Tables II and III). The structure
and/or additional interactions offered by the entire pPC5s as compared
with decapeptides may explain the differences between these two types
of inhibitors. In this context, it was recently shown by NMR
spectroscopy that in solution the prosegment of mouse PC1 adopts a well
ordered structure that is similar to bacterial subtilases (66), whereas
a 24-mer pPC7 C-terminal peptide adopts a helical structure (60).
We next extended these data toward inhibition of cellular pro-VEGF-C
processing by WT or mutant ppPC5s, ppPACE4, ppFurin, ppPC7, or
In conclusion, this work dealt with the zymogen processing of PC5A, and
the data showed that although the primary site mutant R116A remains
intracellularly as an inactive and unprocessed zymogen, the secondary
site mutant R84A is equally inactive although it is normally processed
and secreted as a complex with its full-length prosegment. Our results
also effectively demonstrated that although the wild type prosegments
of the convertases are potent ex vivo inhibitors of their
cognate enzyme, they lack specificity and should not be used as a
diagnostic tool to identify the type of convertase involved in a given
dibasic or monobasic processing reaction. However, they could
potentially be used to inhibit a pool of convertases that may be
implicated in pathological situations such as in tumor development and
metastasis, as was originally reported for 1-antitrypsin Portland (
1-PDX), ppFurin, or ppPACE4 but less potent toward overexpressed Furin. In conclusion, cleavages of
the prosegment of PC5A at both Arg116 and Arg84
are required for PC5A cellular activity, and ppPC5 is a very potent but
modestly selective cellular inhibitor of PC5A.
INTRODUCTION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
, where n = 0, 2, 4, or 6, and X is any amino acid (1-3). The PC family counts
eight known members; that is, seven dibasic-specific kexin-like
convertases, Furin, PC1/3, PC2, PC4, PACE4, PC5/6, and PC7/LPC (4), and
the recently discovered pyrolysin-like SKI-1/S1P, which cleaves at the
consensus motif (R/K)X(hydrophobic)Z
, where Z is variable
(5-7).
subunits (21), human immunodeficiency virus gp160 (22),
Alzheimer disease
-secretase BACE1 (23), transforming growth factor
TGF-
-like Lefty (24), and vascular endothelial growth factor C
(VEGF-C).2 Recent development
on its cleavage specificity showed that, in contrast to Furin (2, 25),
purified active mouse PC5A (mPC5A) cleaves in vitro tri- and
tetrapeptides at monobasic and dibasic sites (20) in a somewhat similar
fashion to PACE4 (26).
2-macroglobulin (35),
1-antitrypsin,
Portland (
1-PDX) (36-38), proteinase inhibitor 8 (39), and the
turkey ovomucoid third domain (40). However, these effective inhibitors
lack selectivity toward members of the PC family. Furthermore, both
proteinase inhibitor 8 and
2-macroglobulin can inhibit
many other proteases in addition to the PCs.
1-PDX was shown to
inhibit all the PCs in the constitutive secretory pathway (37).
Recently, Tsuji et al. (41) showed that a reactive site loop
variant of
1-antitrypsin (AVRR352) is
~100-fold more selective in vitro toward Furin and PC5
than PACE4. This indicates that a basic residue at P4 is important for
the inhibition of PACE4 but not of Furin and PC5.
found at the C terminus of the prosegment
(Fig. 1A) (14). This primary cleavage occurs in the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is a prerequisite for the exit of PC5A
from this compartment (14) as for all PCs (4, 7, 48) except PC2 (50,
51). Similar to subtilisin (52, 53), Furin (44, 54), and SKI-1 (7, 47),
we hypothesized that (i) the prosegment of PC5 (pPC5; residues 35-116)
remains non-covalently associated with the active form of the enzyme
and functions as an inhibitor as well as an intramolecular chaperone
and (ii) once the complex reaches an adequate lower pH and high calcium
concentrations, presumably in the trans-Golgi network, the prodomain
dissociates and is cleaved at an internal secondary site
HSRTIKR84
, found in a similar position in Furin
(55).
pro) and Ala mutants of the P1 Arg116
or Arg84 at the primary and secondary zymogen cleavage
sites, respectively, are unable to process pro-VEGF-C. We next assessed
the inhibition of (i) the in vitro pERTKR-MCA-cleaving
activity of PC5A and Furin using either C-terminal PC5 prosegment
decapeptides, the entire pPC5, or their mutants and (ii) the ex
vivo pro-VEGF-C processing by ppPC5 and its mutants, ppFurin,
ppPACE4, and ppPC7.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
pro were obtained by PCR (7) using the pair of oligonucleotides S6/AS17, S7/AS18, S8/AS19, S3/AS9, S5/AS3, and S9/AS20,
respectively (see Table I).
All PCR fragments were cloned into the pCRII-TOPO TA-cloning vector
(Invitrogen) and sequenced completely. The amplified cDNA fragments
were cloned in pIRES2-mPC5A digested with BglII. Each
recombinant cDNA was transfected using LipofectAMINE 2000 (Invitrogen) into CHO-FD11 cells stably expressing VEGF-C. Media were
analyzed by Western blot on a 12% SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gel using as the primary antibody a polyclonal anti-VEGF-C antibody, H-190, directed against the C-terminal end of VEGF-C (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; dilution 1:500) and as secondary antiserum anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase-coupled IgGs (Invitrogen) (dilution 1:10,000). Biosynthetic analysis was performed in HK293 cells expressing either
pIRES2-EGFP (control), the full-length WT PC5A, or its mutants R84A and
R116A. Forty-eight hours post-transfection, the cells were
pulse-labeled for 4 h with 250 µCi/ml [3H]leucine
(Amersham Biosciences), and cell lysates and media were immunoprecipitated using a polyclonal anti-PC5 antibody directed against the N terminus of the active enzyme, i.e. amino
acids 117-132 (dilution, 1:200) (14). Immunoprecipitates were then resolved by SDS-PAGE (8% Tricine gel) and autoradiographed (14, 37).
Sequence of oligonucleotides used for PC5 constructs
Inhibitory potency of pPC5 C-terminal decapeptides
20 °C in 40% glycerol. The enzymatic activity of each protease
was measured by its ability to cleave the fluorogenic substrate
pERTKR-MCA (Peptide International). The substrate concentration added
in the reaction was 5-fold the Km value of each
enzyme. In the rPC7-BTMD reaction, a final concentration of 350 µM pERTKR-MCA was used (57), for ykexin a final substrate
concentration of 225 µM was used, and as for hFurin-BTMD,
mPC5A, and hPC5A assays, 35 µM pERTKR-MCA was used (22).
For each assay 1-10 µl of enzyme was added to a solution already
containing 50 mM Tris acetate, pH 7.0, 2 mM Ca2+, 0.1 mM
-mercaptoethanol, and varying
concentrations of pERTKR-MCA in a final volume of 100 µl. A 30-min
preincubation of the enzyme in the solution mix was done before the
addition of fluorogenic substrate. Once the substrate was added, the
fluorescence was measured at 0, 20, 40, and 60 min using a model LS50B
(PerkinElmer Life Sciences) spectrofluorimeter.
-D-galactopyranoside for 3 h at
37 °C. The cells were then harvested by centrifugation at 5000 × g for 5 min, resuspended, and homogenized in lysis buffer as recommended (Novagen). These steps were repeated twice. Once the
samples were well homogenized, they were centrifuged, and the pellets
were recuperated. The pellets were resuspended in solution containing 6 M guanidine·HCl, and purification of these pPC5s was done
under these denaturing conditions on a Ni2+ affinity
column, as recommended by the manufacturer (Novagen). The eluants were
then dialyzed against 50 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 6, overnight, and the purity of the prosegments was determined by
Coomassie staining of SDS-PAGE 14% Tricine gels. The average yield of
each purified prosegment varied between 10 and 20 mg/liter of bacterial
culture. The concentrations were determined by quantitative amino acids
analysis, and the molecular weights were analyzed by matrix-assisted
laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry on a
Voyager DE-Pro instrument (PE PerSeptive Biosystems). The observed
molecular masses were within 0.2% of their expected value (WT pPC5
expected 11,684 Da, obtained 11675Da; R84A pPC5 and R116A pPC5 expected
11,599 Da, obtained 11,593 and 11,599 Da respectively; K111H pPC5
expected 11,694 Da, obtained 11,714 Da; K111L pPC5 expected 11,670 Da,
obtained 11,695 Da; K111P pPC5 expected 11,654 Da, obtained 11,684 Da;
K111V pPC5 expected 11,656 Da, obtained 11,671 Da; K111I pPC5 expected
11,670 Da, obtained 11,695 Da).
-secretase BACE1-FLAG epitope (23))
were produced using the primer pairs S4/AS12, S4/AS13, S4/AS14,
S4/AS15, S4/AS16, and S10/AS21 (Table I), respectively. The cDNAs
of the WT, R84A, and R116A ppPC5 were transferred into the
EcoRI site of the pIRES2-EGFP vector. The other mutants
(K111(H/I/L/P/V)) were cloned into
5'-SacI/SacII-3' sites of the pIRES2-EGFP. HK293
cells (6.5 × 105 cells) were transiently transfected
using Effectene (Invitrogen) and a total of 0.6 µg of cDNAs. Two
days post-transfection, the cells were washed and then pulse-incubated
for 6 h with 250 µCi/ml [35S]Met (Amersham
Biosciences) and BFA. Cells were lysed in radioimmune precipitation
assay buffer containing a mixture of protease inhibitors (Roche
Molecular Biochemicals). The media and cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with the polyclonal pPC5 antibody (1:250) directed against the proregion. Immunoprecipitates were resolved by SDS-PAGE on
14% Tricine gels and autoradiographed as described (23).
1-PDX. A total of 3 µg of DNA was transfected using LipofectAMINE
2000 (Invitrogen) for 0.75 × 106 cells. The
CHO-FD11 cells (kindly supplied by Dr. Stephen H. Leppla; National
Institutes of Health), which are derived from CHO-K1 cells that are
Furin-deficient, were stably transfected (LipofectAMINE 2000)
(Invitrogen) with either the cDNAs of pIRES2-EGFP, pIRES2-hFurin, or pIRES2-mPC5A. The cells were selected with 800 µg of G418 and maintained with 400 µg. Once selected and
fluorescence-activated cell sorter-sorted for EGFP, they were
further stably transfected (LipofectAMINE 2000) with
pcDNA3.1.Zeo-hVEGF-C. The cells expressing VEGF-C and mPC5A
(FD11/VEGF-C/PC5A) or Furin (FD11/VEGF-C/Furin) were then selected with
400 µg of Zeocin and maintained with 200 µg. The various proregions
were transiently transfected to inhibit the processing of VEGF-C.
Forty-eight hours post-transfection, the media were 6-fold-concentrated
using a Microcon YM-10 (Millipore), and the proteins were
resolved on a 12% SDS-PAGE gel. Detection by Western blotting was done
with the polyclonal anti-VEGF-C antibody (1:500).
RESULTS
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
pro, is not secreted from HK293 cells (Fig.
1A). In addition, wild type
PC5 and its P1 mutant of the secondary-processing site (R84A)
were secreted as processed PC5A, whereas only trace amounts of pro-PC5A
were found in the media of cells expressing the primary P1 site (R116A)
mutant (Fig. 2). This indicates that zymogen processing is a requisite for the efficient exit of PC5A from
the cell. We believe that the zymogen form remains primarily in the ER
since it is endo H-sensitive (14). Finally, the reported late
C-terminal processing of PC5A, resulting in the production of PC5-
C
(65 kDa) (14), is not significantly affected in the R84A mutant since
the PC5A/PC5A-
C ratio is relatively constant (Fig. 2). Because PC5A
is capable of cleaving pro-VEGF-C,2 the latter substrate
was therefore used to estimate the cellular activity of PC5A and its
prosegment mutants. The ability of the PC5A mutants (Fig.
1A), P4 T81R, P5 R80A, and P6 S79R, to process pro-VEGF-C at
the
222HSIIRR
SL229
site (Fig. 1B) was tested in the Furin-deficient CHO-FD11
cells (58) (Fig. 3). In this cell line,
expression of VEGF-C resulted mainly in the secretion of the precursor
form with small amounts of processed VEGF-C (CTF). This
suggests, that in this cell line endogenous proteases other than
Furin-like enzymes can only partially process pro-VEGF-C, similar to
gp160 (59). Extensive processing of pro-VEGF-C was observed when it was
co-expressed with WT mPC5A (~86%) and its P6 S79R mutant (~76%;
Fig. 3B). All other mutants either resulted in partial (R80A
and T81R) or almost complete (R84A, R116A, and PC5-
pro) loss of
activity (Fig. 3). This indicates that P1 Arg of both primary and
secondary prosegment cleavage sites is critical for enzymatic activity
and that the P5 Arg and P4 Thr are also necessary for maximal
proteolytic activity. In contrast, P6 Ser does not seem to play a major
role, as its substitution by Arg did not significantly affect
pro-VEGF-C processing by PC5A.
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Fig. 1.
Schematic representation of full-length mouse
PC5A and human pro-VEGF-C. The structure of PC5A includes a signal
peptide (sp) followed by a prosegment, a catalytic domain,
and a P domain in addition to the C-terminal cysteine-rich domain. The
selected underlined residues within the prosegment were
mutated in this study. The PC-processing site (HSIIRR) is
depicted in the pro-VEGF-C structure. The potential
N-glycosylation sites are emphasized by and elevated circle.
Ab, antibody.
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Fig. 2.
Biosynthetic analysis of PC5A and its primary
and secondary site mutants. HK293 cells were transfected either
with a recombinant pIRES2 vector expressing PC5A-WT, -R84A, or -R116A
or PC5A- pro. The cells were pulse-labeled for 4 h with
[3H]leucine. Cell lysates and media were
immunoprecipitated with the anti-PC5-MAP antibody directed at the N
terminus of the catalytic subunit (14), thus recognizing the ~115-kDa
pro-PC5A, ~105-kDa mature PC5A, and the ~65-kDa PC5A-
C.
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Fig. 3.
Processing of pro-VEGF-C by mPC5A and its
mutants in CHO FD11 cells. A, Western blot comparing
the processing of stably expressed pro-VEGF-C by either the empty
pIRES2-EGFP vector (pIRES) or its recombinants encoding
mPC5A and mutants of its P1 (primary and secondary sites), secondary
site P4, P5, and P6 (S79R, R80A, T81R, R84A, R116A), and pro.
B, histogram representing the percent cleavage of pro-VEGF-C
by mPC5A and its mutants as estimated by quantitative analysis
(ImageQuant). The percentages were obtained from the ratio of
VEGF-C/(pro-VEGF-C + VEGF-C).
chains (21) and
VEGF-C, which are good PC5A substrates, were introduced. It should be
noted that none of the peptides tested were cleaved by the convertases.
Table II depicts their inhibitory constants (Ki) on
the in vitro processing of the fluorogenic pERTKR-MCA
substrate by mPC5A, hPC5A, or soluble hFurin-BTMD (22). As compared
with Furin, the selectivity and potency of the various peptides
revealed that 1) the native decapeptide
107QQVVKKRTKR116
is a very potent inhibitor of mPC5A and hPC5A, with
Ki values of 16 and 31 nM, respectively.
This peptide exhibits 6-12-fold selectivity toward PC5A as compared
with Furin. 2) The most potent inhibitor of PC5A is the P9 Q108A
peptide with a Ki of 5-6 nM, except
that it is only 4-fold more selective toward Furin (Table II and Fig.
4). The worst inhibitor of PC5A is the P4
mutant R113I, with a Ki of ~7.5 µM.
3) None of the 11 P6 mutants tested were more potent than Q108A, but 2 of them, K111H and K111L, were the most selective inhibitors of PC5A
(40- and 28-fold, respectively; Table II and Fig. 4). 4) Combination of
both P6 His and P4 Ile, found in the good PC5A substrates
-integrins
and in pro-VEGF-C, resulted in a low potency inhibitor K111H/R113I
(Ki ~ 1.2 µM). 5) Although the P6
K111L shows a good PC5A selectivity, it was surprising to find that
other aliphatic residues such as Val or Ile at P6 did not. Instead,
they resulted in a drastic loss of both selectivity and potency. 6)
Replacement of Lys at P6 by Arg that usually enhances the recognition
of substrates by PCs (1) resulted in a lower inhibitory potency, as
compared with the WT and the K111H and K111L mutants. This suggests
that Arg at P6 is deleterious for the inhibitory activity of the pPC5 decapeptide mimic. This result is similar to that reported for PACE4,
where replacement of the P6 Leu by Arg in the serpin
1-PDX resulted
in lower inhibition (61). (7) The Lys at P2 seems to be important since
its replacement by Thr (K115T) led to a severe loss of both potency and
selectivity. Finally, all the conclusions drawn above are valid for
both mouse and human PC5A, which exhibit an identical decapeptide at
the C terminus of their prosegment (8, 62).
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Fig. 4.
Graphical representation of the comparative
inhibitory potency (on mPC5A; line graph) and
selectivity (versus Furin; histogram)
of each PC5-derived prosegment decapeptide (see
also Table II).
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Fig. 5.
pPC5 polyclonal antibody specificity.
The polyclonal antibody generated was obtained against the purified,
bacterially produced mouse pPC5. HK293 and CHO-FD11 cells were
transiently transfected with different ppPCs or full-length PC5A,
respectively. The next day the cells were incubated for 6 h in the
presence (+) or absence ( ) of BFA. The cell lysates were resolved by
SDS-PAGE, and the migration of immunoreactive prosegment of PC5 (8.9 kDa) was compared with the bacterially produced pPC5 (10.2 kDa) by
Western blot using the Ab:pPC5 antibody (1:2500). Note that the
bacterial construct has a C-terminal extension of 17 residues that
includes the hexahistidine tag (DYDLSHAAALEHHHHHH), explaining its
slower migration (10.2 kDa) as compared with its cellularly derived
form (8.9 kDa).
WT
K111V ~ K111I > R84A ~ K111P > K111L > R116A.
Based on these and similar data with other enzymes, the inhibitory
IC50 values of pPC5 and its mutants on the in
vitro activity of mPC5A, hFurin-BTMD, rPC7-BTMD, and soluble
ykexin (using equal starting pERTKR-MCA cleavage activities of each
enzyme) are presented in Table III. In general, all tested pPC5s were
potent nanomolar inhibitors of PC5A and were more selective for this enzyme. Furthermore, in agreement with a previous report on pFurin and
pPC7 (45), pPC5s were more potent inhibitors than their corresponding
decapeptides and showed IC50 values that are at least
20-fold lower (not shown). The most potent ones were the WT and the P6
mutants K111H, K111V, and K111I (IC50
10 nM), whereas the K111P mutant is as selective as the WT but
~3-fold less potent. Curiously, no strict correlation could be
established between the potency and selectivity of the decapeptides and
those of the corresponding pPC5s. For example, the pPC5 K111L mutant was ~11-fold less active than WT pPC5 (IC50 ~71
nM) and only 2-fold selective for PC5A, whereas the
corresponding K111L decapeptide was almost as potent as the WT peptide
and 40-fold more selective (Table II and Fig. 4). This suggests that
residues N-terminal to the selected decapeptide of pPC5 may also
significantly affect the inhibitory and selectivity properties of the
prosegment. The various prosegments were also very potent inhibitors of
hFurin and rPC7, with the IC50 in the nanomolar range. The
best inhibitor of mPC5A, hFurin, and rPC7 is also the K111H mutant with
an IC50 of ~ 4, 21, and 23 nM,
respectively. All pPC5s tested failed to potently inhibit ykexin
(IC50 in the nanomolar range; Table III). Finally, the P1
mutant R116A exhibits an ~40-fold lower potency (IC50 ~ 267 nM), whereas the R84A mutant is only 3-fold less potent (IC50 ~ 18 nM) than WT pPC5.
Inhibitory potency of pPC5s and its mutants
-secretase signal peptide-FLAG
(23) to the N terminus of the wild type pPC5 sequence (pFpPC5). This
signal peptide
FLAG motif was previously shown to be efficiently
cleaved in the ER when connected to
-secretase, resulting in an
N-terminally flagged-BACE1 (23). However, when connected to pPC5, it
either did not enter the ER or resisted cleavage, explaining the
absence of prosegment in the medium (Fig. 6B). A similar
observation of an incomplete signal peptide removal was also reported
for the cellularly expressed ppFurin and ppPC7 (45).
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Fig. 6.
Biosynthetic analysis of ppPC5s.
A, HK293 cells were transfected with either the empty vector
(pIRES) or the WT, R84A, K111H, K111I, K111L, K111P, K111V,
or R116A ppPC5s. The cells were pulse-labeled for 6 h with
[35S]Met in the presence of BFA. Cell lysates were
immunoprecipitated with the anti-pPC5 antibody, and the
immunoprecipitates were resolved by SDS-PAGE on a 14% Tricine gel. B,
HK293 cells were transfected with either the empty vector
(pIRES), WT, R84A, R116A ppPC5s, or ppPC5-FLAG (BACE1
SP-FLAG-pPC5). The cells were pulse-labeled for 6 h with
[35S]Met. Cell lysates and media were immunoprecipitated
with the Ab:pPC5, and the proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE on a 14%
Tricine gel. Note that the secreted pPC5 (~3 kDa; cleaved pPC5) is
smaller than the cellular form (8.9 kDa) and that the signal peptide is
not removed from the BACE1 SP-FLAG-pPC5 construct.
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Fig. 7.
Inhibition of pro-VEGF-C processing in CHO-K1
cells. Shown in a Western blot analysis of the parental CHO-K1
cells transiently co-expressing pro-VEGF-C and either empty vector
(pIRES), WT ppPC5, R84A ppPC5, 1-PDX, ppPC7, ppPACE4, or
ppFurin. The media were resolved by SDS-PAGE on a 12% glycine gel and
revealed with anti-VEGF-C antibody. The estimated percent inhibitions
are shown at the bottom of the gel.
CTF, C-terminal fragment.
1-PDX, to inhibit the cellular processing of pro-VEGF-C. These
analyses were performed in wild type CHO-K1 cells (Fig. 7) and in its
derivative, the Furin-negative CHO-FD11 cells (Fig.
8). The latter were made to stably
express both pro-VEGF-C with either mPC5A (FD11/VEGF-C/PC5A; Fig.
8A) or hFurin (FD11/VEGF-C/Furin; Fig. 8B). As a
control, we analyzed the fluorescence level of EGFP of each transfected
cell pool by fluorescence-activated cell sorter, which indicated
equivalent transfection efficiencies (data not shown). In the parental
CHO-K1 cells, we note that WT and R84A ppPC5 are equivalent to
1-PDX
and ppFurin as inhibitors of pro-VEGF-C processing, whereas ppPACE4 and
ppPC7 were less effective (Fig. 7). Because CHO-K1 cells contain
mRNAs coding for Furin and other endogenous PCs (59), we could not
tell which PC is mainly responsible for the processing of pro-VEGF-C in
these cells and to what extent each convertase is blocked by the above inhibitors. To compare the cellular inhibition capacity of each ppPC on
either PC5A or Furin, we opted to analyze the above inhibitors in
either FD11/VEGF-C/PC5A (Fig. 8A) or FD11/VEGF-C/Furin (Fig. 8B) cells. We used the CHO-FD11 cells since the data show
that in these cells pro-VEGF-C is practically not processed. Stable co-expression of PC5A (Fig. 8A) or Furin (Fig.
8B) with pro-VEGF-C resulted in ~50 or 100% processing,
respectively (pIRES lanes); thus, the inhibitions achieved
by the various ppPCs are directly observed on either PC5A or Furin. In
the FD11/VEGF-C/PC5A cells
1-PDX and most prosegments tested were
80% inhibitory. Exceptions included ~55% inhibition by
ppPC5-K111L and no inhibition by either ppPC5-R116A, which agrees with
the in vitro data (Table III; Fig. 7) or ppPC7 (Fig.
8A). In the FD11/VEGF-C/Furin cells,
1-PDX and ppFurin
were ~31-39% inhibitory, whereas ppPACE4 (~23%), ppPC7 (~18%), and the ppPC5s (
14%) were relatively weak inhibitors, and
ppPC5-R116A was non-inhibitory (Fig. 8B). These data support the concept that most ppPC5s tested best inhibit PC5A as compared with
Furin ex vivo.
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Fig. 8.
Inhibition of pro-VEGF-C processing in FD11
cells overexpressing PC5A or Furin. Western blot analysis of the
media of CHO-FD11 cells overexpressing VEFG-C and (A)
FD11/VEGF-C/PC5A cells or (B) FD11/VEGF-C/Furin cells
transiently transfected with either the empty vector
(pIRES), WT, R84A, K111H, K111I, K111L, K111P, K111V, or
R116A ppPC5s as well as ppFurin, ppPACE4, ppPC7, or 1-PDX.
Proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE on a 12% glycine gel and revealed
with the anti-VEGF-C H-190 antibody. CTF, C-terminal
fragment.
DISCUSSION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
. In support for the
requirement of a P1 Arg at this site for zymogen activation, the mutant
R84A is normally secreted with a molecular mass similar to that of the
WT PC5A (Fig. 2) but is unable to process pro-VEGF-C (Fig. 3). This is
reminiscent of the phenotype of the equivalent R75A Furin mutant
(mutation of P1 of the secondary cleavage site) that
traffics normally but is inactive (54). A possible explanation is that
although the primary site processing occurred, the secondary one may
not have occurred, resulting in the permanent association of the enzyme with its inhibitory prosegment. In agreement with this hypothesis, using the pPC5 antibody we observed a co-immunoprecipitation of a
~8.9-kDa [3H]Leu polypeptide with the processed
~105-kDa PC5A-R84A but not with the wild type nor the R116A mutant
(data not shown).
pro remained in the ER (data not shown), was not secreted
(Fig. 2), and was inactive (Fig. 3).
1-PDX. In native CHO-K1 cells, all tested ppPCs inhibit pro-VEGF-C
processing (Fig. 7) except for ppPC5-R116A (data not shown). In the
FD11/VEGF-C/PC5A cells, ppPC5s inhibit pro-VEGF-C processing by
80%
except ppPC5-K111L (~55% inhibition) and ppPC7 (no inhibition; Fig.
8A). Interestingly, both ppPC5-K111L and ppPC7 (67) contain
a P6 Leu, which may hinder their PC5-directed inhibitory properties. It
was recently reported that in vitro pPC7 could inhibit PC5A
with a Ki of 0.1 nM and was more selective toward PC5A than its cognate enzyme, PC7 (65). However, our
previous (45) and present data do not agree with this conclusion. Indeed, although the PC5A-directed pro-VEGF-C processing was not inhibited by ppPC7 in the FD11/VEGF-C/PC5A cells, it was blocked by
ppFurin, ppPACE4, and ppPC5 as well as by
1-PDX (Fig.
8A). In FD11/VEGF-C/Furin cells, no significant inhibition
of pro-VEGF-C processing by any of the prosegments was observed, and
only ~30-40% inhibition was achieved by
1-PDX and ppFurin (Fig.
8B). This is likely due to the high Furin activity in these
overexpressing cells, since in the parental CHO-K1 cells these
inhibitors were quite effective on the endogenous convertases (Fig. 7).
Thus, at high Furin levels
1-PDX and ppFurin are much better
inhibitors than ppPC5, whereas the latter and ppPACE4 are similarly
effective on lower endogenous Furin levels (compare Figs. 7 and
8B).
1-PDX (28, 68, 69). It is
hoped that pharmacological use of PC inhibitors including those
presented above and novel ones such as polyarginines (7) will be more
exploited in the future as novel tools in pathologies clearly
implicating one or more convertase(s) (28).
![]() |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
---|
We thank Dr. Stephen H. Leppla (NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD) for the generous gift of the CHO-FD11 cells. We are especially indebted to Annik Prat for constructive criticism and contribution to the final form of the manuscript. We are also grateful to Eric Bergeron, Suzanne Benjannet, Jim Cromlish, Majid Abdel Khatib, and Géraldine Siegfried for constant and precious advise. Many thanks to Andrew Chen for microsequencing, Dany Gauthier for amino acid analysis, and to Louise Wickham and Josée Hamelin for expert technical assistance. The secretarial assistance of Brigitte Mary is greatly appreciated.
![]() |
FOOTNOTES |
---|
* This work was supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research Grant MGP-44363 and Group grant MGC-11474 and by the Protein Engineering Network of Excellence.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
¶ To whom correspondence may be addressed: Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Ave., West Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada. Tel.: 514-987-5609; Fax: 514-987-5542; E-mail: seidahn@ircm.qc.ca.
To whom correspondence may be addressed: The Regional Protein
Chemistry Center, Diseases of Aging Unit, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Loeb Bldg., 725 Parkdale Ave., Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada. Tel.: 613-761-4614; Fax: 613-761-4355; E-mail:
mchretien@ohri.ca.
Published, JBC Papers in Press, October 31, 2002, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M208009200
2 G. Siegfried, N. G. Seidah, and A.-M. Khatib, submitted for publication.
3 N. Nour and N. G. Seidah, manuscript in preparation.
![]() |
ABBREVIATIONS |
---|
The abbreviations used are:
PC, proprotein
convertase;
BFA, brefeldin A;
BTMD, before transmembrane domain;
SKI-1, subtilisin kexin isozyme-1;
pPC5, prosegment of PC5;
ppPC5:
preprosegment of PC5, MCA, amidomethylcoumarin;
VEGF, vascular
endothelial growth factor;
ER, endoplasmic reticulum;
CHO, Chinese
hamster ovary;
Tricine, N-[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]glycine;
h-, human;
m-, mouse;
y-, yeast;
WT, wild type;
EGFP, enhanced green
fluorescent protein;
1-PDX,
1-antitrypsin
Portland.
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