From the
Institute for Molecular Science of
Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Yazako, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195 and
Central Research Laboratories, Seikagaku Corp.,
3-1253 Tateno, Higashiyamato, Tokyo 207-0021, Japan
Received for publication, December 2, 2002 , and in revised form, December 2, 2002.
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ABSTRACT |
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INTRODUCTION |
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Recent studies have revealed various in vivo functions of KS chains in embryogenesis, cancer invasion, immune responses, and cartilage metabolism. The KS chain is expressed in various tissues in the embryo and regulates organogenesis by affecting filtration and differentiation in the kidney (2), migration of primary germ cells in the gonads or of neural crest cells in the heart and gut (3), and axonal guidance in the gut and skin (2). A sialylated KS proteoglycan serves as a specific marker for human embryonal carcinoma, which may regulate the biological behavior of the tumor (4). 6-Sulfo-N-acetyllactosamine has been identified as an epitope of dendritic cell-specific monoclonal antibodies, M-DC8, DD1, and DD2, suggesting an important role for this saccharide structure in T cell stimulation by dendritic cells (5). KS is known to be important for aggrecan degradation by aggrecanase-1, a key enzyme in cartilage metabolism (6). Many KS-containing proteoglycans, including lumican, keratocan, mimecan, fibromodulin, and phosphacan, have been identified and their in vivo roles studied by using knockout mice (7, 8). As these proteoglycans function not only via their core protein but also via their GAG chains, detailed characterization of KS chains is necessary to define the structure for their specific functions.
Any fingerprinting method for analyzing the structure of KS requires both
fragmentation usually with KS-degrading enzymes and subsequent separation. At
present, the various KS-degrading enzymes are classified into three groups
based on their cleavage sites and substrate specificity. The first are the
endo--galactosidases identified in Escherichia freundii
(9), Coccobacterium
sp. (10), Flavobacterium
keratolyticus (11), and
Bacteroides fragilis
(12), which hydrolyze the
internal nonsulfated galactosidic bonds of KS. The second is the keratanase
identified in Pseudomonas sp. IFO-13309
(13). This enzyme also cleaves
internal
14 galactosidic linkages in KS but differs in substrate
specificity from the endo-
-galactosidase. It requires at least one
N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfate residue and does not hydrolyze the
desulfated KS polymer. The third group is the keratanase II identified in
Bacillus sp. Ks36, endo-
-N-acetylglucosaminidase
(14), which cleaves
N-acetylglucosamine linkages of the KS chain, releasing
Gal
14GlcNAc disaccharides with mono- or di-sulfates, or
tetrasaccharides of
Gal
14GlcNAc
13Gal
14GlcNAc, both of which
contain an N-acetyllactosamine structure. At present, keratanase II
is defined as a KS-degrading endo-
-N-acetylglucosaminidase.
Fucose residues on adjacent N-acetylglucosamines interfere with
digestion of KS by keratanase, resulting in a larger number of
oligosaccharides. In contrast, keratanase II of Bacillus sp.
efficiently digests KS chains even with fucose residues and therefore is
usually used for structural analyses of KS. However, keratanase II of
Bacillus sp. Ks36 is not thermostable and may contain
-galactosidase activity as suggested recently
(15).
In the search for other KS-degrading enzymes useful for KS analysis, we
screened numerous microorganisms isolated from soil samples and identified a
highly thermostable keratanase II,
endo--N-acetylglucosaminidase, in Bacillus circulans.
The purified enzyme designated as Bc keratanase II digested KS to
disaccharides or tetrasaccharides at an optimal temperature of 55 °C.
Based on partial amino acid sequences of the enzyme, we further performed
molecular cloning. The recombinant enzyme showed activity comparable with the
native keratanase II. These results will provide us with another tool for the
structural analysis of KS and preparation of sulfated
N-acetyllactosamine.
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES |
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Preparation of KS and KS OligosaccharidesShark cartilage keratan sulfate (KS) and KS oligosaccharides were prepared as reported previously (16). Briefly, shark cartilage KS (1 g) was dissolved in 100 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 6.0, and digested with Bacillus sp. keratanase II (5 units) at 37 °C for 24 h. After addition of 2 volumes of absolute ethanol, the sample was kept at 25 °C overnight and was centrifuged at 3,000 x g for 15 min. The supernatant was collected and evaporated to dryness. The crude oligosaccharides dissolved in water (2 ml) were applied to a Bio-Gel P-2 column (3.6 x 134 cm) and eluted in water. The eluate, as measured by absorbance at 210 nm, was then applied to a Muromac anion exchanger column (4.3 x 35 cm) and eluted with a linear gradient of 03 M NaCl. Peak fractions of individual oligosaccharides were collected. After desalting, these oligosaccharides were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry (data not shown). Table I summarizes the structures of the major KS oligosaccharides.
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Preparation of Specifically 6-O-Desulfated KS and KS Disaccharides6-O-Sulfate-specific desulfation of shark cartilage KS and KS disaccharide was performed according to the method of Kariya et al. (17). Five hundred milligrams of shark cartilage KS or KS disaccharide pyridinium salt was dissolved in 5 ml of N-methyl-N- (trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide and 50 ml of pyridine. For the preparation of desulfated KS, the mixture was incubated at 110 °C for 2 h. After cooling down on ice, an equal volume of water was added to the mixture. The sample was then evaporated, dissolved in water, dialyzed against water, and lyophilized. For preparation of desulfated KS disaccharide, the mixture was heated at 80 °C for 2 h, and an equal volume of 20% methanol was added to the reaction mixture, evaporated, and dissolved in water. The solution was applied to a charcoal-Celite column to remove salts. After the column had been washed with 5 volumes of water, the desulfated KS disaccharide was eluted with 30% methanol, evaporated, and lyophilized.
Culture of B. circulansB. circulans KsT202 was maintained on brain heart infusion slant medium (20% calf brain infusion, 25% beef heart infusion, 1% protease peptone, 0.5% NaCl, 0.25% Na2HPO4, and 1.5% agar, pH 7.2) supplemented with 0.2% shark cartilage KS. After inoculation into a 500-ml flask containing 100 ml of seed medium (0.75% peptone, 0.5% Brewery's yeast extract, 0.5% KH2PO4, 0.02% MgSO4·7H2O, 0.1% NaCl, and 0.2% shark cartilage KS, pH 7.0), the bacteria were cultured at 37 °C for 14 h in a shaker at 120 rpm. Then 90 ml of the culture was transferred into a 5-liter jar fermentor containing 3 liters of medium P (1.0% peptone, 0.5% Brewery's yeast extract, 0.25% fish extract, 0.5% KH2PO4, 0.02% MgSO4·7H2O, 0.1% NaCl, 150 ppm Adecanol LG-109, and 0.5% shark cartilage KS, pH 7.5) and further cultured at 37 °C and 200 rpm with an air flow for 8 h.
Keratanase AssayThe keratanase assay was carried out according to the method of Park and Johnson (18). The enzymatic reaction was performed in 200 µl of 100 mM acetate buffer, pH 6.0, containing 100 µg of KS. After incubating for 10 min at 37 °C, the reaction was stopped by adding 200 µl of the carbonate/KCN solution (50 mM Na2CO3 and 10 mM KCN) and 200 µl of K3Fe(CN)6 solution (1.8 mM) and boiled for 10 min. After cooling down to room temperature, the sample was mixed with 1 ml of Alum solution (3.1 mM Fe(NH4SO4)2·12H2O, 0.05 M H2SO4, and 0.1% SDS), mixed, and incubated for 15 min at room temperature. Then the amount of reducing sugar was determined from the increase in absorbance at 690 nm. A heat-inactivated sample was used as a control. One unit of the enzymatic activity was defined as the amount of the enzyme that released 1 µmol of reducing sugars (as galactose) per min under the assay conditions.
Purification and Partial Peptide Sequencing of Bc Keratanase II B. circulans keratanase II (Bc keratanase II) was purified either from bacterial pellets or culture media of cells grown in the presence of shark cartilage KS as follows. All isolation and purification procedures were carried out at 4 °C. Thirty grams of frozen bacteria pellets obtained from 3 liters of culture was resuspended in 150 ml of phosphate-buffered saline and treated with both lysozyme (100 µg/ml) and DNase I (26 µg/ml) for 30 min at 37 °C. After centrifugation, the supernatant was collected, and the pellet was extracted twice. By stepwise addition of ammonium sulfate, the KS-degrading activity was recovered in the fraction between 35 and 60% saturation. The sample fraction precipitated at 60% saturation was dissolved in 10 ml of 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.2, dialyzed against the same buffer, and applied to a DE52 column (2.4 x 14 cm, Whatman) equilibrated with the same buffer. The enzyme fraction was eluted using a gradient of up to 0.3 M NaCl. After the addition of NaCl to a final concentration of 4 M, the enzyme fraction was applied to a phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B column (1.5 x 14 cm, Amersham Biosciences) equilibrated with 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.2, and 4 M NaCl. The enzyme fraction was eluted using a decreasing gradient of NaCl concentrations in the fraction from 2.3 to 2.1 M NaCl.
By using 20 liters of conditioned medium kept at 45 °C for 24 h, the protein was precipitated through 70% saturation of ammonium sulfate. The precipitate was resuspended in 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, and the solution was subjected to stepwise precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The enzyme was precipitated with a 0.350.55 saturation. The enzyme fraction was applied to a DE52 column (5.2 x 24 cm) equilibrated with 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, and was eluted using a gradient of NaCl to 0.3 M. The protein was precipitated with 0.55 saturation of ammonium sulfate, resuspended in 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, and applied to a Sephacryl S-300 column (2.2 x 101 cm). The fraction containing enzyme activity was again applied to a DE52 column (5.2 x 10 cm), similarly eluted, and then concentrated using a Centricon ultrafiltration spin column. The concentrated enzyme fraction was again applied to a Sephacryl S-300 column, and the enzyme fraction was applied to a phenyl-Sepharose column (1.6 x 15 cm) and eluted as described above.
Capillary Electrophoretic Analysis of KS
OligosaccharidesCapillary electrophoretic analysis of KS
oligosaccharides was performed by the method of
Yoshida.2 The
experiments were performed on a CE system P/ACE 2100 (Beckman Instruments)
equipped with a fixed wavelength ultraviolet detector (UV at 214 nm). The CE
system was operated in normal polarity by applying the sample at the cathode.
The running buffer was 50 mM sodium tetraborate, pH 9.0. The sample
was separated and analyzed using a fused silica capillary tube (75 µm
x 60 cm, Beckman Instruments). Each experiment was performed at a
constant voltage of 15 kV. The system operation and data handling were fully
controlled, and chromatograms were integrated using System Gold
chromatography-automated software (version 4) from Beckman Instruments running
on a Compaq personal computer. The migration times of
Gal(6S)14GlcNAc(6S),
Gal(6S)
14GlcNAc(6S)
13Gal(6S)
14GlcNAc(6S),
and
NeuAc
23Gal
14GlcNAc(6S)
13Gal(6S)
14GlcNAc(6S)
are 19.7, 23.0, and 17.7 min, respectively
(Table I).
HPLC Analysis of KS Oligosaccharides and Neutral SugarsThe
average molecular weight and yield of KS oligosaccharides were estimated by
gel permeation chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography
(GPC-HPLC) with serially combined columns of TSK-gel PWXL-4000, PWXL-3000, and
PWXL-2500 under a constant flow (0.6 ml/min) of 200 mM NaCl at 40
°C. Ten mg of KS was digested with 10 milliunits of the enzyme in 0.1
M acetate buffer, pH 6.0, at 37 °C for 24 h. After
centrifugation at 6,000 x g and 4 °C for 5 min, aliquots of
the supernatant were used as the samples. The injection volume was 5 µl
(19). Detection was performed
with a refractive index. The retention times of
Gal(6S)14GlcNAc(6S),
Gal(6S)
14GlcNAc(6S)
13Gal(6S)
14GlcNAc(6S),
and
NeuAc
23Gal
14GlcNAc(6S)
13Gal(6S)
14GlcNAc(6S)
are indicated in Table I.
The amount of N-acetylated amino sugars was determined by HPLC with a Shodex NH2-P50 column (4.6 x 250 mm; Showa Denko, Tokyo, Japan) under a constant flow (0.6 ml/min) of 75% acetonitrile solution at 40 °C. Injection was carried out at 5 µl. The eluate was monitored from the absorbance at 214 nm (N-acetyl group). The retention times of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyllactosamine were 10.2 and 15.2 min, respectively (Fig. 6).
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Determination of Amino Acid SequencesPurified enzyme was subjected to SDS-PAGE using a 4% gel. After staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue, a homogeneous protein in the gel was excised, extracted using 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.1 mM EDTA, and 0.5% SDS, and digested with lysyl endopeptidase (0.4 µg). The digest was applied to a reverse phase column (ODS80Ts 2 x 250 mm) equilibrated with 0.1% trifluoroacetate. The resulting peptides were separated with a linear gradient of 70% acetonitrile and 0.08% trifluoroacetate at a flow rate of 180 µl/min. Amino acid sequences of the resulting peptides were determined with a protein sequencer (PE Applied Biosystems, model 473A).
Molecular Cloning of the Bc Keratanase II GeneA degenerative PCR was performed using the sense primer 5'-GCIGAYCCICCIGTIACIGARCC-3' (based on the amino acid sequence of peptide 3) and antisense primer 5'-ATIGTIGGIATIARIGCIGGYTG-3' (based on the amino acid sequence of peptide 2) and genomic DNA of the bacteria as the template, with a program of denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of 94 °C for 20 s, 60 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 2 min. The PCR product, which corresponded to a partial genomic sequence of the enzyme gene, was subcloned into a pCR4-TOPO (Invitrogen). The 5'- and 3'-ends of the DNA were extended by inverse PCR. Appropriate restriction sites, BglII, PstI, and HindIII, were chosen for inverse PCR, using genomic Southern blot analysis with the PCR product as a probe. Inverse PCR1 was performed using the sense primer 5'-GATCTAGGGCCCAGTGTCGGGGGCGCGATGAATC-3' and antisense primer 5'-TCGTAAGGGCCCTGCAGCGTCTTGCTGTAGTTAG-3' and the self-ligate of the BglII-digested genomic DNA as the template with a program of denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of 94 °C for 15 s, 60 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 5 min. Inverse PCR2 was performed using the sense primer 5'-AACGTACTGGTGCATCACAATGAA-3' and antisense primer 5'-AACCTTTGCCATAAAGCTGATCT-3' and self-ligate of the PstI-digested genomic DNA as the template with the same program. Inverse PCR3 was performed using the sense primer 5'-CAATTCGAGCCGCAAGCGCGGATC-3' and antisense primer 5'-GATGTAGTAAATCCCCACCTGCTC-3' and self-ligate of the HindIII-digested genomic DNA as the template. Inverse PCR4 was performed using the sense primer 5'-TACGACTTTGACGTTCACCGCACA-3' and antisense primer 5'-GTATCGTGGTTCTTCACCCCGAAT-3' and self-ligate of the BglII-digested genomic DNA as the template. The PCR products were subcloned into pCR4-TOPO. DNA sequencing was performed by the dideoxy chain termination method, using an ABI Prism 310 DNA sequencer. Conserved domain search was performed using Pfam HMM (pfam.wustl.edu/hmmsearch.shtml) and NCBI conserved domain search (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST).
Expression of Recombinant Bc Keratanase II and Its DomainsA DNA fragment that encodes a full-length enzyme protein was amplified by PCR using as primers 5'-ATGGATCCTTCCATTCGTCAAGATCCGAC-3' and 5'-GCGAATTCGCCTTCAACAGCATGTTAAA-3' and genomic DNA of the bacteria as template and ligated into the expression vector pET-22b (Novagen), using BamHI and EcoRI sites. For expression of the enzyme without an SLH domain, the primers 5'-ATGGATCCTTCCATTCGTCAAGATCCGAC-3' and 5'-CAGAATTCAGCTCTCCAGGCTTGACGATGA-3' were used. Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells were transformed with the recombinant gene and cultured at 37 °C in 50 ml of LB medium containing 50 µg/ml ampicillin, and the protein expression was induced by adding 0.1 mM isopropyl-D-thiogalactopyranoside to the culture medium. After 3 h, the bacterial cells were collected by centrifugation at 5000 x g for 10 min and suspended in 4 ml of the lysis buffer containing 1 mg/ml lysozyme. After 30 min, the cell suspension was sonicated on ice. The supernatant containing the soluble enzyme was collected by centrifugation at 10,000 x g for 30 min at 4 °C and purified by chromatography on columns of nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Qiagen).
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RESULTS |
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Next, we characterized the enzyme by using shark cartilage KS as a substrate. The enzyme was stable at temperatures up to 45 °C and retained 65% activity at 50 °C after incubating for 1 h in 100 mM acetate buffer, pH 6.0 (Fig. 3A). The optimal temperature for the enzyme reaction was 55 °C. The enzyme exhibited 80 and 79% activity at 50 and 60 °C, respectively (Fig. 3B). The pH stability profile of the keratanase II disclosed that the enzyme is stable at pH 6.07.0 (Fig. 3C). As shown in Fig. 3D, the enzyme activity was maximal at pH 5.0 in the same buffer. Effects of metal ions on the activity were examined under the keratanase assay conditions. Na+, K+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ba2+, Ca2+, and Zn2+ had no significant effect on the enzyme when tested as chloride salts at 1 mM. SH inhibitors such as p-chloromercuribenzoic acid and chelating agents such as EDTA showed no inhibitory effect (data not shown).
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Then we examined the substrate specificity of this enzyme by using various GAG chains including bovine cornea KS and shark cartilage KS. Although both KS chains were digested, cartilage KS was hydrolyzed 1.7-fold that of cornea KS. In contrast, all the other GAG chains including hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate, and heparin were resistant (Table III), demonstrating a specificity to KS chains. Interestingly, no activity was observed toward de-sulfated KS chains, indicating an absolute requirement of the presence of a sulfated residue for digestion.
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Next, we determined the kinetics of the enzyme (Fig. 3E). The keratanase assay was performed at various concentrations of cornea KS and cartilage KS at 37 °C, pH 6.0. The Km and Vmax values were calculated from Lineweaver-Burk plots, supposing that most cartilage KS was decomposed to KS disaccharides and tetrasaccharides. The Km for cornea KS and cartilage KS was 143 and 54 µg/ml, respectively, and the Vmax was 39.1 and 57.7 µmol/min/mg protein, respectively.
Analysis of KS DigestsWe analyzed digests of shark
cartilage KS and bovine cornea KS (2 mg/ml) by this enzyme, using a GPC-HPLC.
Most of the cartilage KS was digested to KS disaccharide (57.5%) and
tetrasaccharide (34.1%), whereas KS oligosaccharides over pentasaccharides
(27.9%) remained in the cornea KS digest
(Fig. 4). Monosaccharides such
as GlcNAc(6S) and Gal(6S) were not detected in both digests. Similar digestion
profiles were obtained when these KS samples were digested with keratanase II
of Bacillus sp. Ks36 (endo--N-acetylglucosaminidase)
(data not shown). These results indicate that this enzyme is an
endoglycosidase.
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Next we determined the cleavage site of the enzyme. As the CE profiles of
the digests by the enzyme agreed well with those by keratanase II of
Bacillus sp. Ks36, we compared the structure of the major
disaccharide fraction of shark cartilage KS digests by the purified enzyme
(peak 2 in Fig. 4) and
its 6-O-sulfate-specific desulfated form with various KS
oligosaccharides, using CE and HPLC. In the CE analysis, the migration time of
the KS disaccharide (Fig.
5B) and desulfated disaccharide
(Fig. 5C) was 19.7 and
8.5 min, suggesting that these products were
(Gal(6S)14GlcNAc(6S)) and N-acetyllactosamine,
respectively (Fig. 5A,
peaks 3 and 1). The retention time of the desulfated
disaccharide under HPLC conditions for analyzing the N-acetylated
amino sugars (Fig. 6B)
also coincided with that of N-acetyllactosamine
(Fig. 6A, peak
2). Further analysis of the desulfated disaccharide was performed using
HPLC following
-galactosidase or
-N-acetylhexosaminidase
digestion to identify the sugar sequence
(Fig. 6). The retention time of
the desulfated disaccharide shifted from 15.2 to 10.2 min on treatment with
-galactosidase (Fig.
6C), whereas
-N-acetylhexosaminidase
treatment had no effect (Fig.
6D). The same results were obtained in
N-acetyllactosamine. These results indicate that KS disaccharide
derived from shark cartilage KS digested with the purified enzyme is identical
to Gal(6S)
14GlcNAc(6S) and that the enzyme was an
end-
-N-acetylglucosaminidase, keratanase II, according to its
definition. Therefore, we designate this enzyme as Bc keratanase II.
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Molecular Cloning and Expression of the Keratanase II
GenePurified enzyme excised from a SDS-PAGE gel was digested with
lysyl endopeptidase, and the digests were purified using a HPLC column,
followed by peptide sequencing. The sequences of three tryptic peptides,
GFLTPDQLANVQNLNNIGF, FLGQPALIPTIVDAYWTAYPDG, and VEQGPADPPVTEPTLLRG, were
obtained and designated as peptides 13, respectively. Based on these
peptide sequences, degenerative oligonucleotide primers were designed as
described under "Experimental Procedures." PCR using genomic DNA
of B. circulans as a template and a set of degenerative
oligonucleotide primers (ATIGTIGGIATIARIGCIGGYTG and GCIGAYCCICCIGTIACIGARCC)
yielded a DNA of 2.5 kb. By using restriction enzyme sites, inverse PCR
was performed to obtain the 5' and 3' sequences. The composite DNA
encoded an open reading frame of 5811 bp corresponding to a protein of 1936
amino acids. Instead of a typical Shine-Dalgarno sequence of AGGAGG, the
sequence TAAAGG (nucleotides 231236) was found upstream of the putative
translational initiation site. From the deduced amino acid sequence, the
molecular weight and the isoelectronic point (pI) of the enzyme were
calculated to be 213,333 and 4.92. A cluster of hydrophobic amino acids
(Fig. 7A,
134), presumably a signal sequence, was located between the
putative translational initiation site and the N-terminal sequence of the
purified enzyme, SIRQDPTTGN.
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We looked for conserved domains among published glycosidase domains using Pfam HMM search and NCBI conserved domain search, and we found two domains with homology to certain domains. A region at the C terminus of the enzyme contained three stretches (amino acids 17601802, 18191861, and 18841927) of sequence homologous to the SLH domain of pullulanase from Thermoanaeobacterium thermosulfurigenes and endoxylanase from Thermoanaeobacterium saccharolyticum. A weak homology to the consensus sequence of carbohydrate-binding domain (CBM49) was found in the region of amino acids 307457 of the enzyme, which is found in F. keratolyticus. No other homologous domains were identified in the coding sequence of Bc keratanase II.
Next, we expressed a full-length enzyme using a pET-22b bacterial expression system and confirmed its activity. A soluble fraction of the cell extract digested KS with an activity of 83 milliunits/mg protein, 4-fold the activity of the native enzyme expressed by B. circulans. When the KS digests were analyzed using GPC-HPLC, identical patterns were obtained as digests with the native enzyme (Fig. 7B), indicating that the recombinant protein actually has the keratanase II activity. When a recombinant enzyme lacking the S-layer homology domain was expressed, most of the activity was found in the insoluble fraction (data not shown), demonstrating that the S-layer domain is essential for the solubility of the enzyme.
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DISCUSSION |
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Bc keratanase II has at least three advantages compared with the enzyme of
Bacillus sp. Ks36. First, B. circulans produces a larger
amount of the enzyme, which enables a higher yield and easy purification.
Thirty grams of bacterial pellet (wet weight) contains 80 units of activity,
compared with 24 units from Bacillus sp. Ks36. Actually, we have
successfully purified the native enzyme by using essentially a two-step column
chromatography, yielding 70 mg of protein from 7.5 g of total protein,
with
64-fold purification, whereas keratanase II of Bacillus sp.
Ks36 has been purified by a three-step column chromatography by using
phenyl-Sepharose, DEAE-cellulofine, and Sephacryl S-300 following ammonium
sulfate precipitation, with a purification of
8,000-fold. Second, Bc
keratanase II is thermostable with an optimal temperature of 55 °C. Third,
the enzyme is unaffected by metal ions, SH inhibitors, and chelating agents,
whereas the activity of Bacillus sp. keratanase II is inhibited
considerably by Zn2+, Mn2+, and
EDTA, and completely by p-chloromercuribenzoic acid.2
With these characteristics as above, keratanase II of B. circulans
would be extremely useful for fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate
electrophoresis analysis, which is a simple, highly sensitive, and
quantitative analysis of KS chains
(15). Recent studies revealed
that keratanase II preparations of Bacillus sp. Ks36 contained as a
contaminant -galactosidase activity that cleaves the disaccharide
Gal
14GlcNAc6S to Gal and GlcNAc6S
(15). So far we have not
observed such activity in the purified Bc keratanase II, and even if present,
depolymerization using this enzyme at a temperature higher than 37 °C may
considerably reduce it.
Another possible application of keratanase II is production of sulfated N-acetyllactosamine. The fact that 6-sulfo-N-acetyllactosamine is specific to some classes of dendritic cells suggests an important role for this saccharide structure in T cell stimulation by dendritic cells (5). The N-acetyllactosamine structure has been observed in sialyl Lewis x (Lex), a functional ligand for E-, P-, and L-selectins (2023), which mediate extravasation of leukocytes. As sialyl 6-O-sulfo-Lex is a ligand for L-selectin, depolymerized KS oligosaccharides may have a physiological function or may serve as a competitive inhibitor for their binding.
It is intriguing that keratanase II cleaves highly sulfated KS but not the
desulfated form. Effects of sulfation levels on enzymatic activity have been
demonstrated in other glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes such as
chondroitinases ABC and ACII. Chondroitinase ABC digests chondroitin sulfate
rather than chondroitin, whereas chondroitinase ACII digests chondroitin
better. However, the selectivity of KS-degrading enzymes appears strict
compared with that of chondroitinases. For instance, sulfation of at least one
of the GlcNAc residues adjacent to a Gal residue is essential for the action
of keratanase of Pseudomonas sp. but not for
endo--galactosidase
(14). By NMR analysis, shark
cartilage KS did not appear to contain fucosylated GlcNAc (data not shown).
The effect of fucosylation on the substrate specificity remains to be
examined.
We have performed molecular cloning of keratanase II for the first time,
and we have further expressed an enzyme with comparable activity to the native
form, suggesting that this E. coli system may be adapted to
expression of glycosidases for bulk production and possible therapeutic use.
As the carbohydrate-binding domain located in the middle is also found in the
endo--galactosidase of F. keratolyticus, this domain may be
important for specific recognition of the sulfated KS chains. Functional
analysis using various truncated forms will determine the catalytic site and
regions responsible for thermostability. At present, the physiological
turnover of KS chains has not been well studied, and no KS-degrading enzyme
has been identified in mammals. Our cloning data may facilitate identification
of a mammalian counterpart of the enzyme, which may lead to elucidation of
mechanisms of KS metabolism.
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FOOTNOTES |
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* The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the
payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked
"advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734
solely to indicate this fact.
¶ Both authors contributed equally to this work.
|| To whom correspondence should be addressed: Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Yazako, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan. Tel.: 81-561-62-3311 (ext. 2086); Fax: 81-561-63-3532; E-mail: wannabee{at}aichi-med-u.ac.jp.
1 The abbreviations used are: KS, keratan sulfate; CSC, chondroitin
6-sulfate; Gal(6S), 6-O-sulfogalactose; GlcNAc(6S),
6-O-sulfo-N-acetylglucosamine; HPLC, high performance liquid
chromatography; GPC, gel permeation chromatography; CE, capillary
electrophoresis; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; GAG, glycosaminoglycan; SLH,
surface layer homology.
2 K. Yoshida, personal communication.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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REFERENCES |
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