From the Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de
Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 70005, Santiago 6530499, Chile, Department of Physiology, Loyola University,
Chicago, Illinois 60153, and § Department of
Anesthesia, Brigham and Women's Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
Received for publication, January 5, 2001, and in revised form, April 3, 2001
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ABSTRACT |
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Potassium depolarization of skeletal myotubes
evokes slow calcium waves that are unrelated to contraction and involve
the cell nucleus (Jaimovich, E., Reyes, R., Liberona, J. L., and
Powell, J. A. (2000) Am. J. Physiol. 278, C998-C1010). Studies were done in both the 1B5 (Ry53 Depolarization-induced calcium release in skeletal muscle is
generally detected as a fast process mediated by dihydropyridine receptors in the T-tubule membrane and ryanodine receptors
(RyR)1 in the sarcoplasmic
reticulum (1-4). We previously found evidence for at least two
identifiable calcium signals (5, 6) in skeletal muscle cells in
cultures exposed to high external potassium, which suggests that there
are at least two calcium release systems that respond to the
depolarization signal. The two signals were called the fast and slow
waves. We were also able to observe fluorescence heterogeneity during
slow waves, corresponding to two separate processes: first, a more
rapid increase in fluorescence (the "slow-rapid" wave) that
propagates through both nuclei and cytosol regions; second, a slower
component of increased fluorescence (the "slow-slow" wave), which
is seen only in the nuclear region.
The fact that the cell does not contract during either part of the slow
wave indicates that the overall cytosolic calcium concentration remains
below the contraction threshold and that the high fluorescence areas
that we see must be highly compartmentalized, most probably in the
nuclear region. As expected, high concentrations of ryanodine
eliminated the initial rapid calcium increase associated with
contraction, and interestingly, it also eliminated the first or
slow-rapid cytosolic propagation as well. However the second slow
calcium rise phase was preserved. This suggests that a
ryanodine-sensitive calcium pool is involved in the mechanism of
propagation of the slow-rapid Ca2+ wave through the
cytosol. The apparently different intracellular distributions of
receptors, RyR in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes and inositol
1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R), at least in some
developmental stages, concentrated in membranes associated with the
nuclei (7-9), points to the presence of two separate calcium release
systems. We proposed that the role for the IP3R could be to
modulate cytosolic calcium concentrations within the appropriate
levels, sub-cellular regions, and time scale required to activate
nuclear calcium release. Slow calcium signals in these cells appear to
be mediated by IP3 receptors and are likely to control
phosphorylation cascades involved in regulation of gene
expression.2 The aim of the
present work was to determine the definitive role of RyRs, if any, in
either component of the slow release process. To this aim, we compared
the calcium signals in dyspedic muscle cells (1B5), which do not
express any of the RyR isoforms and lack excitation-contraction (E-C)
coupling (10-17) to C2C12 cells, which have
wild type calcium signals.
Cell Cultures--
Myoblasts of the immortalized dyspedic mouse
myoblast cell line 1B5 (3) and the C2C12
myoblast line (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA) were
cultivated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (1 g of
glucose/liter), 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum, and 10% bovine
serum (all Life Technologies, Inc.) in gelatin-covered dishes at
37 °C in 5% CO2. The serum was reduced to 2% horse
serum after 2 days to induce cell maturation and fusion, and cells were
studied 5-7 days after differentiation was initiated.
Intracellular Calcium--
For intracellular calcium
measurements at single-cell level, the myoblasts were cultured on glass
coverslips to reach 80% confluence and then differentiated into
myotubes by withdrawal of growth factors. Calcium images were obtained
from myotubes that were loaded with the fluorescence calcium dye
fluo-3-acetoximethylester (fluo-3AM; Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR)
using an inverted confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss Axiovert 135 M-LSM
Microsystems). Alternatively we observed calcium transients with an
epifluorescence microscope (Olympus) equipped with a cooled CCD camera
and image acquisition system (Spectra Source MCD 600). Myotubes were
washed three times with Krebs buffer (145 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2.6 CaCl2, 1 mM
MgCl2, 10 mM Hepes-Na, 5.6 mM
glucose, pH 7.4) to remove serum and loaded with 5.4 µM
fluo-3 (coming from a stock in pluronic acid, 20% Me2SO) for 30 min at room temperature. After loading,
myotubes were washed for 10 min to allow the deesterification of the
dye and used within 2 h. The coverslips were mounted in a 1-ml
capacity plastic chamber and placed in the microscope for fluorescence measurements. After excitation with a 488-nm wavelength argon laser
beam or filter system, the fluorescence images were collected every
0.4-2.0 s and analyzed frame by frame with the data acquisition program of the equipment. A PlanApo 60X (NA 1.4) objective lens was
used. In most of the acquisitions, the image dimension was 512 × 120 pixels. Intracellular calcium was expressed as a percentage of
fluorescence intensity relative to basal fluorescence (a value stable
for at least 5 min in resting conditions). The increase in fluorescence
intensity of fluo-3 is proportional to the rise in intracellular
calcium level (18). For experiments using inhibitors, U-72133 (Sigma),
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (Aldrich), xestospongin C (Calbiochem),
and ryanodine (Sigma) were used.
Digital Image Processing--
Elimination of out-of-focus
fluorescence was performed using both the "no-neighbors"
deconvolution algorithm and Castleman's (19) PSF (point spread
function) theoretical model, as has been described previously (20). To
quantify fluorescence, the summed pixel intensity was calculated on the
section delimited by a contour. As a way of increasing efficiency of
these data manipulations, action sequences were generated. To avoid the
possible interference in the fluorescence by high potassium solution
effects on the cellular volume, the area of fluorescent cell was
determined by image analysis using adaptive contour and then creating a
binary mask, which was compared with its bright-field image.
Binding of [3H]IP3 and
[3H]Ryanodine--
Radioligand binding assay for
[3H]IP3 was determined as described (9).
Briefly, confluent plates of C2C12 and dyspedic
mouse cell lines 5-7 days after withdrawal of serum were washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline and homogenized with an ultrasonic homogenizer for 10-15 s. They were then incubated in a medium that
contained 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.4, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, and different concentrations (10-200
nM) of [3H]IP3
(D-myo-[2-3H]IP3,
specific activity 21.0 Ci/mmol, PerkinElmer Life Sciences, 800-1000 cpm/pmol) to 4 °C for 30 min. After incubation, the
reaction was stopped by centrifugation at 10,000 × g
for 10 min (Heraus Biofuge 15R), the supernatant was aspired, and the
pellets were washed with phosphate-buffered saline and dissolved in
NaOH (1 M) to measured the radioactivity. The nonspecific
binding was determined in the presence of 2 µM
IP3 (Sigma). [3H]Ryanodine
binding was measured in C2C12 and dyspedic
mouse cell homogenates as described (21). The incubation medium
contained 0.5 M KCl, 0.1 mM CaCl2,
20 mM Hepes-Tris, pH 7.1, and 1 mM
5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate or 5 mM adenosine
trisphosphate. The samples were incubated with [3H]ryanodine (5-100 nM) for 90 min at
37 °C in the presence or absence of cold ryanodine (10 µM) for nonspecific binding.
Western Blots--
Homogenate proteins were resolved in 7%
SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels and transferred to
nitrocellulose membranes for 2 h at 0.2 A. Primary antibody
incubations using dilutions of 1:1000 of antibodies against either type
1 (Affinity Bioreagents) or type 3 (Transduction Laboratories)
IP3 receptor were carried out at 4 °C overnight. After
incubation with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies
for 1.5 h, the membranes were developed by enhanced
chemiluminescence according to the manufacturer's instructions. After
scanning the films, a densitometry analysis of the bands was performed
with the Scion Image program from NIH.
Immunocytochemistry--
Myotubes grown on coverslips were fixed
in iced methanol, blocked in phosphate-buffered saline containing 1%
bovine serum albumin and 10% goat serum for 30 min and incubated with
primary antibodies at 4 °C overnight. The primary antibodies
obtained from commercial sources were raised against anti-ryanodine
receptor (monoclonal; Affinity Bioreagents) and anti-type 1 IP3R (polyclonal; Affinity Bioreagents). Anti-type-3
IP3R antibody was raised in rabbits against a peptide
corresponding to the carboxyl-terminal 16 amino acids of the rat type-3
IP3R cDNA (CRRQRLGFVDVQNCMSR) (22). The antibody used
in this study was affinity-purified using the immunogenic peptide. The
cells were then washed five times with phosphate-buffered saline/bovine
serum albumin and incubated with the appropriate goat anti-mouse or
goat anti-rabbit secondary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature.
After washing three more times, the coverslips were mounted in 90%
glycerol, 0.1 M Tris, pH 8.0, and 5 mg/ml
p-phenylendiamine to retard photobleaching. The samples were
evaluated in a scanning confocal microscope and phase contrast
microscope and documented through computerized images. In most cases a
nuclear staining was carried out with #33342 Hoeschst (Polyscience
Inc., Warrington, PA) either before fixing or added to the secondary
antibody preparation. Primary antibodies were used in 1:100 to 1:25
dilutions and label displacement with the antigenic peptide was used as
a test for specificity.
Measurements of IP3 Mass Changes in Response to High
External Potassium--
Myotubes were rinsed and preincubated at room
temperature for 20 min with a "resting solution" of the following
composition: 58 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KCl, 3 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgSO4,
0.5 mM EDTA, 60 mM LiCl, 10 mM
glucose, and 20 mM Hepes, pH 7.4. Next the cells were
stimulated, replacing this solution by high potassium solution. At the
times indicated, the reaction was stopped by rapid aspiration of the
stimulating solution, the addition of 0.8 M ice-cold
perchloric acid, and freezing with liquid nitrogen. Samples were
allowed to thaw, and cell debris was spun down for protein
determination. The supernatant was neutralized with a solution 2 M KOH, 0.1 M MES, and 15 mM EDTA.
The neutralized extracts were frozen until required for IP3
determination. IP3 mass measurements were carried out by
radioreceptor assay (23). Briefly, a crude rat cerebellum membrane
preparation was obtained after homogenization in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.7, 1 mM EDTA, 2 mM
Statistics--
All data are expressed as mean ± S.D.
Differences between basal and post-stimulated points were determined
using a paired Student's t test. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Intracellular Calcium Signals--
Confocal microscopy was used to
investigate fluo-3 fluorescence in both a RyR-expressing mouse muscle
cell line (C2C12) and in dyspedic cells (1B5)
in response to potassium depolarization. A typical effect of high
potassium solution (47 mM K+) on intracellular
calcium in C2C12 cells (Fig.
1A) consists of a fast
(reaching the peak in less than 1 s) increase of fluo-3 fluorescence in the entire cell (n = 54 of 63);
fluorescence slowly decreased during the next few seconds. After the
first signal began to decline, a second, smaller signal was evident at
about 10-20 s in 48% of the cells observed (n = 26).
This signal usually propagates along a region of the cell, and
fluorescence in some nuclei continues to increase after the wave passes
them. The analysis of this particular cell allowed measurements of a
given calcium signal in different regions of the myotube in order to
study these phenomena (see below). The response seen is similar
to the calcium transients described in cultured primary rat (5, 6) or
mice2 myotubes. Nuclear region signals appear to have a
relative fluorescence change higher than the cytoplasmic signals,
probably because fluo-3 is concentrated in the nucleoplasm (6).
Myotubes from the dyspedic (1B5) skeletal muscle cell line, which lacks
ryanodine receptors, also displayed intracellular calcium increases
upon K+ stimulation, but the kinetic pattern of this signal
was different from that of their "normal" counterpart (Fig.
1B). As expected in dyspedic myotubes, the fast calcium
signal was not present. However, a slow increase of calcium in the
nuclei was apparent several seconds (mean time 8.2 ± 4.6 s
range 2-18 s) after K+ stimulation. No propagation of this
signal in the cytoplasm was evident. A total of 57 independent
experiments using K+ were recorded in dyspedic myotubes; 43 of them (75%) demonstrated a significant slow calcium rise in the
nuclear region. It is interesting to note also a difference in duration
of the slow calcium signal; the mean duration of Ca2+
increase in C2C12 cells was 11.5 ± 6.0 s (range 2-26 s), whereas in dyspedic cells, the mean
duration was significantly higher (27.8 ± 13.8 s range 8-42
s; p < 0.05).
In a more detailed study of the intracellular calcium increases
produced by potassium stimulation in both cell lines, the relative
changes in the fluorescence of a cell are displayed as a function of
time. In Fig. 2A, the series
of fluorescence images of a multinucleated
C2C12 myotube shown in Fig. 1A was
analyzed; two different regions of equivalent areas of cytosol
containing "responsive" or "unresponsive" nuclei were
delimited. Within each contour, the summed intensity of all pixels in
each image of the sequence was calculated (20). The fluorescence
intensity of all pixels inside the pre-established contour was
quantified for each of the images of the acquired series. When the time
course of relative fluorescence for C2C12 cells
is analyzed (Fig. 2A), it is evident that the signal has at
least two components. Fast fluorescence rise occurred simultaneously in
both areas selected, indicating a very fast, propagated signal that
spanned the whole cell in less than 1 s and slowly declined. When
we analyze two sections separated by 33 µm, it can be seen that
fluorescence rises in both areas at the same time (fast component).
However, the slow component occurred as an oscillation, starting
earlier in the left-side region (filled circles) and then
propagated to the right (empty circles). As a distinct
nucleus fluoresced in the right-hand region (see Fig. 2A,
inset), it is possible to notice a shoulder in the curve, indicating
the presence of both a faster (smaller) and a delayed component in this
signal (empty circles). A similar analysis for dyspedic
myotubes was also performed (Fig. 2B). 1B5 cells show a
delayed, not propagated component of calcium rise that lasted longer
than those of C2C12 cells and was clearly
higher in nuclear than in cytosolic regions (compare the intensity of
the signal in two areas containing nuclei with that of a cytosolic
area, Fig. 2B). In another subset of experiments, we tested
a possible role of calcium influx on K+-activated
Ca2+ transients with confocal imaging. To minimize
Ca2+ entry into myotubes, the experiments were performed in
a low external Ca2+ solution containing 96 mM
NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 2 mM KCl, 5 mM Hepes, 0.5 mM EGTA. In seven independent
experiments each of the calcium transients were clearly visible in both
C2C12 and 1B5 cells, and the spatial and
temporal pattern of those signals were similar to those obtained in
normal external calcium (data not shown).
Use of Inhibitors of the IP3 Pathway--
To identify
the calcium release systems involved in these signals, we measured
calcium signals in both 1B5 and C2C12 cells in
the presence of known inhibitors of IP3-mediated processes. In 1B5 cells (Fig. 3), the calcium rise
was either completely blocked or greatly inhibited in the presence of
10 µM phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 (5 out of 6 experiments). The same happened for the slow part of the signal in
C2C12 cells (not shown). 100 µM
xestospongin C, an IP3 receptor blocker (24), also almost completely inhibited the calcium rise in 6 out of 7 experiments with
1B5 cells. Finally, as was shown by Powell et
al.2 in primary cultures, 50 µM
cell-permeant modulator of the IP3-signaling 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (25) also inhibited the slow calcium signal in both cell lines (9 out of 12 experiments) but did not affect the fast calcium rise in C2C12
cells (not shown).
C2C12 Incubated with Ryanodine--
When
C2C12 cells were previously incubated with 20 µM ryanodine, the fast rise after potassium
depolarization was completely abolished (Fig.
4), and a long-lasting increase of
calcium fluorescence (mean duration 28 ± 6 s) was evident in
the whole cell after a 6-s delay. Note that fluorescence intensity was
particularly high at the level of the cell nuclei. It is also important
to note in this case the complete lack of slow propagation of the
signal, all nuclear fluorescence increasing at about the same time
(Fig. 4).
[3H]Ryanodine and [3H]IP3
Binding--
The presence of ryanodine receptor/calcium release
channels (RyR channels) in C2C12 and 1B5
skeletal myotubes was studied using a radioligand assay. In
C2C12 cells, [3H]ryanodine
binding as a function of [3H]ryanodine concentration was
hyperbolic (Fig. 5A). The
Scatchard analysis for the specific binding component
(inset, Fig. 5A) was fitted to a single family of
receptors, with a high maximal binding capacity
(Bmax = 0.88 pmol/mg of protein).
[3H]Ryanodine binding to C2C12
myotubes is similar to that described for other skeletal muscle
myotubes (6, 9, 26). On the other hand, under identical assay
conditions, no specific [3H]ryanodine binding could be
detected in dyspedic myotubes (1B5 cells), since no difference between
total and nonspecific binding was found (Fig. 5B). This
confirms the previously published results for this cell line (13). A
second family of calcium release channels known to be targeted to the
nucleus corresponds to inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphate receptors (27,
28). Expression of IP3Rs in C2C12
as well as 1B5 myotubes was determined by
[3H]IP3 binding to myotube homogenates of
C2C12 and 1B5 cells, respectively (Figs. 5,
C and D). A saturating (specific) binding curve
for [3H]IP3 was found in both cell lines. The
Scatchard analysis for the specific binding component was fitted to a
single family of receptors, with a high maximal binding capacity.
Similar Kd values were found in 1B5 and
C2C12 myotubes, 61.8 ± 16.3 and 60.1 ± 22.2 nM, respectively, and the total amount of
IP3 receptors (Bmax) was the same in
both cell types (3.12 versus 2.8 pmol/mg of protein,
respectively).
Western Blot Analysis--
The presence of different
IP3R isoforms was investigated in
C2C12 and 1B5 cell myotubes by immunoblotting
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-separated total cell lysates (Fig.
6). Cerebellum proteins (first
lane, left panel) and HeLa cells
(third lane, right panel) were used as positive
controls for type 1 and type 3 IP3 receptors, respectively.
Both C2C12 and 1B5 cell myotubes co-expressed
both type 1 and type 3 IP3 receptor isoforms (Fig. 6) in nearly equal proportions. However, a densitometry analysis showed that 1B5 myotubes expressed higher levels of both proteins, which were estimated as a fraction of total protein compared
with C2C12 myotubes (Fig. 6, lower
panels).
Immunocytochemistry--
The intracellular localization of
IP3 receptor isoforms was monitored by immunofluorescence
labeling and confocal microscopy. As shown in Fig.
7, A and B,
fluorescence due to type 1 IP3R presents a similar pattern
in both C2C12 and 1B5 myotubes.
Immunoreactivity is seen primarily in the nuclear envelope and some
internal nuclear structures. However, the internal nuclear labeling is
most likely to be nonspecific because these structures are seen when
the cells are incubated with preimmune serum in place of the primary
antibody (6). The staining of type 1 IP3 receptor appears
to be continuous around the nuclear envelope. This was confirmed by
sectioning the cells in z axis using scanning confocal
microscopy (data not shown). On the other hand, the antibody against
type 3 IP3R shows a significant amount internal nuclear
labeling (Fig. 7, C and D) especially in 1B5
myotubes, where it is expressed at high levels. There is also a
punctate pattern of type 3 staining throughout the cellular matrix in
both cell types. C2C12 myotubes showed specific
immunoreactivity after exposure to anti-RyR antibodies (Fig.
7E) and demonstrated that RyR, when expressed, did not
co-localize with IP3 receptor. This indicates that there is
a different spatial distribution of these proteins in these myotubes.
As expected, there was no RyR immunoreactivity in 1B5 myotubes (not
shown). Rabbit preimmune serum was used to determine nonspecific
labeling' no secondary antibody mark was evident under these
conditions (Fig. 7F).
IP3 Mass--
The IP3 mass was measured by
a radioreceptor assay in both normal and dyspedic myotubes. The basal
level of intracellular IP3 in C2C12
cells was 26.1 ± 1.9 pmol/mg of protein, and in dyspedic cells,
the basal level was 2-3-fold higher (80.6 ± 9.7 pmol/mg of
protein). When these results are expressed as pmol of IP3
per million of cells counted, this difference still persists. The level
of IP3 in cultured muscle cells appears to be regulated by
membrane potential; transient increases in the mass of IP3 are elicited by potassium-induced depolarization (6, 9). When both
C2C12 and 1B5 myotubes were incubated with
saline containing a high potassium concentration (Fig.
8), we observed that both responded to
the rise in extracellular potassium by increasing their IP3
mass. A peak of 3-3.5-fold higher than the basal value was reached
30 s after depolarization, but the mass of IP3 was significantly higher than basal 10 s after depolarization. For C2C12 the intracellular level of
IP3 increased to a maximum of 80.6 ± 12.2 pmol/mg of
protein or 329% of the initial value after 30 s
(n = 7, p < 0.05 versus
initial value) and declined to 38.7 ± 4.1 pmol/mg of protein
after 60 s (p < 0.05). The values were back to
basal levels after 120 s. For 1B5 myotubes, the intracellular level of IP3 first increased to a maximum of 281 ± 78 pmol/mg of protein or 348% of the initial value after 30 s
(n = 7, p < 0.05 versus
initial value) and then declined to 114.6 ± 11.1 pmol/mg of
protein after 60 s (p < 0.05). As for
C2C12 cells, it returned again to basal values
after 120 s. During the incubation of the cells with the resting
solution, the basal level of intracellular IP3 was not
modified.
Our data show that in the absence of RyR expression, cultured
dyspedic skeletal myotubes retain the slow delayed intracellular calcium transient that is seen as a second phase of release after a
K+ depolarization in normal myotubes expressing RyR. This
slow delayed release appears to be due to the presence of
IP3 receptors that are expressed in both types of cells.
Our experimental evidence to support this hypothesis include the
following. 1) Myotubes from a normal muscle cell line like
C2C12 show fast and slow calcium signals that
follow high potassium depolarization, as those described for myotubes
in primary culture. 2) 1B5, dyspedic muscle cells, which do not express
any of the ryanodine receptor isoforms (confirmed by
[3H]ryanodine binding and immunocytochemistry), show a
calcium increase induced by K+ depolarization that seems to
be especially important at the level of the nucleus. The kinetics of
this transient is compatible with the slow signal present in rat and
mouse primary cultures (5, 6, 20) or C2C12
cells. Both the fast calcium transient, which is responsible for
excitation-contraction coupling, and the fast-slow wave, which is
associated with signal propagation, are absent in 1B5 myotubes. The
fast calcium signal is restored in these cells when RyR1, but not RyR3,
is expressed (11, 13, 16). 3) Both [3H]IP3
binding and Western blot analysis show the presence of IP3 receptors in both 1B5 and C2C12 muscle cells.
The presence of IP3R isoforms was confirmed by
immunocytochemistry. Type 1 IP3Rs were localized
preferentially in the nuclear envelope, and both type 1 and type 3 IP3R immunoreactivity was higher in 1B5 cells compared with
C2C12. 4) In both 1B5 and
C2C12 cells, K+ depolarization
resulted in an increase in IP3 mass. The kinetics of the
IP3 mass transient is compatible with IP3
release being the precursor to the calcium transient.
Binding studies confirm that IP3Rs are more abundant than
RyRs in cultured muscle cells, as has been previously reported (6, 9,
26). It would be interesting to know the relative amounts of the
sub-types of IP3Rs present in these cells. The higher
staining of type 3 antibodies in Western blots is not a direct proof of higher antigen concentration, since the antibodies were directed against different epitopes and their avidity for the antigen is unknown. The binding studies likewise, do not directly address the
matter. Values of Kd for the different isoforms
reported in the literature are around 1 nM for type 1 (or
2) and about 40 nM for type 3 (29). The value we found by
fitting our data to a single receptor type curve (our Scatchard plots,
with a limited number of points, do not show a clear second component)
is around 60 nM for both cell lines. So, if
Kd values for IP3Rs in muscle cells
are comparable with those described for receptors purified from other
cells, we may have a high proportion of type 3 IP3R as
compared with type 1 in our cells. Such a high type 3 receptor content
could mask a small proportion of high affinity components in the
Scatchard plot.
We have previously shown that K+ depolarization produces a
pattern of calcium signals on cultured skeletal muscle myotubes, characterized by a fast and a slow intracellular calcium increase (5,
6). We postulated that the fast response is dependent on ryanodine
receptors, whereas the second, slow response appears associated to cell
nuclei and mediated by IP3. The results of the present
study support this hypothesis and demonstrate a functional role for
IP3 as a modulator of calcium-mediated cellular processes in the skeletal muscle cell, occurring on the time scale of seconds. The fact that the slow calcium signal can be inhibited by various substances known to interfere with either IP3 generation or
IP3 action (24, 25) and the fact that these compounds do
not interfere with the fast signals in C2C12
cells provide further support in this direction. The lack of a fast
calcium transient and the presence of a delayed, slow calcium transient
seen in 1B5 myotubes is similar to what was seen in
C2C12 myotubes and (previously) in primary rat
myotubes that were incubated with 25 µM ryanodine (6). In
the myotubes pretreated with ryanodine, the fast calcium transient disappeared, but the slow calcium increase, especially the one at the
level of the cell nuclei, remained. In normal myotubes, the slow
calcium signal is usually seen as a propagated wave, progressing along
the main axis of the myotube from nucleus to nucleus at speeds between
20 and 60 µm/s, depending of whether the cytosolic wave front or the
nuclear peak calcium is considered. In ryanodine-treated primary
myotubes, propagation does not occur that way, but as a sudden increase
in calcium in both the cytosol and nuclei after a delay (6). Similarly,
C2C12 cells treated with ryanodine and 1B5
myotubes, which lack ryanodine receptors, also show this delayed but
concerted increase of calcium in the whole cell, and this increase is
especially notable as fluo-3 fluorescence changes in the cell nuclei.
Thus, 1B5 cells appear to be the right model to test the hypothesis
that ryanodine receptors are not involved in the generation of the slow
calcium transient but do have a role in slow wave propagation. It is
also interesting to note that the duration of the calcium transient in
any given spot of the cell is significantly shorter for normal
untreated cells than either the signal measured in the presence of
ryanodine in normal cells or the signal in untreated dyspedic cells.
This fact could be interpreted in favor of a role for ryanodine
receptors in the turn-off of the calcium transient and, thus,
contribute to the generation of an oscillatory pattern as the product
of cross-talk between ryanodine receptors and IP3 receptors.
It is interesting to speculate on the possible function for slow
calcium transients in muscle cells. Our primary hypothesis, supported
by the fact that potassium depolarization triggers both extracellular
signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 and cAMP-response element-binding
protein phosphorylation in primary culture,2 is that these
signals could be caused by a privileged communication pathway from the
surface membrane to the nucleus to regulate gene transcription. There
is also support for this hypothesis by work using other cell types
(Refs. 30-32, reviewed in Ref. 33). A second possibility is that these
signals are intended to regulate local Ca2+ concentration
within the cell. Whatever the mechanism, the existence of this signal
certainly suggests the presence of different calcium release
compartments in muscle cells, the nuclear envelope being one of them
(7, 32, 34). The precise role of the subtypes of IP3 and
ryanodine receptors in what appears to be a complex time and space
signaling pattern remains to be established.
/
) murine
"dyspedic" myoblast cell line, which does not express any ryanodine
receptor isoforms (Moore, R. A., Nguyen, H., Galceran, J., Pessah,
I. N., and Allen, P. D. (1998) J. Cell Biol.
140, 843-851), and C2C12 cells, a myoblast cell line that expresses all three isoforms. Although 1B5 cells lack
ryanodine binding, they bind tritiated inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate. Both type 1 and type 3 inositol trisphosphate receptors were
immuno-located in the nuclei of both cell types and were visualized by
Western blot analysis. After stimulation with 47 mM
K+, inositol trisphosphate mass raised transiently in both
cell types. Both fast calcium increase and slow propagated calcium signals were seen in C2C12 myotubes. However,
1B5 myotubes (as well as ryanodine-treated
C2C12 myotubes) displayed only a long-lasting, non-propagating calcium increase, particularly evident in the nuclei.
Calcium signals in 1B5 myotubes were almost completely blocked by
inhibitors of the inositol trisphosphate pathway: U73122, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, or xestospongin C. Results support the
hypothesis that inositol trisphosphate mediates slow calcium signals in
muscle cell ryanodine receptors, having a role in their time course and propagation.
INTRODUCTION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
-mercaptoethanol and centrifugation at 20,000 × g
for 15 min. This procedure was repeated 3 times, suspending the final
pellet in the same solution plus 0.3 M sucrose and freezing
it at
80 °C until use. The membrane preparation was calibrated for
IP3 binding with 1.6 nM
[3H]IP3 (DuPont) and 2-120 nM
cold IP3 (Sigma) carrying out the sample analysis in a
similar way but adding an aliquot of the neutralized supernatant
instead of cold IP3. [3H]IP3
radioactivity remaining bound to the membranes was measured in a
Beckman LS-6000TA liquid scintillation spectrometer (Beckman Instruments). Cell number was counted in a hemocytometer using trypan
blue exclusion to identify living cells before plating.
RESULTS
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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Fig. 1.
Effects of K+ depolarization on
muscle cell lines. A, a series of fluo-3 fluorescence
images in C2C12 taken at the times indicated
before and after depolarization with 47 mM K+.
Basal fluorescence is shown at the top of the panel; the
next image was taken immediately after the bath solution was quickly
changed to 47 mM potassium (K+). This solution
remained in the bath through the whole record, the following images
were acquired every 1 s, a fast and transient increase in
intracellular calcium in the myotubes is observed. B, a
series of fluo-3 fluorescence images in 1B5 cells; potassium (47 mM) addition is indicated. Note that in these cells the
rapid calcium increase was not produced; however, a slow increase in
both cytoplasmic and nucleoplasmic calcium concentration was evident.
The bottom image of each panel represents the bright-field
image of the cell; distinct nuclei are pointed out by
arrows. Calibration bar, 20 µm.
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Fig. 2.
Analysis of calcium signals in muscle cell
lines. A, the relative fluorescence change (ratio
between the fluorescence difference, stimulated minus basal, and the
basal value) as a function of time is shown for three different areas
in a C2C12 myotube. Two of the areas
(filled symbols) delimited cell nucleus, and one of the
areas (open squares) delimited nuclei free cytosol. The
three regions measured were the same size. The fast calcium rise was
evident in this cell, and a distinct shoulder in the fluorescent signal
indicates a delayed onset of fluorescence in a nucleus. B,
relative nuclear fluorescence changes in two adjacent nuclei
(filled circles, open triangles) and a nucleus
free cytosol region (open squares) were delimited, and the
intensity of all pixels inside these was quantified for each image of
the acquired series. Note both the delay in the onset of the signal and
the fact that the nuclear fluorescence peak in both nuclei is
synchronic.
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Fig. 3.
Effect of inhibitors of IP3
pathway on calcium signal in 1B5 myotubes. Cells were preincubated
for 30 min with U73122 (10 µM), 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl
borate (2APB) (50 µM), or xestospongin C (100 µM), as indicated for each curve before inducing a
calcium signal by high potassium depolarization (arrow).
Note that the three different inhibitors of IP3-mediated
process almost completely blocked the slow calcium increase in 1B5
myotubes. A relatively small increase in calcium was chosen for the
control cell in this case.
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Fig. 4.
Calcium transient in
C2C12 muscle cells. Effect of ryanodine on
fast and slow signals. Upper panel, a set of images taken
every 2 s in a myotube incubated for 30 min with 20 µM ryanodine. No fast signal is apparent; a delayed slow
signal appears by 8 s. After several seconds, the central part of
the myotube became clearly fluorescent, but the propagation of the
signal was not apparent. Total length of the myotube segment, 208 µm. Lower panel, time course of relative
fluorescence in two different nuclei (filled symbols) 97 µm apart and in a cytosol region (open circles) in between
them. The three regions measured were the same size and are indicated
by arrows in the center panel.
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Fig. 5.
[3H]IP3 and
[3H]ryanodine binding in C2C12
and 1B5 cells. A, the microsomal membrane fraction of
C2C12 cells shows specific
[3H]ryanodine binding (nonspecific binding, not shown,
was subtracted to all points); data was fitted to a
Kd of 17.7 ± 2.9 nM and a maximal
binding capacity of 0.88 pmol/mg of protein. Nonspecific binding was
measured in the presence of 10 µM ryanodine.
B, [3H]ryanodine binding to 1B5 cell
homogenates. The specific ryanodine binding component is absent. No
differences were found between total and nonspecific curves.
C, a microsomal membrane fraction of
C2C12 myotubes binds
[3H]IP3 with a Kd of
60.1 ± 22.2 nM and a maximal binding capacity of 2.80 pmol/mg of protein; the fit to the equilibrium binding curve implies a
single type of receptor. D,
[3H]IP3 binding to 1B5 cell homogenates. The
Kd (61.8 ± 16.3 nM) and
Bmax (3.12 pmol/mg of protein) were determined
by best fitting of data. The nonspecific binding were measured in the
presence of 2 µM IP3. The saturation
isotherms were fitted to a single class of binding sites.
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Fig. 6.
SDS-polyacrylamide gel analysis of type 1 and
type 3 IP3 receptor. A representative record of at
least three independent preparations is presented. Both type 1 (left panel) and type 3 (right panel)
IP3 receptor were visualized by Western blot analysis in
total cell lysates of C2C12 (first
lane) and 1B5 (second lane) myotubes. Cerebellum
proteins (first lane, left panel) and HeLa cells
(lane 3, right) were used as standard for type 1 and type 3, respectively. Aliquots of these homogenates (10 µg) were
analyzed on 7% SDS-polyacrylamide gel, and later the proteins were
detected using commercial antibodies. Type 3 IP3
immunoreactivity was higher in 1B5 cells as compared with total lysates
obtained from C2C12. MW, molecular
mass.
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Fig. 7.
Immunocytochemistry. Fluorescence
immuno-labeling of types 1 and 3 IP3 receptors in
C2C12 myotubes. A and C,
epitope affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal antibody to
IP3R type 1 labels the nuclear envelope region and some
internal nuclear structures; the latter label is nonspecific since
preimmune serum labels only internal nuclear structures (6). On the
other hand, antibody to type 3 IP3R shows internal nuclear
labeling (C). Myotubes show very faint fluorescence when
incubated with the fluorescence-conjugated secondary antibody alone
(not shown) or when incubated in the presence of the antigenic peptide
(F); no nuclear label was detected in this case
(arrows). Anti-ryanodine receptor, together with anti-type 1 IP3R staining is shown in C2C12
(E). A monoclonal antibody against ryanodine receptor was
used. Type 1 and 3 IP3 receptors in 1B5 myotubes with
fluorescence immuno-labeling were also evident. B and
D, the spatial distribution of these receptors was not
different compared with control C2C12 cells,
but label intensity was usually higher. Calibration bar for
all images is 15 µm.
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Fig. 8.
IP3 mass in
C2C12 and 1B5 muscle cells line. A,
time course of IP3 mass changes upon K+
depolarization in C2C12 myotubes.
C2C12 myotubes were preincubated for 20 min in
resting solution and then depolarized with 47 mM
K+. IP3 mass was measured in the soluble
extract as described under "Materials and Methods." Each point
represents the mean ± S.D. from three independent experiments
performed in triplicate. B, time course of K+
depolarization on intracellular IP3 mass in 1B5 cells. The
basal value of IP3 mass increased significantly after
15 s of K+ exposure and reached a maximum at 30 s. The IP3 mass then gradually returned to its basal value
by 120 s. The response is significantly different (*) when
compared with basal values: p < 0.05.
DISCUSSION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT |
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M. Estrada thanks Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT) for a graduate student fellowship.
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FOOTNOTES |
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* This work was supported by European Economic Community Grant CI1-CT94-0129, Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Grants 8980010 (to E. J.) and 2000055 (to M. E.), and National Institutes of Health Grant R01AR43140 (to P. D. A).The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
¶ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Casilla 70005, Santiago 6530499, Chile. Tel.: 56-2 678-6311; Fax: 56-2 7776916; E-mail: ejaimovi@machi.med.uchile.cl.
Published, JBC Papers in Press, April 11, 2001, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M100118200
2 J. A. Powell, M. A. Carrasco, D. S. Adams, B. Drouet, J. Rios, M. Müller, M. Estrada, and E. Jaimovich, unpublished information.
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ABBREVIATIONS |
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The abbreviations used are: RyR, ryanodine receptor; IP3 inositol 1, 4,5-trisphosphate; IP3R, IP3 receptor; MES, 4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid.
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