From the Departments of Physiology and
Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, the § Plant
Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada,
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, and the ** Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and the Biotechnology
Laboratory, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
Received for publication, September 22, 2000
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ABSTRACT |
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The proposed function of Cdc4p, an essential
contractile ring protein in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, is
that of a myosin essential light chain. However, five conditionally
lethal cdc4 alleles exhibit complementation in diploids.
Such interallelic complementation is not readily explained if the
sole function of Cdc4p is that of a myosin essential light
chain. Complementation of cdc4 alleles could occur only if
different mutant forms can assemble into an active oligomeric complex
or if Cdc4p has more than one essential function. To search for other
proteins that may interact with Cdc4p, we performed a two-hybrid screen
and identified two such candidates: one similar to Saccharomyces
cerevisiae Vps27p and the other a putative phosphatidylinositol
(PI) 4-kinase. Binding of Cdc4p to the latter and to myosin heavy chain
(Myo2p) was confirmed by immunosorbent assays. Deletion studies
demonstrated interaction between the Cdc4p C-terminal domain and the PI
4-kinase C-terminal domain. Furthermore, interaction was abolished by
the Cdc4p C-terminal domain point mutation, Gly107 to Ser.
This allele also causes failure of cytokinesis. Ectopic expression of
the PI 4-kinase C-terminal domain caused cytokinesis defects that were
most extreme in cells carrying the G107S allele. We suggest that Cdc4p
plays multiple roles in cytokinesis and that interaction with a PI
4-kinase may be important for contractile ring assembly and/or function.
Cytokinesis, the separation of one cell into two following
mitosis, is a complex process requiring spatial and temporal
coordination of multiple cell cycle events (1-3). One hallmark of
cytokinesis is the assembly of a contractile ring made of actin,
myosin, and many other proteins (2-4). The contractile ring is a
transient structure that in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
assembles in the early stages of mitosis and disappears with cell
division (4-6). The period between onset of ring assembly and its
disappearance is 30-70 min, depending upon growth conditions, or about
one quarter of the cell cycle (6). The process is conserved in animal
cells with a similar actin-myosin contractile ring acting in
cytokinesis (2, 7). Appropriate placement of the ring at the medial plane of the cell is the first critical feature of cytokinesis. It
follows initiation of mitosis and requires the contribution of many
gene products such as Mid1, Pos1, Pos2, and Pos3 (3, 4).
Subsequently, assembly of the ring occurs with recruitment of several
cytoskeletal and regulatory proteins (2-4). However, little is known
about the contribution of these individual components in the assembly
and function of the ring.
One contractile ring protein essential for cytokinesis is Cdc4p. The
cdc4 locus was first identified by Nurse et al.
(8) in a screen for cell division control mutants. Cells with
disruption of the cdc4 gene or with conditionally lethal
point mutations such as G19E or G107S become elongated, accumulate two
or more nuclei and ill formed septa, and fail to divide (8, 9). Spectroscopic measurements reveal that these mutations cause only small
conformational perturbations, suggesting that the altered phenotypes
arise directly from a disruption of the function of Cdc4p rather than
indirectly through a destabilization of its structure.1 Recent studies
have shown that a function of Cdc4p is that of a myosin light chain.
For example, sequence analysis suggested that Cdc4p was likely an
EF-hand protein with similarity to calmodulin and to myosin essential
and regulatory light chains (9). We determined recently by NMR
spectroscopy that the tertiary structure of Cdc4p is indeed that of a
dumbbell-shaped EF-hand protein, composed of two structurally
independent domains joined by a flexible linker region.1
Its precise structure is sufficiently distinct from either the myosin
essential light chain (ELC)2
or regulatory light chain (RLC) of the muscle myosin-ELC-RLC complex (10) that it is not possible on this basis alone to identify
Cdc4p as either an RLC or an ELC. However, genetic evidence suggests
that Cdc4p binds to myosin heavy chain (Myo2p) at the first IQ motif,
an established binding site for ELC in conventional myosins (11).
Recently, a gene that presumably also encodes a small EF-hand protein
with sequence similarity to Cdc4p was annotated as a putative RLC. This
was based on sequence similarity to Drosophila melanogaster
RLC (Sanger Center S. pombe sequencing group, accession
number CAB54151). This protein localizes to the contractile ring yet
binds to Myo2p at the second IQ motif, an established RLC-binding
site.3 Thus, current genetic
and biochemical evidence suggests there are two light chains associated
with Myo2p: Cdc4p at the ELC position and a second protein at the RLC position.
However, several observations suggest that Cdc4p may be more than just
an essential light chain bound to Myo2p. First, although the abundance
of Cdc4p does not vary with the cell cycle, its cellular localization
does. In interphase cells, Cdc4p is detected as punctuate
immunostaining distributed throughout the cells, whereas prior to cell
division it is recruited to the contractile ring (9). How this
recruitment is achieved is unknown, but it can be independent of Myo2p,
because Cdc4p is still found in improperly formed rings in
myo2-null mutants (11). It is possible that Cdc4p is
recruited to the contractile ring in myo2-null cells via
interaction with Myp2p, a second myosin heavy chain in S. pombe that also localizes to the ring (12, 13). Second, a synthetic lethal genetic interaction has been reported between cdc4 and rng2, a gene encoding an essential
contractile ring protein similar to human IQGAP1 (14). In budding
yeast, a light chain for a type V myosin has been reported to
physically associate with an IQGAP-like protein and to mediate its
localization to the contractile ring (15). Similarly a human
cytoskeletal ELC binds IQGAP1 (16). Thus, it is very likely that Cdc4p
physically interacts with Rng2p. Human IQGAP1 is known to bind actin
and calmodulin and to regulate Rho GTPases (14). Thus, it is well positioned to link signaling pathways to actin remodeling. Phenotypic analysis of cdc4 and rng2 mutants lead to the
suggestion that these gene products may be involved in organizing actin
cables into a ring (4). Finally, it was observed by Nurse et
al. (8) that diploid cells bearing both mutant alleles
cdc4-G19E and cdc4-G107S are viable at a
restrictive temperature, whereas diploid cells homozygous for either
mutant allele alone are not. Such interallelic complementation can be
explained if Cdc4p has more than one essential and independent
function, each of which is disrupted selectively by a mutation.
Alternatively, Cdc4p could serve as an oligomer with cooperative
interaction of mutant proteins allowing formation of an active complex.
Although there is no evidence that conventional myosin light chains
function as homodimers and although purified Cdc4p is clearly a monomer
in solution, a structural model with Cdc4p serving as both an ELC and
RLC can be developed.1
The objective of this work was to further define cdc4
functions by identifying other S. pombe proteins that
interact with Cdc4p. In addition to confirming the original observation
of interallelic complementation of the cdc4-G107S and
cdc4-G19E alleles in diploid cells, we found
several additional pairs of cdc4 temperature-sensitive alleles that complement. Then, using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we
identified interactions between Cdc4p and two proteins: one similar to
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Vps27p and the other a putative phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase. The latter interaction was confirmed by
immunochemical methods and further investigated by deletion studies.
Therefore, in addition to its role as a myosin light chain, Cdc4p may
participate in interactions that regulate contractile ring assembly.
Strains, Media, and Genetic and Molecular Biology
Methods--
S. pombe strains routinely used in this study
were wild-type h+ 975 cells, h Diploid Strains--
Strains carrying cdc4 tslethal
alleles (3) in h90 mam2::LEU2 background were
crossed with h S. pombe cDNA Library for S. cerevisiae Two-hybrid
Screen--
The library vector, pBI771 (20), was an incremental
derivative of pPC86 (21), which is a DNA-binding domain fusion vector based on the S. cerevisiae GAL4 gene. Poly(A)+
RNA extracted from S. pombe 972 h Two-hybrid Screen--
The two-hybrid interaction screen of an
S. pombe cDNA library and subsequent assays for
interaction between two specific gene products were carried out exactly
as described by Kohalmi et al. (20, 22). Bait vector
constructs in pBI880 vector included cdc4, mutated alleles
of cdc4, N-terminal and C-terminal domains of
cdc4, tropomyosin (cdc8), and calmodulin
(cam1), as SalI-PstI or
SalI-BamHI inserts. A cdc4 cDNA
construct in an E. coli expression vector pRSET B
(Invitrogen Corp., San Diego, CA) was a gift of Dr. Dan McCollum
(Vanderbilt University). To produce alleles of cdc4 in the
bait vector, PCR-mediated site-directed mutagenesis was used to
introduce single nucleotide substitutions in the coding sequence of
cdc4 in the pBI880 vector. The following substitutions were
carried out using the oligonucleotide primers indicated in brackets:
cdc4-A2, T Ectopic Gene Expression in S. pombe--
Expression vectors were
constructed for the full cdc4 coding region, for regions of
cdc4 encoding each of the two structural domains of the
protein, and for the C-terminal domain of the PI 4-kinase. Vectors
pREP1 and pREP2 provided selection for leucine or uracil prototrophy,
respectively, under the control of the nmt1 promoter (18).
The desired coding regions were cloned into these vectors using PCR for
gene amplification and to introduce NdeI sites at the
initiation codons and BamHI sites immediately 3' to the
termination codons. Plasmid pRep1-cPI4K includes the C-terminal domain
of PI 4-kinase that gave a positive interaction with Cdc4p in the
two-hybrid assay. As indicated in Fig. 1, pREP1-Cdc4p includes the
complete, authentic cdc4 coding region. pREP1-Cdc4p(N) encodes the N-terminal of Cdc4p (codons 1-72 fused in frame to codons
136-141). pREP1-Cdc4p(C) and pREP2-Cdc4p(C) encode the C-terminal
domain (codons 1-3 fused in frame to codons 73-141). The sequences of
the inserts in each expression vector were confirmed.
S. pombe strains MD38, MD39, and MD 40 were transformed by
electroporation (19) and cultured in Edinburgh minimal medium plus 10 µM thiamine and appropriate supplements and lacking
leucine (pREP1 vectors), uracil (pREP2 vectors), or both leucine and
uracil (double transformants). After an overnight incubation, cells
were recovered by centrifugation, washed in sterile deionized water, and used to inoculate 50-500 ml of the appropriate medium with or
without added thiamine. After 24 h, cells were collected by centrifugation, washed, and either resuspended in lysis buffer for
protein extraction and ELISA or fixed with formaldehyde/glutaraldehyde for examination by phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy.
Antibodies, ELISA, and Immunoblotting--
Rabbit polyclonal
antiserum was generated against a 149-amino acid fragment of the
C-terminal domain of PI 4-kinase. An
EcoRI-HindIII fragment was cloned into pRSETB
vector (Invitrogen Corp., SanDiego, CA), fused to a sequence encoding a
polyhistidine metal binding tag. E. coli strain BL21(
Levels of protein accumulation were analyzed by Western blotting after
separation by SDS-PAGE (24) and immunoblotting (25) to
Immobillon-PSQ membranes (Millipore). Tricine-SDS-PAGE in
16.5% gels were used for analysis of Cdc4p individual domain
expression (26). For Western blots, primary antibodies were used at
1:10,000 dilution, and goat anti-rabbit IgG peroxidase conjugate
(Sigma) was used at 1:3,000. Detection was by ECL Western blotting
System (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
For ELISA, 0.2 µg of purified Cdc4p1 in 0.1 M
sodium bicarbonate was added to 96-well plates (Linbro-Titertek) and
evaporated to dryness in a 30 °C incubator. RIA grade bovine serum
albumin was then added to each well at a final concentration of 3%
(w/v) in TTBS (Tris-buffered saline containing 0.5% Tween 20) for at least 4 h at room temperature. The blocking solution was
aspirated, and cell lysates supplemented with bovine serum albumin to a
final concentration of 1% (w/v) were added to the Cdc4p-coated wells and incubated at 4 °C overnight. After five washes with TTBS, wells
were incubated for 2 h with primary antibodies at 1:1000 dilution
in TTBS + bovine serum albumin, followed by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG at 1:1000 dilution for 30 min. After further washes, substrates for peroxidase
(o-phenylenediamine and H2O2) were
added, and the reactions were terminated exactly 10 min later with
sulfuric acid to a final concentration of 0.75 N.
Absorbance at 490 nm was measured with a multiwell plate reader. Nonspecific binding of lysate proteins and antibodies was estimated from absorbance in wells not coated with Cdc4p. Cell lysates were prepared by resuspension of cells collected by centrifugation in buffer
containing 50 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl,
10 mM EDTA, 10 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 100 mM sodium fluoride, 1 mM sodium vanadate, 1%
(v/v) Nonidet P40, and protease inhibitor mixture (0.2 mM
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 5 µg/ml each of leupeptin and
pepstatin, 10 µg/ml aprotinin). The cell suspensions were sonicated
for 15-20 min (Biosonik III, Bronwill; at maximum intensity in ice
water bath), and the cell lysate supernatants were collected after
centrifugation (13,000 × g, 15 min) and kept on ice
until used. Protein concentration estimation was by the method of
Bradford (27), and equivalent amounts of lysate proteins were used in
each well.
Microscopy--
Cells were fixed with a mixture of
glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde, as described by Moreno et
al. (17). Cell morphology was examined by phase contrast and
fluorescence microscopy after staining with Calcofluor White and
4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride, as described previously
(17). Immunofluorescence was also done as described previously with
both primary antibodies and Texas red-conjugated secondary antibodies
at 1:400 dilution (17). For vizualization of the C-terminal domain of
PI 4-kinase, its coding sequence was cloned as an
NdeI-BamHI insert into pDM212 (provided by Dr.
Dan McCollum, Vanderbilt University), a pRep42 vector for expression as
a green fluorescent protein fusion, under the control of an attenuated
nmt1 promoter. Transformation and protein expression were
carried out as described above. Cells transformed with pDM212 vector
without insert served as negative control.
Several Temperature-sensitive Mutant Alleles of cdc4 Show
Interallelic Complementation in Diploid Cells--
The original
genetic description of the cdc4 locus described two
temperature-sensitive lethal mutants (now known as cdc4-G19E and cdc4-G107S; Fig. 1) that
complemented one another yet also recombined at low frequency (8). To
confirm that this observation represents interallelic complementation,
we constructed the heterozygous diploid strain and, as controls, both
homozygous diploid strains. Indeed, the
cdc4-G19E/cdc4-G107S strain formed
colonies from single cells at either 25 or 35 °C, whereas growth of
controls was observed only at 25 °C (Fig.
2, top panel). To investigate
further the potential for complementation of cdc4 alleles,
diploid S. pombe strains carrying heterozygous combinations
of other temperature-sensitive alleles were tested for growth at
35 °C. These alleles were obtained from a number of S. pombe strains with mutations that mapped tightly to the
cdc4 locus (28). Sequence determination of the Cdc4p coding
regions from each strain identified four new alleles, including cdc4-F12L, cdc4-R33K, cdc4-F79S, and
cdc4-G82D. Fig. 1 shows the single amino acid substitution
found in each, as well as the various protein constructs used in this
work. The conditionally lethal phenotype of cdc4-F79S was
incompletely penetrant in haploid cells, and this allele was excluded
from further analysis. None of the diploids homozygous for
cdc4-F12L, cdc4-G19E, cdc4-G82D, or
cdc4-G107S grew at 35 °C. Diploid cells homozygous for
cdc4-R33K were not tested, but given the nature of the
screen that led to the isolation of this allele (28), it is likely that
cytokinesis is also blocked in this diploid strain. Each of the 10 possible combinations of the five remaining alleles was tested as
heterozygous diploid for growth at 35 °C (Fig. 2, bottom
panel). Of these, three combinations exhibited complementation. In
addition to the originally described combination of
cdc4-G19E with cdc4-G107S, cdc4-F12L
complemented both cdc4-G82D and cdc4-R33K. Thus,
these results suggest that the two structurally defined N-terminal and
C-terminal domains of Cdc4p1 may be functionally
independent.
A Two-hybrid Screen Identified Two Proteins That Interact with
Cdc4p, One of Them a Putative Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase--
One
model to explain the complementation described above requires that
binding to the first IQ motif of Myo2p may be only one of many
functions of Cdc4p. Thus, we searched a cDNA library for sequences
encoding other proteins that interact with Cdc4p. A bait vector
carrying the coding region of Cdc4p fused to the DNA-binding domain of
Gal4 (cdc4/pBI880) was introduced into S. cerevisiae strain YPB2. The fusion gene was expressed as a 36-kDa protein (predicted molecular mass, 33,000), visualized on
Western blots with polyclonal antibodies against either Cdc4p (see Fig. 7) or Gal4p (not shown). The resulting strain was then transformed with
vector pBI771 carrying an S. pombe cDNA library fused 3' to the Gal4-trans-activator domain coding sequence. From a
screen of 3 × 106 cells that contained both bait and
library vectors, 12 colonies were recovered that were reproducibly
prototrophic for histidine and positive for
Sequence analysis revealed that there were only two distinct cDNA
clones among the 12 recovered. One identical insert of 693 bp was
recovered from seven clones, and another insert of 1141 bp was
recovered from the other five. The smaller cDNA clone encodes the
C-terminal 230 amino acids of a predicted 610-amino acid S. pombe protein, identified by the Sanger Center Genome Sequencing Project (TrEMBL accession number O13821). This protein shares some
similarity with a zinc finger domain protein in S. cerevisiae, Vps27p, that is implicated in vacuolar and endocytic
membrane traffic (29). The larger cDNA clone encodes the C-terminal
345 residues of a predicted 851-amino acid S. pombe protein,
annotated as a phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase by the Sanger Center
(Swiss-Prot accession number Q10366). This annotation is based on
similarity to the S. cerevisiae PIK1 protein, a confirmed
phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (30). The Cdc4p-binding domain of this
S. pombe PI 4-kinase has 53% amino acid identity with the
corresponding C-terminal domain of PIK1, which includes its putative
catalytic site (30, 31) as well as 41% amino acid identity with the
kinase domain of a much larger PI 4-kinase (a predicted 1877-amino acid
protein), recently identified by the Sanger Center in S. pombe (TrEMBL accession number Q9USR3) (Fig.
4). There is no significant sequence
similarity between these two S. pombe proteins outside their
kinase domains.
Both Myo2p and the C-terminal Domain of the PI 4-Kinase Bind Cdc4p
in Immunosorbent Assays--
To confirm the interaction observed
between Cdc4p and the PI 4-kinase in the yeast two-hybrid assay, as
well as the previously reported interactions with Myo2p, we evaluated
binding in vitro by immunoassays. For these studies, the
C-terminal domain of the PI 4-kinase was cloned into vector pRep1 for
expression in S. pombe, under the control of the
nmt1 (no message in
thiamine 1) promoter. The resulting vector is
called pRep1-cPI4K. Multiwell plates were coated with purified Cdc4p
and incubated with protein extracts prepared from S. pombe
cells that were transformed with pRep1-cPIK4 and grown in the presence
or absence of thiamine or from cells transformed with pREP1 lacking an
insert. After extensive washes, binding of candidate proteins to
immobilized Cdc4p was evaluated by ELISA with polyclonal antibodies
against Myo2p and PI 4-kinase, respectively. As shown in Fig.
5, Cdc4p-coated wells that were treated
with S. pombe cell extracts showed strong anti-Myo2p immunoreactivity, confirming prior evidence of binding of Myo2p to
Cdc4p (11). Note that the Myo2p detected represented the endogeneous
protein and that in this experiment similar levels of binding were
detected with or without the pRep1-cPI4K vector and in the presence or
absence of thiamine. Myo2p was also detected by immunoblotting after
proteins were recovered from Cdc4p-coated wells and separated by
denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Similar signals were
obtained regardless of whether extracts were from cells cultured with
or without thiamine or transformed with vector lacking insert.
Strong anti-PI 4-kinase immunoreactivity was observed in Cdc4p-coated
wells that were treated with protein extracts from cells expressing the
C-terminal domain of the PI 4-kinase. PI 4-kinase binding to Cdc4p was
always higher with extracts from cells transformed with pRep1-cPI4K and
cultured without thiamine, compared with cells grown with thiamine. A
protein of the size predicted for the C-terminal domain of the PI
4-kinase (35 kDa) was recovered from wells that had been coated with
Cdc4p and incubated with protein extracts from cells cultured in the
absence of thiamine (Fig. 5, top panels). No such protein
was detected when extracts were from cells grown in the presence of
thiamine or when the cells were transformed with the pRep1 vector
lacking insert. Taken together, these assays show binding between Cdc4p
and the same C-terminal domain of PI 4-kinase that was positive for
interaction in the two-hybrid assay. There was no significant
immunoreactivity when preimmune serum replaced the anti-PI 4-kinase or
anti-Myo2p antibodies. Likewise, no significant immunoreactivity was
observed with antibodies against Cdc8p (not shown). The latter is also in accord with our two-hybrid assay, which did not show interaction between Cdc8p and Cdc4p.
A Single Amino Acid Substitution, G107S, Abolishes the Interaction
between Cdc4p and the C-terminal Domain of the PI 4-Kinase--
To
assess the specificity of the interaction between Cdc4p and the PI
4-kinase in the two-hybrid assay and its possible physiological relevance, we introduced into the bait vector each of the
cdc4 alleles known to produce temperature-sensitive failure
of cytokinesis in S. pombe. Single base pair substitutions
were introduced into bait vector pBI880 to generate genes encoding
Gal4DB-Cdc4p fusion proteins with the predicted single amino acid
substitutions F12L, G19E, F79S, G82D, and G107S. YPB2 cells were
cotransformed with each bait vector carrying a mutated cdc4
gene and with prey vector pBI771 encoding the C-terminal domain of PI
4-kinase. Cotransformation with bait vector lacking an insert was a
negative control, whereas cotransformation with wild-type
cdc4 in pBI880 was a positive control. YPB2 cells carrying
pBI880 vectors with intact or mutated cdc4 genes accumulated
the expected fusion proteins as judged by immunoblotting (not shown).
As expected, intact Cdc4p showed a positive interaction with the
C-terminal domain of PI 4-kinase (Fig.
6). None of the single point mutations,
F12L, G19E, F79S, or G82D, impaired the ability of Cdc4p to interact
with the PI 4-kinase (Fig. 6). In contrast, Cdc4p-G107S did
not interact, indicating that substitution of
Gly107 with Ser selectively impaired the ability of Cdc4p
to bind the PI 4-kinase. Thus, there is a site-specific interaction
between Cdc4p and the C-terminal domain of PI 4-kinase that likely
involves Gly107, a residue that is known to be important
for Cdc4p function.
In parallel experiments, the C-terminal domain of the Vps27p-like
protein showed positive interactions with both wild-type Cdc4p and with
Cdc4p-G107S (not shown), indicating that the latter mutant protein was
competent to sustain this specific two-hybrid interaction, although it
was not competent for interaction with the PI 4-kinase. The
Cdc4p-Vps27p-like protein interaction was also maintained by Cdc4p
carrying substitutions, G19E, G82D, and F79S, but not with Cdc4p-F12L
(not shown), indicating different structural requirements for binding
of Cdc4p to the PI 4-kinase and the Vps27p-like protein.
The C-terminal Domain of Cdc4p Interacts with the PI 4-Kinase in
the Two-hybrid Assay--
Cdc4p has two structurally distinct domains,
defined approximately by the N-terminal and C-terminal halves of the
polypeptide.1 Because Gly107 is located in the
C-terminal domain, it is possible that this domain is able to interact
with the PI 4-kinase autonomously. To test this hypothesis, partial
coding regions of the cdc4 gene were introduced into vector
pBI880. Based on the tertiary structure of Cdc4p in solution, the
N-terminal domain included the first 72 amino acids terminating in the
interdomain linker region (Cdc4p(N)), whereas the C-terminal domain
included the last 68 amino acids (Cdc4p(C)) (Fig. 1). Both constructs
also retained the coding regions for the first three and last five
amino acids of Cdc4p. All three fusion proteins (Gal4DB-Cdc4p,
Gal4DB-Cdc4p(C), and Gal4DB-Cdc4p(N)) accumulated in transformed YPB2
cells, as detected on anti-Cdc4p immunoblots (Fig.
7, top panel). Both intact
Cdc4p and the C-terminal domain of Cdc4p showed positive interaction with the PI 4-kinase, whereas the N-terminal domain did not (Fig. 7,
bottom panel). Thus, the C-terminal domain alone is
sufficient to establish the interaction between Cdc4p and the PI
4-kinase in the two-hybrid assay. In contrast, neither the C-terminal
domain nor the N-terminal domain of Cdc4p alone interacted with the
Vps27p-like protein (not shown).
Intact Cdc4p Is Required for Cytokinesis--
Based on this study,
the interaction between Cdc4p and PI 4-kinase appears to be limited to
the C-terminal domain of Cdc4p. Therefore, we asked whether the
presence of the wild-type C-terminal domain on its own was sufficient
to restore cytokinesis function to cells bearing mutations in the
corresponding region of Cdc4p. Also, we noted that in two of the three
observed cases of interallelic complementation one allele is mutated in
the N-terminal domain and the other in the C-terminal domain (Figs. 1
and 2). Thus, the basis for the complementation, in these cases, might
be that each structural domain functions independently of the other.
Therefore, recombinant genes were constructed for expression of either
or both of the structural domains of Cdc4p in S. pombe
strains containing temperature-sensitive cdc4 alleles. The
same cdc4 coding regions used in the yeast two-hybrid assay
were introduced into pRep1 for expression under the control of the
nmt1 promoter.
Wild-type cells transformed with pRep1-Cdc4p were cultured in the
presence or absence of thiamine, and protein extracts were prepared and
assayed for levels of Cdc4p by immunoblotting. In the presence of
thiamine, the abundance of Cdc4p was not elevated above the normal
level, which was at the detection limit of this assay (Fig.
8, lane 4+ compared with
lanes 1+, 2+, and 3+). Derepression of
the plasmid-borne cdc4 gene resulted in markedly increased Cdc4p levels (Fig. 8, lanes 4, + and
Wild-type cells transformed with pRep1-Cdc4p(N) were assayed for
protein accumulation as above. The N-terminal domain was not detected
after growth in the presence of thiamine. However, under derepressing
conditions it accumulated to an apparently high level (Fig. 8,
lanes 1, + and
The C-terminal domain was not detected in protein extracts from
wild-type cells transformed with pRep2-Cdc4p(C) and cultured without
thiamine (Fig. 8, lane 2
In summary, only the intact Cdc4p protein was able to provide function
in S. pombe cytokinesis. Expression of the N-terminal domain
alone did not rescue the growth defects of the cdc4-G19E cells, and the C-terminal domain appears unstable in its absence.
Ectopic Expression of the Cdc4p C-terminal Domain or the
Cdc4p-binding Domain of the PI 4-Kinase Affects
Cytokinesis--
Ectopic expression of Cdc4p(C) did not affect the
growth or morphology of wild-type cells (Fig. 8). Similarly,
cdc4-G19E cells appeared to be unaffected (not
shown). However, growth of cdc4-G107S cells at
the permissive temperature was sensitive to derepression of the
nmt1 promoter. 24 h after shifting to medium lacking
thiamine at 25 °C, most cdc4-G107S cells
carrying pRep2-Cdc4p(C) were elongated, multinucleate, and multiseptate
(Fig. 8). This phenotype was not observed of
cdc4-G107S cells carrying pRep1-Cdc4p or
pRep1-Cdc4p(N). Thus, expression of the gene encoding Cdc4p(C) produced
an allele-specific, cell cycle phenotype that affected cytokinesis.
This observation also suggests that the C-terminal domain of Cdc4p (or
a proteolytic fragment of it) accumulated to some level and possessed
biological activity despite the fact that it was not detectable on
immunoblots (Fig. 8).
To investigate the possible colocalization of the PI 4-kinase and
Cdc4p, a gene encoding GFP fused to the N terminus of the Cdc4p-binding
domain of the PI 4-kinase was expressed in S. pombe under
control of a weakened nmt1 promoter. Examination of these cells revealed punctuate fluorescence and often a large dot near one or
both poles of the cell (Fig. 9).
Fluorescence was not observed as a medial band.
The biological relevance of the interaction between Cdc4p and the PI
4-kinase was also evaluated by monitoring the effects of ectopic
expression of the kinase on cytokinesis. The C-terminal domain of the
PI 4-kinase was expressed under control of the nmt1 promoter
in wild-type cells for cdc4 or carrying alleles
cdc4-G19E or cdc4-G107S. The cell content of
Cdc4p was not affected (not shown). Cells were examined for growth
characteristics, cell morphology, presence of septa, and distribution
of some contractile ring proteins. When the C-terminal domain of the PI
4-kinase was expressed in cells with wild-type background, there were
no obvious growth or gross morphological effects (Fig. 9). Cells
appeared unaffected in size, with a normal distribution of mononuclear
and binuclear cells. However, calcofluor staining revealed that a small
proportion of cells carried septa that were abnormal in appearance
(Fig. 9), suggesting some disruption in septum formation and possibly in contractile ring formation. Cells exhibiting abnormal septum staining were otherwise morphologically unremarkable. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies specific for Myo2p or
Cdc8p revealed apparent contractile ring staining consistent with the
pattern observed for septum staining (not shown). That is, a proportion
of cells exhibited abnormal medial staining, suggesting that
contractile ring formation or stability was impaired. In contrast,
abnormal septum morphology was not observed when cells were grown in
the presence of thiamine, which repressed expression of the C-terminal
domain of PI 4-kinase. Similar results were observed at 25 °C in
cells bearing the cdc4-G19E mutant allele (not shown).
In contrast, expression of the C-terminal domain of PI 4-kinase had
pronounced effects in cells bearing the cdc4-G107S allele. Cell viability was reduced, and the majority of cells were
morphologically highly abnormal (Fig. 9). Effects included cell
elongation, branching, as well as the presence of multiple nuclei and
septa. In particular, there were pronounced defects in septum formation
and persistence of primary septum material (Fig. 9). The distributions
of Cdc4p, Cdc8p, and Myo2p, assessed by indirect fluorescence
microscopy, each showed aberrant medial staining patterns (not shown),
in keeping with the abnormal calcofluor staining. Cells with the cdc4-G107S allele grown in the presence of thiamine
exhibited greatly reduced abnormalities (Fig. 9).
Thus, ectopic expression of the C-terminal domain of PI 4-kinase
affected formation or stability of the contractile ring with this
effect being most pronounced in cells bearing the G107S allele of
cdc4. As discussed below, these results suggest that
interaction between Cdc4p and the C-terminal domain of PI 4-kinase
observed first in the yeast two-hybrid system and then in immunosorbent assays also occurs in intact cells, disrupting the formation or stability of the contractile ring.
Is the Sole Function of Cdc4p That of a Myosin Essential Light
Chain?--
There is general acceptance that some form of sliding
filament mechanism is responsible for force production by the
contractile ring (2, 3, 7). The ring is made of actin, one or possibly two myosins (Myo2p and Myp2), a tropomyosin (Cdc8p), and presumably two
light chains, one of which is Cdc4p (5, 9, 12, 13, 23, 28, 32).
Although intact myosin has yet to be purified from S. pombe,
there is genetic, biochemical, and structural evidence in favor of a
role for Cdc4p as a myosin essential light chain (9, 11).1
In muscles, the sole established function of essential light chains is
to provide structural support for the neck region of the heavy chain of
myosin. No additional roles for the ELC are known. However, a
contractile ring is distinct from muscles in many respects, and a
direct analogy does not satisfactorily explain many characteristics of
cytokinesis. For instance, there is complex interaction of the
contractile ring with the cell membrane that must be flexible enough to
allow changes as the cell circumference decreases during division (7).
There is rapid assembly and dissassembly of the ring that must be
coordinated in time and location with other events in the cell cycle
(2-4). In S. pombe, contractile ring function must be
coordinated also with formation and dissolution of septum material that
composes the rigid outer wall of the organism. Finally, the need for
variable contractile speed and force development, hallmarks of muscle
function, is not an obvious requirement of cytokinesis.
Our results suggest that Cdc4p is more than a myosin essential light
chain in S. pombe. First, it is very difficult to explain the observed interallelic complementation if the function of Cdc4p is
strictly that of an essential light chain, and second, we found two
proteins that also interact with Cdc4p, in addition to Myo2p. Interallelic complementation is usually observed when a protein has
more than one independent essential function, or alternatively, when
mutant forms of the protein can assemble into an active oligomeric complex. Thus, as discussed in detail by Slupsky et
al.,1 one model to explain the interallelic
complementation could be that Cdc4p interacts with both IQ domains of
myosin playing essentially the structural roles of both essential and
regulatory light chains. The key features of such a model would be that
two cdc4 proteins bind to the neck region of the myosin
heavy chain and that both Cdc4p-Cdc4p and Cdc4p-Myo2p interactions are
essential for function. Structural and dynamic studies of Cdc4p by NMR
spectroscopy indicate that the protein is flexible enough that it could
bind to myosin at either or both of the two IQ domains in a manner
analogous to that observed in the muscle myosin-ELC-RLC complex (10). This is also consistent with the observation that the two domains of
Cdc4p are not functionally independent in that only expression of
intact Cdc4p can rescue the cytokinesis defects observed in yeast with
mutant alleles (Fig. 8). However, there is another small EF-hand
protein with sequence similarity to known regulatory light chains,
Rlc1p, that binds to Myo2p at the IQ motif corresponding to an
RLC-binding site.3 Interallelic complementation would then
be possible if Cdc4p and Rlc1 can bind to myosin interchangeably or at
different times in the formation or function of the ring to allow for
Cdc4p:Cdc4p interaction. The stoichiometry of association and binding
affinities of Cdc4p and Rlc1p with Myo2p and/or Myp2p are unknown.
Cdc4p Interacts with a PI 4-Kinase--
Another possibility to
explain the interallelic complementation, which is not mutually
exclusive to that described above, is that Cdc4p has two or more
essential functions. Prior studies involving synthetic lethal
interactions or suppressor mutation approaches have identified genetic
interactions involving cdc4 (14, 33, 34), However, such
studies do not provide direct evidence for interaction between two
proteins. This is the first study to employ a yeast two-hybrid screen
of an S. pombe cDNA library. Using this approach, we
identified a Vps27p-like protein and a putative PI 4-kinase that
interact with Cdc4p. Three sets of observations further confirm the
initial finding of a biologically relevant interaction between Cdc4p
and PI 4-kinase: (i) the two-hybrid interaction is domain-specific and
suppressed by one mutation in that domain that is also responsible for
temperature-sensitive failure of cytokinesis; (ii) there is direct
evidence of interaction in ELISA; and (iii) ectopic expression of the
Cdc4p-binding domain of PI 4-kinase causes allele-specific failure of cytokinesis.
The interaction phenotype in the yeast two-hybrid assay was strong,
reproducible, and specific. For instance, calmodulin, another EF-hand
protein with sequence and structural similarity to Cdc4p did not
interact with the PI 4-kinase (Fig. 3). Furthermore, the interaction
was abolished by a single amino acid substitution in the C-terminal
domain of Cdc4p, G107S, known to produce a temperature-sensitive defect
in cytokinesis in S. pombe (Fig. 6). This effect was
specific to the interaction with the PI 4-kinase, because Cdc4p-G107S
was still able to bind the Vps27p-like protein, whereas, conversely, the F12L mutation in the N-terminal domain of Cdc4p disrupted the
latter but not the former interaction. In fact, the C-terminal domain
of Cdc4p alone is sufficient to interact with the PI 4-kinase in the
two-hybrid assay (Fig. 7). Again, this is different from the
interaction between Cdc4p and the Vps27p-like protein, where the
N-terminal domain of Cdc4p alone failed to interact. Thus, some
interactions of Cdc4p require the intact molecule, whereas others may
be domain-specific.
Interaction between Cdc4p and the C-terminal domain of PI 4-kinase was
confirmed directly with in vitro binding assays (Fig. 5).
Both endogenous Myo2p and the ectopically expressed C-terminal domain
of PI 4-kinase were bound to immobilized Cdc4p, as detected in
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Examination of the sequence of this
PI 4-kinase domain indicates that there may be a poorly conserved IQ
motif starting at residue 828. This is a candidate binding site for
Cdc4p, similar to that found in Myo2p (11). In some but not all
experiments, there was also a reduction in the apparent level of
binding of endogenous Myo2p to Cdc4p in cells expressing the C-terminal
domain of PI 4-kinase (not shown). It is tempting to speculate that
this resulted from a competition between Myo2p and the C-terminal
domain of PI 4-kinase for binding to Cdc4p. However, this might have
been caused by variable level of expression of the C-terminal domain of
PI 4-kinase between experiments or by differences in efficiency of
extraction/solubilization of either or both of the PI 4-kinase or
Myo2p. In addition there was weak but measurable immunoreactivity with
anti-PI 4-kinase antibodies when immobilized Cdc4p was incubated with
extracts from wild-type cells. This is probably due to presence of the intact PI 4-kinase (predicted molecular mass, 96,657) in the protein extracts because our antiserum can recognize a large protein in whole
cell extracts (not shown). However, this protein appears to be present
at low concentration, and it may not have been appropriately solubilized by our extraction protocols. Attempts to clone the full-length PI 4-kinase in our expression vectors were not successful.
Evidence for a significant in vivo interaction between Cdc4p
and the PI 4-kinase is provided by the observation that ectopic expression of the C-terminal domain of the PI-4-kinase affects contractile ring formation and cell morphology. Overexpression of a
Cdc4p-binding protein in S. pombe would be expected to
disrupt cytokinesis, presumably by titrating out or sequestering Cdc4p from its proper site of interaction. Alternatively, because the C-terminal domain of the PI 4-kinase also appears to contain a putative
catalytic domain, disruption of cell function may result from its
aberrant location or activity. Expression of the C-terminal domain of
the PI 4-kinase resulted in disruption in the formation or stability of
the contractile ring that was most severe in cells bearing the G107S
mutant allele of Cdc4p (Fig. 9). These cells had markedly reduced
growth and a morphology characteristic of failure of cytokinesis,
namely, elongated cells with multiple nuclei and abnormal septa. The
actin ring serves to guide and position the septum in S. pombe. Accumulation of disorganized septum material in the medial
region of the cell is indicative of defects in contractile ring
assembly or stability (3, 4, 6, 28). Abnormal septum morphology was
observed in many cells bearing the wild-type or the G19E allele of
Cdc4p but without overall effects on cell growth and morphology. These
effects were specific to expression of the C-terminal domain of the PI
4-kinase because in identical experiments, expression of the
Vps27p-like protein, which also interacts with Cdc4p in the yeast
two-hybrid assay, had no effect on cell growth and morphology.
The severity of the disrupting effects of overexpressing the C-terminal
domain of PI 4-kinase in cdc4-G107S cells is at first surprising. That is, because the G107S mutation abolished interaction of Cdc4p with the PI 4-kinase in the two-hybrid assay, it seems unlikely that Cdc4p is simply being sequestered from the contractile ring by overexpression of the kinase. However, we cannot exclude the
possibility of a weak interaction between Cdc4p-G107S and the PI
4-kinase, undetectable in the two-hybrid assay, that is sufficient to
disrupt cytokinesis in intact cells. Alternatively, it may be that
ectopic expression of the C-terminal domain of the PI 4-kinase is
disrupting interactions with other proteins involved in cytokinesis
that are also weakened in function by the conditional mutation in
Cdc4p. Regardless, our results suggest there is a potentially important
role for a PI 4-kinase in an aspect of cytokinesis, that is also
dependent upon Cdc4p. Thus, combining ectopic expression of the
C-terminal domain of the kinase with a mutation in Cdc4p produces a
synthetic cell cycle phenotype.
Some Functional Considerations--
At first glance, it appears
surprising that a postulated myosin light chain interacts with a
protein involved in membrane traffic, the Vps27p-like protein, and a PI
4-kinase. However, unlike muscles, a contractile ring is a dynamic
structure changing in composition and appearance throughout
cytokinesis. It is possible that Cdc4p is playing an early role in the
assembly of the ring, as postulated previously (4), and a later one in
its function as a myosin light chain. Its function may be somewhat akin
to that of a calmodulin, which interacts with many proteins, including myosins. The interaction of Cdc4p with a PI 4-kinase may be
particularly relevant to early recruitment of ring components. In
addition to their role in signaling through catalyzing the
phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol, PI 4-kinases are involved in
the formation of lipid-protein interactions with cytoskeletal proteins
(31, 35). Many actin-binding proteins that bind to phosphorylated phosphoinositides participate in rearrangement of the actin
cytoskeleton (35). PIK1, the closest relative to S. pombe PI
4-kinase, is essential for cytokinesis in S. cerevisiae
(30). Disruptions of the PIK1 gene are lethal, whereas
temperature-sensitive mutant alleles of PIK1 are defective in
cytokinesis (30). Although most PI 4-kinases are cytosolic, one report
suggests that PIK1 is associated with the nucleus. This led to the
suggestion that the enzyme may function to link completion of nuclear
division with cytokinesis (30). Another PI 4-kinase, the product of the Stt4 gene, is required to delay cytokinesis until the
mitotic spindle is properly positioned, playing a part in a postulated cytokinesis checkpoint in S. cerevisiae (36). Although the
cellular location and precise activity of the PI 4-kinase identified
herein remains to be established, the observation that related kinases have a role in cytokinesis provides compelling functional support for a
biological role of the interaction with Cdc4p detected by two-hybrid
screens and immunoassays.
In summary, we suggest that an interaction between Cdc4p and a PI
4-kinase likely contributes to recruitment and/or assembly of some of
the many cytoskeletal proteins required in the formation and function
of the contractile ring. How this interaction takes place or is
regulated is uncertain. Cdc4p is phosphorylated in vivo, but
its phosphorylation is not essential, because mutations of two critical
serine residues to aspartic acid did not affect the ability of the
cells to grow or divide (37). Likewise, binding of calcium to Cdc4p is
unlikely to modulate its interaction with target proteins. Cdc4p has
one (out of the four) EF-hand motifs with the appropriate side chains
for metal chelation, but does not bind calcium in
vitro.1 Overall, Cdc4p appears to play a multi-faceted
role in cytokinesis. In addition to serving at least as a myosin
essential light chain within the contractile ring, Cdc4p interacts both
genetically and directly with several additional proteins, one of which
is a putative PI 4-kinase (Fig.
10).
INTRODUCTION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
972 cells, and
strains MD38 (h+ ade6-216 leu1
32
ura4-D18), MD40 (h+ cdc4-8
ade6-210 leu1-32 ura4-D18), and MD42
(h+ cdc4-31 ade6-210
leu1-32 ura4-D18) previously obtained from P. Nurse. Strains carrying cdc4 tslethal alleles
(cdc4-8, 31, A1, A2, A11, C2; see Fig. 1) in h90
mam2::LEU2 background were generously provided by
M. K. Balasubramanian. Growth media (yeast extract, malt extract,
and Edinburgh minimal medium with supplements) were as described
(17). Overexpression of proteins in S. pombe was carried out
from the thiamine-repressible nmt1 promoter in plasmids
pRep1 and pRep2 for leucine and uracil prototrophy, respectively (18).
S. pombe transformations were by electroporation (19).
Standard techniques for DNA manipulation, plasmid constructs, and
bacterial transformations were used. DNA was sequenced using a model
370A automated sequencer (PE Applied Biosystems Inc.).
972. Progeny were mated four or five times
with h+ 975 or h
972 to obtain strains that
were unambiguously h
or h+, and
tslethal. These strains were mated with strain
h+ ade6-M210 ura4-D18
leu1-32 his3-D1 (ATCC96116) or strain
h
ade6-M216 ura4-D18
leu1-32 his3-D1 (ATCC96117) to obtain
temperature-sensitive haploid cells of each mating type and various
selection markers. Diploid strains were constructed from the haploid
strains as described (17). Identification of the cdc4 allele carried by
each haploid strain was reconfirmed by PCR amplification and direct
sequence determination of the amplified coding region. A list of all
diploid strains bearing homozygous and heterozygous combinations of
cdc4 alleles and selection markers is available upon request.
cells in the
logarithmic phase of growth was used as template for synthesis of
double-stranded cDNA. A NotI site was introduced 3' to the oligo(dT)17 sequence of the primer used for
reverse transcriptase. After addition of a SalI linker, the
double-stranded cDNA was restricted with NotI, size
fractionated (0.5-5 kilobase pairs), and ligated with pBI771 DNA that
had been digested previously with both restriction endonucleases.
Escherichia coli DH5
cells were transformed with the
ligated library DNA and plated on two 25 × 25-cm plates
containing 2YT + ampicillin (100 µg/ml). The complexity of the
primary library was estimated at 1.5 × 106
independent clones. After incubation overnight, cells were scraped into
liquid medium and further incubated for 3 h at 37 °C. This library (JDH-12) was stored at
80 °C. An aliquot was amplified to
obtain ~3 mg of library plasmid DNA.
C at bp 34 (H886-JN069); cdc4-31,
G
A at bp 56 (H743-JN069); cdc4-A11, T
C at bp 236 (BC293-H890,H889-JN069); cdc4-A1, G
A at bp 245 (BC293-H746,H747-JN069); cdc4-8, G
A at bp 319 (BC293-H763,H762-JN069) (Fig. 1 indicates the conversion between allele
name and the resulting amino acid substitution). BC293 is a
Gal4DB-specific primer, whereas JN069 is an ADH1 terminator primer, used to PCR amplify the entire insert region of the bait vector
pBI880. Constructs of cdc4 N-terminal and C-terminal domains as SalI-BamHI inserts in the bait vector were
obtained by PCR amplification of the coding sequence for either the
first 72 amino acids or the last 68 amino acids, using cdc4
in pBI880 vector as template DNA. The primer pair for amplification of
the N-terminal domain of Cdc4p was BC293-H836 with the reverse primer
designed to include the last five amino acids of Cdc4p and a
BamHI restriction site. The primer pair for amplification of
the C-terminal domain of Cdc4p was H833-JN069, with the forward primer
designed to include the first three amino acids of Cdc4p and a
SalI restriction site. The cam1 gene was obtained
from PCR gene amplification of S. pombe genomic DNA with
primer pair H1042 and H1010, introducing a SalI site at the
5'end and a PstI site immediately 3' to a termination codon.
All oligonucleotide sequences are available upon request. All
cdc4 mutations and domain constructs were verified by
sequencing. S. cerevisiae strain YPB2 was transformed with
bait and library vectors by the lithium acetate method (20, 22).
Positive interactions were identified first by selection for
HIS3, shown by cell growth at 25 °C in synthetic dextrose
medium lacking histidine and supplemented with 3-amino-1',2',4'triazole
(3AT). 3AT-resistant clones were then tested for activation of the
second gene marker, lacZ, by the X-gal colony filter assay
(20, 22).
DE3)
(Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) was used for transformation and protein
expression after induction with
isopropyl-1-thio-
-D-galactopyranoside. Cells were lysed with a French pressure cell and the protein fragment purified first by
metal chelate chromatography on Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic
acid-agarose (Qiagen), according to the manufacturer's instructions. A
protein of appropriate size was identified by differential expression
in cells transformed with pRSETB vector with and without insert and by
the presence of a polyhistidine domain on Western blots. The protein
was further purified by SDS-PAGE, recovered by electro-elution
(Bio-Rad), and used to generate rabbit antiserum. To reduce nonspecific
binding, the rabbit antiserum was incubated with sonicated BL21 cells
transformed with pRSETB vector without insert. Antibodies against Cdc4p
and Cdc8p were available from previous work in this laboratory (9, 23). Rabbit antibodies against Myo2p were obtained from M. K. Balasubramanian (11). Anti-Gal4 and anti-His tag antibodies, as well as
horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies for Western
blotting were from commercial sources.
RESULTS
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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Fig. 1.
Location and identification of point
mutations within the primary structure of Cdc4p responsible for
temperature-sensitive failure of cytokinesis. Cdc4p is made of
distinct N- and C-terminal domains attached by a flexible linker region
(residues 65-78).1 The residues comprising the two domains
and flexible region are indicated schematically as ovals and
a broken line, respectively. The top part of the
figure shows the amino acid substitution corresponding to a given
allele of Cdc4p. For instance, substitution of Phe by Leu
(F12) is responsible for the temperature-sensitive
phenotype of S. pombe cells carrying the cdc4-A2
allele. Cdc4p, Cdc4p(N), and Cdc4p(C) denote the regions of Cdc4p
encoded in the vectors used for ectopic expression in S. pombe (pRep vectors) or to test for protein-protein interaction in
the yeast two-hybrid assay (pBI880 vectors).
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Fig. 2.
Interallelic complementation at the
cdc4 locus. S. pombe diploid strains
homozygous or heterozygous for cdc4 alleles were cultured at
temperatures permissive (25 °C) and restrictive (35 °C) for
haploid viability. All diploid strains were viable at 25 °C. Three
of 10 heterozygous diploids were viable at the restrictive temperature,
whereas none of the homozygous diploids grew at 35 °C. The top
panels show a representative experiment:
cdc4-G107S/cdc4-G107S (A),
cdc4-G19E/cdc4-G19E (B), and
cdc4-G107S/cdc4-G19E (C) are diploid cell
colonies after incubation at 25 °C (upper panel) or
35 °C (lower panel). Note that the heterozygous
combination of cdc4-G107S/cdc4-G19E allowed growth under
restrictive conditions. Not Det., not determined.
-galactosidase
activity, our two markers to identify protein-protein interactions.
Plasmids carrying each library clone were recovered. The
interaction-positive phenotype was confirmed by back transformations of
YPB2 cells with the original cdc4/pBI880 vector and each
recovered library vector. Additional controls were as follows: YPB2
cells cotransformed with these library vectors and a bait vector
without insert or with bait vector carrying the cdc8 gene
instead of cdc4 failed to grow without histidine. Likewise,
YPB2 cells alone or transformed with only the bait vector or any of the
library vectors alone were also negative for interaction. Finally,
cdc4 was replaced by calmodulin (cam1) in the
bait vector and tested for interaction with the library vectors that
were positive for interaction with Cdc4p (Fig.
3). Calmodulin is an EF-hand protein
about the same size as Cdc4p and 59% similar in primary structure.
There was no interaction detected between calmodulin and the library
clones that positively interacted with Cdc4p.
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Fig. 3.
The gene products from two distinct S. pombe library cDNA clones interact with Cdc4p but not
with calmodulin in the yeast two-hybrid assay. YPB2 cells were
cotransformed with cdc4 (Gal4DB-cdc4) or cam1
(Gal4DB-cam1) in the bait vector. These strains were cotransformed with
each of two library vectors recovered in the screen (Gal4TA-cDNA 1 or 2). Cells were grown on SD-leu-trp-his + 3AT. 3AT-resistant colonies
were replica-plated onto nitrocellulose, permeabilized with
freeze-thawing in liquid nitrogen, and incubated with reaction mix for
-galactosidase activity (X-gal filter colony assay) (20, 22).
Positive interaction is cell growth in the absence of histidine and
presence of 3-AT (from HIS3 gene expression), along with
blue color development (lacZ expression).
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Fig. 4.
S. pombe phosphatidylinositol
4-kinase peptide sequences aligned with S. cerevisiae
PIK1 peptide sequence. The sequence (Sp1) of the S. pombe putative PI 4-kinase that was recovered from the two-hybrid
screen was aligned with the sequence (Sc1) of the S. cerevisiae PIK1. The alignment is presented in two parts: the
N-terminal regions (A): Sp1, residues 1-664, and Sc1,
residues 1-873, and the C-terminal regions (B): Sp1,
residues 665-851, and Sc1, residues 874-1066. The solid
line above the sequence indicates the region of Sp1 encoded by the
cDNA clone (residues 507-851) recovered from the two-hybrid
screen. The Sanger Centre Sequencing program identified and annotated a
second, larger S. pombe putative PI 4-kinase (Sp2), with a
C-terminal region (residues 1687-1877) similar to that of Sp1 and Sc1
(B). No significant similarity was detected outside of this
latter region between any of the three proteins. Asterisks
above the Sp1 sequence (residues 828 and 838) mark the extent of a
possible IQ motif.
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Fig. 5.
Cdc4p binds to both the C-terminal domain of
the PI 4-kinase and to Myo2p in immunosorbent assays. Multiwell
plates were coated with purified Cdc4p and incubated with proteins
extracts from S. pombe cells transformed with pRep1 vector
without insert (V) or transformed with pRep1 vector carrying
the coding sequence of the C-terminal domain of the PI 4-kinase. Cells
were grown in the presence (+T; repressing) or absence
( T; expressing) of thiamine. Cells transformed with vector
without insert were grown in the absence of thiamine. Binding of either
the C-terminal domain of PI 4-kinase or of Myo2p to Cdc4p-coated wells
was estimated with additions of antibodies against PI 4-kinase or
Myo2p, followed by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgGs.
The bottom panel shows the changes in
A490 10 min after addition of substrates for
horseradish peroxidase. Preimmune serum (collected from the same rabbit
prior to immunization with a fragment of PI 4-kinase) was used as
control. Nonspecific binding assessed from wells not coated with Cdc4p
was subtracted. The results shown are from one of four separate
experiments. PI 4-kinase binding to Cdc4p was always enhanced with
extracts from cells cultured in the absence (
T) compared
with the presence (+T) of thiamine, with the ELISA signal
enhancement varying from 2.7- to 15-fold, between four experiments. The
top panel shows the identification of proteins recovered
from Cdc4p-coated wells by immunoblot analysis. For each sample,
proteins present in six Cdc4p-coated wells as described above were
recovered in SDS-PAGE buffer after five washes in TTBS, separated by
SDS-PAGE, and identified by immunoblotting with anti-PI 4-kinase and
anti-Myo2p antibodies. Results indicate the presence of the ectopically
expressed C-terminal domain of PI 4-kinase in Cdc4p-coated wells
incubated with protein extracts from cells grown in the absence of
thiamine (derepressed) only and the presence under all growth
conditions of endogenous Myo2p. Results shown are from one of two
separate experiments.
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Fig. 6.
Interaction between the PI 4-kinase and
cdc4 mutant alleles. YPB2 cells cotransformed
with the C-terminal domain of PI 4-kinase in the library vector and
intact cdc4 (cdc4+) or mutated alleles of
cdc4 in the bait vector (Fig. 2) were grown on
SD-leu-trp-his + 3AT. Negative control (YPB2 cells transformed with the
PI 4-kinase in the library vector and with bait vector lacking an
insert) is shown at the top ( ). A positive interaction is
shown by growth at 25 °C in the absence of histidine and presence of
3-AT (from HIS3 gene expression) and by blue color
development (lacZ expression). Results indicate that a
single point mutation, G107S, abolishes the interaction between Cdc4p
and the PI 4-kinase.
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Fig. 7.
The C-terminal domain of Cdc4p alone is
sufficient to establish an interaction with the PI 4-kinase.
Intact Cdc4p, as well as the C- and N-terminal domains of Cdc4p (Fig.
1), were cloned in the bait vector and tested for interaction with the
PI 4-kinase, as described in Fig. 6. All Gal4DB fusion proteins of the
appropriate sizes accumulated in YPB2 cells, as shown in immunoblots
with anti-Cdc4p antibodies (top panel). The bottom
panel shows the results of the X-gal filter colony assay. There is
positive interaction in YPB2 cells cotransformed with the library
vector carrying the coding sequence of the C-terminal domain of PI
4-kinase and with the bait vector carrying the coding sequence of
either Cdc4p (Gal4DB-Cdc4p) or of its C-terminal domain
(Gal4DB-Cdc4p(C)). There is no interaction in cells transformed with
bait vector without insert (Gal4DB) or carrying the coding sequence of
the N-terminal domain of Cdc4p (Gal4DB-Cdc4p(N)).
). In cells cultured
at 25 °C in the absence of thiamine, the increased abundance of
Cdc4p had no apparent effect on growth or morphology of wild-type cells or of cells carrying the cdc4-G19E or cdc4-G107S
allele. However, both cdc4-G107S cells and
cdc4-G19E cells transformed with pRep1-Cdc4p were viable and
grew at 35 °C when cultured without thiamine (not shown). Thus,
overexpression of the wild-type gene rescued the temperature-sensitive
lethal phenotype of the two mutant alleles.
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Fig. 8.
Effects of ectopic expression of Cdc4p and
its N- and C-terminal domains in wild-type and Cdc4p mutant allele
strains of S. pombe. Regions of Cdc4p encoded by
vectors pRep1-Cdc4p, pRep1-Cdc4p(N), and pRep2-Cdc4p(C) are shown in
Fig. 1. Top panel, immunoblot analysis of protein extracts
from S. pombe cells probed with anti-Cdc4p polyclonal
antibodies. Cells transformed with pRep1-Cdc4p(N) (lane 1),
pRep2-Cdc4p(C) (lane 2), pRep1-Cdc4p(N) and pRep2-Cdc4p(C)
(lane 3), pRep1-Cdc4p (lane 4), and cultured for
24 h, under repressed (+ 10 µg/ml thiamine) or derepressed ( thiamine) conditions. Horizontal lines to the
right indicate the expected positions of Cdc4p (top
line), Cdc4p(N) (middle line), and Cdc4p(C)
(bottom line). Note the accumulation of Cdc4p and Cdc4p(N)
but not Cdc4p(C) under derepressed conditions. Bottom panel,
effects of expressing the Cdc4p C-terminal domain on the morphology of
wild-type cells (calcofluor-stained, A; phase-contrast,
B) and of cells carrying the cdc4-G107S allele
(calcofluor-stained, B; phase contrast, D). Note
the elongated cell phenotype with multiple septum typical of abnormal
cytokinesis in cdc4-G107S cells derepressed for expression of the
C-terminal domain of Cdc4p.
). Transformation with
pRep1-Cdc4p(N) had no apparent effect on the growth or morphology of
wild-type cells, cdc4-G107S cells or
cdc4-G19E cells cultured under derepressing conditions at
25 °C (not shown). Thus, accumulation of high levels of the
N-terminal domain of Cdc4p did not appear to be deleterious in
wild-type or mutant genetic backgrounds. Neither cdc4-G19E nor cdc4-G107S cells were rescued for growth at
35 °C by expression of the N-terminal domain gene alone (not shown).
Thus, accumulation of this isolated N-terminal domain containing a
wild-type glycine at position 19 did not provide the function(s) lost
in the cdc4-G19E or cdc4-G107S mutant.
). Coexpression of the N-terminal domain did not change this result (Fig. 8, lane 3
). The
polyclonal serum used in this assay is known to detect each domain of
Cdc4p with similar sensitivity (Fig. 7). We are confident that the
SDS-PAGE system used resolves the C-terminal domain and of its
migration relative to that of the N-terminal domain because we have
produced and analyzed two fragments that correspond closely to Cdc4p(N) and Cdc4p(C) by cleavage of purified Cdc4p at the acid-sensitive site
in the linker region (Asp75/Pro76) (not shown). Thus, the absence of
the N-terminal domain and/or some part of the interlinker region
appears to destabilize the C-terminal domain of Cdc4p, presumably
toward proteolytic degradation. Not surprisingly, therefore, in the
absence of significant accumulation under derepressed conditions, cdc4-G107S cells transformed with pRep2-Cdc4p(C)
were not viable at 35 °C (not shown). Likewise, coexpression of the
separate C- and N-terminal domains failed to rescue the growth defect
of either cdc4-G19E or cdc4-G107S
cells at 35 °C (not shown).
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Fig. 9.
Localization and effects of ectopic
expression of the C-terminal domain of the PI 4-kinase on S. pombe morphology. A, the C-terminal domain
of PI 4-kinase fused to the green fluorescent protein is not found at
the medial band but in dots near one or both poles of the cell.
B, gross morphology assessed by phase contrast microscopy is
normal in S. pombe cells with wild-type cdc4
grown in the absence of thiamine (derepressed). C,
morphology of cdc4-G107S cells grown in the presence of
thiamine appears to be normal. D, in contrast, morphology of
cdc4-G107S cells grown in the absence of thiamine is
aberrant because of expression of the C-terminal domain of the PI
4-kinase. E, Calcofluor White staining shows some
abnormalities in septum material deposition in S. pombe
cells with wild-type cdc4 grown in the absence of thiamine.
F, these abnormalities are most severe in
cdc4-G107S cells grown under the same conditions, that is,
at 25 °C in the absence of thiamine.
DISCUSSION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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[in a new window]
Fig. 10.
Known and hypothesized interactions
involving Cdc4p.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
---|
We thank Dr. Paul Nurse for S. pombe strains cdc4-8 and cdc4-31 and Dr. Mohan Balasubramanian for S. pombe strains cdc4-A1, cdc4-A2, cdc4-A11, and cdc4-C2. We acknowledge the use of the Canadian Bioinformatics Resource in this research.
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FOOTNOTES |
---|
* This work was supported by grants from the Medical Research Council of Canada (to S. M. H.), the Leukemia Research Fund (to C. M. S.), the National Cancer Institute of Canada, the Protein Engineering Network Centers of Excellence, and the Alexander von Humbolt-Stiftung (to L. P. M.).The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
¶ To whom correspondence may be addressed. Tel.: 306-966-6538; Fax: 306-966-6532; E-mail: desautel@duke.usask.ca.
Present address: Protein Engineering Network Centres of
Excellence, 713 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada.
Published, JBC Papers in Press, November 21, 2000, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M008715200
§§ To whom correspondence may be addressed. Tel.: 306-975-5242; Fax: 306-975-4839; E-mail: hemmings@cbrpbi.pbi.nrc.ca.
1 Slupsky, C. M., Desautels, M., Huebert, T., Zhao, R., Hemmingsen, S. M., and McIntosh, L. P. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 5944-5952
3 M. K. Balasubramanian, personal communication.
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ABBREVIATIONS |
---|
The abbreviations used are:
ELC, essential light
chain;
PCR, polymerase chain reaction;
PI, phosphatidylinositol;
RLC, regulatory light chain;
bp, base pair(s);
3AT, 3-amino-1',2',4'triazole;
X-gal, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl
-D-galactopyranoside;
ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay;
PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
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