From U119 INSERM, Molecular Oncology, ** Institut
Paoli-Calmettes, 27 boulevard Leï Roure, 13009 Marseille and
Institut de Biologie et du Développement de Marseille,
Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Case 907,
13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
Received for publication, November 3, 2000, and in revised form, January 9, 2001
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ABSTRACT |
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Identification of protein complexes associated
with the ERBB2/HER2 receptor may help unravel the mechanisms of its
activation and regulation in normal and pathological situations.
Interactions between ERBB2/HER2 and Src homology 2 or phosphotyrosine
binding domain signaling proteins have been extensively studied. We
have identified ERBIN and PICK1 as new binding partners for ERBB2/HER2 that associate with its carboxyl-terminal sequence through a PDZ (PSD-95/DLG/ZO-1) domain. This peptide sequence acts as a dominant retention or targeting basolateral signal for receptors in epithelial cells. ERBIN belongs to the newly described LAP (LRR and PDZ) protein
family, whose function is crucial in non vertebrates for epithelial
homeostasis. Whereas ERBIN appears to locate ERBB2/HER2 to the
basolateral epithelium, PICK1 is thought to be involved in the
clustering of receptors. We show here that ERBIN and PICK1 bind to
ERBB2/HER2 with different mechanisms, and we propose that these
interactions are regulated in cells. Since ERBIN and PICK1 tend to
oligomerize, further complexity of protein networks may participate in
ERBB2/HER2 functions and specificity.
The ERBB2/HER-2 gene is overexpressed in about 30% of
human breast cancers and is also frequently altered in carcinoma of lungs and kidneys. The ERBB2 protein belongs to the large family of
receptors with tyrosine kinase activity
(RTK)1 and more precisely to
the ERBB subfamily of four receptors which includes the EGF receptor.
Upon dimerization and activation, it phosphorylates many substrates
including itself. This step induces a network of protein interactions.
For example, phosphotyrosine binding and SH2 domains found in cytosolic
proteins such as GRB2 and SHC adaptors bind to phosphorylated ERBB2 and
lead to the activation of the RAS pathway (1, 2). RTKs also interact with cytoplasmic proteins in a non-phosphorylated dependent manner by
means of PDZ protein modules found in adaptor proteins (3-8).
PDZ domains are 90-100-amino acid domains that interact with short
peptides usually found at the carboxyl terminus of proteins. Proteins
bearing a S/TXV motif, such as the glutamate receptors (NMDAR) and K+ channels, interact with class I PDZ domains
found in LIN-7 and PSD-95 (9, 10). The second class of PDZ domains
including the LIN-2/CASK PDZ domain prefers a carboxyl-terminal
ERBB2/HER2 contains a bona fide PDZ domain binding site in
its carboxyl terminus and we previously characterized ERBIN
(ERBB2-interacting protein), a novel PDZ domain protein, as a partner
for the receptor in epithelia (6). To identify additional ERBB2/HER2
binding partners, we screened a mouse muscle library by the two-hybrid procedure and identified a second partner for ERBB2/HER2 named PICK1.
PICK1 is a single PDZ domain protein originally described as an
interactor for PKC Two-hybrid Procedure--
To prepare the baits used in this
paper, the 15 last amino acids of ERBB2 wild type or mutant or the 15 last amino acids of various proteins were fused to the LexA-BD subunit
using pBTM116 vector, which carries Trp1. For library
screening, an oligo(dT) primed mouse cDNA muscle library cloned in
pACT2 vector, which carries LEU2 as a selection marker, was
screened by using the LexA-ERBB2 as a bait and the yeast strain L40
following the lithium-acetate protocol. Approximately 106
TRP+LEU+ transformants
were selected on plates with supplemented minimum medium that lacked
tryptophan, leucine, and histidine in the primary screening and
contained 10 mM 3-aminotriazole (3-AT) and then tested for
the Protein Procedures--
Cells were washed twice with cold
phosphate-buffered saline and lysed in lysis buffer (50 mM
HEPES, pH 7.5, 10% glycerol, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton
X-100, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EGTA)
supplemented with 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 10 µg·ml Cell Culture--
COS-1 and MDCK II cells were grown in
Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 100 units·ml DNA Constructs--
Human ERBIN cDNA was used to
create different constructs allowing expression of the protein in
procaryote or eucaryote cells (GST, Myc, LexA-BD-tagged proteins). The
RK5-myc vector was used to express proteins fused to the Myc epitope
(20). The pGEX-Tag vector was used to produce all GST fusion proteins.
Site-directed mutagenesis were performed using the Quick-Change kit
(Stratagene). All constructs were sequenced by Genome Express, SA
(Grenoble, France). A rat cDNA library was used as a template to
amplify a fragment encoding the DENSIN-180 PDZ domain (residues
1342-1492) and AF6 PDZ domain (residues 1007-1124).
Chimeras between the human P75NTR and human ERBB2/HER2 or GBT-1 were
done by PCR using reverse primers coding for the last 15 amino acids of
either ERBB2/HER2 or GBT-1 in order to replace the last 15 residues of
P75NTR. All constructs were sequenced and subcloned into pIRES
(CLONTECH). The resulting plasmids were transfected
into MDCK II cells, and stable populations were obtained after G418 selection.
Antibodies--
Anti-Myc 9E10 (Oncogene Research Products,
Cambridge, MA) monoclonal antibody was used for immunoprecipitation and
immunoblotting. 4G10 (anti-PY) monoclonal antibody was from Upstate
Biotechnology Inc. Goat anti-rabbit and anti-mouse IgG coupled to
horseradish peroxidase were purchased from Jackson Laboratory and Dako,
respectively. A rabbit anti-ERBIN polyclonal antibody was produced by
injecting a soluble GST-ERBIN-(914-1371) fusion protein. Anti-PICK1
goat antibody was from Santa Cruz Inc.
Immunofluorescence and Cell Surface
Biotinylation--
Transfected MDCK cells were grown on coverslips for
3 days after confluence and then treated as described (21) using ME 20-4, a monoclonal antibody against the extracellular domain of human
P75NTR and a rabbit polyclonal antibody against Gp114, an apical
glycoprotein of MDCK II cells (22).
Transfected MDCK II cells were grown on TranswellTM filters for 5 days
after seeding and processed for selective cell surface biotinylation as
described before (23). P75NTR or chimeras were immunoprecipitated using
the ME 20-4 antibody followed by streptavidin precipitation.
Quantitative analysis was done using the Bio-Image IQ software.
Identification of Residues in ERBB2/HER2 Important for ERBIN/ERBB2
Interaction--
We have recently isolated ERBIN, a partner for
ERBB2/HER2 in epithelia. ERBIN is a novel PDZ domain protein belonging
to the LAP (LRR and PDZ) protein family that includes DENSIN-180,
SCRIBBLE, and LET-413 (6, 24-27). The ERBIN PDZ domain interacts with the 15 carboxyl-terminal residues in ERBB2, which contain a
VXV motif. We used the two-hybrid system in yeast to further
delineate critical residues important for this interaction. Position
for each residue is given starting position (0) for the
carboxyl-terminal valine, followed by ( Identification of Mutations within the ERBIN PDZ Domain That Modify
the ERBB2/ERBIN Interaction--
X-ray crystallographic studies of
PSD-95, DLG, and CASK/LIN-2 show that PDZ domains comprise two PICK1, a New Partner for ERBB2/HER2 Receptor--
Promiscuous
interaction with various receptors is a frequent theme for PDZ domains.
For example, the CASK/LIN-2 PDZ domain binds to neurexins and syndecans
(32-34) and PSD-95 interacts with glutamate receptors, K+
channels, and adenomatous polyposis coli (35-37). On the other hand,
receptors can bind different PDZ proteins, e.g. a class of
EPH receptors binds to syntenin and AF6 PDZ domains (4, 5). We have
shown that the ERBIN PDZ domain interacts in vitro with
several peptide ligands (Fig. 1C). Conversely, it is likely that ERBB2 binds to other PDZ domain-containing proteins. To search for
other ERBB2 partners, we screened a murine muscle cDNA library with
LexA-ERBB2 as a bait. Four different clones were pulled out, each
encoding the full-length PICK1 protein (Fig.
3A). PICK1 is an ubiquitous
50-kDa protein containing an amino-terminal PDZ domain and a
coiled-coil region in its carboxyl terminus. PICK1 was originally
described as a partner for PKC
To confirm our two-hybrid data, we produced GST fusion proteins
encompassing PICK1 (GST-PICK1), deleted PICK1 (GST-PICK1 1-305), mutated PICK1 (GST-PICK1mut), and the PICK1 PDZ domain (GST-PICK1 PDZ).
COS cells were transfected with pCMV-ERBB2, and cell extracts were
incubated with GST proteins bound to glutathione-agarose beads. After
washing, proteins were resolved on SDS-PAGE and transferred on
nitrocellulose. Probing of the membrane with anti-ERBB2 antibody showed
that only GST-PICK1 bound to ERBB2, although equivalent amounts of all
GST fusion proteins were present on beads (data not shown). As
expected, GST-ERBIN PDZ domain pulled down ERBB2 from the lysate (Fig.
3B). An identical result was found when we performed a
pull-down assay on ERBB2 extracted from MDCK cells (data not shown).
PICK1 has been described as a binding partner for other proteins than
ERBB2. We thus asked whether ERBIN interacts with known PICK1 ligands
including MUSK, EPHB2, and PKC Self-interaction between ERBIN and Its PDZ
Domain--
Oligomerization of PICK1 through its coiled-coil regions
has been suggested previously (39). Other PDZ proteins including PSD-95
and EBP-50 oligomerize through disulfide bonds and PDZ-PDZ domain
interaction, respectively (40, 41). Using the two-hybrid system, we
found that ERBIN (853-1371) containing the ERBIN PDZ domain interacted
with itself but not with PICK1 (Fig. 4,
A and B). A GST-ERBIN PDZ domain precipitated
Myc-tagged ERBIN but not Myc-tagged ERBIN deleted of its PDZ
(ERBIN. PICK1 and ERBIN Interact with ERBB2 in Living Cells--
To
evaluate the interaction of PICK1 with ERBB2 in living cells, we
coexpressed a Myc-tagged version of PICK1 with HER1/2, a chimera
comprising the extracellular region of EGFR and the intracellular
region of ERBB2. Proteins were immunoprecipitated with anti-Myc
antibody and resolved by Western blot. Probing of the membrane with
anti-ERBB2 antibody revealed that PICK1 interacted with the receptor
in vivo (Fig. 5A).
An identical result was found with Myc-tagged ERBIN. Truncation of the
6 last residues in ERBB2 (HER1/2. The PDZ Domain Binding Site in ERBB2 Contains a Retention or
Targeting Signal to the Basolateral Membrane of Epithelial
Cells--
Deletion or mutation of the PDZ domain binding site in
ERBB2 provokes a displacement of the receptor from the basolateral to
the apical side in epithelial cells (6). This may suggest that the last
residues of the receptor act as a targeting or retention signal to the
basolateral epithelium. To address more precisely this question, we
have grafted the carboxyl terminus of ERBB2 to the well described P75
neurotrophin receptor (P75NTR). P75NTR is a protein mostly found at the
apical side of epithelium when ectopically expressed in epithelial
cells (43). This localization depends on O-glycosylation
sites in the ectodomain and on a membrane anchor (Fig.
6A). Deletion of the entire
cytoplasmic region of P75NTR does not affect the apical localization of
the protein (43, 44). We replaced the 15 last residues of P75NTR with the 15 last residues of ERBB2 (P75-ERBB2) or GBT-1 (P75-GBT1) (Fig.
6A). GBT-1 is a ERBB2/HER2 is a member of the ERBB RTK subfamily
important in the earlier steps of mammalian development and
a novel target in breast cancer therapy (46). We aim to identify ERBB2
binding partners and characterize protein complexes important for its functions. Beside proteins involved in ERBB2 signaling such as GRB2 and
SHC, ERBIN, a PDZ adaptor molecule we recently identified, is most
probably required for ERBB2 targeting or retention in polarized cells
(6). This paper further describes the interaction between the ERBIN PDZ
domain and ERBB2. We have precisely defined the consensus binding site
for the ERBIN PDZ domain and identified a panel of receptors containing
such motif. Among them are glutamate receptor subunits, i.e.
NR2B and NR2C, and Kv1.4 channel, which are well known binding partners
for PSD-95 in the brain. We did not detect an interaction between the
DENSIN-180 PDZ domain (71% identical to ERBIN PDZ domain) and these
peptides (data not shown), suggesting that ERBIN and DENSIN-180 bind to
different receptors. Interestingly, ERBIN is highly expressed in the
brain and shows a post-synaptic distribution in cultured neurons like
NMDA receptors.2 It is
possible that ERBIN participates to the recently characterized multimolecular complex associated to NMDA receptors (47). Future studies will address whether ERBIN interacts with ligands containing a
COOH-terminal Among LAP proteins, Drosophila SCRIBBLE contains four class
I PDZ domains in carboxyl terminus and the nematode LET-413 has a
single class II PDZ domain. These protein interaction domains have no
known target. Obviously, an important issue will be to determine
cellular ligands for these orphan PDZ domains. Human SCRIBBLE binds to
a SRTRRETQL peptide found in the E6 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus
that conforms to a class I PDZ domain binding site (48). Both human
SCRIBBLE and ERBIN are located at the lateral side of epithelial cells
where they may share common binding partners (6, 48).
PICK1 is described here as a second PDZ protein binding partner for the
ERBB2 receptor. Using different approaches, we show that PICK1 and
ERBIN do not interact with the receptor in a similar fashion. First,
whereas the ERBIN PDZ domain is sufficient for this interaction, the
entire peptide sequence is required in the case of PICK1. The PICK1 PDZ
domain is nonetheless indispensable for binding to ERBB2. Second, some
mutations in ERBB2 that abrogate the interaction with ERBIN,
i.e. mutation of residues in We found that PICK1 is mainly present in the cytosol, the perinuclear
region, and the nucleus in epithelial cells (data not shown). Similar
findings were published by other groups (39). In contrast, ERBIN is
almost exclusively found at the plasma membrane in epithelia (6). PICK1
and ERBIN may thus be involved in different ERBB2 functions in
epithelia and participate to different protein complexes. PICK1 and
ERBIN can potentially oligomerize and increase the possibilities of
interaction. A next step will be to unravel the identity of binding
partners for these adaptor proteins and to understand their role in
regard to ERBB2 function in normal and pathological situations.
A large number of ligands for PICK1 have been described recently,
suggesting that this adaptor may be important for the function of
different subsets of receptors. For example, PICK1 clusters EPH
receptors and water channel aquaporins in the inner ear, creating a
functional complex important for aqueous homeostasis (38). Considering
the interaction between PICK1 and RTKs, it is interesting to note that
ERBB2 is found at neuromuscular junctions with MUSK and ERBB4, two
other PICK1 partners important for neuromuscular transmission (5).
Taken together, it appears that PICK1 may gather different receptors at
neuromuscular junctions and create a functional scaffold important for
neuromuscular physiology. The neuromuscular junction is a well
organized structure where growth factors like neuregulins and agrin
secreted by the synapse stimulate receptors located at the post-synapse
(50). We speculate that PICK1 participates to the machinery involved in
the clustering, retention, or targeting of these receptors in this
polarized area.
The role of ERBIN and PICK1 in ERBB2 signal transduction remains
unclear in contrast to NHERF, a PDZ protein that enhances PDGFR
signaling (42). However, the role of PDZ domains in ERBB2 positioning
is clearer. We show here that the ERBB2 peptide sequence involved in
PDZ domain interaction is sufficient to locate P75NTR, an apical
protein, to the basolateral side of epithelial cells. This corroborates
our previous finding that deletion of this peptide delocalizes
basolateral ERBB2 to the apical membrane in MDCK cells (6). We thus
favor the hypothesis that ERBIN and PICK1 are involved in the
localization of ERBB2 at specific sites in polarized cells. PDZ
proteins participate to protein complexes associated with receptors
with tyrosine kinase activity. As binding partners, they are certainly
involved in many aspects of RTK physiological functions that have yet
to be evaluated.
INTRODUCTION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
X
sequence, where
is a hydrophobic residue. A
third class of PDZ domain including the NOS PDZ domain binds to
DXV peptides and PDZ domains (11, 12). Within the RTK
superfamily, several members have a canonical PDZ domain binding site
in carboxyl-terminal position, i.e. two ERBB receptors
(ERBB2/HER2 and ERBB4/HER4), MUSK (a muscle-specific receptor), and
several EPH receptor family members involved in developmental processes
such as axon guidance. Kim and colleagues have demonstrated the
importance of PDZ domain proteins for RTKs function in nonvertebrates.
LET-23, the homolog of ERBB receptors in C. elegans, is
localized to the basolateral epithelial membrane upon interaction with
LIN-7, a PDZ protein that associates with LIN-2 and LIN-10, two other
PDZ domain proteins (3, 13). The LIN-7/LIN-2/LIN-10 complex is crucial
for proper LET-23 function in insuring a basolateral localization of
LET-23 molecules in epithelial cells. Subsequent work has inferred that
a subset of mammalian EPH receptors are recruited to specific
subcellular compartments in neurons presumably by contacting AF6 and
PICK1, two PDZ proteins (4, 5). These adaptors are also targets for the
tyrosine kinase activity of EPHR and may participate in their
signaling. Among ERBB family members, ERBB4/HER4 is a binding partner
for PSD-95, a membrane-associated guanylate kinase also associated with
K+ channels and NMDAR in neurons (7, 8). It is thought that these PDZ interactions both restrict proteins to specific subcellular compartments and actively participate to signaling events. For example,
PSD-95
/
mice have an impaired long term potentiation response
attributed to a defect in NMDAR signaling (14). Ligands of RTKs
including transforming growth factor
, a ligand for EGFR, and
ephrins, ligands for EPHR, are also regulated by interacting with GRIP1
and other PDZ proteins including syntenin (15-17).
(18). PICK1 is thought to act as a scaffold
protein able to cluster receptors and components of signaling or
targeting machineries at specific sites in cells (19). We show by using
the two-hybrid system, GST pull-down, and coimmunoprecipitation analysis in living cells that PICK1 specifically interacts with ERBB2/HER2. PICK1 binds to the VXV motif found in ERBB2/HER2
but, in contrast to ERBIN, the PDZ domain alone is not sufficient for the interaction. PICK1 also interacts with the VXV motif
found in MUSK and ERBB4/HER4 receptors, two RTKs important for the
function of neuromuscular junctions, whereas ERBIN prefers a
S/T/VXV motif present in ERBB2/HER2 and proteins unrelated
to RTK. Furthermore, we show that ERBIN has a propensity to oligomerize
through a PDZ-PDZ domain interaction. Activation of ERBB2 interferes
with ERBIN, but not with PICK1, ability to interact with the receptor.
We finally show that the carboxyl-terminal sequence of ERBB2/HER2 is a
dominant basolateral localization sequence per se since it is able to redirect an apical receptor to the basolateral surface of
MDCK cells. This study suggests that diverse PDZ domain proteins are
involved in the regulation of ERBB2/HER2 functions.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
-galactosidase activity by the filter method in the secondary
screening. After rescue, the DNA of selected clones was retransformed
in L40 yeast containing LexA-ERBB2 or LexA fused to control peptides.
Specific clones were positive for growth in histidine-deficient medium
and
-galactosidase activity and encoded for PICK1.
1 aprotinin and 10 µg·ml
1 leupeptin. Sodium orthovanadate at
200 µM final was added to lysis buffer when cells were
stimulated by EGF. After centrifugation at 16,000 × g
for 20 min, supernatants were saved for further procedures. For
immunoprecipitation, lysates were incubated with antibodies overnight
at 4 °C. Protein A-agarose was added and immune complexes bound to
beads were recovered after 1 h, washed three times with HNTG
buffer (50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 10% glycerol, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% Triton X-100), boiled in 1× sample buffer,
and separated by SDS-PAGE. Transfer and immunoblotting on
nitrocellulose using horseradish peroxidase anti-rabbit or horseradish
peroxidase anti-mouse antibody/chemiluminescence method were performed
as described (20). For overlay assays, the membrane was incubated 2 h at room temperature with soluble GST fusion proteins labeled with protein kinase A and [
-32P]ATP diluted in TBS,
5% dried milk, 1 mM dithiothreitol (106
cpm/ml). After rinsing with TBS, 0.1% Triton X-100 and TBS buffers, bound GST was revealed by autoradiography. GST production and GST
binding assays were performed as described previously (20).
1 penicillin and 100 µg·ml
1 streptomycin sulfate, supplemented
with 10% fetal calf serum. All cell transfections were made using
Fugene 6 reagent according to manufacturer's recommendations (Roche
Molecular Biochemicals).
RESULTS
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
1) for the proline, (
2) for
the valine, and so on (Fig.
1A). Each amino acid in the
ERBB2 peptide was changed to alanine except for alanine in
12
position changed to glycine. Peptides fused to the LexA binding domain
(LexA-BD) were challenged against the GAL4 activation domain (GAL4-AD)
fused to the ERBIN PDZ domain (Fig. 1A). Interaction was
evidenced by the capacity of cotransformed L40 yeast to grow on plates
depleted of histidine (
HIS) supplemented with 10 mM 3-AT and to present a positive
-galactosidase
activity. As previously shown, mutation of the carboxyl-terminal valine
(mutant VA) and deletion of the 6 last residues (data not shown) in
ERBB2 abrogated the interaction with ERBIN (6). Interaction was also
altered when Val in
2 position, Asp in
3 position, Leu in
4
position, and Tyr in
7 position were mutated (Fig. 1A). We
expressed ERBB2 (wild type and mutants) in COS cells and precipitated
receptors with a GST-ERBIN PDZ domain in a pull-down assay (Fig.
1B). Replacement of the COOH-terminal valine, aspartic acid
in
3 position, leucine in
4 position, and tyrosine in
7 position
to alanine as well as truncation of ERBB2 (
6 mutant) reduced the
binding to the ERBIN PDZ domain. No change was found when asparagine in
10 position was mutated to alanine. Mutation of valine (
2) did not
modify the interaction in the pull-down assay contrasting with the
two-hybrid data. This may imply that this residue is not as crucial for
ERBIN-ERBB2 interaction in vivo. To obtain further
information on the ERBIN PDZ domain binding specificity, we used a Far
Western strategy to test the interaction of this domain with peptides
found in the carboxyl terminus of receptors and ion channels (Fig.
1C). These sequences, except for EGFR and ERBB3, are known
ligands for PDZ domains. Nine-amino acid peptides were fused to the GST protein, and equivalent amount of proteins were resolved by Western blot. The membrane was incubated with a soluble and radiolabeled 32P-GST-ERBIN PDZ. After washing, the membrane was exposed
for autoradiography to detect bound radiolabeled proteins. No signal
was found when we used a radiolabeled GST alone or GST-AF6 PDZ domain
as a probe (data not shown). As expected, the ERBIN PDZ domain
interacted with ERBB2 but not with other human EGFR family members
while [32P]GST-LIN-7 efficiently bound to the worm LET-23
(data not shown). Among the other fusion proteins tested, the carboxyl
termini of Kv1.4, NR2C and NR2B interacted strongly with ERBIN (Fig.
1C). Interestingly, these peptides have sequence
similarities to the ERBB2 peptide at the crucial positions found for
ERBIN interaction, namely a carboxyl-terminal valine, an acidic residue
in
3 position (Asp or Glu), and hydrophobic residues in
4 and
7
positions (tyrosine, isoleucine, or leucine). Position
2 can support
a serine, threonine, or valine. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the ERBIN PDZ domain binds to a
XX
[ED][STV]XV peptide, where
represents hydrophobic residue and X any amino acid. We searched in data bases for other mammalian proteins containing such a
motif and found the proteins listed in Fig. 1D, including a
transmembrane phosphatase (RPTP
), PMCA4, a calcium pump, and MKP5, a
dual specificity phosphatase specific for p38 and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. These are
potential binding partners for ERBIN. Interestingly, brain-specific
angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1), a potential ERBIN interactor with
seven-span transmembrane domains, has indeed been shown to bind PDZ
domain proteins (28).
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Fig. 1.
Binding specificity of the ERBIN PDZ
domain. A, the last 15 carboxyl-terminal amino acids
found in ERBB2 (wild type or mutants) were fused to the LexA-BD and
co-transformed in L40 yeast with GAL4-AD ERBIN (1240-1371) referred as
the ERBIN PDZ domain. Co-transformed yeast were plated on Trp-Leu-His
medium containing 10 mM 3-AT. + means growth on the
selective medium (
His) and positive
-galactosidase
activity (
gal). Asterisks point to
the residues important for ERBB2/ERBIN interaction. Mutated residues
are underlined. B, HER1/2 (chimera EGF-R/ERBB2)
wild type (WT) and mutant were transiently expressed in COS
cells and pulled down with GST-ERBIN PDZ domain. Bound receptors were
revealed with anti-ERBB2 antibody after Western blot (upper
panel). Mutation of the carboxyl-terminal valine
(VA), aspartic residue in
3 position (mut-3),
leucine in
4 position (mut-4), tyrosine in
7 position
(mut-7), and deletion of the last 6 residues in ERBB2
(
6) abrogate the ERBB2/ERBIN interaction.
Lysates were run, transferred on nitrocellulose, and probed with
anti-ERBB2 to show a comparable expression of receptors
(lower panel). C, direct interaction
between the ERBIN PDZ domain and ERBB2, Kv1.4, NR2C, and NR2B peptides.
The last 9 amino acids of the mentioned proteins were fused to the GST
protein, Western-blotted, and probed with soluble
32P-labeled GST-ERBIN PDZ domain or GST (data not shown)
fusion proteins. Bound proteins were revealed by autoradiography. No
binding was found with GST alone (data not shown). Red Ponceau staining
showed that similar amounts of GST proteins were loaded (data not
shown). D, sequence of the carboxyl terminus of four
putative ERBIN-interacting proteins.
helixes and six
sheets (29-31). The COOH-terminal peptide of
receptors binds to the groove between the second
helix and the
second
sheet with a GLGF motif providing a carboxylate-binding
loop. A residue found in the second
helix (His for class I; Val,
Leu, or Gln for class II; and Tyr for NOS class III PDZ domain) selects
a certain type of ligand depending on the residue found in
2 position
in the peptide. Hence, the PSD-95 class I PDZ domain prefers a Ser or Thr in
2 position in the peptide ligand and the CASK/LIN-2 class II
PDZ domain selects hydrophobic residues in
2 position while class III
PDZ domain in NOS binds to an aspartic residue (Asp) in
2 position.
In a previous report, we identified a mutation within the ERBIN PDZ
domain (mutant YD) changing the His residue in
B helix to Tyr as
found in NOS, which abrogates the interaction with ERBB2 (6). The NOS
PDZ domain interacts with DXV motifs. We mutated the Val-2
residue to Asp-2 in ERBB2 but no interaction was found with the ERBIN
YD mutant by using the two-hybrid system (Fig.
2A). Thus, mutation YD
abrogates interaction with ERBB2 but does not shift the ERBIN PDZ
domain specificity from class I to class III. This result can be
explained by the fact that the functional NOS PDZ domain requires
additional amino acids beyond the conserved PDZ domain consensus domain
(12). This additional region is not present in the ERBIN PDZ domain. We
also mutated the histidine to leucine as found in class II PDZ domain (mutant HL). Surprisingly, interaction with ERBB2 was improved as L40
yeast co-expressing LexA-ERBB2/GAL4-ERBIN HL grew on
HIS plates
containing 50 mM 3-AT in contrast to LexA-ERBB2/GAL4-ERBIN PDZ domain wild type. Growth was identical on 10 mM 3-AT
plates. This result was confirmed in a GST pull down assay where ERBB2 was more efficiently precipitated by ERBIN HL mutant than by ERBIN wild
type (Fig. 2C). The VXV motif in ERBB2 binds to
the class I ERBIN PDZ domain, although it conforms to the
X
motif binding site for class II PDZ domains.
Changing His to Leu in ERBIN PDZ domain
B helix improves the binding
to VXV-containing peptides. Accordingly, the ERBIN PDZ
domain mutant HL now binds to the VXV motif found in EPHB2
(data not shown). We have thus identified important residues within
ERBB2 and ERBIN peptide sequences responsible for the interaction
between the PDZ domain and its ligand.
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Fig. 2.
Mutations within the ERBIN PDZ domain
modulate the ERBB2/ERBIN interaction. A, sequence of
the mouse ERBIN PDZ domain. An arrow points to a conserved
histidine found in the B helix of class I PDZ domains but not in NOS
and class II PDZ domains (data not shown). Mutations of His-Gly to
Tyr-Asp as in NOS (mutant YD) and His to Leu as in class II PDZ domains
(mutant HL) were engineered by site-directed mutagenesis. B,
same as in Fig. 1A. Effects of mutations within ERBB2 and
the ERBIN PDZ domain were tested by two-hybrid in yeast. C,
in the left panel, the experiment is same as
panel B using increasing amount of
3-aminotriazole. In the right panel, a pull-down
assay was performed on HER1/2 expressing lysates with GST-ERBIN PDZ
wild type (WT) and mutant (HL and YD).
The interaction with HER1/2 was revealed by anti-ERBB2 antibody.
Ponceau Red staining shows that equal amounts of GST proteins were
used.
, AMPA, EPH receptors, and, more
recently, water channel aquaporins through a PDZ domain interaction (5,
18, 19, 38). We found no binding between PICK1 (or ERBIN) and ERBB2
when the carboxyl-terminal valine in ERBB2 was replaced by an alanine
(LexA-ERBB2.VA) (Fig. 3A). To further delineate the region
of PICK1 involved in the interaction, we introduced a 100-amino acid
carboxyl-terminal deletion in the protein and failed to detect an
interaction between deleted PICK1-(1-305) and ERBB2. Additionally, a
previously described mutation within the PICK1 PDZ domain changing
K27D28 to AA also disrupted the interaction
PICK1-ERBB2 (Fig. 3A) (39). As in the case of NOS PDZ
domain, these results suggest that the PICK1 PDZ domain is necessary
but not sufficient to bind to ERBB2 (12).
View larger version (28K):
[in a new window]
Fig. 3.
PICK1 is a new binding partner for ERBB2/HER2
receptor. A, full-length mouse PICK1 was pulled out by
screening a muscle cDNA library by two-hybrid using LexA-BD-ERBB2
as a bait. GAL4-AD-PICK wild type and mutants were challenged against
LexA-BD-ERBB2 or LexA-BD-ERBB2.VA mutant. Truncation
(PICK1(1-305)) or mutation within the PICK1 PDZ domain
(mutation of K27D28 to AA) abrogate the binding
with ERBB2. GAL4-AD-ERBIN PDZ domain was used as control.
nd, not determined. B, HER1/2 was transiently
expressed in COS cells and pulled down with the mentioned GST fusion
proteins. After washing, bound receptors were probed with anti-ERBB2
antibody. C, same as Fig. 1A using
carboxyl-terminal sequences of the mentioned proteins fused to
LexA-BD.
(5, 39). The carboxyl-terminal
peptide sequences of these proteins were fused to LexA-BD and
coexpressed with GAL4-AD-ERBIN PDZ domain or PICK1 in L40 yeast (Fig.
3C). We additionally challenged ERBB4 and PDGFR
and -
with the two PDZ domains. In contrast to ERBIN, which interacted solely
with ERBB2, PICK1 also bound to ERBB4, MUSK, EPHB2, and PKC
peptides. A panel of ERBB2 mutants was coexpressed with GAL4-AD-PICK1 or ERBIN PDZ domain. The ERBB2-PICK1 interaction was abrogated when the
carboxyl-terminal motif VXV was mutated but, in contrast to
ERBIN binding, was not affected by other mutations (Fig.
3C). Mutation of residues in
8 to
14 position in ERBB2
did not affect the interaction with ERBIN or PICK1 (data not shown). We
conclude that PICK1 is a new binding partner for ERBB2 that also
interacts with additional RTK including ERBB4 and MUSK. From our
scanning mutagenesis data, we also demonstrate that ERBIN and PICK1
bind differentially to ERBB2.
PDZ). No interaction was found with the DENSIN-180 or AF6 PDZ
domain (Fig. 4C). These data suggest that ERBIN is able to
oligomerize through a PDZ-PDZ domain interaction.
View larger version (22K):
[in a new window]
Fig. 4.
Self-interaction of the ERBIN PDZ
domain. A, schematic representation of full ERBIN
(residues 1-1371), ERBIN (2) and ERBIN (853-1371). B,
LexA-BD-ERBB2 and -ERBIN (2) and (853-1371) were transformed
in L40 yeast with GAL4-AD-ERBIN PDZ domain or PICK1. Co-transformed
yeast were plated on Trp-Leu-His medium containing 10 mM
3-AT. + means growth on the selective medium (
His) and
positive
-galactosidase activity (
gal).
C, Myc-tagged ERBIN wild type (ERBIN) or deleted of the PDZ
domain (ERBIN.
PDZ) expressed in COS cells were pulled down with GST,
GST-ERBIN, -DENSIN-180, and -AF6 PDZ domains. Bound proteins were
probed with anti-Myc antibody. One tenth of the lysate was run as total
lysate (TL). Ponceau Red staining shows comparable amount of
GST proteins.
6) abrogated the interaction with
PDZ domain proteins (Fig. 5A). ERBIN was a substrate for
ERBB2 kinase activity and was unable to coimmunoprecipitate with
phosphorylated ERBB2 (Fig. 5B) (6). In contrast, PICK1
efficiently bound to the receptor before and after EGF stimulation.
Tyrosine phosphorylation of PICK1 was masked by the immunoglobulin
heavy chains (IgH) that comigrated with the protein (Fig.
5B). Tyrosine phosphorylation of ERBIN was dependent on the
ERBB2 kinase activity and partially required interaction with the
receptor (Fig. 5C). Similarly, we found that PICK1 was
phosphorylated by ERBB2 and that deletion of the PDZ domain binding
site in ERBB2 reduced this phosphorylation (Fig. 5D). It was
recently shown that NHERF, a PDZ protein, binds to PDGF receptors and
enhances their signaling capacity in helping the formation of clusters
(42). We found no difference in the pattern of tyrosine-phosphorylated
proteins from the cell lysates obtained after HER1/2 and HER1/2.
6
activation. HER1/2.
6 retains all ERBB2 autophosphorylation sites
involved in its signaling. Furthermore, both receptors interact equally
with SHC and GRB2, two major actors of ERBB2 signal transduction after
EGF stimulation (data not shown). It is possible that a subset of RTKs,
including PDGFR, have a tyrosine kinase activity regulated by PDZ
proteins (42) whereas others including ERBB2 and EPHR have not (Refs. 4
and 6; this study).
View larger version (24K):
[in a new window]
Fig. 5.
ERBIN and PICK1 interact with ERBB2/HER2 in
cells. A, HER1/2 or HER1/2. 6 were coexpressed with
Myc-ERBIN or Myc-PICK1 in COS cells treated or not with EGF (100 ng/ml). Proteins were immunoprecipitated with anti-Myc antibody, and
bound proteins were revealed with anti-ERBB2 antibody. ERBIN and PICK1
are associated with HER1/2 but not HER1/2.
6 (lower
panel). Equivalent amount of proteins were evidenced with
anti-Myc and anti-ERBB2 antibodies in lysates. B, HER1/2 was
transiently coexpressed with Myc-ERBIN and Myc-PICK1 in COS-1 cells.
After immunoprecipitation of proteins with anti-Myc antibody, bound
proteins were sequentially revealed with anti-PY antibody
(left panel) and anti-Myc antibody
(middle panel). An empty
arrow shows phosphorylated HER1/2 receptor
coimmunoprecipitated with PICK1. An arrowhead points to
phosphorylated ERBIN. Asterisks point to Myc-ERBIN (*) and Myc-PICK1 (**).
PICK1 is a 50-kDa protein (see A) that co-migrates with the
heavy chains of immunoglobulins (IgH). In the
left panel (blot
anti-PY), PICK1 is masked by an unspecific signal
that labels the IgH. In the right panel,
coimmunoprecipitated receptors were revealed with anti-ERBB2 antibody.
C, HER1/2 wild type and mutants were transiently expressed
in COS-1 cells with Myc-ERBIN. After lysis, anti-Myc antibody was used
for immunoprecipitation. After Western blot, the membrane was
successively probed with anti-PY and anti-Myc antibodies, respectively.
Lysates were probed with anti-ERBB2 in the bottom
panel. D, same as C. EGF-treated cells
expressing HER1/2 (WT) or HER1/2.
6 mutant
(
6) with Myc-PICK1 were lysed and
immunoprecipitated with rabbit anti-PICK1 antibody. Proteins were
probed with anti-PY and anti-Myc antibodies, respectively. Tyrosine
phosphorylation of PICK1 is decreased when the PICK1/ERBB2 interaction
is abrogated.
-aminobutyric acid transporter retained to the basolateral epithelium through a PDZ domain interaction (45).
Populations of MDCK cells stably expressing P75NTR and P75 chimeras
were selected, and confocal analysis of the subcellular distribution of
ectopic receptors was done at least 3 days after confluence.
Double-staining with an antibody directed against Gp114 (in
red), a major apical protein in MDCK cells, and ME 20-4 (in
green), a monoclonal antibody directed against human P75NTR, was done (22). Z sections showed that P75NTR colocalized
with the apical marker (see the overlap of red and
green in left panel of Fig.
6B), whereas P75-ERBB2 or P75-GBT1 (green)
localized to the basolateral membrane and were excluded from the apical
membrane in red (Fig. 6B, middle and
right panels). Cell surface biotinylation was
done on the apical or the basolateral membranes of the same MDCK
populations, and the surface expression of the receptors was
determined. Although P75NTR was found mainly located to the apical
membrane, most of the P75-ERBB2 chimera was basolateral (Fig.
6C). Quantitative analysis of the polarity of P75NTR and the
P75-ERBB2 chimera was done after densitometry scanning.
P75NTR was enriched on the apical membrane (79.5%
apical and 20.5% basolateral) as expected (43), whereas the chimera
was almost exclusively found in the basolateral membrane (1% apical
and 99% basolateral) (data not shown). We conclude that the ERBB2 PDZ
domain binding site acts as a dominant basolateral localization signal
in polarized epithelial cells.
View larger version (22K):
[in a new window]
Fig. 6.
Localization of P75 chimeras in MDCK
cells. A, schematic of P75NTR (P75)
and P75NTR chimeras where the 15 last residues of P75 are replaced with
the 15 last residues of ERBB2 (P75-ERBB2) or GBT-1
(P75-GBT1). B, P75NTR (P75) or P75
chimeras were localized by indirect immunofluorescence in MDCK cells
and confocal microscopy using Z sections. Gp114, an apical
marker of MDCK cells, is labeled in red, and P75NTR or
chimeras are labeled in green. Both chimeras are exclusively
present at the basolateral membrane (Bl), whereas p75NTR is
found mainly at the apical side (AP). Bar is 10 µm. C, transfected MDCK II cells grown on filters and
expressing either P75NTR (P75) or P75-ERBB2 were
biotinylated from the apical (AP) or the basolateral
(Bl) side of the cells. After immunoprecipitation with ME
20-4, proteins were Western-blotted and biotinylated P75NTR or chimeras
were revealed using streptavidin coupled to peroxidase. Bars
are for markers of molecular masses (from top to bottom, 84 and 62 kDa). Quantitative analysis of the polarity of P75NTR and the P75-ERBB2
chimera was also done after densitometry scanning of selective
biotinylation experiments (n = 2). P75NTR is enriched
at the apical membrane (79.5% apical and 20.5% basolateral), whereas
the chimera is almost exclusively found at the basolateral membrane
(1% apical and 99% basolateral) (data not shown).
DISCUSSION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
XX
[ED][STV]XV motif
in vivo.
3-,
4-, and
7-positions,
do not affect the binding to PICK1. The COOH-terminal VXV
motif in ERBB2 is apparently solely required for PICK1. Accordingly,
other PICK1 ligands such as MUSK and EPHB2 contain such a motif. The
residue in
2-position can be replaced by a serine or a threonine as
in the case of ERBB4 and PKC
. Third, PICK1, but not ERBIN, interacts
with ERBB2 after tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor.
Interestingly, the binding of PICK1 and GRIP to GluR2 subunit is
differentially regulated by serine phosphorylation. GluR2 contains a
carboxyl-terminal IESVKI sequence phosphorylated on serine by PKC.
PICK1, but not GRIP1, still binds to phosphorylated GluR2 (49). The
tyrosine residue in ERBB2 carboxyl-terminal sequence (residue in
7-position) lies very close to the VXV motif of
ERBB2 and is a major site of phosphorylation (Fig. 1A).
This suggests that phosphorylation of Tyr-1248 abrogates
ERBIN, but not PICK1, interaction (6). Post-translational
modifications may thus modulate binding of certain PDZ domain
proteins to receptors and lead to more dynamic and regulated
interactions with phosphatase or kinase activities.
![]() |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
---|
We thank Dr. Wei-Zhang Wei for the pCMV-erbb2 construct, Dr. J. S. Chamberlain for the gift of the mouse muscle cDNA library, Dr. G. Alcaraz for the rat cDNA library, and Drs. M. Lopez and P. Lécine for their comments on the manuscript. We thank Dr. Ben Margolis for reagents and comments.
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FOOTNOTES |
---|
* This work was supported in part by grants from INSERM, Institute Paoli-Calmettes (to V. O. and D. B.), La Ligue Contre le Cancer (to D. B. and J.-P. B.), Association Recherche Contre le Cancer (to A. L. B.), and La Fondation de France (to J.-P. B.).The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
§ These authors participated equally in this work.
¶ Recipient of a Japanese-French fellowship.
To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.:
33-4-91-75-84-09; Fax: 33-4-91-26-03-64; E-mail:
borg@marseille.inserm.fr.
Published, JBC Papers in Press, February 5, 2001, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M010032200
2 B. Dargent, personal communication.
![]() |
ABBREVIATIONS |
---|
The abbreviations used are: RTK, receptor with tyrosine kinase activity; PDZ, PSD-95/DLG/ZO-1; SH2, Src homology 2; ERBIN, ERBB2-interacting protein; LAP, LRR and PDZ; P75NTR, human neurotrophin receptor P75; MDCK, Madin-Darby canine kidney; GST, glutathione S-transferase; NOS, nitric-oxide synthase; EGF, epidermal growth factor; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; 3-AT, 3-aminotriazole; TBS, Tris-buffered saline; BD, binding domain; AD, activation domain; EPHR, ephrin receptor.
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