From the Medical Research Council Anatomical
Neuropharmacology Unit, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TH and the
§ Neuroscience Research Centre, Merck Sharp & Dohme,
Terlings Park, Eastwick Road, Harlow,
Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom
Received for publication, February 13, 2001, and in revised form, March 2, 2001
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ABSTRACT |
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To determine which domains of the
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor are
important for the assembly of functional receptors, a number of N- and
C-terminal truncations of the NR1a subunit have been produced.
Truncations containing a complete ligand binding domain bound glycine
antagonist and gave binding constants similar to those of the native
subunit, suggesting they were folding to form antagonist binding sites.
Since NR2A is not transported to the cell surface unless it is
associated with NR1 (McIlhinney, R. A. J., Le
Bourdellès, B., Tricuad, N., Molnar, E., Streit, P., and Whiting,
P. J. (1998) Neuropharmacology 37, 1355-1367), surface expression of NR2A can be used to monitor the association of
the subunits. There was progressive loss of NR2A cell surface expression as the N terminus of NR1a was shortened, with complete loss
when truncated beyond residue 380. Removal of the C terminus and/or the
last transmembrane domain did not affect NR2A surface expression.
Similar results were obtained in co-immunoprecipitation experiments.
The oligomerization status of the co-expressed NR1a constructs and NR2A
subunits was investigated using a non-denaturing gel electrophoresis
system (blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and sucrose
density gradient centrifugation. The blue native-polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis system also showed that the NR1a subunits could form a
homodimer, which was confirmed using soluble constructs of the NR1a
subunit. Together these results suggest the residues N-terminal of
residue 380 are important for the association of NR2A with NR1a and
that the complete N-terminal domain of the NR1a subunit is
required for oligomerization with NR2A.
The N-methyl-D-aspartate
(NMDA)1 subtype of the
glutamate receptor family is a hetero-oligomeric protein composed of
two classes of NMDA receptor subunits: NR1 and NR2. The NR1 subunit is
encoded by a single gene, which undergoes extensive splicing to
generate eight different splice variants that differ in regional
distribution and functional properties (2). The NR2 subunit class
consists of four different subunits, NR2A-NR2D, encoded by four
separate but closely related genes (2). A number of studies of
mammalian cell lines either permanently or transiently transfected with NR1 alone have indicated that the NR1 subunit does not form
glycine-glutamate-responsive channels and requires the presence of NR2
to do so (3-5). Other studies have shown that the NR1 and NR2 subunits
contribute differently to the binding sites of a functional NMDA
receptor. The NR1 subunit forms the glycine binding site (6-8), and
the NR2 subunit provides part of the glutamate binding site (9, 10).
Thus, different combinations of both subunits co-assemble to form
functionally distinct NMDA receptors. However, the biochemical and
functional studies reported to date are ambiguous with regard to NMDA
receptor subunit stoichiometry. Functional studies indicate that
binding of at least two molecules of both glutamate and glycine is
required for NMDA receptor activation, suggesting that at least four
subunits must co-assemble (11-13). The molecular size of native NMDA
receptors, as determined by both gel filtration and native
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is in the range of 605-850 kDa,
which is consistent with the co-assembly of between four to five
subunits (14-16). A recent biochemical study has suggested that there
are three NR2 subunits per NMDA receptor complex, indicating that the
NMDA receptor is at least a pentamer (17). Electrophysiological studies
on the subunit stoichiometry using co-expressed wild-type and mutant
forms of either the NR1 or NR2 subunits have also been inconclusive
suggesting two or three NR1 subunits or two or three NR2 subunits per
functional NMDA receptor complex (18-20).
The regions of NMDA receptor subunits mediating the assembly of
hetero-oligomeric NMDA receptors have, to date, not been identified. All glutamate receptor subunits are thought to share a common transmembrane topology and domain structure with three transmembrane domains (TMI, -III, and -IV), a second membrane domain forming a
re-entrant loop that partly lines the ion channel pore, an
extracellular N terminus, and an intracellular C terminus (21-23). The
ligand binding domain is thought to be formed between part of the N
terminus (the S1 domain) just before TMI and the extracellular loop
between TMIII and TMIV (the S2 domain) (6, 24, 25). Approximately the
first 400 amino acids of the N terminus share sequence homology to the
bacterial periplasmic leucine-isoleucine-valine-binding protein (LIVBP
domain) (26). The proximal N-terminal domain has recently been
suggested to be important in the assembly of AMPA receptor subunits in
mammalian cells (27).
In this study we addressed the question of which domains of the NR1a
NMDA receptor subunit are important for their assembly into oligomeric
receptor complexes. Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells were
transfected with mutated NR1a constructs containing deletions to the N
and C termini, NR1a chimeras, and soluble secreted forms of the NR1a
subunit and wild-type NR2A subunits. Since we have shown previously
that NR2A is not expressed at the cell surface unless it is
co-expressed with NR1 (1), cell surface expression of the NR2A subunit
has been used to monitor subunit association, together with
co-immunoprecipitation of the different subunits. The formation of
oligomeric complexes has been monitored using a novel nondenaturing gel
electrophoresis system and sucrose gradient sedimentation.
Design of the NR1a Truncations--
All the truncated NR1a
subunits are derived from a human NR1a cDNA and were generated by
using standard mutagenesis techniques previously described in detail
(28). An octapeptide FLAG epitope tag (KDYKDDDDK) was introduced into
the N terminus between Asp23 and Lys25, just
C-terminal to the putative signal cleavage point. The constructs were
verified by sequencing and by in vitro translation (TNT T7 Transcription/Translation System; Promega; Fig. 1). Radioligand binding
assays using [3H]L-689,560 were performed as previously
described in detail (4, 28).
Transfection of HEK-293 Cells--
HEK-293 cells were
cultured and transfected using the calcium phosphate method. The NMDA
receptor NR1a and NR2A subunits in the expression vectors
pcDNAI/Amp and pCDM8 were transfected at a ratio of 1:3. After
transfection, the cells were grown in the presence of 0.5 mM ketamine (Sigma) and harvested 24 h later. Membranes were prepared from the cells using hypotonic lysis, shearing,
and centrifugation as described previously (29) except that 20 mM iodoacetamide was added to the lysis medium prior to cell lysis.
Expression in Xenopus Oocytes and Electrophysiological
Recordings--
Adult female Xenopus laevis were
anesthetized by immersion in a 0.1% solution of 3-aminobenzoic acid
ethyl ester, with the pH adjusted with 1 M
NaHCO3 to that of the water in which the toad was housed,
for 30-45 min, and stage V and stage VI oocytes were surgically
removed. After mild collagenase treatment to remove follicle cells
(type IA, 0.5 mg/ml, for 6 min), the oocyte nuclei were directly
injected with 10-20 nl of injection buffer (88 mM NaCl, 1 mM KCl, 15 mM HEPES, at pH 7, filtered through
nitrocellulose) containing different combinations of human NMDA subunit
cDNAs (20 ng/µl) engineered into the expression vector pCDM8 or
pcDNAI/Amp. NR1a truncations and NR2A cDNAs were injected at a
ratio of 1:3. Oocytes were maintained at 19-20 °C in modified
Barth's medium consisting of 88 mM NaCl, 1 mM
KCl, 10 mM HEPES, 0.82 mM
MgSO4, 0.33 mM
Ca(NO3)2, 0.91 mM
CaCl2, 2.4 mM NaHCO3, at pH 7.5 supplemented with 50 µg/ml gentamycin, 10 µg/ml streptomycin, 10 units/ml penicillin, and 2 mM sodium pyruvate) for up to 6 days. For electrophysiological recordings, oocytes were placed in a
50-µl bath and continually perfused at 4-6 ml/min with Barium
Ringer's solution (115 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES, 1.8 mM BaCl2, pH 7.2).
Cells were impaled with two 1-3-megohm electrodes containing 2 M KCl and voltage-clamped at Cell Surface Biotinylation--
Transiently transfected HEK-293
cells were overlaid with borate buffer (10 mM boric acid,
150 mM NaCl, pH 8.8) containing 50 µg/ml of the
non-permeant reactive ester sulfo-NHS-biotin (Pierce; dissolved at 10 mg/ml in N,N-dimethylformamide). Unreacted ester was removed
by incubating the cells for 5 min with 1 M ammonium chloride. The cells were washed with Tris-saline (pH 7.4) then lysed on
ice in RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1% (w/v) Triton X-100, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 100 mM
NaCl, 1 mM EDTA) plus a protease inhibitor mixture (Roche
Molecular Biochemicals) and 20 mM iodoacetamide. The
lysate was centrifuged at 10,000 × g, and a
tenth of the supernatant removed for total cell lysate analysis. The
biotin-labeled surface proteins in the remaining supernatants were
affinity isolated with 100 µl of streptavidin-agarose beads (Sigma)
rotating for 3.5 h at 4 °C. The resulting pellets were washed
twice with RIPA buffer and twice with 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH
8.0, and proteins eluted from the streptavidin-agarose beads by
addition of 2× reducing sample buffer (20 mM
dithiothreitol, 2% (w/v) SDS, 10% (v/v) glycerol, 100 mM
Tris-HCl). The samples were then analyzed using SDS-PAGE and the
Western immunoblot protocol. The possibility that the sulfo-NHS-biotin
penetrates the cells during the biotinylation procedure was controlled
for by probing the total cell lysates and streptavidin isolates for the
intracellular protein Co-immunoprecipitation--
Transiently transfected HEK-293
cells were lysed on ice with RIPA buffer containing 20 mM
iodoacetamide and protease inhibitors (Roche Molecular Biochemicals).
The lysate was centrifuged at 10,000 × g, and an
aliquot was removed for total cell lysate analysis. A fifth of the
lysate was made up to 1 ml with lysis buffer and then rotated overnight
at 4 °C with 1-2 µg/ml precipitating antibody. A 100-µl
suspension of Protein G-Sepharose Fast Flow beads (Amersham Pharmacia
Biotech) was added to the precipitates and mixed by rotation at 4 °C
for 2 h. The immunoprecipitates were pelleted by centrifugation,
and the resulting pellet was washed twice in RIPA buffer and then twice
with 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0. Under these conditions,
quantitative immunoprecipitation of the subunits was achieved. The
immunocomplexes were eluted from the Protein G beads by mixing with 2×
reducing sample buffer and boiling the samples. Both the precipitates
and total cell lysates were resolved by SDS-PAGE and Western
immunoblot. The antibodies used for immunoprecipitation were a sheep
anti-NR1a antibody (previously characterized; Ref. 1) and the anti-FLAG
antibody M2 from Sigma. The NR1-GluR1 chimera was precipitated using an
anti-GluR1 antibody (30).
Western Immunoblotting--
Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE
using 7.5% polyacrylamide gels under reducing conditions. After
transfer to nitrocellulose membrane using a Transblot semidry transfer
cell (Bio-Rad), the membranes were blocked in 5% (w/v) nonfat dried
milk in phosphate-buffered saline plus 0.05% Tween for 1 h. The
primary antibodies, applied to the immunoblots overnight at 4 °C,
were a rabbit anti-NR2A antibody and the 23.F6 antibody, which
recognizes the N terminus of NR2A (1). The NR1 subunit was detected
using antibodies directed to residues 600-800 (NMDAR1; PharMingen) or
to residues 1-564 of the subunit (Calbiochem) or the C-terminal tail.
The primary antibodies were detected using the donkey anti-sheep
(Sigma; 1/2000), goat anti-rabbit, or goat anti-mouse (Promega; 1/5000) antibodies conjugated to horseradish peroxidase in conjunction with the
chemiluminescence SuperSignal kit (Pierce).
Blue Native-PAGE (BN-PAGE)--
Analysis of the oligomeric
structure of native protein complexes was achieved by using a
modification of the method of BN-PAGE as described previously (31, 32).
Membrane samples were prepared by mixing with 1 mg/ml DNase (+10
mM CaCl2, 10 mM MgCl2)
and leaving at room temperature for 15 min. An equal volume of 2×
BN-PAGE sample buffer (200 mM BisTris, 150 mM
6-aminocaproic acid, 2% Triton X-100, pH 7) was added to each sample
and left on ice for 15 min. The membrane samples were centrifuged at
100,000 × g and mixed with 5% Serva blue dye. The
markers thyroglobulin, bovine serum albumin, apoferritin, and
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation--
HEK-293 cell
lysates were prepared by lysis in 1% (v/v) Triton X-100 in Tris-saline
lysis buffer containing protease inhibitors and 20 mM
iodoacetamide. Sucrose density centrifugation of HEK-293 cell lysates
was performed using cell lysates layered on 4-ml continuous 10-40%
(w/v) sucrose gradients centrifuged in a SW60 Sorvall rotor for 16 h at 100,000 × g, 4 °C. Twenty fractions were
collected from each gradient and analyzed by SDS-PAGE.
Chromatography of Soluble NR1a Subunits--
Five replicate
25-cm2 flasks for each secreted protein were transfected
with 10 µg of DNA. Fresh AimV medium (Life Technologies, Inc.),
containing no serum and supplemented with 2 mM
L-glutamine and 100 units/ml penicillin, was added 24 h after transfection, and the cells were left for another 3 days of
growth. The medium, with added protease inhibitors, was centrifuged at
1000 × g for 10 min, the supernatant removed and
concentrated down 5-fold using Vivaspin 4-ml concentration tubes. The
concentrated medium was filtered and analyzed by chromatography on a
Superose 6 column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) using a Liquid
Chromatography Controller LCC-500. The fractions were analyzed by
dot-blot, using nitrocellulose membrane (Schleicher & Schuell), and
SDS-PAGE and both membranes processed using the Western immunoblot protocol.
Functional Expression of the NR1a Truncated Subunits--
The
structures of the different NR1a constructs used in this study are
illustrated in Fig. 1. All of the NR1a
truncated subunits, with the exception of the NR1a
HEK-293 cells co-expressing the NR1a constructs containing deletions up
to residue 380 in the N terminus (NR1a Cell Surface Expression of NR2A When Co-expressed with the
NR1a Truncations--
Cell surface expression of the NR2A subunit was
determined by cell surface biotinylation following co-expression with
the NR1a truncations. As reported previously (1), co-expression of NR1a
and NR2A resulted in a streptavidin-isolated 180-kDa immunoreactive band, which was absent when NR2A was expressed alone (Fig.
2A). Progressive deletions to
the N-terminal domain of NR1a led to a progressive decrease in the cell
surface expression of NR2A until, with NR1a Effects of NR1 Truncations on Subunit Association Using
Co-immunoprecipitation--
Since cell surface expression of NR2A
might reflect both subunit association and oligomerization,
co-immunoprecipitation studies were performed to determine the level of
association of NR2A with the different NR1a truncations. The results
showed that truncation of NR1a at the C terminus had no effect on the
association of the subunits as illustrated for NR1a
The results above could be interpreted as suggesting that the
N-terminal region of NR1a from residues 1-380 are critical for subunit
association. To test if they are sufficient for this, we have expressed
NR2A with NR1a truncated just after the putative re-entrant loop of the
second membrane domain and a chimera of NR1 where the N terminus of
NR1a replaces that of GluR1 (Fig. 1). Co-expression of the NR1
truncation and NR1-GluR1 chimera with NR2A in HEK-293 cells did not
give rise to cell surface expression (Fig.
4A), nor did they
co-immunoprecipitate with NR2A (Fig. 4B). This suggests that
residual precipitation seen when NR1a Oligomerization of the NMDA Receptor Complex--
The BN-PAGE
described by Schagger et al. (31, 32) was adapted to provide
a method for the determination of NMDA receptor subunit assembly. In
the course of these studies, the BN-PAGE system has also been used to
investigate nAChR oligomerization and the domains that are important in
glycine receptor assembly (33, 34).
When BN-PAGE is used to analyze membranes derived from HEK-293 cells
expressing the NR1a subunit alone, immunoreactive bands with apparent
molecular masses of 200 and 420 kDa can be detected (Fig.
5A). The amount of the 200-kDa
NR1a-immunoreactive band detected was variable and could reflect the
different expression levels of the subunits in the different membrane
preparations. When NR2A was co-expressed with NR1a, the molecular mass
of the major NR1a immunoreactive species always shifted to give a broad band with a mean molecular mass of 860 kDa, with two additional immunoreactive bands at 420 and 200 kDa. Consistently, NR2A
immunoreactivity could also be detected in the 860-kDa band but was not
detected in the 200-kDa NR1a immunoreactive band (Fig. 5A).
However, NR2A could also be detected in an immunoreactive band with a
molecular mass of ~420 kDa when the 23.F6 antibody is used for
detection, probably reflecting the greater sensitivity of this antibody
compared with the anti-FLAG antibody. The intensity of this band, like that of the NR1a 200-kDa band, could be variable. The expression of
the NR2A subunit alone in HEK-293 membranes resulted in streaking of
the immunoreactive material, suggesting that the NR2A subunit might not
be folding properly in the absence of NR1a (Fig. 5A, right panel).
Because the molecular sizes of the other receptor complexes analyzed by
BN-PAGE have been reported to be larger than expected, the modified gel
system used here for the NMDA receptors was used to analyze
GABAA receptors and Torpedo nAChR of known
stoichiometry (32, 35). Under BN-PAGE conditions, the GABAA
receptor migrated with an apparent molecular mass of 540 kDa, about
twice that predicted from its known subunit composition (Fig.
5B). The nAChR complex in these gels had an apparent
molecular mass of 400 kDa, which is ~150 kDa larger than the
predicted 250-kDa pentamer (Fig. 5B). Another immunoreactive
band was also detected migrating with an apparent molecular mass of 660 kDa, which may represent a dimer of the pentameric nAChR complex formed
through a disulfide bridge between the
Analysis of the oligomerization of the NR1a N-terminal deletion
constructs co-expressed with NR2A resulted in diffuse regions of
immunoreactive material within which some discrete banding for the NR1a
constructs and NR2A could still be seen when the immunoblots were
probed for either NR1a and NR2A (Fig.
6A). This suggests that
deletions in the N terminus of the NR1a subunit may cause incomplete or
misfolding of the subunits, although some association of the subunits
may still occur. This is in agreement with the surface expression and
functional data. Expression of the C-terminal truncations of NR1a
(NR1a Characterization of the Oligomerization of the NMDA Receptor Using
Sucrose Gradient Density Centrifugation--
In order to confirm
whether the BN-PAGE system was giving a reliable indication of NR1a and
NR2A association, the assembly of the subunits was also examined by
sucrose gradient centrifugation. Immunoblots of the gradient fractions
from HEK-293 cell lysates expressing either the NR1a or NR2A subunit
alone show that NR1a has a lower sedimentation rate than NR2A (Fig.
7A). The NR1a subunit sediments close to the aldolase marker (150 kDa/7.3 s),
which may suggest that the NR1a subunit is a dimer, as seen in the
BN-PAGE analysis. The NR2A subunit has a more heterodisperse
sedimentation profile, with a significant amount of NR2A at the bottom
of the gradient (Fig. 7A). The smearing of NR2A across the
gradient and the insoluble material pelleting at the bottom of the
gradient suggests that the NR2A subunit may not fold properly when it
is expressed alone, supporting the data obtained from the BN-PAGE system. When cell lysates from HEK-293 cells co-expressing NR1a and
NR2A subunits were analyzed on sucrose gradients, two peaks of
immunoreactivity for NR1a were detected. One peak was detected in the
same fraction as the aldolase marker (150 kDa/7.3 s), and the second peak was found further down the gradient in the fractions below the catalase marker (230 kDa/11 s; Fig.
7B). This peak also contained the majority of the NR2A
immunoreactivity, which was now contained in a more discrete region of
the gradient. Together, the data suggest that the NR1a and NR2A
subunits are assembling to form a complex that is not present when
either NR1a or NR2A subunits are expressed alone. Thus, the BN-PAGE
analysis of receptor oligomerization was supported by the sucrose
gradient analysis.
Identifying the Molecular Determinants Important in the Assembly of
NMDA Receptor Complexes Using Secreted Soluble Forms of the NR1a
Subunit--
The importance of the NR1a subunit transmembrane domains
for subunit association with NR2A was studied using soluble constructs of the NR1a subunit. The S1S2-SHORT construct consists of the S1 and S2
domains of NR1a linked by a flexible linker sequence (Fig. 1). The
S1S2-LONG construct has the full N-terminal domain of NR1a linked to
the S2 domain in the same manner as S1S2-SHORT. Expression of these
constructs in HEK-293 cells results in a soluble secreted form of the
proteins being found in the medium from the cells (Fig.
8A).
Analysis of the secreted product from S1S2-SHORT transfected cells by
size exclusion chromatography and SDS-PAGE shows two peaks of
immunoreactivity: one eluting just before the 45-kDa ovalbumin marker
fraction and a major broad peak, which included the void fraction. The
latter probably represents aggregated protein whereas the former
corresponds to a monomer of the S1S2 protein (Fig. 8B). A
similar analysis of S1S2-LONG secreted material showed that this
construct also elutes as two peaks of immunoreactivity: one eluting
just behind the void fraction and the major peak eluting just before
the IgG marker of 150 kDa (Fig. 8B). As the monomeric form
of the S1S2-LONG construct has an apparent molecular mass of 98 kDa,
the data suggest that the S1S2 construct containing a complete
N-terminal domain can dimerize. This lends credence to the
homo-oligomerization of the NR1a subunit detected using BN-PAGE.
Cell Surface Expression of NR2A Co-expressed with the S1S2-SHORT
and S1S2-LONG Constructs--
S1S2-LONG and S1S2-SHORT were
co-expressed in HEK-293 cells with NR2A and cell surface biotinylation
used to monitor NR2A cell surface expression. NR2A could only be
detected at the cell surface when co-expressed with the S1S2 construct
that contained a complete N-terminal domain (Fig.
9). S1S2-LONG but not S1S2-SHORT could
also be detected in the streptavidin isolates (Fig. 9).
In this study we have used the surface expression of NR2A when
co-expressed with different NR1a truncations to determine the regions
of NR1a that are important for subunit association and oligomerization.
Deletions from the C terminus of NR1a up to residue 811 had no effect
on the surface expression of NR2A, whereas deletion between residues
312-380 at the N terminus of NR1a (NR1a Failure of cell surface expression of NR2A when co-expressed with the
NR1a truncations, observed with cell surface biotinylation, could be
explained in several ways. It could represent a failure of the subunits
to associate, a failure of oligomerization, or formation of unstable
associations and/or oligomers between the NR1a and NR2A subunits.
Therefore, the association of NR1a with NR2A using
co-immunoprecipitation was determined. The results showed that
progressive deletions to the N-terminal domain of NR1a caused a
reduction in the amount of NR2A that could be co-immunoprecipitated (Fig. 3). Deletions after residue 380 appeared to almost completely abolish the association of NR2A with NR1a, suggesting that residues before this are important for NR1a/NR2A association. Since we found
residual co-immunoprecipitation of NR2A when co-expressed with NR1a Since cell surface expression may also reflect subunit oligomerization,
the assembly status of the subunits was assessed using BN-PAGE. This
methodology permitted the analysis of the oligomerization of the NMDA
receptor since a band of ~860 kDa, which was immunoreactive for both
NR1a and NR2A, only appeared when using membranes from HEK-293 cells
co-transfected with both NR1a and NR2A subunits. The size of this
complex is similar to that found by analyses of the NMDA receptor
complex in previous reports (14-16). To address the issue of receptor
stoichiometry using the BN-PAGE system, we used this technique to
investigate the stoichiometry of the nAChR and the GABAA
receptor (Fig. 5). We observed that the BN-PAGE system gives larger
molecular sizes for the receptors than has been elucidated previously,
which is consistent with other reports (35). The increased molecular
weight of these receptors suggests that detergent and/or Coomassie Blue
binding affects the masses of receptor complexes under the gel
conditions, making it difficult to determine receptor subunit
stoichiometry from these gels. However, by comparing the molecular
masses of the GABAA receptor and the nAChR with those
obtained by the BN-PAGE system used here, it appears that there is
consistent overestimate of receptor mass by between 1.6- and 1.8-fold.
If a similar effect was operating on the NMDA receptor subunits, then
the revised molecular masses seen for the NR1a immunoreactive bands,
when the subunit is expressed alone, would be in the range of 100-117
kDa and 200-247 kDa, which would suggest a monomer and dimer of the
subunit. Similarly, the immunoreactive bands seen when NR1a and NR2A
are co-expressed would be 440-517 kDa and 200-247 kDa, consistent
with a tetramer of two NR1 and two NR2A subunits and a dimer of NR1a
and NR2A, respectively. However, the broad nature of the bands and the
compression of the molecular weight markers on these gels at the higher
molecular weights prevent a precise attribution of stoichiometry for
the full receptor. Nevertheless, the fact that the NR1a and NR2A
immunoreactivity undergoes such a dramatic redistribution when the
subunits are expressed together suggests that these gels do allow the
oligomerization of the NMDA receptor to be investigated.
It seems likely that the oligomeric NR1a bands formed when the subunit
is expressed alone do represent the monomer and dimer of NR1a. Not only
would this fit with the estimated molecular weight, but it is
consistent with the sucrose gradient and S1S2-LONG data, which also
suggest that NR1a can form homodimers (Fig. 8B). Together
these data suggest that the NR1a subunit can self-associate to form
higher oligomers, as suggested by other studies of soluble NR1 and AMPA
receptor subunits (37, 38). Surprisingly the BN-PAGE system also showed
that NR2A may not be folding properly when expressed alone, suggesting
that this subunit may not form homo-oligomers like the NR1a subunit
(Fig. 5). This is also consistent with the sucrose gradient analyses of
HEK-293 cell lysates expressing NR2A alone (Fig. 7).
The NR1a truncations with deleted C terminus and TMIV (NR1a The role of the transmembrane domains in facilitating the assembly of
the NMDA receptor was examined using soluble NR1a S1S2 domains, either
with (S1S2-LONG) or without (S1S2-SHORT) the LIVBP domain, similar to
those described in earlier studies on both AMPA and NR1 subunits (38,
40-42). The resulting constructs were expressed in HEK-293 cells and
the cell lysate and culture medium analyzed for the presence of the
proteins (Fig. 8A). Immunoblots of the secreted constructs
revealed immunoreactive bands with apparent molecular masses of 50 and
98 kDa detected in the S1S2-SHORT and S1S2-LONG cell lysates and
supernatants, respectively. These molecular sizes are consistent with
the predicted molecular size of the proteins produced from the S1S2 constructs.
The BN-PAGE method of analyzing the oligomerization of receptor
subunits yielded only heterodisperse bands of concentrated media
containing the secreted S1S2 constructs (data not shown), so size
exclusion chromatography was used as an alternative method to analyze
the soluble NR1a constructs (Fig. 8B). The majority of
S1S2-SHORT eluted in the void fraction, with some material eluting with
an apparent molecular mass of 45 kDa. This suggests that the S1S2-SHORT
construct produces protein, which is forming large aggregates with only
a proportion of the secreted protein eluting as a discrete peak with
the predicted mass of 45 kDa. Other studies investigating the
oligomerization of soluble S1S2 domains of other glutamate receptor
subunits have also found that the soluble short forms of the S1S2
domains remain as monomers in solution (40, 43, 44). However, using a
soluble domain of the NMDA receptor similar to the S1S2 short construct
described here, Ivanovic et al. (38) found that the secreted
protein formed large aggregates as well as what appeared to be a dimer.
The differences in the hydrodynamic properties of their secreted
protein and that described here might reflect the fact that we have
expressed our protein in mammalian cells rather than in insect cells.
The S1S2-LONG construct produced a protein that eluted with a molecular
mass of 200 kDa, which suggests the formation of a dimer of the 98-kDa
polypeptide. Studies using other glutamate receptor subunit S1S2
constructs with a complete extracellular N-terminal domain have also
detected complexes with molecular weights similar to that predicted for
a dimer (40). Therefore, the data obtained from the NR1 S1S2-SHORT and
S1S2-LONG constructs are consistent with these findings and show that
the NR1a subunit can form a homodimer, which is dependent on the
presence of the intact LIVBP domain.
Interestingly, only the S1S2 construct that formed homodimers
(S1S2-LONG) could assemble with NR2A, as demonstrated in our cell
surface biotinylation studies (Fig. 9). This indicates the importance
of dimerization of the NR1a subunit, as well as the presence of a
complete N-terminal domain, for stable assembly with NR2A. The fact
that S1S2-LONG can cause surface expression of NR2A suggests that the
transmembrane domains of NR1a are not essential for subunit
association, although our data do not rule out that they may be
important for either higher oligomerization of the subunits or for
stable subunit association.
In conclusion the data presented here show that the LIVBP domain of
NR1a (residues 1-380) make a significant contribution toward the
self-association of the subunit as well as its interaction with NR2A.
However, the N-terminal domain of NR1a alone may not be sufficient for
its association with NR2A. In addition, the NR1a transmembrane domains
are not essential for association with NR2A, nor are the NR1a C
terminus or TMIV. This study also finds that deletions in the N
terminus of NR1a may affect its folding, and that NR2A may not fold
efficiently in the absence of NR1, which has clear implications for the
design of studies aimed at defining more closely the regions of these
subunits that are critical for subunit interaction.
INTRODUCTION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
70 mV. In all experiments
drugs were applied in the perfusate until the peak of the response was observed.
-tubulin. Only those experiments in which this
control was negative were used for analysis.
-amylase were mixed with 5% Serva blue dye and run with the samples
on a 5-18% gel containing no detergent. The samples and markers were
stacked at 100 V and then run at a constant 500 V (15 mA; 4 °C). The
gel was then subjected to a revised Western immunoblot protocol. Excess
dye from the top membrane was removed with destain (34% methanol, 10%
acetic acid, 2% glycerol in H2O). The marker lanes were
stained with Coomassie Blue dye (50% methanol, 10% acetic acid, 0.2%
(w/v) Coomassie Blue) and then destained to visualize the protein
bands. The section of the membrane containing the proteins was washed with phosphate-buffered saline plus 0.05% Tween and processed in the
same manner as the SDS-PAGE immunoblots. In order to calibrate the gel,
membranes from cells expressing GABAA receptors of
composition
3
3
2 and
purified Torpedo nACh receptors (nAChR) were used. The sera
used for identification were anti-
3 for the GABAA
receptor and monoclonal antibody 210 (mAb210) for the nAChR, which
recognizes an epitope on the
1 subunit. These receptors and
antibodies were generously provided by Merck Sharp & Dohme and
Professor Lindstrom, University of Pennsylvania, respectively.
RESULTS
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
7, NR1a
8, the
NR1a N-terminal truncation, and the NR1-GluR1 chimera, formed high
affinity binding sites for the glycine antagonist
[3H]L-689,560 when expressed in HEK-293 cells
(28). Since the NR1 truncations that did not bind the glycine
antagonist contain deletions that remove parts of the S1 domain
important for the formation of the glycine binding site, these results
are in agreement with our current understanding of the structure of
other glutamate receptor subunits.
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Fig. 1.
Truncations and chimeras of the human NR1a
subunit. The constructs NR1a 1-NR1a
8 were based on the
wild-type human NR1a subunit and were generated by
oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. The NR1a truncations are shown
diagrammatically with the signal peptide (SP) and the
transmembrane domains (black boxes) I-IV
indicated. The position of each truncation is indicated by the residue
number at the N or C terminus. The FLAG epitope was introduced into the
constructs following the signal peptide as shown by the
cross-hatched box. The truncated NR1a N terminus
(NR1tr) terminates immediately after the putative re-entrant loop of
the second membrane domain and the NR1-GluR1 chimera (R1ch) consists of
the NR1a N terminus spliced to the GluR1 sequence (hatched
box) just before TMI as illustrated. The soluble NR1a
constructs, S1S2-LONG and S1S2-SHORT, were produced by site-directed
mutagenesis techniques with the TMI-TMIII sequences, replaced by short
oligonucleotide LINKER sequences encoding peptides of 28 amino
acids.
2-NR1a
4) and NR2A were
analyzed for the expression of functional channels in Xenopus oocytes (Table I).
Although unmodified NR1a and the NR1a
2 and NR1a
3 constructs
formed functional channels with NR2A at the cell surface, deletion up
to residue 380 within the N-terminal domain of NR1a (NR1a
4)
abolished NMDA channel function (Table I). Similar data were also
obtained in HEK-293 cells (data not shown). The currents found in the
NR1a
2 and NR1a
3 constructs were reduced in amplitude compared
with those seen with the wild-type NR1a and NR2A subunits, suggesting
that these truncated subunits form smaller numbers of functional
channels at the cell surface. Deletion of the C terminus (NR1a
1) and
TMIV (NR1a
5) also produced no detectable functional channels with
NR2A. Since NR1a
4 forms a functional glycine binding site, these
results show that the amino acid sequence before residue 380 is
important for the formation of functional NMDA receptors.
Electrophysiology data from Xenopus oocytes and HEK-293 cells
co-expressing the NR1a truncations with NR2A
4, there was no
detectable surface NR2A (Fig. 2B). Similarly, no detectable
levels of cell surface NR2A were found when the subunit was
co-expressed with NR1a
7 and NR1a
8 (data not shown). Strikingly,
the presence of a complete N terminus but deleted C terminus and TMIV
of NR1a (NR1a
1 and NR1a
5, respectively) did not affect cell
surface expression of NR2A (Fig. 2C). It should be noted
that generally the levels of immunoreactive NR1a, the NR1a truncations,
and NR2A were comparable in the cell lysates (Fig. 2, B and
C, lysates). It is unlikely, therefore, that the differences
in the surface expression of the constructs reflects differing levels
of expression of the proteins. With the exception of NR1a
5, the cell
surface expression data are in good agreement with the functional
channel data, which suggests that the subunits can assemble to form
functional channels provided the deletions in the N terminus of NR1a
occur before residue 380. The lack of ion channel formation following
expression of NR1a
5 with NR2A must therefore reflect some other
effect of the loss of TMIV from the NR1a subunit, since this truncation
does give rise to surface expression of NR2A.
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Fig. 2.
Cell surface expression of NR2A in HEK-293
cells when co-transfected with either NR1a or NR1a truncations.
A, HEK-293 cells were transiently transfected with NR2A
alone or NR1a and NR2A and the cell surface expression of NR2A analyzed
by biotinylation as described under "Experimental Procedures."
B, HEK-293 cells were transiently transfected with NR2A and
either NR1a or the indicated N-terminal truncations of NR1a.
C, HEK-293 cells were transiently transfected with NR2A and
either NR1a or the indicated C-terminal truncations of NR1a and the
cell surface expression of NR2A determined as above. The cell lysates
were also analyzed for the expression of the NR1a truncations using the
NMDAR1 antibody. In this and all subsequent figures, the molecular
sizes are given in kDa. The experiment was performed four times with
comparable results.
5 (Fig.
3A). However, truncation of
the N terminus resulted in a progressive loss of co-immunoprecipitating NR2A, which was barely detectable with NR1a
7 or NR1a
8 (Fig. 3B). Thus, there appears to be some residual association of
NR1a
4 with NR2A, although this subunit does not give rise to either functional channels or surface expression of NR2A when the subunits are
expressed together.
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Fig. 3.
Co-immunoprecipitation from HEK-293 cell
lysates of the NR2A subunit co-expressed with the NR1 truncations.
HEK-293 cells co-expressing FLAG epitope-tagged NR2A and the NR1a
C-terminal truncation NR1a 5 (A) and the indicated NR1a
N-terminal truncations containing a full-length C terminus
(B) were processed for immunoprecipitation as described
under "Experimental Procedures" using anti-FLAG antibody
(A) or NR1a C-terminal antibody (B). NR1a
N-terminal truncations containing a full-length C terminus were used in
this experiment to allow all the immunoprecipitations of the NR1a
N-terminal truncations to be performed using the same antibody, namely
that raised against the NR1a C terminus. All the lysates
(LYS) and immunoprecipitates (PPTS) were probed
for NR2A using the C-terminal anti-NR2A serum, and the NR1 subunits
detected in both the cell lysates and immunoprecipitates using the
anti-NR1a C-terminal antibody. The experiment was performed seven times
with comparable results.
4 and NR2A are co-expressed
(Fig. 3B) is unlikely to be nonspecific and could suggest
that the NR1a N-terminal alone may not be sufficient for association
with NR2A.
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Fig. 4.
The N terminus of NR1a is not sufficient for
subunit association. NR2A was co-expressed with the NR1a,
N-terminal truncations of NR1a (NR1tr), and the NR1-GluR1
chimera (R1ch) in HEK-293 cells. The surface expression of
NR2A was determined by cell surface biotinylation (A) and
subunit association with NR2A determined by co-immunoprecipitation
(B). Immunoprecipitation was performed using the anti-FLAG
antibody or anti-GluR1 antibody. The presence of the NR1a subunits in
all the cell lysates were determined using the NR1a N terminus
antibody. The experiment was performed four times with comparable
results.
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Fig. 5.
Characterization of the oligomerization of
the NR1a subunit and the wild-type NMDA receptor complex using
BN-PAGE. A, HEK-293 membranes co-expressing NR1a,
NR2AFLAG, or both subunits were analyzed using BN-PAGE. The resulting
immunoblots were probed with NR1a C-terminal antibody
(NR1aCT), anti-FLAG antibody (anti-F), and the
23.F6 antibody. B, cell membranes expressing NR1a or
NR1a/NR2A subunits, GABA
( 3
3
2) subunits, and
purified Torpedo nAChR protein were analyzed using BN-PAGE.
The resulting immunoblot was probed with NR1aCT, 23.F6, anti-
3, and
monoclonal antibody (mAb) 210. The experiment was performed
three times with comparable results.
subunits. Denaturation of
the nAChR complex using 0.1 M dithiothreitol and 8 M urea, as described previously (35), led to the detection
of several lower order intermediates, suggesting the stoichiometry of
the 400-kDa nAChR complex detected by BN-PAGE was indeed pentameric
(data not shown).
1 and NR1a
5) with NR2A did not affect the appearance of a
large molecular weight immunocomplex containing both NR1a and NR2A,
following analysis of the membranes by BN-PAGE (Fig. 6B),
although the complex was reduced in size due to the deletions. Both
NR1a
1 and NR1a
5 gave rise to immunoreactive bands at positions
lower on the gel, corresponding to the 420-kDa band for NR1a.
Interestingly, when probed for NR2A, a slower migrating immunoreactive
band at this position is also present in the gels, which suggests that
this is a dimer containing the two subunits. When NR1a
1 and NR1a
5
were expressed alone, they yielded immunoreactive bands on BN-PAGE
similar to those seen with the full NR1a subunit (200 and 420 kDa),
although with the expected reduction in molecular sizes (data not
shown). These results show that the oligomerization of the subunits is
not affected by the C-terminal deletions and explains why they give
rise to full surface expression of NR2A.
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Fig. 6.
Characterization of the oligomerization of
the NR1a truncations co-expressed with NR2A by BN-PAGE. Membranes
from HEK-293 cells co-expressing NR2A with the indicated NR1a
N-terminal truncations (A) or C-terminal truncations
(B) were analyzed using BN-PAGE. The resulting immunoblots
were probed with the NMDAR1 and the 23.F6 antibodies. The experiment
was performed five times with comparable results.
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Fig. 7.
SDS-PAGE of sucrose gradient fractions from
HEK-293 cells expressing NR1a or NR2A subunits. HEK-293 cells
expressing either NR1a or NR2A subunits alone (A) or
together (B) were lysed in 1% Triton X-100 and analyzed by
sucrose gradient centrifugation and SDS-PAGE. The resulting immunoblots
were probed with either the NMDAR1 antibody (A) or the NR2A
C-terminal antibody (B). The position of the marker proteins
on the gradient is indicated by the arrows. These were
bovine serum albumin (BSA, 66 kDa; 4.4 s),
aldolase (150 kDa; 7.3 s), -amylase (200 kDa; 8.9 s), catalase (230 kDa; 11 s), and thyroglobulin
(660 kDa; 19.2 s).
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Fig. 8.
Characterization of the proteins produced by
the S1S2-SHORT and S1S2-LONG constructs transfected into HEK-293
cells. HEK-293 cells were transfected with S1S2-SHORT and LONG
constructs, and after 48 h the cells were harvested and total cell
lysates formed and the supernatant concentrated. Samples were analyzed
using SDS-PAGE and the resulting immunoblot probed with the NMDAR1
antibody (A). The SHORT and LONG constructs had apparent
molecular masses of ~50 and 98 kDa, respectively, and were found in
the cell culture medium. U, unconcentrated media;
C, concentrated media. B, concentrated medium was
analyzed by size exclusion chromatography and the fractions analyzed by
SDS-PAGE and Western immunoblot. The elution position of the molecular
size standards are shown: ovalbumin (OVA; 45 kDa), bovine
serum albumin (BSA; 66 kDa), immunoglobulin G
(IgG; 150 kDa), and thyroglobulin (THYR: 660 kDa).
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Fig. 9.
Cell surface expression of NR2A in HEK-293
cells when co-expressed either the S1S2-SHORT or the S1S2-LONG
constructs. Cell surface expression of NR2A co-expressed with
S1S2-SHORT and S1S2-LONG constructs in HEK-293 cells was analyzed by
cell surface biotinylation. Samples of the total cell lysates and
streptavidin isolates of membrane proteins were analyzed using
SDS-PAGE. The resulting immunoblot of total cell lysates and
streptavidin isolates was overlaid, with the NR2A C-terminal antibody
and the cell lysates also probed for the presence of the constructs
with the NMDAR1 antibody. The experiment was performed three times with
comparable results.
DISCUSSION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
4) prevented cell surface
expression of NR2A. The progressive loss of surface expression of NR2A
with increasing truncation of NR1a N terminus suggests a progressive
effect on the association of the two subunits (Fig. 3).
Electrophysiological studies support the conclusions based on cell
surface expression of NR2A, as the NR1a N-terminal truncations with
deletions up to residue 312 showed reduced currents following agonist
exposure compared with the full-length subunit. Deletions between
residues 312 and 380 of the NR1a subunit resulted in no functional
channels (Table I). The data from the BN-PAGE analysis of the NR1a
N-terminal truncations suggest they are misfolding or folding
incompletely (Fig. 6A). It seems unlikely that this possible
misfolding alone explains the lack of subunit association, since all of
the NR1a N-terminal truncations give rise to high affinity glycine
antagonist binding sites and, with the exception of NR1a
4,
functional channels. However, it is highly probable that the integrity
of the LIVPB domain of NR1a (residues 1-380) may contribute to the
proper folding of the NR1a subunit. In this context we note that it has
been described that deletions of the GluR4 subunit at the N terminus
causes disruption of subunit folding when these mutants are expressed
in mammalian cells (36). Therefore, the N-terminal domain of NR1a
(between residues 1-380) seems to be critical for the association with
NR2A. However, the data obtained from the NR1a truncated N terminus and
NR1-GluR1 chimera appear to suggest that the N-terminal region alone of
NR1a alone may not be sufficient to give cell surface expression of
NR2A and may therefore not be sufficient for subunit association (Fig. 4).
4
but not when co-expressed with the NR1 N-terminal truncation or
NR1-GluR1 chimera (Fig. 4), we cannot exclude the possibility
that residues following 380 may contribute, in part, to subunit
association such as the S2 domain. However, it is clear that residues
1-380 are critical for NMDA receptor subunit association and
oligomerization, similar to the findings in the AMPA receptor by
Leuschner et al. (27).
1 and
NR1a
5) were able to co-assemble with NR2A (Fig. 3) and oligomerize
into a complex present at the cell surface similar to that seen with
the wild-type NR1a and NR2A subunits (Figs. 2, 5, and 6). However,
deletion of the C terminus and TMIV of NR1a (NR1a
5) led to formation
of a nonfunctional complex with NR2A in our electrophysiological
studies (Table I). Thus, TMIV of the NR1a subunit is critical for
formation of functional NMDA receptor channels, but deletion of the
C-terminal tail and TMIV of NR1a does not affect NMDA receptor subunit
association or oligomerization. Interestingly, it has been suggested
that TMIV of iGluR subunits is positioned away from the channel pore
but interacts with the pore-forming TMI and TMIII domains to form a
functional channel (39).
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FOOTNOTES |
---|
* The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
¶ Supported by a Medical Research Council Industrial Collaborative Studentship.
To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.:
44-01865-271896; Fax: 44-01865-271647; E-mail:
jeff.mcilhinney@pharm.ox.ac.uk.
Published, JBC Papers in Press, March 6, 2001, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M101382200
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ABBREVIATIONS |
---|
The abbreviations used are:
NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate;
TM, transmembrane domain;
nAChR, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor;
HEK, human embryonic kidney;
PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis;
BN, blue native;
AMPA, -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole proprionate;
BisTris, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)iminotris(hydroxymethyl)methane;
GABAA,
-aminobutyric acid subunit A.
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