Mitogen- and Stress-activated Protein Kinase 1 Mediates
Activation of Akt by Ultraviolet B Irradiation*
Masaaki
Nomura
,
Akira
Kaji
,
Wei-Ya
Ma
,
Shuping
Zhong
,
Guangming
Liu
,
G. Tim
Bowden§,
Ken-ichi
Miyamoto¶, and
Zigang
Dong
From the
Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota,
Austin, Minnesota 55912, the § Department of Radiation
Oncology, Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona,
Tucson, Arizona 85721, and the ¶ Hospital Pharmacy, Kanazawa
University, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan
Received for publication, February 6, 2001, and in revised form, April 30, 2001
 |
ABSTRACT |
In this study, we investigated the mechanism by
which UVB irradiation activates Akt (also known as protein kinase B
(PKB)) in mouse epidermal JB6 cells. Treatment with a
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, LY 294002, or
expression of a dominant negative mutant of p85 (regulatory component
of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibited UVB-induced Akt activation.
Interestingly, Akt activation by UVB was attenuated by treatment with
PD 98059, a specific mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular
signal-regulated protein kinase (Erk) kinase 1 inhibitor, or SB
202190, a specific p38 kinase inhibitor. Furthermore, the expression of
a dominant negative mutant of Erk2 or p38 kinase, but not that of c-Jun
N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1), blocked UVB-induced Akt activation. The
expression of a dominant negative mutant of p85 or treatment with LY
294002 also inhibited UVB-induced Erk phosphorylation. The
UVB-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase members, which were
immunoprecipitated from cells exposed to UVB, did not phosphorylate
Akt. Instead, Akt was phosphorylated at both threonine 308 and serine
473 and activated by UVB-activated mitogen- and stress-activated
protein kinase 1 (Msk1). The expression of a Msk1 C-terminal
kinase-dead mutant inhibited UVB-induced phosphorylation and activation
of Akt. These data thus suggested that UVB-induced Akt
activation was mediated through Msk1, which is a downstream kinase of
the Erk and p38 kinase signaling pathways.
 |
INTRODUCTION |
Ultraviolet irradiation, especially in the UVB range (290-320
nm), accounts for most of the harmful biological effects associated with sunlight, including cancer in mammals and malformations in amphibians (1, 2). UVB has been shown to damage biological macromolecules, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and the
effects of UVB on DNA damage have been investigated in detail (3). UV
irradiation has also been reported to activate various signal
transduction pathways and to induce the expression of specific genes
(4-6). UV irradiation triggers the activation of cell surface
receptors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor and the insulin
receptor (7), src family tyrosine kinases (8), and
the small GTP-binding proteins Ras and Rac (9, 10). The serine-threonine kinase Akt (also known as protein kinase B
(PKB)1) is activated by a
wide variety of growth stimuli, including epidermal growth factor and
insulin through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) (11, 12). Ras
activates the PI3-K/Akt signaling pathway by interacting directly with
the p110 catalytic subunit of PI3-K (13). In addition, Kabuyama
et al. (14) reported that UVB irradiation activates PI3-K in
human fibroblast cells. These findings suggest that UV irradiation
induces the activation of Akt. In a wide range of cellular systems, Akt
has been shown to control intracellular pathways responsible for
preventing cell death in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli
(15-17). Furthermore, recent work has shown that Akt is not only a
"cell survival" kinase but it may play an important role in protein synthesis, glycogenesis, and regulation of cell cycle progression (18,
19). In contrast, identification of the gene encoding Akt as a
transforming oncogene that causes thymic lymphomas in mice suggests a
role for Akt in tumorigenesis (20). Overexpression of Akt has been
demonstrated in a large proportion of ovarian (21), pancreatic (22),
and breast cancers (23) in humans. Mutations of tumor suppressor gene
Phosphatase and Tensin (PTEN), which directly
antagonizes PI3-K, have been observed in a number of human cancers (24,
25). The alteration of PTEN causes elevated phosphorylation of Akt
(26-28). A part of the tumor-promoting effects of UV irradiation may
occur through activation of Akt. UVB plays a major role in development
of human skin cancer (29, 30), and UV irradiation has been shown to act
both as a tumor initiator and a tumor promoter in animals (31, 32).
However, whether UV irradiation activates Akt is unclear.
In quiescent or serum-starved cells, Akt resides within the cytosol in
a catalytically inactive state. Following stimulation of cells
extracellularly with (e.g.) growth factors or cytokines, Akt
is recruited to the plasma membrane and catalytically activated by
phosphorylation at threonine 308 and serine 473 (19, 33-35). Phosphorylation of Akt at threonine 308 is catalyzed by the
ubiquitously expressed and constitutively activated
phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate-dependent protein
kinase-1 (PDK-1) (34, 35). The kinase responsible for phosphorylation
of Akt at serine 473 has not been established definitively, although
possible candidates have been proposed (36-38).
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases belong to a large family of
serine/threonine protein kinases and include extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (Erks), p38 kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) (39-41). Generally, JNKs and p38 kinase are
known to be activated by various forms of stress, such as UV
irradiation, heat shock, and inflammation (40-43). Our studies and
those of others have shown that Erks are critical for UV-induced signal
transduction (44-46). Rane et al. (38) recently showed that
the p38 kinase pathway regulates Akt activation in human neutrophils.
The Erk signaling pathway also may be associated with
anti-apoptotic effects (47, 48). Therefore, we investigated the
involvement of the MAP kinase signaling pathways in UVB-induced Akt
activation. In this study, we demonstrated that activation of Akt is
induced by UVB irradiation and that the activation of Akt is mediated
by Erks and p38 kinase through their downstream kinase, mitogen- and
stress-activated protein kinase 1 (Msk1), in addition to the PI3-K/PDK pathway.
 |
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES |
Materials--
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was from Gemini
Bio-Product (Calabasas, CA); gentamicin was from BioWhittaker, Inc.
(Walkersville, MD); Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM) and
L-glutamine were from Life Technologies, Inc.; the
MAP kinase/Erk kinase 1 specific inhibitor PD 98059 and the PI3-K
inhibitor LY 29402 were from BIOMOL Research Laboratories, Inc.
(Plymouth Meeting, PA); the p38 kinase inhibitor SB 202190 was from
Calbiochem (La Jolla, CA); Akt fusion protein, radioactive and
nonradioactive Akt immunoprecipitation kinase assay kit, anti-Msk1
antibody, anti-MAP kinase-activated protein kinase (MAPKAP-K) 2 antibody, and anti-ribosomal S6 protein kinase kinase (Rsk) 1 antibody
were from Upstate Biotechnology, Inc. (Lake Placid, NY); Elk-1, c-Jun,
and ATF-2 fusion protein, Akt antibody, phospho-specific Akt
(threonine 308 or serine 473), Bad (serine 136), Elk-1 (serine 383),
c-Jun (serine 63), and ATF-2 (threonine 71), PhosphoPlus p44/42 MAP
kinase, p38 kinase, and JNK kinase antibody kits were from New England
BioLabs, Inc. (Beverly, MA); phospho-JNK antibody (G-7) and agarose
conjugated with monoclonal anti-phosphotyrosine antibody (PY20)
were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA); and
phosphatidylinositol was from Sigma. Dominant negative mutants of Erk2,
p38 kinase, JNK1, and PI3-K subunit p85 were generous gifts from Drs.
Melanie H. Cobb (49), Mercedes Rincon (50, 51), Roger J. Davis (51),
and Masato Kasuga (52), respectively. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) 5 vector
plasmid and Msk1 C-terminal kinase-dead mutant plasmid were gifts from
Dr. Maria Deak (53).
UV Irradiation--
UVB irradiation was performed on
serum-starved monolayer cultures utilizing a transluminator emitting
UVB (54). The source of UVB was a bank of four Westinghouse F520 Lamps
(National Biological, Twinsburg, OH) at 6 J/S/m light in the UVB range.
Approximately 10% of the remaining radiation from the F520 lamp is in
the UVA region (320 nm). Although almost no UVC leakage
occurred, the UVB irradiation was carried out in a UVB exposure
chamber fitted with a Kodak Kodacel K6808 filter that eliminates all
wavelengths below 290 nm. This lamp is one of the most frequently used
UVB sources for the study of carcinogenesis. The International
Agency for Research on Cancer refers to this lamp as a source emitting mainly UVB irradiation for the study of cancer induction in animals. UVB irradiation was measured using the UVX radiometer from UVP (UVX-31).
Cell Culture--
The JB6 mouse epidermal cell line Cl 41 (JB6
Cl 41) and its stable transfectants, Cl 41 CMV-neo, Cl 41 DN-Erk2, Cl
41 DN-p38, Cl 41 DN-JNK1, Cl 41 DN-p85, Cl 41 CMV5, and Cl 41 Msk1
C-dead, were grown at 37 °C in MEM supplemented with 5%
heat-inactivated FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, and 25 µg/ml gentamicin.
Generation of Stable Cotransfectants--
The dominant negative
mutants of Erk2, p38 kinase, or JNK1 were subcloned into a mammalian
expression vector plasmid, CMV-neo. A dominant negative mutant plasmid
of PI3-K p85 subunit or Msk1 C-terminal kinase-dead mutant plasmid or
its control vector CMV5 plasmid was transfected or co-transfected with
CMV-neo in JB6 Cl 41 cells by using LipofectAMINE (Life Technologies,
Inc.) according to the manufacturer's instructors. The stable
transfectants were obtained by selection for G418 resistance (300 µg/ml) and further confirmed by assay of respective activities (44,
55-57).
Immunoblotting--
Immunoblotting was carried out as described
previously (44, 55, 56). In brief, JB6 Cl 41 cells and their stable
transfectants were cultured to 80% confluence. The cells were starved
in 0.1% FBS MEM for 48 h at 37 °C. Then, medium was changed to
fresh 0.1% FBS MEM, and cells were incubated for another 2-4 h at
37 °C. Before the cells were treated with UVB or insulin, they were
treated with or without LY 294002, PD 98059, or SB 202190 for 1 h.
Then, the cells were exposed to UVB (4 kJ/m2) and
subsequently incubated for the indicated periods or for 30 min or
treated with insulin (2.5 µg/ml) for the indicated periods or for 5 min at 37 °C in the presence of inhibitors. The cells were then
lysed, and immunoblot analysis performed by using the antibodies
against Akt, Erks, JNKs, or p38 kinase or the phospho-specific antibodies against their phosphorylated proteins. Antibody-bound proteins were detected by chemiluminescence (ECF from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) and analyzed using the Storm 840 scanner (Molecular Dynamics).
Assay for Erk, p38 Kinase, and JNK Activities--
Cells were
treated with UVB (4 kJ/m2) as described above. The cells
were lysed in 400 µl of lysis buffer (20 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM Na2EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM Na3VO4, 1 mm
-glycerophosphate, 1% Triton X-100, 2.5 mM sodium
pyrophosphate, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1 µg/ml leupeptin, and 1 µM microcystin). The lysates were sonicated and centrifuged, and the supernatant fraction was incubated with the phospho-specific Erks, p38 kinase, or JNKs antibody
with gentle rocking for 6-10 h at 4 °C. Then, the protein A/G plus
agarose was added, and the incubation was continued for another 4 h. The beads were washed twice with 500 µl of lysis buffer and twice
with 500 µl of kinase buffer (25 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 5 mM
-glycerophosphate, 2 mM
dithiothreitol (DTT), 0.1 mM Na3VO4, 10 mM MgCl2).
The kinase reactions were carried out in the presence of 200 µM ATP at 30 °C for 30 min using 2 µg of Elk-1, ATF-2, or c-Jun as substrate for Erks, p38 kinase, or JNKs,
respectively. The phosphorylated proteins were detected by
immunoblotting using phospho-specific antibodies.
PI3-K Assay--
PI3-K activity was carried out as described
previously (57). In brief, cells were treated with UVB (4 kJ/m2) as described above. The cells were lysed in 400 µl
of lysis buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 137 mM
NaCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 10% glycerol, 1% Nonidet
P-40, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 10 µM
aprotinin, 10 µM leupeptin). The lysate was sonicated and
centrifuged, and the supernatant fraction was incubated with 20 µl of
agarose conjugated with monoclonal anti-phosphotyrosine antibody
PY20 with gentle rocking overnight at 4 °C. The agarose beads
were washed twice with each of the following buffers: 1) PBS with 1%
Nonidet P-40, 1 mM DTT, 0.1 mM sodium
orthovanadate; 2) 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 0.5 M LiCl, 1 mM DTT, 0.1 mM sodium orthovanadate; and 3) 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 0.1 M NaCl, 1 mM DTT, 0.1 mM sodium
orthovanadate. The beads were incubated for 5 min on ice in 20 µl of
Buffer 3, and then 20 µl of 0.5 mg/ml phosphatidylinositol
(previously sonicated in 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.6, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM NaH2PO4)
was added. After 5 min at room temperature, 10 µl of the reaction
buffer was added (50 mM MgCl2, 100 mM Hepes, pH 7.6, 250 µM ATP containing 10 µCi of [
-32P]ATP), and the beads were incubated for
an additional 15 min. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 15 µl of 4 N HCl and 130 µl of chloroform:methanol (1:1).
After vortexing for 30 s, 30 µl of the chloroform phase was
spotted onto 1% potassium oxalate-coated silica gel H plates
(previously baked at 110 °C for 1 h). The plates were developed
in choloroform/methanol/NH4OH/H2O
(60:47:2:11.3) and dried at room temperature. Radiolabeled spots were
quantified using the Storm 840 scanner (Molecular Dynamics).
Akt Phosphorylation Assay--
Cells were treated with UVB (4 kJ/m2), lysates were prepared from the cells, and the
immunoprecipitation was carried out using the phospho-specific Erk, p38
kinase, or JNKs antibody or the specific Msk1, MAPKAP-K2, or Rsk1
antibody as described above (under "Assay for Erk, p38 Kinase, and
JNK Activities"). The kinase reactions were carried out at 30 °C
for 30 min in the presence of kinase buffer with 200 µM
ATP and 250 ng of inactive Akt fusion protein as substrate. The
phosphorylated protein was detected by immunoblotting using
phospho-specific Akt antibodies.
Radioactive Akt and Msk1 Immunoprecipitation Kinase
Assay--
Cells were treated with UVB (4 kJ/m2) or
insulin (2.5 µg/ml), lysates were prepared from the cells, and the
immunoprecipitation was carried out using 4 µg of anti-Akt1/PKB
PH
domain or anti-Msk1 antibody as described above. The enzyme immune
complex was washed three times with 0.5 ml of lysis buffer and once
with 100 µl of assay dilution buffer (20 mM MOPS, pH 7.2, 25 mM
-glycerophosphate, pH 7.0, 1 mM
sodium orthovanadate, 1 mM DTT). For the Akt kinase assay,
the enzyme immune complex was added to 10 µl of assay dilution buffer, 40 µM protein kinase A inhibitor peptide, 0.4 mM Akt substrate peptide, and 1 µCi/µl
[
-32P]ATP, and for the Msk kinase assay, it was added
to 20 µl of assay dilution buffer, 10 µl of 0.4 mM Akt
substrate peptide, and 1 µCi/µl [
-32P]ATP. The
reaction was incubated for 10 min at 30 °C and centrifuged, and then
30 µl of the supernatant fraction was transferred onto P81
phosphocellulose paper and allowed to bind for 30 s. The P81 papers were washed three times in 0.75% phosphoric acid and then washed once in acetone, and
-32P incorporation was
measured by scintillation counting.
Nonradioactive Akt Immunoprecipitation Kinase Assay--
Cells
were treated with UVB (4 kJ/m2), lysates were prepared from
the cells, and the immunoprecipitation was carried out using 4 µg of
anti-Akt1/PKB
PH domain antibody as described above. The enzyme
immune complex was added to 12.5 µl of assay dilution buffer, 10 µl
(3 µg) of Bad protein, and 50 µl of magnesium/ATP mixture (75 mM MgCl2 and 500 µM ATP in assay
dilution buffer). The reaction was incubated for 10 min at 30 °C and
centrifuged, and then 20 µl of the supernatant fraction was used as a
sample for immunoblotting. Immunoblot analysis was performed by using the phospho-specific Bad (serine 136) antibody, and antibody-bound proteins were detected by chemiluminescence (ECF from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) and analyzed using the Storm 840 scanner (Molecular Dynamics).
Activation of Akt by UVB-activated Msk--
Cells were treated
with UVB (4 kJ/m2), lysates were prepared from the cells,
and the immunoprecipitation was carried out using 4 µg of anti-Msk1
or anti-MAPKAP-K2 antibodies as described above. The enzyme immune
complex was added to 12.5 µl (250 ng) of Akt in assay dilution
buffer, 10 µl (3 µg) of Bad protein, and 50 µl of magnesium/ATP
mixture (75 mM MgCl2 and 500 µM
ATP in assay dilution buffer). The reaction was incubated for 30 min at
30 °C and centrifuged, and then 20 µl of the supernatant fraction was used as a sample of immunoblotting. Immunoblot analysis was performed by using the phospho-specific Bad (serine 136) antibody. Antibody-bound proteins were detected by chemiluminescence (ECF from
Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) and analyzed using the Storm 840 scanner
(Molecular Dynamics).
 |
RESULTS |
Induction of Akt Phosphorylation by UVB Irradiation--
Because
the phosphorylation of threonine 308 and serine 473 is a prerequisite
for the catalytic activity of Akt (19, 33-35), we first investigated
whether exposure of cells to UVB irradiation results in phosphorylation
of Akt. As shown in Fig. 1,
phosphorylation of Akt at both threonine 308 and serine 473 occurred 5 min after cells were exposed to UVB irradiation (4 kJ/m2) and reached a maximum at 30 min.

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Fig. 1.
Induction of Akt phosphorylation by UVB
irradiation. JB6 Cl 41 cells (80% confluence) were starved by
replacing the medium with 0.1% FBS MEM and culturing for 48 h.
The cells were either exposed to UVB (4 kJ/m2) or not and
were subsequently cultured for the indicated time periods. The cells
were lysed, and the phosphorylation levels of Akt at Thr-308 or Ser-473
were assessed as described under "Experimental Procedures."
|
|
Inhibition of UVB-induced Phosphorylation and Activation of Akt by
Pretreatment of Cells with LY 294002, PD 98059, or SB 202190--
Akt
is an established downstream target of PI3-K that is activated
following stimulation of cells with growth factors (11, 12, 15-17).
UVB-induced phosphorylation and activation of Akt were blocked by
pretreatment with LY 294002, a PI3-K inhibitor (Fig.
2), showing that UVB-induced Akt
activation is mediated through the PI3-K pathway. UV irradiation also
leads to activation of the MAP kinase superfamily, composed of Erks,
JNKs, and p38 kinase (9, 40-46). Therefore, we investigated the
possible role of the MAP kinase family in mediating this process. To do
this, we examined the influence of specific chemical inhibitors of MAP kinases on UVB-induced phosphorylation and activation of Akt. Interestingly, UVB-induced phosphorylation and activation of Akt were
impaired by pretreatment of cells with PD 98059, a specific MAP
kinase/Erk kinase 1 inhibitor, and/or SB 202190, a specific p38 kinase
inhibitor (Fig. 2). These data suggest that both Erks and p38 kinase
may be involved, in addition to the PI3-K pathway, in UVB-induced Akt
activation.

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Fig. 2.
Inhibition of UVB-induced phosphorylation and
activation of Akt by pretreatment of cells with LY 294002, PD 98059, or
SB 202190. A, JB6 Cl 41 cells (80% confluence) were
starved by replacing the medium with 0.1% FBS MEM and culturing for
48 h. The cells were then pretreated with LY 294002, PD 98059, or
SB 202190 for 1 h at the indicated concentrations. The cells were
irradiated with UVB (4 kJ/m2) and subsequently cultured for
30 min. The cells were lysed, and the phosphorylation levels of Akt
were assessed by immunoblotting. B, lysates were prepared
from the cells treated as described above, and Akt was
immunoprecipitated using anti-Akt1/PKB , PH domain antibody. The
activity of Akt was measured using Akt substrate peptide and
[ -32P]ATP. Columns and bars
indicate the mean ± S.E. of at least three experiments.
C, lysates were prepared from the cells treated as described
above, and Akt was immunoprecipitated using anti-Akt1/PKB , PH domain
antibody. The activity of Akt was assessed using Bad fusion protein as
a substrate, and the phosphorylation of Bad at Ser-136 was assessed by
immunoblotting.
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UVB-induced Phosphorylation and Activation of Akt in Cells
Expressing a Dominant Negative Mutant of p85, Erk2, p38 Kinase, or
JNK1--
To directly investigate the role of PI3-K and the MAP kinase
family in UVB-induced Akt activation, we used dominant negative mutant
transfectants of Erk2 (DN-Erk2) (44), p38 kinase (DN-p38) (56), JNK1
(DN-JNK1) (55), or PI3-K p85 subunit (DN-p85) (57). Overexpression of
DN-Erk2, DN-p38, or DN-JNK1 specifically blocked UVB-induced Erk, p38
kinase, or JNK activities, respectively (Fig. 3A, right panel) (44, 55, 56).
We also confirmed that expression of DN-p85 inhibits UVB-induced PI3-K
activity (Fig. 3A, left panel). UVB-induced phosphorylation
and activation of Akt was blocked by the expression of DN-p85 (Fig. 3,
B and C). The expression of DN-Erk2 or DN-p38
attenuated UVB-induced phosphorylation and activation of Akt, whereas
its phosphorylation and activation were not inhibited in cells
expressing DN-JNK1 (Fig. 3, B and C). The
difference in the strength of inhibition observed between the chemical
inhibitor and DN-p38 cells for Akt activation may be caused by an
inferior dominant negative effect due to loss of the transfection
efficacy of the cDNA.

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Fig. 3.
Blocking UVB-induced phosphorylation and
activation of Akt by overexpression of dominant negative mutant of
PI3-K subunit p85, Erk2, or p38 kinase. A, JB6 Cl 41 cells and their stable transfectants, Cl 41CMV-neo, Cl 41 DN-p85, Cl 41 DN-Erk2, and Cl 41 DN-JNK1 cells (80% confluence), were starved by
replacing the medium with 0.1% FBS MEM and culturing for 48 h.
The cells were then irradiated with UVB (4 kJ/m2) and
cultured for 15 or 30 min. The cells were lysed, and the activities of
PI3-K (left), Erks (top right), p38 kinase
(middle right), or JNKs (bottom right) were
determined as described under "Experimental Procedures."
PI3P, phosphoinositol 3-monophosphate. B, the
transfectant cells were treated as described above and lysed. The
levels of phosphorylation and activation of Akt were assessed by
immunoblotting. C, the transfectant cells were treated as
described above and lysed. Akt was immunoprecipitated from the lysates
using anti-Akt1/PKB , PH domain antibody. The activity of Akt was
measured using Akt substrate peptide and [ -32P]ATP.
Columns and bars indicate the mean ± S.E.
of at least three experiments.
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Erk Activation by UVB Is Mediated by PI3-K--
Several studies
have shown that PI3-K inhibitors repress Erk activation (58, 59). We
assessed the effect of LY 294002 on UVB-induced phosphorylation of MAP
kinases. The results showed that LY 294002 blocked UVB-induced Erk
phosphorylation but not JNK or p38 kinase phosphorylation (Fig.
4). Moreover, cells expressing DN-p85
also blocked only UVB-induced Erk phosphorylation (Fig. 4). Thus, these
results indicated that in UVB signaling, the Erk pathway is mediated by
PI3-K.

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Fig. 4.
Blocking of UVB-induced Erk phosphorylation
by treatment with LY 294002 or overexpression of dominant negative
mutant of PI3-K subunit p85. JB6 Cl 41 cells and their
transfectants, Cl 41 DN-p85 (80% confluence), were starved by
replacing the medium with 0.1% FBS MEM and culturing for 48 h.
The cells were then irradiated with UVB (4 kJ/m2) and
subsequently cultured for 30 min. The cells were lysed, and the
phosphorylation levels of Erks, JNKs or p38 kinase were assessed by
immunoblotting.
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Erks and p38 Kinase Regulate the Activation of Akt by UVB through
Msk1--
To test whether Erks and p38 kinase are direct mediators of
UVB-induced Akt activation, we carried out immune complex
phosphorylation assays of UVB-activated Erks, p38 kinase, or JNKs,
which were immunoprecipitated from cells exposed to UVB, using an
inactive Akt fusion protein as the substrate. In these experiments, the Akt protein was not phosphorylated by UVB-activated Erks, p38 kinase,
or JNKs (Fig. 5A). Among the
substrates of MAP kinases are members of a second family of
protein-serine/threonine kinases, including Rsks, Msks, and MAPKAP-Ks
(MAPKAP-K2 and MAPKAP-K3). Rsks are activated by Erks (60), Msks are
activated by Erks and p38 kinase (53, 61), and MAPKAP-Ks are activated
by p38 kinase (62, 63). These protein-serine/threonine kinases (Rsk1, Msk1, and MAPKAP-K2) are also activated in JB6 Cl 41 cells by UVB
irradiation (data not shown and Figs. 7 and 8). We therefore determined
whether Akt is activated by these protein-serine/threonine kinases. As
shown in Fig. 5B, UVB-activated Msk1 phosphorylated Akt at
both threonine 308 and serine 473, whereas MAPKAP-K2 phosphorylated Akt at only serine 473, as previously demonstrated by Alessi
et al. (64). Using the specific substrate Bad with the Akt
fusion protein, UVB-activated Msk1 (but not UVB-activated MAPKAP-K2) was also observed to induce the activation of Akt (Fig.
6). Thus, phosphorylation of both sites
may be necessary for Akt activation. These results suggest that Akt is,
at least in part, phosphorylated via Msk1.

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Fig. 5.
UVB-activated Msk1 phosphorylates Akt at both
threonine 308 and serine 473. A, JB6 Cl 41 cells (80%
confluence) were starved by replacing the medium with 0.1% FBS MEM and
culturing for 48 h. The cells were then irradiated with UVB (4 kJ/m2) and subsequently cultured for 30 min. Lysates were
prepared from the cells, and the immunoprecipitated phospho-Erk
(IP-p-Erks), JNK (IP-p-JNKs), and p38 kinase
(IP-p-p38) were subjected to a phosphorylation assay by
adding the Akt fusion protein. The phosphorylation levels of Akt were
assessed as described under "Experimental Procedures."
B, cells were treated as described above and lysed. The
immunoprecipitated MAPKAP-K2 (IP-MAPKAP-K2), Msk1
(IP-Msk1), and Rsk1 (IP-Rsk1) from the lysates
were subjected to a phosphorylation assay by adding the Akt fusion
protein. The phosphorylation levels of Akt were assessed as described
under "Experimental Procedures."
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Fig. 6.
Activation of Akt by UVB-activated Msk1.
JB6 Cl 41 cells (80% confluence) were starved by replacing the medium
with 0.1% FBS MEM and culturing for 48 h. The cells were then
irradiated with UVB (4 kJ/m2) and subsequently cultured for
30 min. Lysates were prepared from the cells, and the
immunoprecipitated (IP) Msk1 and MAPKAP-K2 were subjected to
a kinase assay by adding purified Bad with or without Akt fusion
protein. The phosphorylation levels of Bad at Ser-136 were assessed as
described under "Experimental Procedures."
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UVB-induced Msk1 activity was at a maximum at 30 min, corresponding to
UVB-induced Akt phosphorylation (Fig.
7A), and the activity
was inhibited by pretreatment of cells with PD 98059 and/or SB 202190 (Fig. 7B). Furthermore, LY 294002, which blocks UVB-induced
Erk activation, also partially impaired UVB-induced Msk1 activity (Fig.
7B). Thus, Erk and p38 kinase pathways were confirmed to
mediate UVB-induced Msk1 activation.

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Fig. 7.
Induction of Msk1 activation by UVB
irradiation and inhibition of UVB-induced activation of Msk1 by
pretreatment of cells with LY 294002, PD 98059, or SB 202190. JB6
Cl 41 cells (80% confluence) were starved by replacing the medium with
0.1% FBS MEM and culturing for 48 h. The cells were then
pretreated with or without LY 294002, PD 98059, or SB 202190 for 1 h at the indicated concentrations. The cells were irradiated with UVB
(4 kJ/m2) and subsequently cultured for the indicated
periods or 30 min. Lysates were prepared from the cells, and Msk1 was
immunoprecipitated using anti-Msk1 antibody. A, time
course of UVB-induced Msk1 activation. B, inhibition of
UVB-induced Msk1 activation by PD 98059, SB 202190, or LY 294002. The
activity of Msk1 was determined as described under "Experimental
Procedures." Columns and bars indicate the
mean ± S.E. of at least three experiments.
|
|
Insulin-induced Akt Activation Is Independently Stimulated with
Msk1--
Akt is known to be activated by treatment with insulin or
growth factor (11, 12). To confirm whether insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation is also mediated through Msk1, we investigated the
involvement of Msk1 on insulin-induced Akt1 phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of Akt was induced by the treatment with insulin for 5 min (Fig. 8A). Msk1 was only
weakly activated by the treatment with insulin and the activation was a
maximum by the treatment with insulin for 30 min (Fig. 8B).
Insulin-induced Msk1 activation was inhibited by the pretreatment with
PD 98059 (Fig. 9C), whereas insulin-induced phosphorylation and activation of Akt did not markedly
change by PD 98059 (Fig. 9, A and B). On the
other hand, insulin-induced phosphorylation and activation of Akt were
completely blocked by the pretreatment with LY 294002 (Fig. 9,
A and B). These results suggested that Msk1 does
not mediate insulin-induced Akt activation.

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[in a new window]
|
Fig. 8.
Time course of Akt phosphorylation and Msk1
activity by treatment with insulin. A, JB6 Cl 41 cells
(80% confluence) were starved by replacing the medium with 0.1% FBS
MEM and culturing for 48 h. The cells were treated with insulin
(2.5 µg/ml) for the indicated periods. The cells were lysed, and the
phosphorylation levels of Akt at Thr-308 or Ser-473 were assessed by
immunoblotting. B, lysates were prepared from the cells
treated as described above, and Msk1 was immunoprecipitated using
anti-Msk1 antibody. The activity of Msk1 was determined as described
under "Experimental Procedures." Columns and
bars indicate the mean ± S.E. of at least three
experiments.
|
|

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[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Fig. 9.
Insulin-induced phosphorylation and
activation of Akt is not mediated through Msk1. A, JB6
Cl 41 cells (80% confluence) were starved by replacing the medium with
0.1% FBS MEM and culturing for 48 h. The cell were then
pretreated with LY 294002, PD 98059, or SB 202190 for 1 h at the
indicated concentrations. The cells were treated with insulin (2.5 µg/ml) for 5 min. The cells were lysed, and the phosphorylation
levels were assessed by immunoblotting. B, lysates were
prepared from the cells treated as described above, and Akt was
immunoprecipitated using anti-Akt/PKB , PH domain antibody. The
activity of Akt was assessed using Akt substrate peptide and
[ -32P]ATP. Columns and bars
indicate the mean ± S.E. of at least three experiments.
C, lysates were prepared from the cells treated as described
above, and Msk1 was immunoprecipitated using anti-Msk1 antibody. The
activity of Msk1 was determined as described under "Experimental
Procedures." Columns and bars indicate the
mean ± S.E. of at least three experiments.
|
|
Msk1 Mediates UVB-induced Phosphorylation and Activation of
Akt--
To test the requirement for Msk1 in UVB-induced Akt
activation, we established a stable transfectant with a Msk1 C-terminal kinase-dead mutant (53). The expression of a Msk1 C-terminal kinase-dead mutant (Msk1 C-dead) inhibited UVB-induced Msk1 activity (Fig. 10A). UVB-induced
phosphorylation and activation of Akt was attenuated in the Msk1
C-terminal kinase-dead mutant transfectant cells (Fig. 10, B
and C). These results further supported the hypothesis that
Msk1 mediates UVB-induced Akt activation.

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[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
Fig. 10.
Blocking UVB-induced phosphorylation and
activation of Akt by overexpression of Msk1 C-terminal
kinase-dead. A, the stable transfectants of JB6 Cl
41, Cl 41-CMV5 and Cl 41 MSK-C-dead (80% confluence), were
starved by replacing the medium with 0.1% FBS MEM and culturing for
48 h. The cells were then irradiated with UVB (4 kJ/m2) and cultured for 30 min. Lysates were prepared from
the cells, and Msk1 was immunoprecipitated using anti-Msk1 antibody.
Msk1 activity was determined as described under "Experimental
Procedures." Columns and bars indicate the
mean ± S.E. of at least three experiments. B, the
transfectant cells were treated as described above and lysed. The
levels of phosphorylation and activation of Akt were assessed by
immunoblotting. C, the transfectant cells were treated as
described above and lysed. Akt was immunoprecipitated from the lysates
using anti-Akt1/PKB , PH domain antibody. The activity of Akt was
determined as described under "Experimental Procedures."
Columns and bars indicate the mean ± S.E.
of at least three experiments.
|
|
 |
DISCUSSION |
Akt is a multifunctional kinase that appears to have numerous
substrates in vivo, and it promotes cell survival by
inhibiting apoptosis in response to growth factors and cytokines (11,
12, 15-17, 19, 65). Several studies have shown that acute metabolic effects, such as protein synthesis and glycogenesis, and cell cycle
regulation are also associated with activation of Akt (18, 19). The
activation of Akt requires phosphorylation at two sites, threonine 308 and serine 473. A constitutively active kinase, PDK-1 (34, 35), has
been shown to phosphorylate threonine 308, but the kinase (PDK-2)
responsible for phosphorylating serine 473 has not been identified. In
this study, we demonstrated that Akt is phosphorylated at both
threonine 308 and serine 473 and activated in response to UVB
irradiation. Furthermore, we found that Erk- and p38
kinase-dependent Msk1 activation, in addition to the
PI3-K/PDK-1 pathway, is required for the UVB-induced Akt activation.
Exposure of cells to UV irradiation elicits a complex set of acute
cellular responses called "UV responses." The initial signal triggering the UV response is in large part independent of DNA damage,
but it instead appears to be mediated by a membrane-associated component of the Ras pathway and activation of MAP kinases (7-10, 66,
67). Upstream signaling pathways leading to Akt activation include
PI3-K and Ras (11-13), and Akt is believed to be a multifunctional mediator of PI3-K-dependent signaling (11-13, 15-17, 19).
UVB-induced Akt activation was also mediated by the PI3-K pathway. Akt
has been shown to be overexpressed in ovarian, prostate, breast, and pancreatic cancers in humans and is associated with a poor prognosis and increased tumorigenicity (21-23). Mutation or down-regulation of
PTEN, which directly antagonizes PI3-K, is frequently observed in a
number of cancers (24, 25), and the mutation is associated with Akt
activation (26-28). In addition to an inhibitory effect on apoptosis,
Akt is known to regulate cell cycle progression (18, 19). Therefore,
Akt activation induced by UVB may be implicated in tumorigenesis by its
effects on growth progression and promotion of survival of cells
damaged by UVB irradiation. In the present study, we found that Erks
and p38 kinase, but not JNKs, mediate Akt activation. PI3-K inhibitors
repressed Erk activation in several cell types after various modes of
stimulation, as previously described (58, 59, 68). Overexpression of
DN-p85 also impaired UVB-induced Erk phosphorylation, although the
blocking of Erk activation has been suggested to be independent of
PI3-K activity (69, 70). Thus, in the present study, Erk activation by
UVB was shown to be mediated via PI3-K.
Erks are involved in survival signaling in response to a variety of
growth factors (47, 48, 71), whereas activation of JNKs or p38 kinase
is suggested to play decisive roles in the control of cell death (71).
The activation of JNKs and p38 kinase and overexpression of MAP kinase
kinase 6, an upstream kinase of p38 kinase, also have been reported to
protect cells from apoptosis (72, 73). However, little direct evidence
has been obtained to show that the MAP kinase family regulates Akt.
Therefore, the results of our study indicating that Erks and p38 kinase
mediate Akt activation suggest a novel role for MAP kinases in signal transduction. In the present study, members of the MAP kinase family
did not directly phosphorylate Akt. Activated MAP kinases are
translocated to the nucleus, where they phosphorylate several different
transcription factors (41, 53, 74-79). In addition to phosphorylating
nuclear proteins, several cytoplasmic proteins (e.g. Rsks
and Msks), phospholipase A2, and the epidermal growth factor receptor
have been shown to be substrates for Erks (41, 53, 60, 61, 74, 80), and
p38 kinase has been shown to phosphorylate cytoplasmic proteins
(e.g. MAPKAP-Ks and Msks) (53, 62, 63). In contrast to Erks
and p38 kinase, which appear to have substrates outside the nucleus,
substrates for JNKs are believed, to date, to be transcription factors
exclusively. Our results indicate that UVB-activated Msk1
phosphorylated Akt at both threonine 308 and serine 473, whereas
UVB-activated MAPKAP-K2 phosphorylated Akt at only serine 473, as
previously demonstrated by Alessi et al. (64). UVB-activated
Msk1 stimulated Akt activation, and overexpression of a Msk
C-terminal kinase-dead mutant inhibited UVB-induced Akt activation.
Although MAPKAP-K2 has been suggested to function as PDK-2 for Akt in
human neutrophils (38), UVB-activated MAPKAP-K2 did not stimulate Akt
activation. A previous report suggested that phosphorylation of Akt at
serine 473 may occur through an autophosphorylation mechanism following
PDK-1-dependent phosphorylation of Akt at threonine 308 (37). Thus, the activation of Akt is suggested to require its
phosphorylation at threonine 308 or at both threonine 308 and serine
473. Our results demonstrated that Erks and p38 kinase mediate
UVB-induced Akt activation via Msk1. On the other hand, Akt activation
by Msk1 may be specific in the UVB response, because PD 98059, which
inhibited insulin-induced Msk1 activation, did not block
insulin-induced phosphorylation and activation of Akt. Although
combined addition of PD 98059 and SB 202190 completely inhibited
UVB-induced Msk1 activation, the combined addition partially blocked
UVB-induced Akt activation. In addition, only partial inhibition of
UVB-induced Msk1 activity was observed in comparison to the complete
inhibition of Akt activity by a PI3-K inhibitor, suggesting that other
kinase pathways, such as the PI3-K/PDK-1 pathway, are also involved in
Akt activation in UVB signaling.
Taken together, the data demonstrate that Akt activation induced by UVB
irradiation is mediated by the signaling of Erks and p38 kinase and
their downstream protein-serine/threonine kinase, Msk1. Because Akt is
a multifunctional kinase related to cell survival, cell cycle
regulation, and tumorigenesis, these results provide important
information regarding signal transduction and mechanisms associated
with UV responses and tumor promotion.
 |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
We thank Dr. Ann M. Bode for critical reading
and Andria Hansen for secretarial assistance.
 |
FOOTNOTES |
*
This work was supported by the Hormel Foundation and by
National Institutes of Health, NCI Grants CA81064, CA74916, and
CA27502.The costs of publication of this
article were defrayed in part by the
payment of page charges. The article
must therefore be hereby marked
"advertisement" in
accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section
1734 solely to indicate this fact.
To whom correspondence should be addressed: The
Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Ave. NE, Austin,
Minnesota 55912. Tel.: 507-437-9640; Fax: 507-437-9606; E-mail:
zgdong@smig.net.
Published, JBC Papers in Press, May 11, 2001, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M101164200
 |
ABBREVIATIONS |
The abbreviations used are:
PKB, protein kinase
B;
CMV, cytomegalovirus;
DN, dominant negative mutant;
DTT, dithiothreitol;
Erk, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase;
FBS, fetal bovine serum;
JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase;
MAP, mitogen-activated protein;
MAPKAP-K, MAP kinase-activated protein
kinase;
MEM, minimal essential medium;
MOPS, 3-[N-morpholino]propanesulfonic acid;
Msk, mitogen-
and stress-activated protein kinase;
PDK, phosphatidylinositol
3,4, 5-triphosphate-dependent protein kinase;
PI3-K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase;
PTEN, Phosphatase and
Tensin;
Rsk, ribosomal S6 protein kinase kinase.
 |
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