Requirement of Homocitrate for the Transfer of a 49V-Labeled Precursor of the Iron-Vanadium Cofactor from VnfX to nif-apodinitrogenase*

Carmen Rüttimann-Johnson, Priya Rangaraj, Vinod K. Shah, and Paul W. LuddenDagger

From the Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706

Received for publication, August 10, 2000, and in revised form, October 23, 2000



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A vanadium- and iron-containing cluster has been shown previously to accumulate on VnfX in the Azotobacter vinelandii mutant strain CA11.1 (Delta nifHDKvnfDGK::spc). In the present study, we show the homocitrate-dependent transfer of 49V label from VnfX to nif-apodinitrogenase in vitro. This transfer of radiolabel correlates with acquisition of acetylene reduction activity. Acetylene is reduced both to ethylene and ethane by the hybrid holodinitrogenase so formed, a feature characteristic of alternative nitrogenases. Structural analogues of homocitrate prevent the acetylene reduction ability of the resulting dinitrogenase. Addition of NifB cofactor (-co) or a source of vanadium (Na3VO4 or VCl3) does not increase nitrogenase activity. Our results suggest that there is in vitro incorporation of homocitrate into the V-Fe-S cluster associated with VnfX and that the completed cluster can be inserted into nif-apodinitrogenase. The homocitrate incorporation reaction and the insertion of the cluster into nif-apodinitrogenase (alpha 2beta 2gamma 2) do not require MgATP. Attempts to achieve FeV-co synthesis using extracts of other FeV-co-negative mutants were unsuccessful, showing that earlier steps in FeV-co synthesis, such as the steps requiring VnfNE or VnfH, do not occur in vitro.



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INTRODUCTION
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Azotobacter vinelandii and other members of the family Azotobacteriaceae harbor three genetically distinct nitrogenase systems encoded by the nif, vnf, and anf genes (1). Expression of the three nitrogenases is regulated by the metal content of the culture medium (2). Dinitrogenase contains a unique iron-sulfur-heterometal cofactor that is the active site of the enzyme. The iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co)1 constitutes the active site of the nif-encoded, molybdenum-containing dinitrogenase. It is composed of molybdenum, iron, sulfur, and the organic acid homocitrate in a 1:7:9:1 ratio (3, 4). The active site cofactor of the vnf-encoded, vanadium-containing nitrogenase (FeV-co) is believed to be structurally analogous to FeMo-co, with an atom of vanadium in FeV-co in the position of molybdenum in FeMo-co. The anf-encoded dinitrogenase contains iron as the only metal in its active site cofactor (FeFe-co).

The products of several nif genes, including nifB, nifE, nifN, nifH, nifV, and nifX have been shown to be involved in the synthesis of FeMo-co. The genes coding for the structural components of dinitrogenase (nifDK) are not required (5). FeMo-co is assembled elsewhere and then inserted into dinitrogenase. The metabolic product of the protein encoded by nifB is NifB-co, a FeMo-co precursor that has been shown to be the iron and sulfur donor to the cofactor (6, 7). NifB-co is most probably also a precursor of FeV-co and FeFe-co, because nifB is required for vanadium-dependent and iron only-dependent diazotrophic growth of A. vinelandii (8). The gene products of nifE and nifN form a heterotetrameric protein (NifNE) that has been shown to bind NifB-co (9) and is proposed to serve as a scaffold during cofactor synthesis (10). The counterparts of NifE and NifN in the vnf system (VnfE and VnfN) probably serve a similar function during the synthesis of FeV-co. The product of nifH (and vnfH), dinitrogenase reductase, has multiple functions in the nitrogenase system. Besides being the obligate electron donor to dinitrogenase during catalysis, it is also required for FeMo-co (FeV-co) biosynthesis (11-13). Its exact role in this process is not understood. The nifV gene codes for homocitrate synthase (14). Homocitrate is a structural component of FeMo-co and presumably FeV-co and FeFe-co, because nifV is required for full functionality of all three dinitrogenases (15). The products of nifX and its homologue vnfX have also been shown to be involved in FeMo-co and FeV-co synthesis, respectively, although their exact role remains to be established. A vanadium- and iron-containing cluster having similar EPR characteristics to FeV-co accumulates on VnfX during FeV-co synthesis (16). NifX stimulates the synthesis of FeMo-co in an in vitro system (17). Both proteins are able to bind NifB-co (16).2 The complete biosynthetic pathways of FeMo-co and FeV-co have not yet been elucidated, and other not yet identified components have been shown to stimulate the synthesis of FeMo-co in vitro (17).

An in vitro FeMo-co synthesis system has been described (18). It typically involves mixing of extracts from two different mutants defective in the synthesis of the cofactor or a mutant extract complemented with the purified missing component(s). In vitro synthesis of FeV-co has not been accomplished yet. Here we report the homocitrate-dependent in vitro incorporation of a VnfX-associated V-Fe-S cluster into nifapodinitrogenase.


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Materials-- All materials used for growth media preparation were of analytical grade. 49V (in 6 N HCl, 0.5-1.0 mCi/ml) was purchased from Los Alamos National Laboratories. Sodium orthovanadate, sodium metavanadate, homocitric acid, isocitric acid, and malic acid were from Sigma. Tris base and glycine were purchased from Fisher. Acrylamide/bisacrylamide solution was obtained from Bio-Rad. Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate was a gift from Dr. D. Coucouvanis.

Bacterial Strains and Culture Conditions-- A. vinelandii strains CA12 (Delta nifHDK (19)), CA11.1 (Delta nifHDKvnfDGK::spc (20)), CA117.3 (Delta nifDKDelta nifB (21)), DJ42.48 (Delta nifENvnfE705::kan (22)), CA11.8 (Delta nifHDKDelta vnf 72 (23)), UW45 (nifB (8)), and CA11.6.82 (tungsten-tolerant, vnfD82::Tn5-B21Delta nifHDK Rifr (24)) used in this work have been described. The strains were grown in 20-liter carboys containing 15 liters of Burk's modified medium with 40 µg/ml nitrogen in the form of ammonium acetate and 1 µM NaVO3, or 1 mM Na2WO4, or 1 µM Na2MoO4. The cultures were incubated at 30 °C and aerated vigorously. They were monitored for the depletion of ammonium, following which derepression of nif or vnf genes was allowed for 4-5 h. Cells were collected using a Pellicon cassette system equipped with a filtration membrane (0.45 µm, Millipore Corporation) and frozen at -80 °C. For growth in the presence of vanadium or tungsten, all glassware used to prepare the culture medium and for cell growth was washed with N HCl and rinsed thoroughly with deionized water. Cultures in the presence of 49V were grown in 1-liter flasks with 250 ml of growth medium containing NaVO3 (0.1 µM) spiked with radioactive 49VCl5 (0.05 µCi/ml) and 40 µg/ml nitrogen in the form of ammonium acetate. Cells were grown overnight at 30 °C with shaking, collected by centrifugation, and resuspended in nitrogen-free medium containing NaVO3 and 49VCl5 (same concentrations as above). They were then incubated for 5 h at 30 °C for derepression of the vnf-nitrogenase system. Cells were harvested by centrifugation and frozen at -80 °C.

Buffer Preparation-- All buffers were sparged with purified N2 for 20-30 min, and sodium dithionite was added to a final concentration of 1 mM. Buffers used for protein purification contained 0.5 µg/ml leupeptin and 0.2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride.

Cell-free Extracts and Sephadex G-25 Chromatography-- Cell-free extracts were prepared by osmotic shock, as described earlier (25). For some experiments the extract of A. vinelandii strain CA11.1 grown in vanadium-containing medium was chromatographed on Sephadex G-25 to remove small molecular weight molecules. Forty ml of extract were loaded on a Sephadex G-25 column (2.5 × 51 cm) equilibrated with 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 10% glycerol. All procedures were performed anaerobically.

Purification of Other Components-- Apodinitrogenase was purified in its hexameric form (alpha 2beta 2gamma 2) (26) from A. vinelandii UW45, as described by Shah et al. (17). It was ~70% pure, as judged by a densitometric scan of an SDS gel. Unlabeled NifB-co and 55Fe-NifB-co were purified according to Shah et al. (7) and Allen et al. (6), respectively.

In Vitro Cofactor Synthesis and Nitrogenase Assay-- Stoppered 9-ml serum vials that had been washed with 4 N HCl and thoroughly rinsed with deionized water were used for the reactions. The assay consists of two phases. During the first phase (35 min) cofactor synthesis and insertion into apodinitrogenase are allowed to occur. The second phase is the reduction of acetylene by the nitrogenase holoenzyme formed during the first phase. The reactions were carried out under argon. The standard reaction mixture contained the following ingredients (first phase) in a total volume of 0.75 ml: 0.1 ml of 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) containing 0.5 mM sodium dithionite, 20 µl of 5 mM homocitrate (pH 8), 10 µl of 1 mM Na3VO4, 0.2 ml of an ATP-regenerating mixture (27) containing 0.1 mM dithionite, NifB-co (0.75 nmol of iron), dinitrogenase reductase (52 µg of protein), 0.2 ml each of the extracts to be tested (between 1.7 and 2.5 mg of protein), and, when stated, purified nif-apodinitrogenase (34 µg of protein). When reconstituted with an excess of purified FeMo-co, 34 µg of purified nif-apodinitrogenase produced 36 nmol of ethylene/min, and the nif-apodinitrogenase present in 200 µl of UW45 (W) extract produced 35 nmol of ethylene/min. To ensure that the quantity of nif-apodinitrogenase used in the assays was saturating, titration experiments were performed using a fixed amount of CA11.1 (V) extract (0.2 ml, 1.7 mg of protein) and increasing amounts of nif-apodinitrogenase (purified or as extract of UW45 (W)) (data not shown). The amount of nif-apodinitrogenase (purified or as extract of UW45 (W)) used in the assays was saturating. For some control reactions 10 µl of 1 mM Na2MoO4 were added instead of Na3VO4. This mixture was incubated for 35 min at 30 °C with shaking. After this incubation the second phase of the assay was initiated by injection of an additional 0.8 ml of ATP-regenerating solution (containing 4 mM dithionite) and 52 µg of dinitrogenase reductase to each vial. The nitrogenase assay was started by injecting 0.5 ml of acetylene into the vial. The vials were incubated at 30 °C for 30 min with shaking. The reaction was stopped by adding 0.1 ml of 4 N NaOH, and the ethylene and ethane formed were measured with a Shimadzu model GC8A gas chromatograph equipped with a Porapak N (Waters Associates) column. Activities are expressed as nanomoles of ethylene (or ethane) formed per min per assay. When studying the effect of ATP during the cofactor synthesis and insertion phase, 10 µl of ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (1 mM in N-methylformamide, pH 8) (28) were added right after the first phase of the assay, and the vials were incubated for 10 min at room temperature before starting the second phase of the assay, to prevent further insertion of the cofactor into apodinitrogenase. Reactions to be analyzed by anoxic native gel electrophoresis only underwent the first phase of the reaction (cofactor synthesis and insertion), after which they were placed on ice. Aliquots (100 µl) of the reaction mixture were subjected to anoxic native gel electrophoresis, as described below.

Anoxic Native Gel Electrophoresis and Phosphorimaging-- The procedures for anoxic native gel electrophoresis and phosphorimaging have been described (6). Proteins were resolved on 7-16% acrylamide (37.5:1 acrylamide:bisacrylamide) and 0-20% sucrose gradient gels. After electrophoresis for 15 h at 100 V, the gels were dried and exposed to a phosphor screen for 1-3 days. Screens were scanned using a Cyclone storage phosphor system (Packard Instruments).


    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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To investigate in vitro FeV-co synthesis, extracts of different mutant strains defective in FeV-co (or FeMo-co) synthesis were mixed and incubated in conditions similar to those that have been described for in vitro FeMo-co synthesis (18). When an extract of vanadium-grown A. vinelandii CA11.1, which lacks the structural components of vnf-nitrogenase, was complemented with an extract of tungsten-grown A. vinelandii UW45 (nifB-) (in the presence of other components; see "Experimental Procedures"), acetylene reduction activity was observed (Table I, line 1). High activities were also observed when the extract of A. vinelandii UW45 was replaced by purified nif-apodinitrogenase (Table I, line 2). Both the extract of UW45 (W) and the purified nif-apodinitrogenase were added in amounts that were saturating in the assay, as determined by titration (see "Experimental Procedures"). The enzyme responsible for the acetylene reduction activity observed is probably a hybrid of nif-dinitrogenase and FeV-co. The activity detected is characteristic of alternative nitrogenases, because ethane as well as ethylene were produced from acetylene. The ratio of ethylene to ethane produced (C2H6/C2H4 × 100) ranged from 2.2 to 2.9. These values are in the same range that has been described for vnf-nitrogenases (29, 30) and for a hybrid of nif-dinitrogenase containing FeV-co (31). A control assay containing Mo and all factors necessary for in vitro FeMo-co synthesis showed high ethylene production activity but no detectable ethane, as expected (Table I, line 3).


                              
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Table I
Acetylene reduction activities of mixtures of extracts of different A. vinelandii mutant strains
Assays contained homocitrate (0.1 mM), ATP-regenerating mix, Na3VO4 (20 µM), NifB-co (0.75 nmol of iron), NifH (52 µg of protein), 0.2 ml of each extract (1.7-2.5 mg of protein), and nif-apodinitrogenase (34 µg) when stated. Thirty-four µg of purified nif-apodinitrogenase produced 36 nmol of ethylene/min when reconstituted with an excess of purified FeMo-co. The nif-apodinitrogenase present in 200 µl of UW45 (W) extract produced 35 nmol of ethylene/min when reconstituted with an excess of purified FeMo-co. The amounts of nif-apodinitrogenase (purified or as extract of UW45 (W)) are saturating in the assays. Total volume equals 0.75 ml. (V) or (W) indicate that the cells used were grown in the presence of vanadium (V) or tungsten (W).

Because the reaction mixture used contains all factors necessary for FeMo-co synthesis, except for Mo, it is important to show that the activity seen (or part of it) is not due to FeMo-co being synthesized using contaminating Mo present in the system. The level of activity arising from contaminating Mo present in the assay solutions and in the extract of UW45 grown in tungsten is very low, as can be seen in Table I, line 9. This control assay contains all components necessary for in vitro FeMo-co synthesis, except for Mo. A control experiment using an air-oxidized extract of vanadium-grown A. vinelandii CA11.1 and all other factors necessary for the reaction exhibited significantly reduced activity (Table I, line 5) compared with the experimental values, showing that the activities seen in Table I, lines 1 and 2 do not arise from contaminating Mo supplied by the extract of A. vinelandii CA11.1. Furthermore, when the assay was carried out with an extract of a tungsten-tolerant A. vinelandii strain that is incapable of Mo accumulation (CA11.6.82, tungsten-tolerant, vnfD82::Tn5-B21Delta nifHDK Rifr, (24)), similar levels of activity were observed (Table I, line 4).

To show that the cofactor present in this nitrogenase contains vanadium, the assay was carried out under standard conditions using purified nif-apodinitrogenase and an extract of A. vinelandii CA11.1 that had been grown in the presence of 49V (a radioactive isotope of vanadium). The assay mixture was electrophoresed under anoxic native conditions, and the gel was analyzed by phosphorimaging. A transfer of label from VnfX to the position of dinitrogenase was observed (Fig. 1, lane 2). An extract of A. vinelandii CA12 (Delta nifHDK) grown in the presence of 49V was loaded in Fig. 1, lane 4 as a standard to show the migration of vnf-dinitrogenase in the gel. 55Fe-labeled nif-dinitrogenase obtained by in vitro FeMo-co synthesis using 55Fe-NifB-co is shown in Fig. 1, lane 5. Both nitrogenases run as multiple bands in anoxic native gel conditions. The reason for this is unknown. It has been described previously that in A. vinelandii CA11.1 most of the 49V accumulates on VnfX, as seen in Fig. 1, lane 1, in the form of a vanadium-containing Fe-S cluster (16).



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Fig. 1.   Phosphorimage of a native anoxic gel showing transfer of 49V to dinitrogenase. Reaction mixtures shown in lanes 1-3 contained an ATP-regenerating mixture (see "Experimental Procedures"), homocitrate (0.1 mM), NifB-co (0.75 nmol of iron), NifH (52 µg of protein) and the following: lane 1, extract of A. vinelandii CA11.1 (Delta nifHDKDelta vnfDGK::spc) grown in 49V-containing medium; lane 2, extract of A. vinelandii CA11.1 grown in 49V-containing medium and purified nif-apodinitrogenase; lane 3, extract of A. vinelandii CA11.1 grown in 49V-containing medium and extract of A. vinelandii CA117.3 (Delta nifDKDelta nifB) grown in vanadium-containing medium. Lane 4 contains an extract of A. vinelandii CA12 (Delta nifHDK) grown in 49V-containing medium. Lane 5, complete in vitro FeMo-co synthesis reaction containing 55Fe-labeled NifB-co, 1 µM MoO4-2, and extract of A. vinelandii UW45 (nifB-) grown in tungsten-containing medium.

Experiments in which a source of vnf-apodinitrogenase was provided instead of nif-apodinitrogenase were also conducted. Extracts of A. vinelandii CA117.3 (Delta nifDKDelta nifB) and CA11.8 (Delta nifHDKvnfH) were used as sources of vnf-apodinitrogenase. Unexpectedly, very low nitrogenase activity was observed in these experiments (Table I, lines 6 and 7). Accordingly, no 49V was seen associated to dinitrogenase by phosphorimage analysis of anoxic native gels of these incubations (Fig. 1, lane 3). The reason for the failure to see nitrogenase activity in these conditions is currently unknown. All the factors necessary for the synthesis of FeV-co should be present in the extract of A. vinelandii CA11.1 grown in vanadium, because the addition of purified nif-apodinitrogenase alone is enough to see the activity. Thus, the lack of activity observed when using vnf-apodinitrogenase could be due to inefficient insertion of the cofactor. It is possible that an unknown factor required for insertion is labile and does not withstand the cell lysis or assay conditions. It has been shown that the product of vnfG is required for insertion of FeV-co into vnf-dinitrogenase (21). VnfG was present in the extracts used as a source of vnf-apodinitrogenase, as estimated by Western blot analysis (data not shown). What protein, if any, was facilitating the insertion of the newly formed FeV-co into nif-apodinitrogenase in the experiments described earlier is not known. VnfG was not present in the incubation mixtures containing nif-apodinitrogenase, because the mutant strain used (CA11.1) has a deletion in vnfDGK. The non-nif protein gamma has been shown to function as a chaperone that aids insertion of FeMo-co into nif-apodinitrogenase (26). Gamma is expressed under vnf conditions and was present in the extracts of A. vinelandii CA11.1, as well as part of the nif-apodinitrogenase used (alpha 2beta 2gamma 2). A stable association of FeV-co with gamma has not been observed before and gamma is not able to replace VnfG effectively in the insertion of FeV-co into vnf-apodinitrogenase (21). It is possible that gamma can transiently associate with FeV-co and allow its insertion into nif-apodinitrogenase. Alternatively, some other protein or VnfX itself may be acting as the insertase in this system. Experiments with purified components where no gamma is present will provide insight into this problem.

Effect of Homocitrate Analogues-- Because A. vinelandii CA11.1 is defective in the subunits for vnf-dinitrogenase and not in any of the genes known to encode proteins required for the biosynthesis of FeV-co, it seemed possible that the activity seen in Table I (lines 1, 2, and 4) was due to FeV-co present in this extract. It has been reported that the V-Fe-S cluster accumulating on VnfX in extracts of A. vinelandii CA11.1 contains no or very low levels of homocitrate (16). To test whether homocitrate incorporation into the unfinished cluster occurs in vitro, we studied the effect of homocitrate analogues on the reaction. These organic acids are able to replace homocitrate in the FeMo-co synthesis system (27, 32), resulting in the synthesis of aberrant forms of FeMo-co that are known to exhibit altered substrate specificity (27, 32). The use of isocitrate and malate in FeMo-co synthesis results in dinitrogenases with 8-16% of the wild type acetylene reduction activities (27). When added in an excess in in vitro FeMo-co synthesis assays containing homocitrate, these organic acids cause a reduction in the level of the acetylene reduction activity of the resulting dinitrogenase. Isocitrate and malate were added to the assays containing an extract of vanadium-grown A. vinelandii CA11.1 and nif-apodinitrogenase (Table II). When no organic acid was added to the reaction, some residual activity was seen, presumably resulting from the homocitrate present in the extract. High activity was observed when 0.1 mM homocitrate (final concentration) was added. This concentration has been shown to be saturating for the in vitro FeMo-co synthesis reaction (32). In assay mixtures containing 0.1 mM homocitrate and isocitrate (5 and 10 mM), acetylene reduction activities were decreased by 86 and 89%, respectively. The highest concentration of malate used (20 mM) resulted in a 46% decrease in the acetylene reduction ability of nitrogenase. To ensure that the effect of the organic acids observed was not an inhibition of the coupled acetylene reduction assay, isocitrate and malate were added to control reactions immediately before the acetylene reduction assays were started (Table II, lines 10-13). The highest concentrations used of malate and isocitrate only inhibited acetylene reduction by 10.4 and 5.9%, respectively. Thus, the low activities observed when adding the organic acids during the synthesis phase probably reflect the incorporation of the homocitrate analogues into FeV-co during the reaction.


                              
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Table II
Effect of homocitrate analogues on acetylene reduction activity by resulting nitrogenase
In vitro FeV-co synthesis assays were carried out under standard conditions using purified nif-apodinitrogenase (34 µg) and an extract of A. vinelandii CA11.1 grown in the presence of vanadium (1.7 mg of protein), as described in "Experimental Procedures." Thirty-four µg of purified nif-apodinitrogenase produced 36 nmol of ethylene/min when reconstituted with an excess of purified FeMo-co. nif-apodinitrogenase is saturating in the assays. HC, homocitrate.

Requirements for the Homocitrate Incorporation Reaction-- To further characterize the reaction taking place when incubating the extract of vanadium-grown A. vinelandii CA11.1 with nif-apodinitrogenase, a crude extract was chromatographed on Sephadex G-25 to remove low molecular weight molecules. The desalted extract was used for the reactions described in Table III and Fig. 2. As expected, the complete system showed high acetylene reduction activity (Table III, line 1) and a shift of the 49V label to the position of nitrogenase in the anoxic native gel (Fig. 2, lane 2). No activity was observed when homocitrate was omitted from the reaction mixture (Table III, line 4). Accordingly, the appearance of the label on nitrogenase was dependent on the presence of homocitrate (Fig. 2, lane 3). 55Fe-labeled nif dinitrogenase obtained by in vitro FeMo-co synthesis using 55Fe-NifB-co is shown in Fig. 2, lane 6. The hexameric form of nif-apodinitrogenase (alpha 2beta 2gamma 2), which is directly activable by FeMo-co, was used in these reactions. Apodinitrogenase can also exist in a tetrameric form (alpha 2beta 2), which is not activable by FeMo-co. The maturation of the alpha 2beta 2 form into the alpha 2beta 2gamma 2 form requires ATP and dinitrogenase reductase (26, 33) but not the insertion of FeMo-co into the mature alpha 2beta 2gamma 2 form. In our system, ATP was found not to be necessary for the homocitrate incorporation reaction or for the insertion of FeV-co into apodinitrogenase (Table III, line 5; Fig. 2, lane 5). The omission of NifB-co from the incubation mixture did not have a significant effect on the observed activity (Table III, line 6), nor did the exclusion of Na3VO4 or its replacement by VCl3 (Table III, lines 7 and 8). Similarly, the presence of unlabeled Na3VO4 in the reaction mixture did not affect the intensity of the 49V label seen on nitrogenase (Fig. 2, lane 4). These observations are consistent with the idea that the reaction occurring in vitro is the incorporation of homocitrate into the cluster associated with VnfX that already contains vanadium, iron, and sulfur. When the reaction was carried out using a desalted extract of A. vinelandii CA11.1 grown with a source of unlabeled vanadium, and 49VCl5 was included in the reaction mixture, no 49V was observed associated with dinitrogenase in phosphorimages of anoxic native gels, despite high nitrogenase activities (data not shown). Thus, the in vitro FeV-co synthesis system seems to use only vanadium already associated with the cluster. It is also conceivable that incorporation of vanadium into the cluster occurs in vitro but that the system is only able to use the chemical form of vanadium present in the extract, which may be different from the form of vanadium supplied externally. However, desalted 49V-labeled extracts show homocitrate-dependent incorporation of 49V into nitrogenase (Fig. 2, lane 2), and thus, we conclude that the label is transferred from a macromolecule-bound form.


                              
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Table III
Requirements for FeV-co synthesis



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Fig. 2.   Homocitrate-dependent incorporation of 49V into dinitrogenase. 49V-labeled proteins were detected by phosphorimage analysis after anoxic native gel electrophoresis. Reactions shown in lanes 1-5 contained an extract of 49V-grown A. vinelandii CA11.1 that had been desalted by Sephadex G-25 chromatography, nif-apodinitrogenase, and other components of the complete reaction mixture described under "Experimental Procedures," except as noted. Lane 1, minus nif-apodinitrogenase; lane 2, complete system; lane 3, minus homocitrate; lane 4, plus Na3VO4; lane 5, minus MgATP; lane 6, complete in vitro FeMo-co synthesis reaction containing 55Fe-labeled NifB-co, 1 µM MoO4-2, and extract of A. vinelandii UW45 (nifB-) grown in tungsten medium.

Complementation of Crude Extracts of Other FeV-co-negative Mutants-- To assess whether earlier steps in the synthesis of FeV-co occur in vitro, we tried to complement extracts of mutant strains defective in gene products known to be involved in FeV-co synthesis with the missing components. VnfH (NifH) is known to be involved in FeV-co (FeMo-co) synthesis (12, 13), although its exact role during the synthesis remains unknown. Thus, nifH vnfH double mutants are unable to synthesize FeMo-co and FeV-co. No acetylene reduction activities were seen when trying to complement an extract of a mutant strain defective in VnfH and NifH (A. vinelandii CA11.8) grown in vanadium medium with an extract of UW45 grown in tungsten medium, which contains NifH and nif-apodinitrogenase (Table IV, line 1). The same results were obtained when purified apodinitrogenase and NifH were used instead of the extract of UW45 grown in tungsten (Table IV, line 3) or when a source of VnfH (an extract of CA117.3 grown in vanadium) was added to these assays (Table IV, lines 2 and 4). A mutant strain defective in VnfNE and NifNEX (A. vinelandii DJ42.48) was also used in complementation studies. Extracts of A. vinelandii DJ42.48 grown in vanadium medium were complemented either with purified NifNE and VnfX (in the presence of nif-apodinitrogenase) (Table IV, lines 7 and 8) or with an extract of A. vinelandii UW45 grown in tungsten medium and VnfX (Table IV, lines 5 and 6). The VnfX used in these assays was purified from a nifB- strain and does not have a cluster bound to it (16). The acetylene reduction activities observed in these conditions were not significantly above background. These results indicate that earlier steps in the synthesis of FeV-co do not occur in vitro under the assay conditions used in this study. They further strengthen the notion that the activities reported in Table I correspond to the addition of homocitrate to an already formed cluster that accumulates on VnfX in the mutant strain CA11.1. In contrast, in vitro synthesis of FeMo-co starting from NifB-co is routinely observed when using conditions similar to those tried here for FeV-co synthesis. The failure to obtain earlier steps in FeV-co synthesis in vitro is not currently understood.


                              
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Table IV
Acetylene reduction activities of extracts of vnf- strains grown in vanadium medium
Assays are complemented with an extract of A. vinelandii UW45 (nifB) grown in tungsten medium or with purified components. Assays contained homocitrate (0.1 mM), ATP-regenerating mix, Na3VO4 (20 µM), NifB-co (0.75 nmol of iron), NifH (52 µg of protein), 0.2 ml of each extract (1.7-2.5 mg of protein), and purified components when stated. VnfX (4.5 µg/assay) was purified from a nifB- strain and does not have a cluster bound to it. NifNE (5 µg/assay) produced 16 nmol of ethylene/min when assayed with an extract of strain DJ35 (Mo) (Delta nifE). nif-apodinitrogenase (34 µg/assay) produced 36 nmol of ethylene/min when reconstituted with an excess of purified FeMo-co. The nif-apodinitrogenase present in 200 µl of UW45 (W) extract produced 35 nmol of ethylene/min when reconstituted with an excess of purified FeMo-co. The amounts of nif-apodinitrogenase (purified or as extract of UW45 (W)) are saturating in the assays. Total volume equals 0.75 ml. (V) or (W) indicate that the cells used were grown in the presence of vanadium (V) or tungsten (W).

Conclusions-- The results of this study suggest that there is incorporation of homocitrate in vitro into the V-Fe-S cluster associated with VnfX in A. vinelandii CA11.1. The newly formed vanadium-containing cluster can be inserted into nif-apodinitrogenase to yield an active enzyme that can convert acetylene to ethylene and ethane. Thus, incorporation of homocitrate into FeV-co would occur as a late step in the synthesis pathway of the cluster. More research needs to be done to identify what proteins are involved in the homocitrate incorporation reaction.


    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Dr. Paul Bishop and Dr. Dennis Dean for providing the mutant strains used in this study. We are thankful to Luis Rubio and Gary Roberts for critical reviewing of the manuscript and to Sara Lange for her assistance in growing the cells used for this study.


    FOOTNOTES

* This work was supported by NIGMS, National Institutes of Health Grant GM35332 (to P. W. L.).The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Dagger To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 608-262-6859; E-mail: ludden@biochem.wisc.edu.

Published, JBC Papers in Press, October 25, 2000, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M007288200

2 P. Rangaraj, personal communication.


    ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviation used is: -co, cofactor.


    REFERENCES
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
REFERENCES


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