Substrate and Inhibitor Specificities for Human Monoamine Oxidase A and B Are Influenced by a Single Amino Acid*

Rani Maurice GehaDagger , Igor RebrinDagger , Kevin ChenDagger , and Jean Chen ShihDagger §

From the Dagger  Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and the § Department of Cell and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089

Received for publication, August 2, 2000, and in revised form, December 26, 2000


    ABSTRACT
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ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is responsible for the oxidation of biogenic and dietary amines. It exists as two isoforms, A and B, which have a 70% amino acid identity and different substrate and inhibitor specificities. This study reports the identification of residues responsible for conferring this specificity in human MAO A and B. Using site-directed mutagenesis we reciprocally interchanged three pairs of corresponding nonconserved amino acids within the central portion of human MAO. Mutant MAO A-I335Y became like MAO B, which exhibits a higher preference for beta -phenylethylamine than for the MAO A preferred substrate serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), and became more sensitive to deprenyl (MAO B-specific inhibitor) than to clorgyline (MAO A-specific inhibitor). The reciprocal mutant MAO B-Y326I exhibited an increased preference for 5-hydroxytryptamine, a decreased preference for beta -phenylethylamine, and, similar to MAO A, was more sensitive to clorgyline than to deprenyl. These mutants also showed a distinct shift in sensitivity for the MAO A- and B-selective inhibitors Ro 41-1049 and Ro 16-6491. Mutant pair MAO A-T245I and MAO B-I236T and mutant pair MAO A-D328G and MAO B-G319D reduced catalytic activity but did not alter specificity. Our results indicate that Ile-335 in MAO A and Tyr-326 in MAO B play a critical role in determining substrate and inhibitor specificities in human MAO A and B.


    INTRODUCTION
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ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

Monoamine oxidase (MAO1; amine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) (flavin-containing), EC 1.4.3.4) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic and xenobiotic amines and plays an important role in regulating their levels. MAO is a flavin-adenine dinucleotide-containing enzyme located on the mitochondrial outer membrane (1-3). It exists in two forms, A and B. MAO A preferentially oxidizes serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and is inhibited by low concentrations of clorgyline (4) and Ro 41-1049 (5), whereas MAO B preferentially oxidizes beta -phenylethylamine (PEA) and is inhibited by low concentrations of (-)-deprenyl (6) and Ro 16-6491 (7). Dopamine is a common substrate (8). MAO A and B are composed of 527 and 520 amino acids, respectively, and have a 70% amino acid identity (9). They are closely linked on the X-chromosome (10) and have an identical intron-exon organization, indicating that they are derived from a common ancestral gene (11). Higher 5-HT and norepinephrine levels and a phenotype characterized by increased aggressive behavior is observed when the MAO A gene is deficient in humans (12) and in mice (13). Disruption of the MAO B gene in mice results in increased PEA but not 5-HT, norepinephrine, or dopmanie and confers a resistance to the Parkinsonism-inducing toxin 1-methyl-4phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (14). Because MAO is an integral membrane protein, it is difficult to crystallize, and its three-dimensional structure has not been reported.

To determine the region(s) responsible for the substrate and inhibitor specificities of the two isoenzymes, we and other groups have made point mutations and chimeric MAO A/B enzymes (15-21). It has been shown that reciprocally interchanging amino acids Phe-208 in MAO A and its corresponding residue in MAO B, Ile-199, was sufficient to partially reverse the substrate and inhibitor specificities of rat MAOs (22) but not human MAOs (21). This indicated that different amino acid residues may determine specificity in human and rat MAOs. We also found that the residues that may be important for specificity in human MAOs are within a 161-amino acid segment (amino acids 215-375 in MAO A and 206-266 in MAO B) (21). This segment contains 32 amino acids that are nonconserved between human MAO A and B, of which 15 are conserved among the different species of MAO A or B. Trout MAO shares a 70 and 71% amino acid identity with MAO A and B, respectively. However because the substrate and inhibition profile of trout MAO is much closer to that of MAO A than to that of MAO B (23), classifying it as such allows us to reduce the number of amino acids potentially responsible for specificity from 15 to 5 (Fig. 1). Of these five, two were mutated as part of an earlier experiment to the corresponding residue in the other MAO, expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, and did not exhibit any kinetic differences from the wild-type enzyme.2 This indicated that they do not play an important role in specificity. For the other three amino acids we have made six reciprocal mutants. We found that when two corresponding amino acids, Ile-335 and Tyr-326 in human MAO A and B, respectively, were reciprocally interchanged, the substrate and inhibitor specificities were also switched. This result suggests that Ile-335 and Tyr-326 in human MAO A and B, respectively, play a key role in conferring substrate and inhibitor specificities in human MAOs.


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Fig. 1.   Multiple sequence alignment of the putative MAO segment responsible for substrate and inhibitor specificity. The putative 161-amino acid segment responsible for specificity in human MAO A and B (residues 215-375 in MAO A and 206-366 in MAO B) is aligned from mouse, rat, and bovine MAO A, mouse and rat MAO B, and trout MAO. The 15 amino acids that are nonconserved between MAO A and B subtypes and concurrently conserved among all the different species within a subtype are marked by asterisks. When trout MAO is classified as an "MAO A subtype" because of similar kinetics (23), the remaining five amino acids nonconserved between subtypes and conserved among the different species of a subtype are boxed. The three corresponding amino acid pairs selected for reciprocal interchange by mutagenesis are indicated above the boxed amino acids.


    EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

Materials-- The QuikChangeTM site-directed mutagenesis kit was purchased from Stratagene (La Jolla, CA). The oligonucleotides were from Operon Technologies Inc. (Alameda, CA). 5-HT, PEA, clorgyline, and (-)-deprenyl were from Sigma. 5-[2-14C]hydroxytryptamine binoxalate (57.80 mCi/mmol) and beta -[ethyl-1-14C]phenylethylamine hydrochloride (52.00 mCi/mmol) were from PerkinElmer Life Sciences. Ro 41-1049 and Ro 16-6491 were from Research Biochemicals International (Natick, MA). The pVL1392 transfer vector and the linearized BaculoGoldTM DNA were from PharMingen (San Diego, CA). Gentamycin, antibiotic-antimycotic solution, and fetal bovine serum were from Life Technologies, Inc. The 3,3'-diaminobenzidine was from Pierce. The EagleSight software was from Stratagene.

Construction of the Baculovirus Transfer Vector-- Full-length human MAO A and B cDNAs were subcloned into the EcoRI site of pVL1392 transfer vector and named pVL1392-hMAOA and pVL1392-hMAOB, respectively. The clone was verified for proper insertion by restriction digest analysis. Recombinant MAO A and B-encoding virus was produced by homologous recombination and cotransfection of Sf21 insect cells with the transfer vector and the linearized baculovirus DNA via the calcium phosphate method (24). Recombinant baculovirus was isolated by plaque purification and amplified by infection of insect cells with a multiplicity of infection of 1. After four passes a viral stock with a titer of 108 plaque-forming units/ml was produced.

Site-directed Mutagenesis of Human MAO A and B-- Site-directed mutagenesis on pVL1392-hMAOA and pVL1392-hMAOB were performed using the QuikChange kit and following the protocol of the kit. The following complementary 5'-primers were used: A-T245I, GAACCATCCTGTCATTCACGTTGACC, GGTCAACGTGAATGACAGGATGGTTC; A-D328G, GCATGATCATTGAAGGTGAAGATGCTCC, GGAGCATCTTCACCTTCAATGATCATGC; A-I335Y, GCTCCAATTTCATACACCTTGGATGAC, GTCATCCAAGGTGTATGAAATTGGAGC; B-I236T, GGAGAGGCCTGTGACCTACATTGACC, GGTCAATGTAGGTCACAGGCCTCTCC; B-G319D, CCATGATTATTGATGATGAAGAAGCTCC, GGAGCTTCTTCATCATCAATAATCATGG; B-Y326I, CCAGTTGCCATCACGTTGGATG, CATCCAACGTGATGGCAACTGG; A-I335F, GCTCCAATTTCATTCACCTTGGATGAC, GTCATCCAAGGTGAATGAAATTGGAGC; B-Y326V, CCAGTTGCCGTCACGTTGGATG, CATCCAACGTGACGGCAACTGG. The mutagenic bases are underlined. The introduction of the mutations was confirmed by dideoxy sequencing analysis of the region of interest.

Expression of the Mutant Clones-- The wild-type and mutant MAOs were overexpressed in adherent cultures of Sf21 insect cells (24). 150-mm cell culture dishes were seeded with 20 × 106 Sf21 cells, and recombinant virus was added at a multiplicity of infection of 2. The cells were incubated at 27 °C for 72-80 h and harvested by centrifugation for 10 min at 5000 × g. Cell pellets were homogenized in 5 ml of 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 containing 0.5 mM EDTA and 0.5 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride using the polytron homogenizer for 15 s at setting 5. The homogenates were divided into 0.5-ml aliquots, frozen by dipping into liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 °C.

Determination of Enzyme Concentration-- The homogenates were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (25) and stained by Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250. A dense band appeared at the expected molecular mass of MAO (~60 kDa) and represented >70% of the total protein. The identity of the band was further confirmed by Western analysis using rabbit anti-MAO A and anti-MAO B antibodies coupled to hydrogen peroxidase. Signals were developed using a peroxidase-conjugated goat IgG as secondary antibody followed by exposure to 3,3'-diaminobenzidine and H2O2. A highly purified bovine serum albumin standard was electrophoresed in parallel with the homogenates at nine concentration points ranging from 0.1 to 8 µM. The densities of the MAOs and the bovine serum albumin bands were quantitated using the EagleSight software, and the MAO concentrations were calculated according to the linear bovine serum albumin standard.

Determination of the Kinetic Constants-- The kinetic constants for the oxidation of 5-HT and PEA and the inhibition by clorgyline, deprenyl, Ro 41-1040, and Ro 16-6491 were determined by the radiochemical method as previously described (26) using O2-saturated 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer. For the Km determination [14C]5-HT and [14C]PEA concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 5 times the Km values that were determined via an Eadie-Hofstee plot (v versus v/[S]). The kcat values were calculated from the Vmax values obtained by fitting the [S] versus activity curve to the Michaelis-Menten equation and the calculated concentration of the enzyme from the quantitation assay. The IC50 values for the irreversible inhibitors clorgyline and deprenyl were determined by preincubating the inhibitor with the homogenate for 30 min at 37 °C and assaying for the remaining activity as described (26). The reversible inhibitors were incubated with PEA without the 30-min preincubation. Inhibitor concentrations ranged from 10-4 to 10-11 M, and the IC50 values were determined by Hill analysis.

    RESULTS
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ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

We reciprocally interchanged amino acids Thr-245, Asp-328, and Ile-335 individually in human MAO A with their corresponding amino acids in human MAO B to produce the mutants A-T245I, A-D328G, and A-I335Y. Their equivalent mutants in MAO B (B-I236T, B-G319D, and B-Y326I) were also made.

Wild-type MAO A and B, as well as the six mutants, were successfully overexpressed in insect cells using recombinant baculovirus. The turnover number (kcat) and the affinity (Km) toward the MAO A-specific substrate 5-HT and the MAO B-specific substrate PEA were determined. We used the specificity constant, kcat/Km, to depict the specificity of an enzyme toward 5-HT or PEA.

As shown in Table I, MAO A wild type had a 6-fold higher kcat for 5-HT than for PEA but a similar Km for both substrates, resulting in a kcat/Km value for 5-HT that is about seven times that of PEA (Fig. 2). MAO B wild type, on the other hand, had a 19-fold higher kcat for PEA than for 5-HT and a much lower Km for PEA, resulting in a kcat/Km for PEA that is about 40,000 times that for 5-HT. Similarly, MAO A and B had a higher kcat/Km for 5-HT and PEA respectively. These results are consistent with literature findings that classify 5-HT as MAO A-specific and PEA as MAO B-specific (16, 17, 26).

                              
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Table I
kcat and Km values of wild-type and mutant MAOs for the substrates 5-HT and PEA
The kcat and Km values were determined as described under "Experimental Procedures" for the MAO A-preferring substrate 5-HT and the MAO B-preferring substrate PEA. The values given are the means of at least three experiments ± S.E.


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Fig. 2.   kcat/Km values of wild-type MAO A and B and mutants MAO A-I335Y and MAO B-Y326I for the substrates 5-HT and PEA. The specificity constants (kcat/Km) for 5-HT and PEA were calculated from the data in Table I. 5-HT is represented by the black bar. PEA is represented by the gray bar.

In contrast to MAO A, mutant MAO A-I335Y showed a higher kcat for PEA than for 5-HT. It also exhibited a 35-fold increase in its Km for 5-HT to 2801 µM (which is similar to the 5-HT Km of MAO B of 3891 µM); thus the Km for 5-HT was lower than for PEA (Table I). This produced a larger kcat/Km for PEA than for 5-HT (Fig. 2). In effect, A-I335Y acquired an MAO B-like substrate specificity.

Mutant B-Y326I had similar kcat values for 5-HT and PEA and, compared with MAO B, exhibited a 7-fold decrease in Km for 5-HT and a 5-fold increase in Km for PEA (Table I). The resulting kcat/Km values (Fig. 2) indicate that this mutant retained MAO B-like substrate specificities. However, the kcat/Km of the mutant was only about 75-fold higher for PEA than for 5-HT, compared with an ~40,000-fold difference in the MAO B wild type. Therefore even though B-Y326I retained a higher specificity for PEA than for 5-HT, it exhibited a significant shift in specificity toward MAO A. In summary, Ile-335 in MAO A and Tyr-326 in MAO B play an important role in the substrate specificity of human MAO A and B.

A switch in sensitivities for MAO A and B irreversible inhibitors clorgyline and (-)-deprenyl was also observed (Fig. 3). MAO A has an IC50 value of 1.2 × 10-9 M for clorgyline and 1.3 × 10-6 M for deprenyl, whereas MAO B has an IC50 value of 6.3 × 10-7 M for clorgyline and 4.3 × 10-9 M for deprenyl. Compared with MAO A, A-I335Y exhibited about a 6000-fold decrease in sensitivity toward clorgyline (IC50 = 7.1 × 10-6 M) and a 10-fold increase in sensitivity toward deprenyl (IC50 = 1.2 × 10-7 M) (Fig. 3). Thus the inhibitor sensitivity of this MAO A mutant became MAO-B like. Similarly, MAO B-Y326I was MAO A-like and was more sensitive to clorgyline (IC50 = 2.8 × 10-8 M) than to deprenyl (IC50 = 1.8 × 10-7 M) (Fig. 3). Therefore Ile-335 and Tyr-326 determine clorgyline and deprenyl sensitivities.


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Fig. 3.   Clorgyline and deprenyl inhibition of wild-type MAOs and the mutants A-I335Y and B-Y326I. The clorgyline (A) and deprenyl (B) inhibition curves of wild-type MAOs and the MAO mutants that exhibited a change in inhibitor sensitivity, A-I335Y and B-Y326I, are plotted as percent inhibition versus log inhibitor concentrations. Error bars represent the S.E. of three experiments. The symbols black-square, , , and open circle  represent MAO A, A-I335Y, MAO B, and B-Y326I, respectively.

We also studied enzyme sensitivity toward the reversible inhibitors Ro 41-1049 (MAO A-specific) and Ro 16-6491 (MAO B-specific). As shown in Fig. 4A, A-I335Y had about a 4000-fold decreased sensitivity toward Ro 41-1049 compared with MAO A (IC50 = 5.6 × 10-8 M for MAO A and 2.5 × 10-4 M for A-I335Y), becoming MAO B-like. Similarly, B-Y326I exhibited a 1000-fold higher sensitivity for the MAO A-specific inhibitor Ro 41-1049 compared with MAO B (IC50 = 2.5 × 10-4 M for MAO B and 2.5 × 10-6 M for B-Y326I) and became more like MAO A. However, for the MAO B-specific inhibitor Ro 16-6491, both mutants exhibited a decrease in sensitivity when compared with their parent enzyme, and no reversal in specificity was observed.


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Fig. 4.   Ro 41-1049 and Ro 16-6491 inhibition of wild-type MAOs and the mutants A-I335Y and B-Y326I. The Ro 41-1049 (A) and 16-6491 (B) inhibition curves of wild-type MAOs and the MAO mutants A-I335Y and B-Y326I are plotted as percent inhibition versus log inhibitor concentrations. Error bars represent the S.E. of three experiments. The symbols black-square, , , and open circle  represent MAO A, A-I335Y, MAO B, and B-Y326I, respectively.

The substrate and inhibitor specificities exhibited by A-I335Y and B-Y326I suggest that specificity may be determined by the presence of either an aliphatic or an aromatic side chain at this position. To confirm this, we made mutants A-I335F and B-Y326V. A-I335F had kcat/Km values of 3.2 × 10-4 for 5-HT and 0.03 for PEA, making it similar to A-I335Y. In addition, B-Y326V had kcat/Km values of 0.042 for 5-HT and 2.71 for PEA, which are similar to values for B-Y326I. For the inhibitors, A-I335F had IC50 values of 6.8 ± 0.7 × 10-6 for clorgyline and 3.8 ± 0.4 × 10-7 for deprenyl, which are similar to values for A-I335Y, and equivalently B-Y326V had IC50 values of 2.4 ± 0.8 × 10-8 for clorgyline and 2.2 ± 0.5 × 10-7 for deprenyl, which are similar to values for B-Y326I. These results show that it is the presence of either an aromatic or aliphatic side chain that is responsible for the inverse specificity effect.

The other two pairs of mutants, A-T245I and B-I236T and A-D328G and B-G319D, showed a decrease in kcat values for both 5-HT and PEA compared with their parent enzymes. A-T245I and A-D328G showed a kcat of 12.6 ± 1.6 and 1.6 ± 0.2 min-1, respectively, for 5-HT (compared with 67.4 ± 3.4 min-1 for MAO A wild type) and 4.2 ± 0.5 and 0.3 ± 0.1 min-1, respectively, for PEA (compared with 11.2 ± 0.4 min-1 for MAO A wild type). B-I236T and B-G319D showed kcat values of 1.8 ± 0.1 and 2.2 ± 0.1 min-1, respectively, for 5-HT (compared with 5.1 ± 0.1 for MAO B wild type) and 19.4 ± 0.8 and 14.3 ± 2.0 min-1, respectively, for PEA (compared with 98.4 ± 5.2 for MAO B wild type). However, they retained the Km values for both substrates, thus resulting in unaltered specificities.

Their IC50 values for clorgyline, deprenyl, Ro 49-1049, and Ro 16-6491 were also unchanged compared with their parent enzyme. These results suggest that the mutations decrease the catalytic activity by either directly or indirectly affecting the active site. However, they do not affect substrate or inhibitor specificity.

It should be noted that even though the substrate and inhibitor specificities of A-I335Y and B-Y326I were switched, their kinetic and inhibitory constants were not identical to those of the other MAO; the Km values for PEA were not greatly affected. The IC50 values for the inhibitors shift toward, but do not become identical to, the opposite MAO, and no specificity change was observed for Ro 16-6491. This suggests that other amino acids also play a role in determining substrate and inhibitor specificities.

In summary, the MAO A mutant A-I335Y acquired kinetic parameters similar to those of MAO B. Similarly, the MAO B mutant B-Y326I acquired kinetic parameters more like those of MAO A. Therefore our results suggest that Ile-335 in MAO A and its corresponding residue in MAO B, Tyr-326, play an important role in conferring substrate and inhibitor preferences to human MAO A and B.

    DISCUSSION
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ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

Using site-directed mutagenesis, we constructed six MAO mutants by reciprocally interchanging three corresponding amino acid pairs in human MAO A and B within a region thought to be important for conferring substrate and inhibitor specificities. The corresponding mutant pair A-I335Y and B-Y326I exhibited opposite specificities compared with their parent enzymes, MAO A and B, respectively. A-I335Y became more like MAO B, whereas B-Y326I became more like MAO A. This suggests that Ile-335 in MAO A and Tyr-326 in MAO B have an important function in determining the specificities of human MAO A and B. Although the three-dimensional crystal structure of the enzyme is not available, we can explain the specificity switch effect in the following manner. It is possible that in human MAO A the binding of the substrate or inhibitor may be facilitated by direct hydrophobic interactions within the active site with Ile-335, whereas in human MAO B such binding may be mediated by aromatic stacking or hydrogen bonding with the hydroxyl group of Tyr-326. This view is supported by the observation that mutants A-I335F and B-Y326V also exhibited a change in specificity similar to the reciprocal mutants. It is also possible that these two amino acids influence the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme and affect substrate and inhibitor specificities.

However, this binding interaction may not be generalized to MAOs of other species. It was reported that switching Phe-208 and Ile-199 in rat MAO A and B, respectively, results in a partial inversion of specificities for some substrates and inhibitors (22). This result suggested that the structural feature responsible for determining specificity was the aromatic ring of Phe-208 in rat MAO A and the aliphatic side chain of Ile-199 in rat MAO B. This is the reverse of our present observation in human MAO, in which the aliphatic residue is in MAO A (Ile-335), and the aromatic residue is in MAO B (Tyr-326). Even though the data from the rat MAO mutants consisted only of Km values to ascertain substrate specificity and a single inhibitor concentration to determine inhibitor specificity, when compared with our results, these data may point to an MAO species difference in the way specificity is determined. In fact, we have previously found that the same amino acid substitutions made on human MAO, A-F208I and B-I199F, did not result in a change in specificities (21), as was observed in rats. Several reports indicate the existence of large differences in specificities among MAOs of the same subtype but from different mammalian species (27-30). Some oxadiazolone compounds have inhibitory potencies that vary four orders of magnitude between rat and bovine MAO B (28), whereas some antidepressant drugs show a B over A specificity in mouse and rat MAOs and the reverse specificity in rat and monkey MAOs (29).

These reports and our results suggest that the specificities of rat and human MAOs (and MAOs of other species) are determined by different amino acids. Indeed, a computer modeling study suggests spatial differences between the binding sites of MAO A and B and that one amino acid can be responsible for the binding of some but not all substrates and inhibitors (31). In addition, according to a three-dimensional MAO model3 based on the recently crystallized polyamine oxidase (32) that shares a 20% amino acid identity with MAO, Phe-208 and Ile-335 in MAO A and their equivalents in MAO B, Ile-199 and Tyr326, have adjacent side chains within a region close to the isoalloxazine moiety of the FAD. This suggests that the overall three-dimensional structure of human and rat MAOs may be similar but that specificity may be determined by different amino acids within the binding domain. MAO A and B may have similar amino acids involved in the active site; however, small variations in the three-dimensional structure result in different specificities.

The other four mutants (A-T245I, B-I236T, A-D328G, and B-G319D) did not result in any marked differences in their specificities when compared with the wild types. However their kcat values for both 5-HT and PEA were lower than those of the parent enzymes. Among them, a large decrease in kcat was observed in the two MAO A mutants, A-T245I and A-D328G. This indicates that these amino acid residues interact either directly or indirectly with the active site.

In summary, the present study identifies the corresponding amino acid pair Ile-335 and Tyr-326 as critical for the substrate and inhibitor specificities in human MAO A and B, respectively. Thr-245 and Asp-328 in MAO A and Ile-236 and Gly-319 in MAO A may interact with the active site but do not determine specificity.

    FOOTNOTES

* This work was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grants R01 MH37020, R37 MH39085 (MERIT Award), and Research Scientist Award K05 MH00796 and by the Welin Professorship.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

To whom correspondence should be addressed: 1985 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90089. Tel.: 323-442-1441; Fax: 323-442-3229; E-mail: jcshih@hsc.usc.edu.

Published, JBC Papers in Press, December 29, 2000, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M006972200

2 R. M. Geha, I. Rebrin, K. Chen, and J. C. Shih, unpublished data.

3 Johan Wouters, Belgium, personal communication.

    ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations used are: MAO, monoamine oxidase; 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine; PEA, beta -phenylethylamine..

    REFERENCES
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

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