From the Mater Medical Research Institute,
Level 3, Aubigny Place, Mater Misericordiae Hospitals, Raymond Terrace,
South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia, the § Department
of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life
Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel, and the
¶ Centre for Medical Genetics, Department of Cytogenetics and
Molecular Genetics, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William
Road, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
Received for publication, September 28, 2000, and in revised form, February 20, 2001
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ABSTRACT |
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Transmembrane mucins are glycoproteins involved
in barrier function in epithelial tissues. To identify novel
transmembrane mucin genes, we performed a tblastn search of the
GenBankTM EST data bases with a serine/threonine-rich search string,
and a rodent gene expressed in bone marrow was identified. We
determined the cDNA sequence of the human orthologue of this gene,
MUC13, which localizes to chromosome band 3q13.3 and
generates 3.2-kilobase pair transcripts encoding a 512-amino acid
protein comprised of an N-terminal mucin repeat domain, three epidermal
growth factor-like sequences, a SEA module, a transmembrane
domain, and a cytoplasmic tail (GenBankTM accession no. AF286113).
MUC13 mRNA is expressed most highly in the large
intestine and trachea, and at moderate levels in the kidney, small
intestine, appendix, and stomach. In situ hybridization in
murine tissues revealed expression in intestinal epithelial and
lymphoid cells. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the human MUC13
protein on the apical membrane of both columnar and goblet cells in the
gastrointestinal tract, as well as within goblet cell thecae,
indicative of secretion in addition to presence on the cell surface.
MUC13 is cleaved, and the The epithelial mucins are a family of secreted and
cell-surface glycoproteins expressed by ductal and glandular epithelial tissues. Members of this family are characterized by a tandem repeat
structure, which comprises most of the protein backbone and is the
scaffold for a large number of complex O-linked carbohydrate side chains. Twelve human epithelial mucin genes have been identified to date, and it is now clear that there are two structurally and functionally distinct classes of mucins: secreted gel-forming mucins
and transmembrane mucins.
Gel-forming mucins are secreted by goblet cells and are the major
constituent of mucus, which protects and lubricates epithelial surfaces, particularly those of the gastrointestinal, respiratory and
reproductive tracts. These mucins undergo homo-oligomerization and are
clearly the critical contributors to the biophysical properties of
mucus (1). The gel-forming mucins are encoded by a cluster of four
mucin genes (MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and
MUC6) on chromosome band 11p15.5 (2). The MUC7
gene encodes a relatively small secreted salivary mucin (3), and MUC9
is a relatively small secreted mucin expressed only in the Fallopian
tube (4). The MUC8 cDNA, expressed in respiratory
tissue, has not been well characterized (5).
It has recently emerged that there is a large family of
epithelial transmembrane mucins, many members of which are highly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, particularly in the large intestine. The MUC1 gene encodes a transmembrane mucin
expressed by almost all human glandular epithelial tissues and
throughout all regions of the gastrointestinal tract (6). The
MUC3 and MUC4 genes were initially thought to
encode secreted mucins; however, it has recently been shown that these
genes encode transmembrane mucins as their dominant isoforms (7, 8).
There is a newly identified cluster of transmembrane mucin genes
located on chromosome band 7q22 (9). Members of this cluster include
the closely related MUC3 and MUC12 genes (10, 9).
MUC3 is most highly expressed in the small intestine,
whereas MUC12 is most highly expressed in the colon (9).
Further genes may also lie in this cluster, and the genomic
organization of these genes should be clarified shortly by the Human
Genome Project. The MUC4 gene located on chromosome band
3q29 appears to be related to genes in the 7q22 cluster, as the mucin
it encodes contains a similar domain structure and, although most
highly expressed in the tracheobronchus, is also present in the
intestine (8, 11).
Common structural features shared by all the identified
transmembrane mucins include C-terminal cytoplasmic domains with motifs suggestive of a role in signal transduction, a
SEA module in the extracellular domain
(12), and a large mucin domain at the N terminus of the extracellular
subunit. The two mucins studied biochemically to date, human MUC1 and
rat Muc4, undergo cleavage and non-covalent reassociation during
biosynthesis, with disruption of this association allowing shedding of
the mucin domain from the cell surface (13, 14). Thus, the ability to
shed a large mucin protein from the cell surface and the ability to
transmit signals have both been heavily conserved. In addition, MUC3,
MUC4, and MUC12 all contain two cysteine-rich
EGF1-like domains, one to
either side of the SEA module. The function of EGF-like motifs in
these mucins is unclear, although there is evidence implicating these
domains in epithelial growth modulation (15).
In the present investigation, we have used data base mining to identify
a novel human transmembrane mucin gene that has been designated
MUC13 by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. The rodent
orthologues of MUC13 have been previously identified and were thought to be restricted to expression in hemopoietic precursor cells in bone marrow (16). We describe the cDNA sequence of human
MUC13 and show that the putative protein has the same domain organization as MUC3, MUC4, and MUC12, and similarities to MUC1. We
also demonstrate that both the human and mouse genes are expressed predominantly in epithelial tissues, particularly those of the gastrointestinal tract, and demonstrate the human protein on the epithelial apical membrane and within goblet cell thecae of
gastrointestinal epithelia. Initial biochemical characterization
indicates that MUC13 is cleaved into two subunits and that the subunit
containing the cytoplasmic tail undergoes homodimerization.
Identification and Cloning of the Human MUC13 cDNA--
A
serine/threonine-rich search string,
TTXXSXSPGSXSPXSTTT, was
employed in an advanced parameter tblastn search of the National Center
of Biotechnology Information human and mouse EST data bases. A match in
the mouse EST data base led to the identification of a known
full-length cDNA, named 114/A10. Examination of the human EST data
base identified partial sequences of the putative human orthologue of
this gene. Using a combination of sequencing ESTs and RT-PCR, a 2.9-kb
cDNA composite of the human gene was obtained (see "Results").
RNA Expression Analyses--
RNA was extracted from cell lines
and human tissue specimens using Trizol (Life Technologies, Inc.,
Mulgrave, Victoria, Australia) as per the manufacturer's instructions.
Northern blot analysis was performed using standard protocols (17) on
total RNA isolated from five colorectal cancer cell lines (LIM2463,
LoVo, LS513, Caco-2, and SW116) and from 12 paired normal colonic
mucosa and tumor tissues and 7 liver metastases, Dukes' A
(n = 4), Dukes' B (n = 3), Dukes' C
(n = 4), and Dukes' D (n = 7).
Informed consent was obtained from each subject after approval by the
Princess Alexandra Hospital Ethics Committee. A MUC13 probe
(base pair sequence 673-1756 in Fig. 1) was random primer-labeled
using a Megaprime DNA labeling system (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech,
Aylesbury, United Kingdom) and hybridized to Northern blots at 65 °C
in buffer containing 7% SDS, 0.26 M
Na2HPO4, 1 mM EDTA, and 1% bovine
serum albumin.
A human RNA Multiple Tissue Expression Array
(CLONTECH, Palo Alto, CA, catalogue no. 7775-1) was
used to examine MUC13 expression in normal human tissues
(RNA from 71 adult tissues, 7 fetal tissues, and 8 cancer cell lines).
The MUC13 cDNA probe (as above) was hybridized as per
the manufacturer's instructions. Levels of expression were quantitated
using a scanning densitometer and Molecular Analyst software (Bio-Rad,
Regents Park, New South Wales, Australia). Signal intensity was
expressed relative to the sample with highest levels of expression
since loading of RNA samples on the array had previously been
normalized using eight housekeeping genes by the manufacturer.
Mouse intestinal cDNA was amplified by RT-PCR to yield a 768-base
pair PCR product (corresponding to nucleotides 182-950 in GenBankTM
accession no. J04634) that was cloned into pGEM-T and sequenced.
Riboprobes were made by in vitro transcription of DNA with
T7 and SP6 RNA polymerases and incorporation of digoxigenin-labeled uridine triphosphate (Roche, Castle Hill, New South Wales, Australia). Approval for collection of animal tissues was obtained from the University of Queensland Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee. Murine epithelial tissues and spleen were fixed for 4 h in fresh 4% paraformaldehyde in 10 mM phosphate-buffered saline, pH
7.2 (PBS), embedded in paraffin, and sectioned. Hybridization and washing conditions were modified from that described previously (18).
Antisense and sense probes at 1 µg/ml in ULTRAhyb (Ambion, Austin,
TX) were hybridized to sections overnight at 48 °C. The reaction was
visualized with 4-bromo-5-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate and nitro blue
tetrazolium substrate (Roche) also overnight. Sections were
counterstained with nuclear fast red, dehydrated, cleared, and mounted
in DePeX.
Chromosomal Localization of MUC13 by Fluorescence in Situ
Hybridization--
The MUC13 cDNA probe (as above) was
nick-translated with biotin-14-dATP and hybridized in situ
at a final concentration of 10 ng/µl to metaphases from two normal
males. The fluorescence in situ hybridization
method was modified from that described previously (19), in that
chromosomes were stained before analysis with both propidium iodide as
counterstain and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole for chromosome
identification. Images of metaphase preparations were captured by a
cooled CCD camera using the CytoVision Ultra image collection and
enhancement system (Applied Imaging Corp., Sunderland, United Kingdom).
Production of MUC13-reactive Polyclonal Antibodies--
Three
synthetic peptides were synthesized (Auspep, Parkville, Australia)
corresponding to three hydrophilic sequences of the putative MUC13
amino acid sequence, each with an terminal cysteine residue added: an
extracellular domain epitope (peptide A, DPEEKHSMAYQDLHSEC (amino acids
229-244 in Fig. 1)) and two cytoplasmic tail epitopes (peptide B,
CRSNNTKHIEEENLID (amino acids 446-461 in Fig. 1); and peptide C,
CMQNPYSRHSSMPRPDY (amino acids 497-512 in Fig. 1)). These peptides
were conjugated to bovine serum albumin using glutaraldehyde (20).
Six-week-old female BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with
25 µg of conjugated peptide initially in 0.2 ml of complete Freund's
adjuvant/PBS 1:1 (Life Technologies Inc.), and then at 3-week intervals
in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Blood samples were obtained via
cardiac puncture under terminal anesthesia, clotted, and serum stored
at Immunohistochemical Detection of Human MUC13 in Epithelial
Tissues--
Polyclonal MUC13 peptide-reactive mouse sera were used to
detect MUC13 in paraffin sections of normal and diseased human
gastrointestinal epithelial tissues. Immunohistochemical techniques
were as described previously (21) with peptide A and B reactive sera
diluted 1/100 and tissue sections subject to antigen retrieval by
boiling in 0.1 M citric acid, pH 6, and peptide C reactive
sera diluted 1/400 with antigen retrieval not used.
Biochemical Characterization of the MUC13
Protein--
Colorectal cancer cell lines LIM2463 and LS513 were
maintained in RPMI 1640 containing 10% fetal bovine serum, and
routinely passaged by trypsin digestion. Monolayers of cells were
washed with ice-cold PBS and lysed, with rocking for 30 min, using a variety of ice-cold lysis buffers including: RIPA (50 mM
Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% SDS, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 1 mM PMSF, pH 7.5), Nonidet P-40 (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5% Nonidet P-40, 1 mM PMSF, pH
7.5), BRIJ97 (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5%
Brij97, 1 mM aprotinin, pH 7.6), and TX100 (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5% Triton X-100, 1 mM PMSF, pH 7.5). Cell surface proteins were biotinylated by incubating cell monolayers with 0.5 mg/ml biotinamidocaproic acid
3-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimide (Sigma) in PBS with 0.1 mM CaCl2 and 1 mM
MgCl2, followed by lysis as above. MUC13 was
immunoprecipitated with polyclonal antisera against peptides A (1/100
dilution), B (1/100), or C (1/400) or with antisera raised against
irrelevant conjugated peptides as a control, using previously described
methods (22). For removal of N-linked glycans,
immunoprecipitates were denatured in 0.5% SDS, 0.1 M
2-mercaptoethanol for 5 min at 100 °C, reconstituted to 0.15 M Tris, 0.16% SDS, 1.6% Nonidet P-40, pH 7.5, and 100 units/ml PNGase F (Roche) for 24 h at 32 °C. Crude lysates,
immunoprecipitated biotinylated cell surface proteins and
deglycosylated immunoprecipitates were prepared in SDS-PAGE buffer
containing 2% SDS, with and without 5% 2-mercaptoethanol, subjected
to electrophoresis either in 4-20% gradient or 10% resolving gels
with 3% stacking gels, and electrotransferred to polyvinylidene difluoride or nitrocellulose membranes as described (22). BenchmarkTM prestained Mr markers were included on each gel
(Life Technologies, Inc.). Western blotting was performed as described
previously (22). Briefly, membranes were blocked with 10% skim milk
powder and MUC13 was detected using polyclonal antisera against
peptides A (1/400 dilution), B (1/400), or C (1/4000) followed by
donkey anti-mouse horseradish peroxidase conjugate (Jackson
Laboratories) and ECL detection (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Specific
carbohydrates were detected using 2 µg/ml Helix pomatia
and Arachis hypogaea lectins (Sigma). Immunoprecipitated
biotinylated proteins and biotinylated lectins were detected with
streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (Zymed
Laboratories Inc., San Francisco, CA) diluted 1/2000 followed by
ECL detection.
Identification and Cloning of the Human MUC13
cDNA--
Serine/threonine-rich search strings based on known
mucin protein sequences were employed in tblastn searches of the NCBI human and mouse EST data bases in a search for previously unidentified mucin genes. Using one such string
(TTXXSXSPGSXSPXSTTT), a
number of matches with the mouse data base revealed the previous
identification and cloning of a rodent gene encoding a bone marrow
glycoprotein designated 114/A10, or mouse cell surface antigen. 114/A10
appeared similar to known epithelial transmembrane mucins, containing a series of eight highly conserved serine/threonine-rich 27 amino acid
repeats leading into three EGF-like domains, a transmembrane region,
and a cytoplasmic tail (GenBankTM accession no. J04634) (16). Partial
cDNA sequences encoding protein sequences similar to 114/A10 were
also evident in the human EST data base (e.g. GenBankTM
accession nos. AI949096, AI821099, and AI431674). The domain
organization of 114/A10 was very similar to the human MUC3,
MUC4, and MUC12 transmembrane mucin genes, and
preliminary RT-PCR indicated expression in human epithelial tissues.
Therefore, we pursued complete human cDNA cloning and expression
analysis of this gene in human and rodent tissues.
The cDNA sequence of the human mucin gene was extended in both 5'
and 3' directions by a combination of EST sequencing and RT-PCR. The
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee has designated this gene
MUC13. The complete cDNA sequence and the putative amino acid sequence of MUC13 are shown in Fig.
1. The putative human precursor
polypeptide comprises 512 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass
of 54,703 Da and has an identical domain structure (exemplified in Fig.
2) to the previously described murine
protein (16). At the N terminus is a signal peptide for the secretory pathway with cleavage predicted between residues 19 and 20 (23). The
signal peptide is followed by a serine- and threonine-rich domain
likely to involve extensive O-glycosylation (amino acid residues 20-170) consisting of 10 degenerate tandem repeats. Following this mucin domain are two distinct cysteine-rich domains containing EGF-like motifs. Separating the two cysteine-rich domains are 115 amino
acids comprising a SEA module (amino acid residues 212-328). The first
cysteine-rich domain contains one EGF-like sequence EGF1 (amino acid
residues 177-210), and the second larger cysteine-rich domain contains
two EGF-like sequences, EGF2 (amino acid residues 326-360) and EGF3
(amino acid residues 367-403). EGF3 contains a type II EGF signature
(amino acid residues 389-403) and is followed closely by a 23-amino
acid transmembrane domain and a 69-amino acid cytoplasmic tail. In
addition to extensive potential O-glycosylation sites in the
mucin domain, there are six extracellular and one intracellular
consensus motifs for N-glycosylation. The cytoplasmic tail
contains a protein kinase C consensus phosphorylation motif (amino acid
residues 444-447), and eight serine residues and two tyrosine residues
that may undergo phosphorylation and regulate MUC13
signaling.
Expression of MUC13 in Colorectal Cancers and Colorectal Cancer
Cell Lines--
Northern blot analysis of colonic tissues showed a
single band indicating the size of the human mRNA to be ~3.2 kb
(see Fig. 3). Analysis of 12 paired
samples of normal colonic and primary tumor tissues and seven liver
metastases revealed MUC13 expression in most colorectal
cancers examined (Fig. 3). There was evidence for down-regulation of
expression (<20% of normal colonic expression level) in three of four
Dukes' C tumors and two of seven Dukes' D tumors. There was a
2.5-fold increase in expression of MUC13 in one Dukes'
stage B tumor. MUC13 was expressed at varying levels in the
six colorectal cancer cell lines under investigation, with highest
levels of expression in LIM2463 cells and comparatively low levels of
expression observed in the Caco-2 cells (data not shown).
Both the human and rodent genes contain a series of CA dinucleotide
repeats and an alternative polyadenylation signal in the 3'-untranslated region. mMuc13 has previously been shown, in
some IL-3 dependent cell lines, to produce two transcripts, of ~2.2 and 3 kb, generated by use of two distinct polyadenylation signals (22). Northern blot analyses of MUC13 in colorectal cancer
cell lines and colonic tissues only revealed a single band of about 3.2 kb. However, an EST (GenBankTM accession no. AI431674) appears to have
been derived from alternative use of the non-consensus polyadenylation
signal, suggesting that smaller human MUC13 transcripts do
exist, but are probably rare.
Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization--
Chromosomal localization
studies using fluorescence in situ hybridization mapped the
human gene to chromosome band 3q13.3 (Fig.
4A).
Comparison of Human MUC13 with Rat and Mouse
Orthologues--
Amino acid alignment of the C terminus of the human
MUC13 mucin with its rodent orthologues revealed 52% identity to its
mouse and rat counterparts (see Fig. 5).
The N-terminal mucin domain shows significant divergence from the
rodent proteins, which possess a near perfect repeat structure compared
with the very degenerate repeats seen in the human protein, although
the mucin domains are approximately the same size. The seven C-terminal
amino acids of the cytoplasmic domain, including a terminal tyrosine
residue, are perfectly conserved in all three species.
Expression of MUC13 mRNA in Human Tissues--
Hybridization of
MUC13using a multiple tissue expression array demonstrated
that MUC13 is expressed at highest levels in the large
intestine and the trachea, and is also expressed at relatively high
levels in the kidney, small intestine, appendix, and stomach (see Fig.
6). After long exposures, low levels of
expression were also identified in pancreas, prostate, uterus, lung,
liver, adrenal gland, spleen, peripheral blood leukocytes, lymph node,
bone marrow, testis, and ovary. MUC13 was not detected in 21 different neural tissues, eight cardiovascular tissues, esophagus,
thyroid gland, salivary gland, mammary gland, skeletal muscle,
placenta, or urinary bladder. Fetal kidney expressed moderately high
levels of MUC13, and low levels were seen in fetal spleen,
lung, thymus, and liver. Fetal heart and brain did not express
MUC13, and other fetal tissues, such as gastrointestinal
tissues, were not represented on this array. Two of eight cancer cell
lines, one derived from a colorectal cancer, SW620, and the other from
a lung cancer, A549, showed moderately high levels of MUC13
expression.
Cellular Localization of MUC13 in Normal Murine
Tissues--
In situ hybridization using
digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes in murine tissues revealed highest
levels of expression in the large intestine. In the large intestine and
rectum, MUC13 mRNA was seen in both columnar and goblet
cells deep in the crypts, with lower levels of expression in some cells
of the surface epithelium (Fig. 4, B-E). A large proportion
of cells within lymphoid tissue associated with the distal large
intestine and rectum also showed high levels of expression (Fig.
4F). MUC13 was also detected in the villi of the
murine small intestine, in gastric glands and the surface epithelium of
the stomach, and in the squamous epithelium of the esophagus (data not
shown). Pancreatic acini and ducts also expressed low levels of
MUC13, as did pneumocytes in the lung and both bronchiolar
and tracheal epithelium (data not shown). However, MUC13
mRNA was not detected in the liver or kidney. Clusters of lymphoid
cells in both the red pulp and, to a lesser extent, the follicles of
the spleen expressed MUC13 (data not shown).
Antisera Reactive with the Human MUC13 Protein--
Murine
antisera were produced that were reactive in enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay with the A, B, and C peptide epitopes based on the
putative MUC13 sequence. The highest titer was achieved against the C
peptide with sera reactive at greater than 1/50,000 dilution. These
antisera also reacted with MUC13 by immunohistochemistry with paraffin
sections, in immunoprecipitation and Western blotting (see below), and
by flow cytometry (data not shown).
Cellular Localization of MUC13 in Human Gastrointestinal
Tissues--
Polyclonal antisera raised against peptides A, B, and C
reacted similarly with paraffin sections of fixed human
gastrointestinal tissues, with the peptide C-reactive antisera showing
the best reactivity and not requiring antigen retrieval of sections.
Surprisingly, given the lack of reactivity on the human mRNA master
blot, intense MUC13 staining was observed in the cytoplasm of squamous
epithelial cells of the esophagus, with staining absent or very weak in
the basal cell layer (see Fig. 4G). In the body of the
stomach, MUC13 was expressed on the apical membrane surface of cells of
the surface epithelium, the gastric pits, and the more peripheral
glands but only occasionally in the deep glands (see Fig.
4H). In addition, in the gastric glands, occasional mucus
neck cells showed intense granular cytoplasmic staining (see Fig.
4H). Some mucus cells of the surface epithelium and gastric
pits also showed moderate cytoplasmic reactivity, and in some cells
supranuclear staining was also observed. In the pyloric and cardiac
stomach, some of the deep glands showed moderate to strong cytoplasmic
expression of MUC13, whereas adjacent glands were often negative (Fig.
4I). In the duodenum, MUC13 was detected in supranuclear
vacuoles within all absorptive cells, consistent with detection in the
Golgi region; however, apical membrane staining was not seen (see Fig.
4J). MUC13 was also expressed on the apical membrane of
epithelial cells lining pancreatic ducts (data not shown).
In the terminal ileum of the small intestine, MUC13 was detected as
intense staining of the apical membrane of all cells deep in the crypts
(see Fig. 4K) and less frequent apical membrane staining of
cells of the surface epithelium (see Fig. 4L). Both goblet
and columnar cells appeared to express cell surface MUC13; however,
staining was more intense in columnar cells, and, at high power, a
microvillous-type pattern was observed. Secreted material in the crypt
lumen also stained. In addition, moderate to weak staining in mesh
network and punctate patterns was also seen within the thecae of goblet
cells in the villi (see Fig. 4L) but only rarely deep in the
crypts (see Fig. 4K). The staining of goblet cell thecae was
more pronounced using peptide A-reactive antisera than C-reactive
antisera (data not shown). Appendix showed strong MUC13
immunoreactivity both in the cytoplasm and on the cell surface of both
goblet and columnar cells, with very strong cytoplasmic reactivity in
columnar cells (see Fig. 4M). In the colon, MUC13 was,
similarly to the terminal ileum, highly expressed on the apical
membrane surface of both columnar and goblet cells deep in the crypts
(see Fig. 4N). In addition, supranuclear vacuolar staining,
like that seen in the duodenum, was also observed in these cells
together with reactivity with secreted material. Occasional columnar
cell apical membrane staining was observed on the colonic surface
epithelium together with goblet cell thecal staining, although this was
less intense than that seen in the terminal ileum.
In a small series of colorectal cancers examined, MUC13 was expressed
in the cytoplasm and on the cell surface of cancer cells; however,
expression of MUC13 was often low relative to normal tissue and was
typically heterogeneous in nature (see Fig. 4O). Only very
rarely did non-epithelial cells in the stroma or lymphoid patches of
intestinal tissues show weak membrane staining for MUC13 (data not shown).
Biochemical Characterization of the Human MUC13
Protein--
Lysates of LIM2463 and LS513 colorectal cancer cells,
shown to have high MUC13 mRNA, were lysed with RIPA and
subjected to Western blotting with antisera reactive with peptides A,
B, and C. The two cell lines and three antisera showed identical band patterns. Under non-reducing conditions, two bands of ~47 and 93 kDa
were observed. The 47-kDa band was more intense than the 93-kDa band in
both cell lines. However, following reduction a single band of 58 kDa
was observed (see Fig. 7). This is
consistent with the 58-kDa band representing the 47-kDa non-reduced
MUC13 protein migrating more slowly following denaturation by reduction of the EGF-like cysteine-rich domains likely to be involved in intrastrand disulfide bonds. The 93-kDa non-reduced band may represent association of the MUC13 47-kDa protein with another protein. However,
it is more likely, given that it is almost twice the mass of the 47-kDa
protein, that the 93-kDa band represents a MUC13 homodimer. This
association is clearly dependent on either intra- or intermolecular
disulfide linkages. Identical reactivity of all three antisera
demonstrates that the A, B, and C epitopes are present in the same
MUC13 polypeptide. Cell surface-biotinylated MUC13 in LIM2463 and LS513
cells was immunoprecipitated by A, B, or C peptide-reactive antisera
and showed identical reduced and non-reduced banding patterns to those
shown in direct Western blotting, confirming MUC13 as a cell surface
protein (see Fig. 8).
Because it was suspected that MUC13 may be cleaved into two
subunits and because these subunits may disassociate from each other in
harsh detergents, as has been demonstrated for MUC1 (22), we also
immunoprecipitated MUC13 in several lysis buffers utilizing milder
detergents. Using the milder detergents under non-reducing conditions,
in addition to the 47- and 93-kDa bands, a prominent high molecular
mass band at ~520 kDa was observed (see Fig.
9). This band was not present following
reduction; however, an intense band at 72 kDa and a weak band at 120 kDa (Fig. 9B, arrow) were present in addition to
the 58-kDa band seen previously in direct Western blotting.
When immunoprecipitates from non-biotinylated BRIJ97 lysates
were probed with the GalNAc-reactive Helix pomatia (HPA) and The human MUC13 gene encodes an epithelial and
hemopoietic transmembrane mucin. MUC13 is the orthologue of a murine
glycoprotein initially called 114/A10 or mouse cell surface antigen and
herein referred to as mMuc13. mMuc13 was initially identified by
expression cloning using an antibody produced against a murine bone
marrow-derived multipotential cell line (24). mMuc13 had previously
been found to be highly expressed in primary myeloid progenitor cells,
the myelomonocytic leukemia cell line WEHI-3, and various interleukin 3-dependent cell lines (22). Spleen, liver, muscle, and
brain tissues were assessed as not expressing mMuc13;
however, epithelial tissues were not examined.
The MUC13 gene is most highly expressed in epithelial
tissues, particularly those of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. In the large intestine, MUC13 is expressed on the
apical cell surface of both goblet and columnar cells deep in the
crypts, confirming its role as a transmembrane mucin. Presence on the apical membrane of crypt epithelium mirrors the expression of two other
cell surface mucins, MUC1 and MUC4, which also predominate in the
crypts and are expressed by both major cell types (25). In contrast,
MUC3 (26), and
MUC122 appear to
be most highly expressed by cells of the surface epithelium. MUC13 also
appears to be secreted, as we have demonstrated its presence within
goblet cell thecae and in secreted material in the large
intestine and stomach, and within supranuclear vacuoles, but not on the
apical membrane surface, of absorptive cells in the small intestine.
This is consistent with the previous demonstration, at both light and
electron microscope levels, of MUC1 associated with goblet cell
secretory granules in the intestine (27).
It is now apparent that there is considerable multiplicity of
expression of these cell surface glycoproteins, especially in the
gastrointestinal tract and, in particular, the large intestine. In
fact, MUC1 and MUC13 appear to be co-expressed, both intracellularly and on the same cell surfaces, in many places of the gastrointestinal tract. However, there is evidence of differential regulation of cell
surface mucins throughout the gastrointestinal tract. For example,
although MUC1 and MUC13 appear to be expressed similarly in the colon
(27) and in the stomach (28), staining of serial sections with a
MUC1-reactive antibody revealed differing patterns of expression of
MUC13 and MUC1 in gastric tissue (data not shown). As an additional
example, in the surface epithelium MUC3 is expressed most
highly in the small intestine and decreases distally with only low
expression in the distal large intestine (26). MUC12 expression increases progressively from small intestine to
rectum2; similarly, MUC13 mRNA expression
increases from small intestine to rectum.
In addition to multiplicity of expression, it is now apparent that
there is considerable dynamism of cell-surface mucin expression in the
gastrointestinal tract. For example, as cells in the large intestine
migrate from deep in the crypts to the surface, they must undergo a
major switch in their dominant cell surface mucin proteins from MUC1,
MUC4, and MUC13 to MUC3 and MUC12. MUC13 is also very highly
expressed in the trachea, where it is also now apparent that there is
considerable multiplicity of expression with MUC1 and
MUC4 also being expressed. The expression of multiple cell-surface mucins with similar functional roles may explain why
Muc1 null mice show no obvious signs of epithelial pathology (29), although these mice are also yet to be tested comprehensively with epithelial challenges. Interestingly, when Muc1 null
mice were removed from a pathogen-free environment, they developed ocular and reproductive tract bacterial infections, implicating cell
surface mucins in protection from epithelial bacterial infections (30,
31).
In addition to expression in epithelial cells, in situ
hybridization in murine tissues demonstrated substantial expression of
MUC13 in lymphoid tissue associated with the large
intestine. Lymphoid tissue expression could have contributed to
MUC13 RNA detection in human RNA samples derived from normal
and malignant intestinal tissues. However, at the protein level, there
was only limited histochemical reactivity of MUC13 in human
gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue, demonstrating clearly that
protein expression levels of MUC13 are highest in epithelial cells.
Our initial biochemical characterization in two colorectal cancer cell
lines demonstrates that MUC13 is predominantly a cell surface molecule,
that it undergoes N- and O-glycosylation, and that the mucin domain is cleaved from the transmembrane subunit, as
occurs for both MUC1 and MUC4 (13, 14). The C-terminal subunit
containing the cytoplasmic tail is hereto referred to as the
The apparent cleavage of MUC13 needs to be confirmed by biosynthetic
studies. The 120-kDa immunoprecipitated band reactive with HPA and PNA
is most likely to represent the N-terminal mucin domain containing
The 520-kDa immunoprecipitated band observed under non-reducing
conditions may represent oligomers of intact MUC13 molecules. These
complexes also appear to contain another cell surface protein as when
reduced a 70-72-kDa biotinylated band was observed. The 70-kDa protein
was PNGase F-resistant (not N-glycosylated) and did not
react with the HPA or PNA lectins (not O-glycosylated) or
with the A, B, or C MUC13 antisera (not the MUC13 The role of cell surface mucins in epithelial tissues is not clearly
understood. The complexity and level of expression is greatest in
epithelial surfaces exposed to antigenically and chemically complex
luminal environments. Based on knowledge of their structure and
expression patterns, it is likely that these molecules play an
important role in barrier function. In addition to presenting large
extended heavily glycosylated mucin domains on the cell surface, highly
conserved structural features suggest that an ability to shed the
extracellular mucin domain and to report via cytoplasmic domain
signaling are important facets of these cell-surface molecules. The
signaling pathways triggered by cell surface mucins such as MUC13
remain to be elucidated, although it appears that MUC1 can activate the
ras pathway via Grb2 (32) and interact with It has been proposed that cell surface EGF-like domain containing
mucins can modulate epithelial cell growth via modulation of the c-erbB
family of growth factor receptors. Rat Muc4 has been shown to interact
with the c-erbB-2 receptor and promote receptor kinase activity, and
cell proliferation, both in the presence and absence of the c-erbB-2
ligand, neuregulin-1 (15). MUC4, like MUC13, is
expressed deep in the crypts of the colon where cell proliferation occurs.
MUC13 mRNA was expressed by most colorectal cancers
examined, although generally at equivalent or lower levels of
expression than adjacent normal tissue. Immunohistochemistry
demonstrated heterogeneous expression of MUC13 within individual
cancers. MUC13 may influence tumor growth and metastasis, as
has been shown for both MUC1 (6) and MUC4 (37).
Expression of MUC13 on the surface of colorectal cancer cells may
influence growth characteristics via interactions with c-erbB growth
factor receptors, modulate adhesion and interfere with immune
recognition. It has been suggested that mMuc13 expressed on platelets
is involved in interaction of platelets with endothelial cells (38),
and, by the same mechanism, MUC13 on cancer cells may interact with
endothelial ligands during metastasis. MUC1 is shed/secreted into the
blood by cancers, particularly those of the breast, lung, and ovary,
and is the antigen measured in several different clinically utilized
serum diagnostic tests such as Truquant BR, CA15.3, MCA, CA549, and
CASA (39). MUC13, like MUC1, may be released from the surface of cancer
cells and may therefore be a useful serum diagnostic target in patients with gastrointestinal cancers.
MUC13 may also play an important modulatory role in epithelial
responses to damage and infection, and in non-malignant epithelial diseases where barrier function and/or mucin secretion are important, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, cystic fibrosis (CF), and chronic
respiratory diseases. Interestingly, the MUC1 mucin has been
demonstrated in animal models to have a critical influence on
gastrointestinal mucus obstruction in CF (40). Previously, it had been
thought that the gel-forming mucins were the major contributors to
mucus accumulation in CF. MUC13 has a similar gastrointestinal expression pattern as MUC1 and is also highly expressed in tracheal tissue and therefore also warrants investigation as a potential modulator of mucus accumulation in CF.
It is now apparent that some epithelial transmembrane mucins, like
MUC13, are expressed in hemopoietic cells. MUC1 (CD227) is expressed by
activated T cells (41), activated dendritic cells (42), and bone marrow
mononuclear precursor cells (43). Muc1 null mice have major
disturbances to T cell development and function.4 Previous studies
demonstrated rodent Muc13 expression in bone marrow precursor cells,
and we have shown expression in spleen, consistent with expression in
hemopoietic precursor cells. It has been shown that spleen and bone
marrow-derived mMuc13-positive cells selectively proliferate in
vitro in response to pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen
cell-conditioned medium or recombinant IL-3 (24). Mouse Muc13 was also
identified as being associated with megakaryocyte maturation and
platelet formation (37). Up-regulation of mMuc13 in a murine
megakaryoblastic cell line, L8057, when differentiating into a
megakaryocytic lineage, suggested mMuc13 could be involved with cell
differentiation and maturation. Overexpression of mMuc13 was found to
inhibit cell adhesion to fibronectin, suggesting it could act as a
negative regulator of cell adhesion in the megakaryocytic lineage. We
also observed strong expression of mMuc13 in
intestine-associated lymphoid tissue, and weaker expression in lymphoid
cells in both the red pulp and follicles of the spleen.
MUC13 is clearly expressed by mature lymphoid cells, and
this requires further characterization.
In summary, we have determined the complete cDNA sequence of a
novel human mucin gene, MUC13, and shown that this gene
encodes a cell surface and secreted mucin that is most highly expressed in epithelial tissues but is also found in some hemopoietic cells. Our
future research will concentrate on the role of the MUC13 mucin protein
in non-malignant and malignant epithelial diseases, particularly those
of the gastrointestinal tract.
-subunit containing the cytoplasmic tail
undergoes homodimerization. Including MUC13, there are at least five
cell surface mucins expressed in the gastrointestinal tract.
INTRODUCTION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
20 °C. Reactivity of serum with the peptides was assessed using
the specific and irrelevant unconjugated peptides as solid phase in an
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All animal experiments were approved
by the University of Queensland Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee.
RESULTS
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
View larger version (63K):
[in a new window]
Fig. 1.
Complete cDNA sequence and predicted
amino acid sequence of human MUC13 (GenBankTM
accession no. AF286113). Numbering of
nucleotides is given on the left and amino acids on the
right. The signal peptide is underlined, and
seven potential N-glycosylation sites are double
underlined. All cysteine residues and the entire
transmembrane domain are enclosed in a box. A non-consensus
and consensus polyadenylation signal in the 3'-untranslated region are
underlined.
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[in a new window]
Fig. 2.
Schematic representation of the putative
domain organization of the human MUC13 protein. The number of
amino acids (aa) in each domain is shown.
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[in a new window]
Fig. 3.
Northern blot analysis of MUC13
gene expression in matched normal colon (N) and
primary colorectal cancers (P), in individual Dukes'
stage D tumors (M) and normal liver
(NL). The 3.2-kb MUC13 band is shown in the
upper panels, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is shown as a loading control in each
lower panel. Cancers showing down-regulation are
indicated by an asterisk.
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[in a new window]
Fig. 4.
In situ hybridization and
immunohistochemistry. A, chromosomal metaphase
spread showing localization of MUC13 to chromosome band
3q13.3. B-F, murine tissue sections hybridized with
MUC13 sense (B) and antisense (C-F)
digoxigenin-labeled probes detected using 4-bromo-5-chloro-3-indolyl
phosphate and nitro blue tetrazolium (blue/purple) and
counterstained with nuclear fast red. Tissues shown: rectum
(B and C), distal large intestine (D),
proximal large intestine (E), rectum and associated lymphoid
tissue denoted by arrow (F). G-O,
human tissues stained with mouse anti-sera reactive with the C peptide
epitope of the MUC13 cytoplasmic tail detected using diaminobenzidine
(brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin
(blue; see "Experimental Procedures"). Tissues shown are
esophagus (G), surface epithelium, gastric pits, and
peripheral glands of the body of the stomach (H), deep
glands of the pyloric stomach (I), villi of the duodenum
(J), deep glands of the terminal ileum (K), villi
of the terminal ileum (L), appendix (M), deep
glands of the colon (N), and a colorectal carcinoma liver
metastasis (O). Original magnifications were as follows:
B and C, ×55; D-F, ×220;
G and H, ×110; I-O, ×220.
View larger version (32K):
[in a new window]
Fig. 5.
Alignment of the carboxyl termini of the
human, mouse, and rat Muc13 transmembrane mucins. Light
shading indicates identical amino acids, and dark
shading highlights all cysteine residues. Hyphens
indicate spaces added to optimize the alignment.
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[in a new window]
Fig. 6.
Relative mRNA expression of
MUC13 in human tissues determined using a multiple
tissue expression array. Hybridized arrays were subjected to
densitometric analysis, and results are expressed as a percentage of
the level in the highest expressing tissue, distal large intestine.
Only those tissues showing expression greater than 5% of that in
distal large intestine are shown.
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[in a new window]
Fig. 7.
Western blot showing bands immunoreactive
with MUC13 peptide C-reactive antisera. LIM2463 colorectal cancer
cells were lysed with RIPA, and subjected to SDS-PAGE in a 4-20%
gradient gel both non-reduced (NR) and following reduction
(R) (see "Experimental Procedures").
Mr markers are shown at the left. The
top of the resolving gel is denoted r.
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[in a new window]
Fig. 8.
Immunoprecipitation of cell surface
biotinylated MUC13 from LIM2463 and LS513 colorectal cancer cells with
antisera reactive with the A, B, or C MUC13 peptides, a combination of
all three antisera, irrelevant antisera (CON), or no
primary antibody (NO 1o).
Immunoprecipitates were prepared either non-reduced (A) or
reduced (B) and subjected to SDS-PAGE in 4-20% gradient
gels (see "Experimental Procedures"). Mr
markers are shown at the left. The top of the resolving gel
is denoted r.
View larger version (72K):
[in a new window]
Fig. 9.
Immunoprecipitation of cell surface
biotinylated MUC13 from LIM2463 colorectal cancer cells lysed with mild
detergents. Immunoprecipitation was performed with antisera
reactive with the MUC13 C peptide (MUC13) or irrelevant
antisera (CON). Immunoprecipitates were prepared either
non-reduced (A) or reduced (B) and subjected to
SDS-PAGE in 4-20% gradient gels (see "Experimental Procedures").
Mr markers are shown at the left. The
top of the resolving gel is denoted r.
-Gal(1,3)GalNAc-reactive Arachis hypogaea (PNA) lectins,
a single band at 120 kDa was seen with both lectins in both LIM2463 and LS513 cells (see Fig. 10A).
Treatment of immunoprecipitated reduced biotinylated MUC13 with
PNGase F resulted in no change in the 70-kDa band. However, the 55-kDa
band disappeared and was replaced by bands at 49 and 38 kDa,
demonstrating that N-glycans contributed significantly to
the apparent Mr of the MUC13 subunit containing the A, B, and C epitopes in LIM2463 cells (see Fig.
10B).
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[in a new window]
Fig. 10.
Glycosylation of MUC13. A,
LIM2463 and LS513 colorectal cancer cells were lysed with BRIJ96,
immunoprecipitated with MUC13 C peptide (MUC13) or
irrelevant antisera (CON). Immunoprecipitates were reduced
and subjected to SDS-PAGE in 3-15% gradient gels, transferred to
membranes, and probed with the HPA and PNA lectins (see "Experimental
Procedures"). B, LIM2463 colorectal cancer cells were
biotinylated, lysed with Nonidet P-40 buffer, and immunoprecipitated
with MUC13 C peptide-reactive antisera. Immunoprecipitates were
denatured and treated with PNGase F or in identical buffer lacking
enzyme (CONTROL) for 24 h (see "Experimental
Procedures"). Samples were reduced and subjected to SDS-PAGE in a
10% resolving gel. Mr markers are shown at the
left. The top of the resolving gel is denoted
r.
DISCUSSION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
-subunit using the terminology introduced for MUC4 (8). The
-subunit appears to undergo homodimerization that is dependent on
intrachain disulfide bonds. The predicted mass of the entire MUC13
polypeptide minus the signal peptide is ~53 kDa. Western blotting
shows that the 55-58-kDa
-subunit contains the A, B, and C
peptide epitopes. The predicted mass of a minimum C-terminal polypeptide containing these three epitopes is 31 kDa and contains three potential sites for N-glycosylation. The
immunoprecipitated and reduced MUC13
-subunit was ~55 kDa and was
reduced to 49- and 38-kDa bands following PNGase F treatment to remove
N-linked sugars. Taken together, this suggests the 55-kDa
band represents the N-glycosylated
-subunit of MUC13
containing the cytoplasmic domain, transmembrane domain, the C-terminal
EGF-like domains, and at least part of the SEA module (see Fig. 2 for a
diagrammatic representation).
-subunit of MUC13. This band was only just visible in
immunoprecipitates of biotinylated cell surface proteins, perhaps due
to a tendency for the
-subunit to disassociate from the
-subunit
in detergents, as has been shown for MUC1 (22). The
-subunit may
also show poor binding to nitrocellulose due to extensive
O-glycosylation. Furthermore, the
-subunit would not be
highly biotinylated inasmuch as, compared with 14 lysine residues in
the extracellular domain C-terminal of the A peptide, there are only
five lysine residues N-terminal to the A peptide, and these lie between
EGF1 and the A peptide. The observation that the
-subunit is weakly
biotinylated suggests the cleavage occurs between the lysine in EGF1
(amino acid 190) and the A peptide. The predicted mass of an N-terminal
MUC13
-subunit terminating at the A epitope is 22 kDa, the majority
of which comprises the mucin domain. If the 120-kDa band is this
N-terminal
-subunit, then it must be over 80% carbohydrate by
weight, which is not unexpected for a mucin glycoprotein. Other
post-translational modifications could contribute to the mass of this
subunit; for example, a YYY motif near EGF1 (amino acids 203-205) may
represent a site of tyrosine sulfation.
-subunit). The
70-kDa protein may be an important constituent of the 520-kDa protein
complex, and requires further investigation. Additional antibodies
reactive with
-subunit epitopes need to be generated to confirm
these conclusions. However, it is clear that the MUC13
-subunit
undergoes homo-oligomerization into dimers and that oligomerization is
dependent on intrastrand disulfide bonds.
-catenin, an
important modulator of cell adhesion and growth (33, 34). Interactions
between secreted mucins and bacteria have been well characterized (35),
and it is possible that interaction with bacteria is an important part
of cell surface mucin function. In fact, a recent study utilizing CHO
cells stably expressing Muc1 mucin (36) has demonstrated
phosphorylation of the Muc1cytoplasmic domain following adhesion of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the extracellular domain of this
mucin.3
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
---|
We extend our thanks to Professor Jeremy Jass (Department of Pathology, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia) for helping assess the in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, and to Dr. David Thornton (Wellcome Trust Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom) for comments on the manuscript.
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FOOTNOTES |
---|
* This work was supported by Grants 99/0339 and 98/1291 (to M. A. M.) from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, grants (to D. H. W.) from the Susan Komen Breast Cancer Foundation and the Middle East Cancer Consortium, and a grant (to G. R. S.) from the Wellcome Trust.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
The nucleotide sequence(s) reported in this paper has been submitted to the GenBankTM/EMBL Data Bank with accession number(s) AF286113.
To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.:
61-7-38402568; Fax: 61-7-38402550; E-mail:
mmcguckin@mmri.mater.org.au.
Published, JBC Papers in Press, February 26, 2001, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M008850200
2 S. J. Williams and M. A. McGuckin, unpublished observations.
3 K. C. Kim, personal communication.
4 S. J. Gendler, personal communication.
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ABBREVIATIONS |
---|
The abbreviations used are: EGF, epidermal growth factor; CF, cystic fibrosis; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; EST, expressed sequence tag; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; RT, reverse transcription; kb, kilobase pair(s); PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; PNA, A. hypogaea lectin; HPA, H. pomatia lectin; RIPA, radioimmune precipitation buffer; PNGase F, Peptide: N-glycosidase F.
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