From the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group
in Molecular Biology of Membrane Proteins and the
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Group in the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and the Department of
Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7,
the
Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical
Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts 02215, and the ** Department of Cardiovascular
Medicine, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo
113-8655, Japan
Received for publication, November 20, 2000
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ABSTRACT |
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Calreticulin, a Ca2+ binding
chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum, is also highly expressed in the
embryonic heart, and knockout of the calreticulin gene is lethal during
embryogenesis because of impaired cardiac development. The protein is
down-regulated after birth, and elevated expression of calreticulin in
newborn hearts is associated with severe cardiac pathology and death. Here we show that the transcription factor Nkx2.5 activates expression of the calreticulin gene in the heart. Binding of chicken
ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor 1 to the Nkx2.5
binding site suppresses transcription from the calreticulin promoter. Nkx2.5 and chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor 1 play antagonistic roles in regulating the expression of calreticulin during cardiac development. These studies indicate that
cardiac-specific transcription factor Nkx2.5 plays a central role in
activating calreticulin expression and that there is a cooperation
between chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor 1 and Nkx2.5 at the calreticulin promoter.
Cardiac development is an extremely complex process that
progresses under strict transcriptional control (1). Several different transcription factors are critical for specific stages of vertebrate cardiac morphogenesis (1). One transcription factor implicated in
regulating cardiac gene expression and differentiation in vertebrates is tinman (Nkx2.5) (2). Nkx2.5 was first identified as a key regulator of cardiac differentiation in Drosophila (3) and shown to be essential for heart formation in Drosophila and
Xenopus (2). The protein is expressed in the developing
myocardium (4-6), and in mice, disruption of the Nkx2.5 gene results
in cardiac morphogenic defects, which are embryonic-lethal (7). So far,
only the atrial natriuretic peptide and Calreticulin is a major Ca2+ binding chaperone resident in
the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (11). This protein is
highly expressed in the embryonic heart and, similar to Nkx2.5,
knockout of the calreticulin gene is lethal during embryogenesis
(14.5-16.5-day-old embryos) because of impaired cardiac
development (12). Conversely, calreticulin is significantly
down-regulated after birth (12), which fits with the observation that
elevated expression of calreticulin in newborn hearts is associated
with severe cardiac pathology and death. These findings suggest the
existence of well defined mechanism(s) for activation and repression of
the calreticulin gene in the developing heart. The mechanisms that
control the expression of calreticulin in the developing heart are not
known. However, it is known that the promoter of the mouse calreticulin gene includes putative binding sites for NKx2.5 (13) suggesting that
Nkx2.5 could be involved in regulating the expression of calreticulin
during cardiomyogenesis. Here we show that the transcription factor
Nkx2.5 activates expression of the calreticulin gene in the heart. We
also show that binding of COUP-TF1 to the Nkx2.5 binding site
suppresses transcription from the calreticulin promoter. Nkx2.5 and
COUP-TF1 may play antagonistic roles in regulating the expression of
calreticulin during cardiac development.
Plasmids, Transient Transfection, and Reporter Gene
Assay--
pLC1 and calreticulin promoter deletion/mutation plasmids
were generated as described by Waser et al. (13). The 1 × CRT1 site 2- and 4 × CRT site 2-luciferase reporter plasmids were constructed by inserting
synthetic deoxyoligonucleotides upstream of the minimal calreticulin
promoter (13). Plasmid DNA was purified by Qiagen column
chromatography. Primary myocyte cultures were prepared from
neonatal Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats as described previously
(14). Primary cardiomyocytes or NIH3T3 cells were transfected with
appropriate plasmid DNA, and luciferase and Yeast One-hybrid System--
An 11-day mouse embryo Matchmaker
cDNA library (CLONTECH) was screened for
interactions with the CRT site 2 response element. Three tandem repeats
of the CRT site 2 element (5'-CTCAAGTGT-3') were cloned into
EcoRI and XbaI restriction sites of pHISi, and into EcoRI and SalI sites of pLacZi, generating
pHIS-Nkx and pLacZ-Nkx, respectively. Screening of the library was
carried out as recommended by the manufacturer.
Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA)--
Full-length
COUP-TF1, Nkx2.5, and luciferase proteins were synthesized using a
coupled transcription and translation reticulolysate system.
Plasmids pRC-CMV/COUP-TF1, encoding recombinant COUP-TF1 (15), and
pSPUTK/Nkx2.5, encoding recombinant Nkx2.5, were used. The two
complementary deoxyoligonucleotides were labeled with [ SDS-PAGE and Immunoblotting--
Mouse heart tissue was
homogenized, and solubilized proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE
followed by immunoblotting with goat anti-calreticulin or mouse
anti-Nkx2.5 antibodies (17). Antibody binding was detected with
peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies followed by a standard ECL
development reaction.
Fig. 1 shows that Nkx2.5 (18) and
calreticulin (12) are both highly expressed in embryonic hearts (day 13 (E13) and 15 (E15)) and that the expression of
both proteins decreases dramatically after birth (Fig. 1A).
We did note, however, that in embryonic hearts from 13-day-old embryos
(Fig. 1, E13) the expression of calreticulin was
significantly higher than that of the Nkx2.5 transcription factor.
Western blot analysis also shows that COUP-TF1 was expressed in both
embryonic and postnatal hearts, and the relative level of COUP-TF1 did
not change significantly during cardiogenesis (Fig. 1A).
Relatively high expression of Nkx2.5 and calreticulin in embryonic
hearts is consistent with suggestions that these proteins play a role
in cardiac development (7, 12). These finding also indicate that Nkx2.5
might be responsible for activation of the calreticulin gene during
development of the embryonic heart. To test this, we cotransfected
NIH3T3 cells or rat primary cardiomyocytes with an Nkx2.5 expression
vector and a vector (pLC1) containing the luciferase reporter gene. In pLC1, expression of the luciferase reporter gene is controlled by 1.8 kilobases of the calreticulin promoter region.
pSV
INTRODUCTION
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ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
-cardiac actin genes
have been identified as cardiac-specific targets of Nkx2.5 (8-10).
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
-galactosidase activity
assays were carried out as described previously (13). Site-directed
mutagenesis of the CRT sites 2 and 3 was carried out using a
mutagenesis kit from CLONTECH. The AAGTG nucleotide sequence in the CRT site 2 or site 3 was changed to a CCCCG sequence.
32P]ATP (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) using T4
polynucleotide kinase. EMSA was carried out as described (16).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
-galactosidase was used as an internal control. Fig.
1B shows that this cotransfection resulted in significant
induction of luciferase activity in both NIH3T3 cells and in
cardiomyocytes. Cells transfected with promoterless control plasmids
showed no detectable luciferase activity (data not shown). Thus, it
appears that Nkx2.5 can activate transcription from the calreticulin
promoter, in vivo, in both NIH3T3 cells and in
cardiomyocytes. Calreticulin has not previously been described as a
gene target for the Nkx2.5 transcription factor. The expression of
Nkx2.5 is restricted to the heart and heart progenitor cells from very
early on in embryonic development (18). Therefore, Nkx2.5 is one
transcription factor that probably plays a critical role in activating
the calreticulin gene in the embryonic heart.
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Fig. 1.
Activation of the calreticulin promoter by
Nkx2.5. A, the level of expression of CRT, Nkx2.5, and
COUP-TF1 in embryonic and newborn hearts. Hearts were harvested from
13-day-old embryos (E13), 15-day-old embryos
(E15), and 1-week-old mice (NB). Cardiac proteins
were separated by SDS-PAGE, electrophoretically transferred to a
nitrocellulose membrane, and probed with anti-CRT, anti-Nkx2.5, or
anti-COUP-TF1 antibodies. B, NIH3T3 cells (open
bars) or rat primary cardiomyocytes (shaded bars) were
transiently cotransfected with a luciferase reporter construct
containing 1.8 kilobases of the calreticulin promoter
(pLC1) and with the Nkx2.5 expression vector. Luciferase
activity was normalized against a -galactosidase expression vector.
Data are means ± S.D. of three independent experiments.
Comparison between the Nkx2.5 response element in the calreticulin
promoter (5'-CTCAAGTGT-3' (antisense 5'-GAGTTCACA-3')) and
the consensus sequence for COUP-TF1 binding to DNA
(5'-(A/G)G(G/T)TCA-3') (Fig.
2A) (15) indicates that the
Nkx2.5 response element is also likely a COUP-TF1 binding site. In the
heart, the expression of calreticulin is down-regulated after birth
(12), but the mechanisms responsible for this repression are not known.
It has been shown previously that COUP-TF1 can inhibit the action of nuclear receptors by binding competitively to their DNA binding sites
(15, 19-23). To test whether COUP-TF1 affects transcriptional activity
of the calreticulin promoter, we cotransfected NIH3T3 cells with the
pLC1 vector (the luciferase gene controlled by the calreticulin
promoter) and with increasing amounts of a COUP-TF1 expression vector.
Fig. 2B shows that COUP-TF1 repressed transcription from the
calreticulin promoter, and this repression was
concentration-dependent. When cells were transfected with 1 or 3 µg of the COUP-TF1 expression vector there was greater than 70%
repression of calreticulin promoter activity (Fig. 2B).
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Because the COUP-TF1 and Nkx2.5 binding sites in the calreticulin promoter overlap, we investigated whether COUP-TF1 and Nkx2.5 exhibit cooperation in regulating transcription of the calreticulin gene. First, we cotransfected cells with the pLC1 vector and the COUP-TF1 expression vector. Fig. 2C shows that, as before, coexpression of COUP-TF1 decreased the activity of the calreticulin promoter. However, when we transfected cells with the pLC1 vector, the COUP-TF1 expression vector, and the Nkx2.5 expression vector, it was evident that Nkx2.5 abolished the COUP-TF1-dependent suppression of calreticulin promoter activity (Fig. 2C). We also carried out a converse experiment. Cells were transfected with pLC1 vector, a constant amount of the Nkx.25 expression vector, and increasing amounts of COUP-TF1 expression vector. Fig. 2C shows that under these conditions Nkx2.5 also exhibited a dominant effect on the calreticulin promoter.
Fig. 3 shows a schematic representation
of the calreticulin promoter and the position of 3 putative Nkx2.5
elements, designated CRT sites 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Deletion
analysis revealed that COUP-TF1 effectively repressed transcriptional
activity when all three sites (1, 2, and 3) were present in the
promoter (Fig. 3). Deletion of sites 1 and 3 did not affect the
repression, whereas the deletion of site 2 effectively abolished it
(Fig. 3). The highest activation of the calreticulin promoter by Nkx2.5
was also dependent on the presence of the site 2 (not shown). We
conclude that COUP-TF1 represses transcription from the calreticulin
promoter and that it does this via interaction with the calreticulin
promoter at a putative binding site termed CRT site 2.
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To demonstrate specific binding of COUP-TF1 to the Nkx2.5 response
element, we carried out an EMSA. We used recombinant COUP-TF1 and a [32P]-labeled synthetic deoxyoligonucleotide
corresponding to the 3 tandem repeats of the CRT site 2. Fig.
4A shows that COUP-TF1 bound
to the [32P]-labeled deoxyoligonucleotide (lanes
1-3). It also shows that this binding was competed out in the
presence of a 50-fold excess of unlabeled the CRT site 2 deoxyoligonucleotide (Fig. 4A, lane 4).
Luciferase, which was synthesized in vitro with a coupled transcription and translation system, did not bind to the element. We
conclude that COUP-TF1 binds specifically to the CRT site 2 in the
calreticulin promoter.
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COUP-TF1 recognizes the consensus sequence (5'-(A/G)G(G/T)TCA-3'). It binds with highest affinity as a homodimer to a direct repeat of 5'-AGGTCA-3' separated by a single base space, termed the DR1 element (15). To determine whether COUP-TF1 binds to the CRT site 2 element as a homodimer we carried out an EMSA. We compared binding of COUP-TF1 to the CRT site 2 (Fig. 4B, lane 1) and to DR1 (Fig. 4B, lane 2). We expected that if COUP-TF1 binds to the CRT site 2 element as a homodimer, then the COUP-TF1·CRT site 2 complex would have a similar electrophoretic mobility to the COUP-TF1·DR1 complex. Fig. 4B shows that the electrophoretic mobility of the COUP-TF1·CRT site 2 complex (lane 1) was identical to that of the COUP-TF1·DR1 (lane 2). This result indicates that the COUP-TF1 protein binds to the CRT site 2 response element as a homodimer.
To further investigate the role of the CRT site 2 in
COUP-TF1-dependent repression of calreticulin promoter
activity, we constructed plasmids with the luciferase reporter gene
under the control of either 1 or 4 copies of the CRT site 2 response
element (5'-CTCAAGTGT-3'). In both cases, the element(s) were placed
upstream of a minimal calreticulin promoter (173 to +40 encompassing
the TATA and SP1 sites) (13). We then cotransfected NIH3T3 cells with a
COUP-TF1 expression vector and one of the luciferase reporter
constructs. When COUP-TF1 was cotransfected with a reporter construct
containing 1 copy of the CRT site 2 element, 36% inhibition of
calreticulin promoter activity was observed (Fig. 4C). When
COUP-TF1 was cotransfected with a reporter construct containing 4 copies of the element, 50% inhibition of calreticulin promoter
activity was observed (Fig. 4C).
To demonstrate that COUP-TF1 binds to the CRT site 2 in the
calreticulin promoter in vivo, we carried out a yeast
one-hybrid screen. We screened an embryonic (11-day) mouse cDNA
library, fused to a GAL4 activation domain, using the CRT site 2 response element (5'-CTCAAGTGT-3') as bait. A total of 1.2 × 106 yeast transformants were screened. We isolated 18 positive clones, which grew on His/Leu
plus
15 mM 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole over 5 days at
30 °C. Two of the 18 positive clones encoded the N-terminal region
of COUP-TF1, indicating that COUP-TF1 bound to the CRT site 2 response
element in vivo.
Our results suggest that cooperation may occur, between COUP-TF1 and
Nkx2.5, at the calreticulin promoter. To study this further, we used an
EMSA to measure the binding of COUP-TF1 to the synthetic CRT site 2 in
the presence of Nkx2.5. As expected, both COUP-TF1 (Fig.
5, lane 1) and Nkx2.5 (Fig. 5,
lane 5) bound to the CRT site 2. However, the CRT site
2·COUP-TF1 complex was significantly larger than the CRT site
2·Nkx2.5 complex (Fig. 5, compare lanes 1 and
5). Recombinant Nkx2.5, in increasing amounts, efficiently competed with COUP-TF1 for the DNA binding site, favoring formation of
the faster migrating CRT site 2·Nkx2.5 complex (Fig. 5, lanes 2-4). In contrast, although COUP-TF1 was able to compete with Nkx2.5 to some extent, it did so with a much lower affinity (Fig. 5,
lanes 6-7).
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COUP-TF1 can form heterodimers with other nuclear receptors and inhibit their activity (19). To determine whether COUP-TF1 and Nkx2.5 interact directly with each other, in vivo, we performed coimmunprecipitation experiments. We cotransfected NIH3T3 cells with HA-tagged Nkx2.5 and with COUP-TF1. We then immunoprecipitated nuclear extracts with anti-HA antibodies and immunoblotted the precipitates. Our Western blot analysis, with anti COUP-TF1 antibodies, revealed that Nkx2.5 and COUP-TF1 did not coimmunoprecipitate (data not shown), indicating that these two transcription factors do not form a heterodimer.
During cardiogenesis there is a requirement for high expression of Nkx2.5, to activate cardiac-specific genes. In this study we demonstrate that, in the heart, the calreticulin gene is also a target for the transcription factor Nkx2.5. We also show that COUP-TF1 suppresses transcription of the calreticulin gene and that Nkx2.5 and COUP-TF1 bind to a common element in the calreticulin promoter. Apparently, these transcription factors exhibit cooperation in regulating transcription of the calreticulin gene. Calreticulin gene knockout is embryonic-lethal, resulting from impaired cardiac development (12, 24). In contrast, overexpression of calreticulin in the newborn heart leads to severe pathology and death.2 Together, these observations indicate that cardiomyocytes are sensitive to changes in the abundance of calreticulin. Therefore, transcription of the calreticulin gene in cardiac cells is presumably tightly and specifically controlled. In particular, the evidence indicates a need for elevated expression of calreticulin during the early stages of cardiac development. However, this high level of expression must be reversed, because postnatal pathology is observed in mice overexpressing this protein.2 The present study indicates that the COUP-TF1 may be one transcription factor responsible for a postnatal repression of the calreticulin gene. Similar to calreticulin cardiac overexpresser mice, COUP-TF1-deficient mice die postnatally, indicating that COUP-TF1 is essential for postnatal survival (25). These animals display defects in development of the ninth cranial ganglion and nerve (25). Presently, there is no information on cardiac function and development and/or the expression pattern of calreticulin in COUP-TF1-deficient mice.
We propose that Nkx2.5 plays a central role in activating calreticulin
expression in the developing heart (Fig.
6) by binding to CRT site 2. As we show
in this study, binding of COUP-TF1 to the calreticulin promoter results
in suppression of promoter activity. The presence of elevated Nkx2.5,
during early cardiac development, minimizes the interaction of
calreticulin promoter to COUP-TF1. Progressive down-regulation of
Nkx2.5 expression, which occurs as cardiac development progresses and
following birth, exposes the CRT site 2 binding site in the
calreticulin promoter, permitting the interaction with COUP-TF1 (Fig.
6). It is likely that other transcription factors may play an important
role in the activation and suppression of the calreticulin gene during
cardiogenesis. This work, however, implicates COUP-TF1 as one
transcription factor contributing to the decline in calreticulin levels
seen in the newborn/mature heart compared with those seen in the
developing heart.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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We thank R. Rachubinski (University of Alberta) for a generous gift of anti-COUP antibodies.
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FOOTNOTES |
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* This work was supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
§ Fellow of the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada.
¶ Fellow of the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research. Present address: Dept. of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Honjo l-l-l, Kumamoto, Japan.
§§ Senior Scholar of the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research.
¶¶ Canadian Institutes of Health Research Senior Investigator and Medical Scientist of the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research. To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7. Tel.: 780-492-2256; Fax: 780-492-0886; E-mail: marek.michalak@ualberta.ca.
Published, JBC Papers in Press, December 5, 2000, DOI 10.1074/jbc.C000822200
2 K. Nakamura and M. Michalak, submitted for publication.
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ABBREVIATIONS |
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The abbreviations used are: CRT, calreticulin; COUP-TF1, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor 1, EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
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