From the Group of Neurobiology, School of Allied
Health Sciences, Osaka University Faculty of Medicine, Yamadaoka 1-7, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan and the Departments of
Neuroscience and Anatomy and ** Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate
School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita-shi,
Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
Received for publication, October 4, 2000, and in revised form, December 26, 2000
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ABSTRACT |
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Semaphorins are known to act as chemorepulsive
molecules that guide axons during neural development. Sema4C, a group 4 semaphorin, is a transmembrane semaphorin of unknown function. The
cytoplasmic domain of Sema4C contains a proline-rich region that may
interact with some signaling proteins. In this study, we demonstrate
that Sema4C is enriched in the adult mouse brain and associated with PSD-95 isoforms containing PDZ (PSD-95/DLG/ZO-1) domains, such as
PSD-95/SAP90, PSD-93/chapsin110, and SAP97/DLG-1, which are concentrated in the post-synaptic density of the brain. In the neocortex, S4C is enriched in the synaptic vesicle fraction and Triton
X-100 insoluble post-synaptic density fraction. Immunostaining for
Sema4C overlaps that for PSD-95 in superficial layers I-IV of the
neocortex. In neocortical culture, S4C is colocalized with PSD-95 in
neurons, with a dot-like pattern along the neurites. Sema4C thus may
function in the cortical neurons as a bi-directional transmembrane
ligand through interacting with PSD-95.
Semaphorins are a large family of structurally distinct, secreted
and transmembrane glycoproteins characterized by the presence of a
conserved sema domain of about 500 amino acids (1, 2). Several secreted
semaphorins (group 3 semaphorins in vertebrates), such as Sema3A, E,
and F (3) induce the collapse of some populations of growth cones in
cultured neurons and thus can function as inhibitory and repulsive cues
in axonal guidance (1, 4-8). Evidence implicating secreted semaphorins
in chemorepulsion came initially from the finding that chick Sema3A can
cause the collapse of the chick dorsal root ganglion growth cone (4).
Later studies have shown that Sema3A also acts as a chemorepellent for
a variety of sensory and motor axons in mammals (5, 8). On the other
hand, there is only limited evidence concerning the roles of
transmembrane semaphorins in the nervous system. Of group 4 semaphorins, Sema4C (S4C, previously called M-SemaF) is especially
expressed in neuronal tissues of embryos, suggesting some function of
S4C in the neural tissues, such as directing axon pathfinding, axonal
target selection, or synapse formation, although no evidence for such
functions has been provided so far (9). Another group 4 semaphorin,
Sema4D (previously called M-SemaG or hCD100; Refs. 10 and 11),
regulates B lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation, and
associates with a serine kinase through its cytoplasmic domain (11).
Sema6B forms a complex with c-Src through a proline-rich intracellular domain (12). The cytoplasmic domain of S4C contains a proline-rich region that may interact with Src homology 3 (SH3)1 domains as well as
cytoskeletal proteins, suggesting that the cytoplasmic domain of S4C
may interact with some signaling-related proteins. To explore possible
functions and the intracellular signaling of S4C, we investigated in
which tissues and at which developmental stages S4C is expressed and
then attempted to screen proteins that interact with S4C
intracellularly. Based on yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified
several PSD-95 isoforms as proteins interacting with S4C.
Recently, a number of proteins have been shown to contain PDZ domains,
which were originally recognized as repeats of about 90 amino acids in
PSD-95/SAP90 and named after three proteins containing such repeats,
PSD-95, the Drosophila septate junction protein discs-large
(DLG-A), and the epithelial tight junction protein zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) (13-18). PDZ proteins were originally thought to mediate the
concentration of neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels at the
synapses of neurons, as well as the asymmetric distribution of
receptors in epithelial cells or their localization at tight junctions
(19-21). Moreover, some of these PSD proteins also serve as scaffolds
for the assembly of multiprotein signaling complexes at the membrane
(13, 22-25). They mediate protein-protein interactions, generally
recognizing short C-terminal motifs, originally described as the
(T/S)XV motif (24). Interestingly, one such consensus PDZ
binding motif, SSV, is also seen in the C terminus of S4C (9). In the
present study we investigated whether PSD-95 interacts with S4C in the
central nervous system.
Antisera--
Antibodies to S4C were raised in rabbits against
the product of pGEX5X1 S4Ccd, which is the C-terminal cytoplasmic
domain of S4C. Mouse monoclonal antibodies to PSD-95 were purchased
from Upstate Biotechnology (Lake Placid, NY) and Transduction
Laboratories (Lexington, KY). Mouse monoclonal antibody to HA was
obtained from Roche Molecular Biochemicals (Tokyo) and mouse monoclonal antibody to Myc (9E10) was purchased from American Type Culture Collection. Alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Santa Cruz) or alkaline phosphatase-conjugated rabbit
anti-mouse IgG (New England Bio Labs, Beverly, MA) was used as the
second antibody for immunoblot detection.
Immunoblot Analysis--
Embryos and postnatal and adult ddY
mice were purchased from SLC (Hamamatsu, Japan). Tissues were
homogenized with 20 mM Hepes/NaOH, pH 7.4, 1 mM
EDTA, 100 mM NaCl, and 1 mM
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). The protein concentration was
measured by the method of Coomassie protein assay reagent (Pierce).
Twenty µg of each protein homogenate was fractionated by SDS-PAGE
followed by immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies. Primary
antisera to S4C, PSD-95, HA, and Myc were used at a 1: 2000 dilution.
Immunoreactive proteins were visualized using CDP-Star detection
reagent (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) using the corresponding alkaline
phosphatase-conjugated second antiserum.
Yeast Two-hybrid Screening--
The predicted cytoplasmic domain
of the C-terminal amino acids of S4C (S4Ccd) (residues 663-834) was
used to screen a rat brain cDNA library using the yeast two-hybrid
technique following the instructions of the Matchmarker two-hybrid
assay system (CLONTECH). The yeast two-hybrid
libraries in pVP16 constructed from adult rat brain cDNA
(26) were screened using pGBT9. The bait vector pGBT9 was
constructed by subcloning the insert encoding the cytoplasmic domain of
S4C. Constructions of Expression Vectors--
Prokaryote and
eukaryote expression vectors were constructed in pGEX5X1 (Amersham
Pharmacia Biotech), pGBT9 (CLONTECH), pVP16, pCMV,
pCMV Myc, and pEF HA (Invitrogen) using standard molecular biology
methods (27). The fusion protein with S4Ccd in pGBT9 and pGEX5X1 was
prepared with a polymerase chain reaction fragment amplified from a
plasmid containing mouse S4C cDNA (9) using reverse primer
GCGTCGACTATACTGAAGACTCCTCTGG and forward primer GCGAATTCTGGGGCACGAGTGGCTC. The S4C mutant construct pGEX-S4C*cd (C-terminal three amino acids SSV (832) replaced with AAA) was prepared with a polymerase chain reaction fragment amplified from the
S4C plasmid using reverse primer
GCGTCGACTATGCTGCAGCCTCCTCTGGGTTGTTGGAGTC and forward primer
GCGAATTCTGGGGCACGAGTGGCTC. pEF HA S4C, which contains the HA-tagged
full-length coding region of S4C was used as a mammalian expression
plasmid. pCMV Myc PSD-95-1 (the full-length sequence of rat PSD-95),
pCMV PSD-95-2 (rat PSD-95 containing the first (PDZ1) and second PDZ
(PDZ2) domains), pCMV PSD-95-3 (rat PSD95 containing the PDZ1, PDZ2,
and PDZ3 domains), pCMV PSD-95-4 (rat PSD-95 lacking the PDZ3 domain),
and pCMV Myc PSD-95-5 (rat PSD-95 containing PDZ3, SH3, and guanylate
kinase (GK) domains) were prepared using polymerase chain
reaction fragments which were inserted into the
EcoRI/SalI sites of respective vectors. The prey
vectors of pVP16 ratPSD95-8 (PDZ1+PDZ2+PDZ3), pVP16 SAP102 (PSDZ1+PDZ2+ PDZ3), pVP16 ratPSD-93 (PDZ1+PDZ2+PDZ3), pVP16 mouseZO-1 (PSDZ1+PD-Z2+PDZ3), and pVP16 Drosophila DLG-A
(PDZ1+ PDZ2+PDZ3) (28) were used for the In Vitro Binding--
Glutathione S-transferase
(GST), GST-fused wild-type S4Ccd and GST-fused C-terminal mutant
GST-S4C*cd proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and
purified as previously described (26). COS cells were transfected by
the DEAE-dextran method with pCMV Myc PSD-95 (PSD-95-1), and various
mutant plasmids of PSD-95 inserted into pCMV or pCMV Myc (PSD-95-2, -3, -4, and -5; see Fig. 4). The cells (in 10-cm plates) were homogenized
in 0.3 ml of extract buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM PMSF, and 1% (w/v) Triton X-100) and centrifuged at 100,000 × g for 15 min. Five hundred µl of the supernatant
(original) of GST, GST-S4Ccd, and GST-S4C*cd proteins were fixed on 20 µl of glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
After the beads were washed with the extract buffer (flow through),
proteins on the beads were subjected to the immunoblot analysis.
Subcellular Fractions--
Synapttosomal membrane and PSD (PSD1
and 2) fractions were prepared from the cerebral cortex of adult mice
as previously described (26, 30) with minor modifications. Briefly, the
cerebral cortexes from eight adult mice were homogenized in 36 ml of
homogenization buffer (4 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, 1 mM
EGTA, 0.32 M sucrose, and 1 mM PMSF) in a glass
Teflon homogenizer. The homogenate was centrifuged at 1,000 × g for 10 min. The supernatant (S1) was collected and centrifuged at 9,200 × g for 15 min, and the resulting
crude synaptosomal pellet (P2) was washed twice by resuspension in 24 ml of homogenization buffer and centrifugation at 10,200 × g for 15 min. The washed P2 pellet (P2') was lysed by
osmotic shock with ice-cold distilled water, homogenized in a glass
Teflon homogenizer, and centrifuged at 25,000 × g for
20 min to yield a supernatant (S3, crude synaptic vesicle fraction) and
pellet (P3, lysed synaptosomal membrane fraction). The P3 fractions was
resuspended in an appropriate volume of homogenization buffer and
loaded onto a discontinuous sucrose density gradient (1.2 M
sucrose, 0.8 M sucrose) and centrifuged at 150,000 × g for 1 h. Thereafter, the fraction was removed from the interface between 1.2 M sucrose and 0.8 M
sucrose) and centrifuged at 150,000 × g for 30 min.
The resulting pellet (synapttosomal membrane) was incubated for 15 min
in ice-cold 0.5% Triton X-100 and then centrifuged at 32,000 g for 20 min to obtain the supernatant (S) the PSD pellet (PSD1). This PSD1
pellet was resuspended in an appropriate volume of homogenization
buffer and incubated again for 15 min in ice-cold 0.5% Triton X-100
and then centrifuged at 201,800 × g for 20 min to
obtain the supernatant (S) and the PSD pellet (PSD2). The S3 fraction
was centrifuged at 165,000 × g for 2 h, and the
resulting pellet (synaptic vesicle fraction) contained synaptic vesicle
proteins. 10 µg of protein from each fraction was separated by
SDS-PAGE, and immunoblot analysis was performed with the indicated antibodies.
Coimmunoprecipitation--
HEK 293 cells were cotransfected with
pCMV Myc PSD-95-1 and pEF HA S4C or pEF HA S4C* by the calcium
phosphate method as previously described (29). The supernatant from the
cell extracts prepared by lysis with 20 mM Hepes/NaOH, pH
8.0, 150 mM NaCl, and 1% (w/v) Nonidet P-40, and 1 mM EDTA was diluted with two volumes of 20 mM
Hepes/NaOH, pH 8.0, containing 150 mM NaCl and 1 mM EDTA and immunoprecipitated with anti-Myc or anti-HA
antibody. The immunoprecipitates were separated by SDS-PAGE and
analyzed by immunoblotting with either anti-S4C or anti-PSD-95 antibody.
The synaptosome fraction prepared from the cerebral cortexes of eight
animals was homogenized in 16 ml of 20 mM Hepes/NaOH, pH
7.4, containing 6 M urea, 1% Triton X-100, and 1 mM PMSF and centrifuged at 100,000 g for 30 min. The
supernatant was dialyzed against 3 liters of 20 mM
Hepes/NaOH, pH 7.4 and 100 mM NaCl with one exchange of
dialysis buffer and centrifuged at 100,000 × g for 30 min to remove the insoluble proteins. 4-ml aliquots of the supernatant
(input) were incubated with the monoclonal anti-PSD95 antibody (Upstate
Biotechnology) or the normal mouse serum for 3 h, and immune
complexes were collected on 20 µl of protein A-Sepharose CL4B. After
washing with 20 mM Hepes/NaOH, pH 7.4, 33 mM
NaCl and 0.33% Triton X-100, the protein A beads were subjected to immunoblot analysis with anti-PSD-95 antibody (Transduction
Laboratories) or the antibodies to S4C.
Immunohistochemistry--
HEK 293 cells transfected with pCMV
Myc PSD-95 and pEF HA S4C were stained with the indirect
immunofluorescence method. Cells grown on
poly-L-lysine-coated coverslips were reacted with
monoclonal antibody to Myc and polyclonal antibodies to S4C, nd then
incubated with Cy2- or Cy3-labeled second antibodies to rabbit or mouse IgGs (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Cortical neurons cultured on the
poly-L-lysine-coated coverslips (31) were also stained with the indirect immunofluorescence method using monoclonal antibody to
PSD-95 and polyclonal antibody to S4C as described above.
Immunofluorescence was visualized using a laser scanning confocal
system (Radiance 2000, Bio-Rad). Immunohistochemistry was performed on
adult mouse brain sections by the ABC method as previously described
(32). Cryostat sections prepared from 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed
animals were reacted with the antibodies to S4C either with or without antigen or with the antibody to PSD-95 and then incubated with biotinylated second antibodies to rabbit or mouse IgGs (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). After reaction with avidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase complex (Vecstatin ABC kit, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame CA), immunoreactivity was visualized with diaminobenzidine (Dotite, Japan).
Tissue and Developmental Stage-specific Expression of S4C
Protein--
As semaphorins have primarily been found to act as axon
guidance molecules during development of the nervous system, it is important to clarify in which tissues and at which developmental stages
S4C is expressed. We analyzed the protein expression in homogenates
from various tissues. A protein of about 100 kDa was detected in
homogenates from brain by immunoblot analysis using the antiserum
generated to the S4Ccd (Fig. 1).
Examination of various tissues revealed that S4C protein was
predominantly expressed in the brain, whereas little or none was
detected in the other tissues, including heart, spleen, lung, liver,
skeletal muscle, and kidney. Only traces of the protein were detected
in placental tissue (Fig. 1A). Next we analyzed the protein
expression in brain homogenates during at various developmental stages
(Fig. 1B). S4C was apparent in the brain on embryonic day 14 (E14); thereafter, the protein level markedly increased by birth, and
high levels of S4C were detected at birth and during the postnatal
developmental stage at postnatal days 7 and 14. The expression
was still very strong in the adult brain, suggesting that the S4C
functions in the adult brain as well as in the developing brain.
S4Ccd Binds to PDZ-containing Protein, PSD-95 Family
Molecules--
In an effort to study the functional mechanism of S4C,
we searched for proteins that can bind to S4Ccd. We used the entire cytoplasmic domain of mouse S4C inserted into the GAL4
DNA-binding domain in pGBT9 vector (CLONTECH) as
bait to screen an adult rat brain cDNA library in a yeast
two-hybrid assay (26). We obtained 37 positive clones from 3 × 106 colonies. Eleven clones were false positives that
encoded transcription factors. Sequence analysis revealed nine
independent clones among 19 overlapping positive clones that
represented three PSD-95 isoforms. Of these nine independent clones,
four clones represented PSD-93/chapsin-110 (GenBankTM
accession numbers; RNU49049, Ref. 33; RNU53368), three clones did PSD-95/SAP90 (GenBankTM accession numbers; M96853, Ref.
15; X66474, Ref. 17), and two clones represented SAP97/DLG-1 (HSU13897,
Ref. 34; RNU14950, Ref. 35). Each open reading frame was in frame with
the GAL4 activation domain. These clones representing PSD-95
isoforms necessarily contain the complete or partial sequence (longer
than two-thirds) of the predicted PDZ1 domain and the complete sequence
of PDZ2 but do not necessarily contain the following middle and
C-terminal domains, PDZ3, SH3, and GK domains.
To test whether S4Ccd interacts with various MAGUK (PDZ
containing membrane-associated guanylate kinase) members including ZO-1, a tight junction protein, and DLG-A, a Drosophila
septate junction protein, as well as PSD-95 isoforms, the interactions were monitored as In Vitro Binding Assay Showing the Interaction between the
Cytoplasmic Tail of S4C and the PDZ Domains of PSD-95--
Because
PSD-95 is the best characterized member of the above identified PSD-95
isoforms, PSD-95 was used for the following studies. The interactions
observed above were next explored via "pull-down" assays in which
GST fusion proteins bearing wild type (GST-S4Ccd) or C-terminal mutated
S4Ccd (GST-S4C*cd) were used to pull down the full-length PSD-95
proteins and various truncated forms of PSD-95 expressed in mammalian
cells. Cell extracts from COS cells transfected with pCMV Myc-PSD-95
were incubated with immobilized GST-S4Ccd or GST-S4C*cd proteins.
Immunoblot analysis showed no interaction of PSD-95 with GST but showed
a strong interaction of PSD-95 with GST- S4Ccd (Fig.
3). Substitution of three amino acid
residues with three alanines at the C terminus of S4Ccd (GST-S4C*cd) abolished the interaction with PSD-95. These in vitro
binding experiments suggested that the cytoplasmic tail of S4C
interacts with PSD-95. Next, we investigated which region of PSD-95
interacts with S4C. Cell extracts from COS cells transiently expressing wild type (PSD95-1) and mutated PSD-95 (PSD95-2 ~ 5)(Fig.
4, A and B) were
incubated with immobilized GST-S4Ccd proteins (Fig. 4C).
Wild type PSD-95 and three truncated forms, PSD-95-2 (PDZ1 + PDZ2),
PSD-95-3 (PDZ1 + PDZ2 + PDZ3), and PSD-95-4 (PDZ1 + PDZ2 + SH3 + GK)
bound to GST-S4Ccd, whereas removal of PDZ1 and PDZ2 from PSD-95
(PSD-95-5) almost completely abolished the association with GST-S4Ccd
(Fig. 4C). These in vitro binding experiments
suggest that the PDZ1 and PDZ2 domains of PSD-95 interact with the C
terminus of S4C.
Interaction of PSD-95 and S4C in Mammalian Cells--
To confirm
the interaction of PSD-95 and full-length S4C in a cellular
environment, HEK293cells were cotransfected with pCMV Myc PSD-95 and
pEF HA S4C wild type or pEF HA S4C*mutant. The cell lysate was
immunoprecipitated with anti-HA or anti-Myc antibodies on protein A
beads and analyzed by immunoblotting with anti-S4C antibody (Fig.
5, upper right panel) or with
anti-PSD-95 antibody (Fig. 5, lower right panel). Anti-Myc
antibody precipitated the Myc-PSD-95 protein from transfected cells,
and Myc-PSD-95 protein coimmunoprecipitated with HA-S4C protein and
vice versa. HA-S4C protein precipitated as a complex
containing Myc-PSD-95 protein, whereas HA-S4C* mutant protein failed to
precipitate Myc-PSD-95 protein.
Subcellular Distribution--
PSD-95 is a synapse-associated
protein, enriched in PSD fractions (15) (Fig.
6). If S4C interacts with PSD-95 in the
brain, S4C should be enriched in PSD fractions. We explored whether S4C is concentrated in the synaptosome and PSD fractions by immunoblotting analysis using antiserum to S4C (Fig. 6). S4C was enriched in the crude
synaptosomal pellet (P2) fraction as compared with the homogenate or
cytosolic synaptosomal (S2) fraction. The subfractionation of P2 crude
synaptosomal pellet into the synaptic vesicle fraction, the lysed crude
synaptosomal membrane (P3) fraction, the synaptosomal membrane
fraction, and Triton X-100 insoluble PSD1and 2 fractions showed that
S4C was most enriched in the synaptic vesicle and PSD fractions (PSD1
and PSD2), where PSD-95 was also most enriched (Fig. 6). These results
suggest that S4C is associated with both pre- and post-synaptic
components. S4C enriched in the PSD fraction most likely associates
with PSD-95.
Interaction of S4C and PSD-95 in the Brain--
To examine
whether endogenous S4C interacts with endogenous PSD-95, brain cytosol
was immunoprecipitated with an antiserum to PSD-95 (Upstate
Biotechnology) and probed with antibodies to S4C by immunoblot
analysis. Because PSD-95 and S4C proteins are concentrated in the
Triton X-100-insoluble pellet (PSD1 and PSD2) of the synaptosome,
urea-containing buffer was used to extract these proteins from the
crude synaptosomal pellet fraction (P2), and the extract was
immunoprecipitated with normal mouse serum or antibody to PSD-95. The
immunoprecipitates were analyzed by immunoblotting with antibody to
PSD-95 (Transduction Laboratories) to check the specificity of this
antibody (Fig. 7A, left
panel) and with antibody to S4C (Fig. 7A,
right panel). PSD-95 protein coprecipitated with S4C in the
P2 fraction from the cerebral cortex, suggesting the interaction of
PSD-95 and S4C in the central nervous system. Immunohistochemical
experiments showed that there is partial overlap of S4C and PSD-95 in
the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex of the adult mouse (Fig.
7B). S4C was localized to the superficial layers of layers
I-IV, whereas PSD-95 was extensively distributed throughout the
cortical layers. In the parietal cortex, S4C was detected in the barrel
fields, which receive projections especially from cutaneous
mechanoreceptors of the mystacial vibrissae (Fig. 7B). This
pattern was similar to that of PSD-95. This is the first report showing
immunohistochemical localization for S4C so far. In primary cultures of
neocortical neurons, immunostaining for S4C was found in the neurites
of cortical neurons with a dot-like pattern and was colocalized with
PSD-95 (Fig. 7C). These results suggest that S4C enriched in
the PSD is related to the modulation of neocortical neurons that
receive thalamocortical sensory projections.
The present study shows that S4C is enriched in the adult brain as
well as postnatal developing brain, whereas its level is very low in
other tissues, such as heart, lung, liver, kidney, and spleen.
Brain-specific expression of S4C protein is almost parallel with that
of S4C mRNA (36). Developmentally, expression of S4C mRNA (36)
slightly precedes that of the protein. S4C mRNA and protein can be
detected at embryonic stage, and they are abundant in postnatal and
adult brains. S4C is a component of the PSD and interacts with PSD-95,
which is a scaffold protein, that interacts with excitatory
neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels, synaptic adhesion, and
signaling proteins and that is important molecule coupling the
NMDA receptor to signaling pathways that control bi-directional
synaptic plasticity and learning (14, 18, 19, 22, 23, 26, 33).
Importantly, we showed that S4C is colocalized with PSD-95 in cerebral
cortical neurons.
The PDZ Domains at the N-terminal of PSD-95 Are Responsible for the
Interaction with the Cytoplasmic Tail of S4C--
In vitro
affinity binding experiments revealed the interaction of
PSD-95 with the cytoplasmic domain of S4C expressed in
mammalian cells. In vitro binding experiments using
mutated PSD-95 and S4C showed that three amino acids of the C
terminus of S4C are necessary for binding to the first and
second PDZ domains of PSD-95. PSD-95 and its isoforms
including PSD-93/Chapsyn-110 and SAP97/DLG-1 are prominent
brain-specific proteins that are enriched in the PSD fraction, and one
of the components of a dense thickening of postsynaptic submembranous
cytoskelton observed in electron microscopy. These proteins have three
N-terminal PDZ domains, a SH3 domain, and a guanylate kinase domain in
their C termini. PSD-95 isoforms interact with NMDA receptors and
Shaker-type potassium channels through the first and second PDZ
domains, and brain nitric-oxide synthase through the second PDZ domain
to induce the clustering of these molecules at the PSD (18, 19, 33-35,
37). Through the third PDZ domain, PSD-95 also interacts with various
signaling and adhesion molecules, such as a synaptic adhesion molecule, neuroligin (28), a microtuble-associated molecule, CRIPT (38), and
signaling molecules such as SynGAP (39), a Ras-GTPase activating protein at excitatory synapses that stimulates the GTPase activity of
Ras and thus may negatively regulate Ras activity, Citron (40), a
target for the activated form of the small GTP-binding protein Rho, and
Fyn (41), a member of the Src-family protein-tyrosine kinases
implicated in learning and memory that involves NMDA receptor function.
A number of PSD-95-binding proteins, including S4C, may be related to
each other in their signaling because they are in close proximity to
each other because of interacting with PSD-95, although there have been
no studies showing direct interactions among PSD-95-binding proteins.
PSD-95 and S4C May Be Involved in Bi-directional Synaptic
Plasticity and Learning--
In mutant mice lacking PSD-95, the
frequency function of NMDA-dependent long term potentiation
and long term depression is shifted to produce strikingly enhanced long
term potentiation at different frequencies of synaptic stimulation
(42). This frequency shift is accompanied by severely impaired spatial
learning. However, synaptic NMDA receptor currents, subunit expression, localization, and synaptic morphology are all unaffected in the mutant
mice. PSD-95 thus appears to be important in coupling the NMDA receptor
to signaling pathways that control bi-directional synaptic plasticity
and learning. Several synaptic adhesion molecules such as neuroligins
and cadherins are thought to be involved in such synaptogenesis and
synaptic plasticity (43, 44). Neuroligins are a family of synaptic cell
adhesion molecules that interact with Interaction of S4C with Other Proteins--
A recent study (36)
showed the interaction of S4C with GIPC (a protein interacting with the
RGS protein GAIP), which has a central PDZ domain and a C-terminal
acyl-carrier protein domain. The central PDZ domain of GIPC interacts
with GAIP, a GTPase-activating protein for G Possible Receptor for S4C--
A recent study showed that Sema4D
binds to mammalian cells transfected with plexin B1 (48), suggesting
that plexin is a candidate for a counterpart receptor for S4C. Plexins
(48-51) encode large transmembrane proteins whose cysteine-rich
extracellular domains share regions of homology with the scatter factor
receptors encoded by the Met gene family (Met-related sequences). The
extracellular domain also contains sema domains of about ~500 amino
acids. Semaphorins contain cysteine-rich Met-related sequences and sema
domains. It has been suggested that these families were derived from a common evolutionary ancestor with homophilic binding properties (52).
The cytoplasmic domain of plexins (~600 amino acids) is highly
conserved but shares no homologous regions with the Met tyrosine kinase
domain nor with any other known protein. S4C-plexin signaling may be
involved in bi-directional NMDA or neuroligin-neurexin intercellular
signaling, and this can be tested by examining whether S4C is linked to
the NMDA receptor or neuroligin at synapses through PSD-95.
INTRODUCTION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
-Galactosidase (GAL) assays were performed using doubly
transformed Y190 yeast cells with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl
-D-galactoside (X-gal) as previously described (26).
-galactosidase assays of
yeast cotransformations with the bait vector pGBT9-S4Ccd.
RESULTS
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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Fig. 1.
Tissue distribution and developmentally
regulated expression of S4C protein. A, immunoblot
analysis of S4C in various tissues of mouse. The homogenates (20 µg
of protein/lane) of various tissues were subjected to SDS-PAGE followed
by immunoblot analysis using anti-S4C antibodies (1:2000). Lane
1, heart; lane 2, brain; lane 3, spleen;
lane 4, lung; lane 5, liver; lane 6,
muscle; lane 7, kidney; lane 8, placenta.
B, immunoblot analysis of S4C in the brain during
development. 20-µg protein aliquots of brain homogenates from mice at
embryonic day 14 (E14), postnatal days 1 (P1), 7 (P7), and 14 (P14), and 8 weeks (Ad)
were analyzed by immunoblotting with anti-S4C antibodies.
Arrows in A and B indicate S4C protein
of about 100 kDa.
-galactosidase activity by using the yeast two-hybrid systems. Yeast cells were cotransformed with a bait vector
pGBT9 S4Ccd and one of following prey vectors containing a MAGUK
member such as pVP16 PSD-95/SAP90, SAP102, PSD-93/chapsin-110, ZO-1,
and DLG-A. S4Ccd interact with the N terminus of PSD-95/SAP90, SAP102,
and PSD-93/chapsin-110, which contain the three PDZ domains but lack
the C-terminal SH3 or GK domains (Fig.
2). In contrast, we observed no
interaction of S4Ccd proteins with the PDZ domains of a tight junction
protein, ZO-1, or a Drosophila septate junction protein,
DLG-A. Thus, there appears to be a specific interaction of the
cytoplasmic domain of S4C with the PDZ domains of PSD-95 isoforms of
synaptic proteins, such as PSD-95/SAP90, PSD-93/chapsin-110, and
SAP102.
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Fig. 2.
Yeast cells were cotransformed with a bait
vector pGBT9 S4Ccd and a prey vector pVP16 containing the three PDZ
domains of PSD-95/SAP90, SAP102, PSD-93/chapsin-110, ZO-1, or
DLG-A. Cotransformants were selected on synthetic agar plates
lacking leucine, tryptophan, and histidine. The interactions between
S4Ccd, and the PDZ domains of each MAGUK member were observed by
-galactosidase activity using colony lift
-galactosidase filter
assay according to the manufacturer's instructions.
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Fig. 3.
In vitro analysis showing the
interaction of PSD-95 with the C terminus of S4C. Three amino
acids of the C terminus of S4C, SSV, were substituted by three alanines
(S4C*cd). The extracts from COS cells transfected with pCMV Myc PSD-95
were incubated with GST and GST fusion proteins immobilized on
glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads. The original cell extracts
(OR), flow through fraction (FT), and beads
pellet (PT) were subjected to SDS-PAGE followed by
immunoblot analysis with anti-Myc antibody.
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Fig. 4.
In vitro analysis showing the
interaction of PDZ domains of PSD-95 with S4C. A,
schematic representation of pCMV constructs of wild type
(1) and various deletion mutants of PSD-95
(2-5). B, immunoblotting
(IB) with anti-PSD-95 or anti-Myc antibodies. Wild type
(1) and various mutants of PSD-95
(2-5) were expressed in cells and present in the
respective cell lysates (arrows). Many bands of smaller in
size than the bands indicated by arrows appears to be
degraded PSD-95 proteins. C, interaction with the S4Ccd
immobilized on glutathione beads. GST-fused S4Ccd incubated with
MycPSD95-1 (lane 1), PSD95-2 (lane 2), PSD95-3
(lane 3), PSD95-4 (lane 4), or MycPSD95-5
(lane 5), was immunoblotted with anti-PSD-95 (lanes
1-4) or anti-Myc antibodies (lane 5). Wild type
(lane 1) and deletion mutants of PSD95-2, 3, 4 (lanes
2-4) bound to S4Ccd (indicated by arrows), but mutant
PSD-95-5 lacking PDZ1 and PDZ2 (indicated by an arrow) did
not (lane 5). Degraded proteins bound to S4C are also
observed in lanes 1-4.
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Fig. 5.
Interaction of S4C with PSD-95 in mammalian
cells. Coimmunoprecipitation (IP) of PSD-95 with S4C.
Myc-tagged PSD-95 with full-length HA-tagged S4C or its C-terminal
mutant S4C* were expressed in HEK 293 cells, and cell lysates were
prepared and immunoprecipitated with anti-Myc antibody or anti-HA
antibody (right panels). Anti-S4C or anti-PSD-95 antibody
was used to detect S4C or PSD-95 protein. Myc PSD-95 was not
coimmunoprecipitated with C-terminal mutant S4C* but was with wild type
S4C, and vice versa. HA-S4C but not with HA-S4C* mutant was
coimmunoprecipitaed with PSD-95.
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Fig. 6.
S4C and PSD-95 are present in the PSD
fraction of the cerebral cortex. Various subcellular fractions (10 µg of protein/lane) were analyzed by immunoblotting with anti-S4C
antibody (upper panel) or anti-PSD-95 antibody (lower
panel) by subsequent reprobing. Arrowheads indicate
either S4C or PSD-95 proteins. The procedures and abbreviations are as
described under "Experimental Procedures" for subcellular
fractions. HO, homogenate; SV, synaptic
vesicle.
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Fig. 7.
Interaction of PSD-95 with S4C in the adult
cerebral cortex. A, coimmunoprecipitation (ip) of
PSD-95 and S4C in the cerebral cortex. Urea/detergent extracts of crude
cerebral cortical synaptosomes (input) were
immunoprecipitated with normal mouse serum or monoclonal anti-PSD-95
antibody (Upstate Biotechnology) with protein A-Sepharose beads. After
washing, proteins on the beads were subjected to SDS-PAGE (10.5%
polyacrylamide gel) followed by immunoblot analysis with monoclonal
anti-PSD-95 antibody (Transduction Laboratories) (left
panel) or anti-S4C polyclonal antibody (right panel).
B, immunohistochemical distribution of PSD-95 and S4C in the
parietal cortex. S4C is localized in the superficial layers (I-IV) of
the cortex, and PSD-95 is abundant throughout the cortical layers. The
immunostaining pattern of S4C and PSD-95 overlapped in the superficial
layers I-IV of the neocortex. S4C is also expressed in the barrel
fields with similar pattern to PSD-95. The right panel shows
the corresponding cortical regions stained with cresyl violet.
Scale bar, 100 µm. C, colocalizaton of S4C and
PSD-95 in primary cultured cortical neurons by immunofluorescent
histochemistry. Dissociated E16 cortical cells were cultured for 9 days
and stained with polyclonal anti-S4C antibodies and monoclonal
anti-PSD-95 antibody. The left panel shows the
immunofluorescence for S4C, the middle panel shows that for
PSD95, and the right panel shows that for both
antigens. S4C (red) and PSD-95 (green) are
observed on neurites with a dot-like pattern (shown in higher
magnification of images demarcated in the upper left corner
of each panel) as well as neuronal cell bodies (asterisks).
Scale bars, 50 µm.
DISCUSSION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
-neurexins and form
heterophilic intercellular junctions (45). Neurexins are primarily
known as receptors for
-laterotoxin, which binds to presynaptic
nerve terminals and triggers massive neurotransmitter release. Among
the neurexins,
-neurexin, an alternatively spliced form, functions
as a receptor for neuroligin and most likely is involved in
bi-directional signaling at excitable synapses. The cytoplasmic domain
of neuroligins binds to the third PDZ domain of PSD-95, whereas S4C,
NMDA2 receptors, and Shaker-type potassium channels
interact with the first and second PDZ domains. S4C may regulate NMDA
signaling by competing with NMDA receptors or potassium channels for
binding the first and second PDZ domains of PSD-95.
i subunits
localized on clathrin-coated vesicles. The PDZ domain of GIPC interacts
with the C terminus of S4C and neuropilin 1, which is a receptor for
secreted group 3 semaphorin, as well as the C terminus of GAIP (36, 46,
47). Because GAIP expression is very low in the brain, GIPC interacts
with S4C and neuropilin 1 in the brain but not with GAIP. GIPC mRNA and protein are widely expressed in various tissues such as the pancreas, skeletal muscle, kidney, placenta, lung, and liver, as well
as the brain (46, 47). In contrast, S4C expression is predominantly
localized in brain tissues, suggesting that S4C most likely functions
mainly in brain tissues. GIPC may compete with PSD-95 for binding S4C
when GIPC is present at the PSD. However, Wang et al. (36)
showed that GIPC is localized in the cell soma of neocortical neurons
with large punctual features but not in neurites, which is similar to
the findings in transfected HeLa cells (46). Therefore, S4C most likely
interacts with PSD-95 at the PSD of the excitable synapses in the
central nervous system, whereas S4C interacts with GIPC mainly in the
cell soma of neurons. These results suggest that S4C plays distinct
roles depending on its subcellular localization in neurons.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
---|
We thank Dr. Stanley Hollenberg for the gift of vectors for yeast two-hybrid assays, Drs. Yutaka Hata and Yoshimi Takai for the gift of vectors for PSD-95/SAP90, PSD-93, and ZO-1, and cDNA libraries for yeast two-hybrid screening.
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FOOTNOTES |
---|
* The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
§ To whom all correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 81-6-6879-2581; Fax: 81-6-6879-2629; E-mail: inagaki@sahs.med.osaka-u.ac.jp.
¶ Present address: Lab. for Motor System Neurodegeneraion, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
Present address: Dept. of Molecular Genetic Research, National
Institute for Longevity Sciences, Morioka-cho, Ohbu-shi 474, Japan.
Published, JBC Papers in Press, December 27, 2000, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M009051200
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ABBREVIATIONS |
---|
The abbreviations used are: SH, Src homology; PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; HA, hemagglutinin; GST, glutathione S-transferase; PSD, post-synaptic density; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; MAGUK, membrane-associated guanylate kinase.
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