From the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology,
National Yang-Ming University Shih-Pai, Taiwan, Republic of China and
the § Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica,
Nankang, Taiwan, Republic of China
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ABSTRACT |
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The Prp19p protein of the budding yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an essential splicing factor
and is associated with the spliceosome during the splicing reaction. We
have previously shown that Prp19p is not tightly associated with small
nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles but is associated with a protein
complex consisting of at least eight protein components. By sequencing
components of the affinity-purified complex, we have identified Cef1p
as a component of the Prp19p-associated complex, Ntc85p. Cef1p could directly interact with Prp19p and was required for pre-mRNA
splicing both in vivo and in vitro. The c-Myb
DNA binding motif at the amino terminus of Cef1p was required for
cellular growth but not for interaction of Cef1p with Prp19p or Cef1p
self-interaction. We have identified a small region of 30 amino acid
residues near the carboxyl terminus required for both cell viability
and protein-protein interactions. Cef1p was associated with the
spliceosome in the same manner as Prp19p, i.e. concomitant
with or immediately after dissociation of U4. The anti-Cef1p antibody
inhibited binding to the spliceosome of Cef1p, Prp19p, and at least
three other components of the Prp19p-associated complex, suggesting
that the Prp19p-associated complex is likely associated with the
spliceosome and functions as an integral complex.
The eukaryotic spliceosome is a multicomponent ribonucleoprotein
particle composed of five small nuclear RNAs, U1, U2, U4/U6, and U5,
and a number of protein factors (for reviews, see Refs. 1-6).
Spliceosome assembly is a stepwise process involving sequential binding
of small nuclear RNAs and protein factors (7-13). During spliceosome
assembly, U1 first binds to the 5' splice site followed by binding of
U2 to the branch site through base pair interactions between the small
nuclear RNAs and the intron sequences. U4/U6 and U5 are then added to
the spliceosome as a preformed three-small nuclear RNP particle. This
triggers a conformational rearrangement of the spliceosome in which
base pairing of U1 with the 5' splice site is replaced by U6, and base
paired U4/U6 unwinds to form new base pairings between U6 and U2
(14-17). U1 and U4 thus become only loosely associated with the
spliceosome, which is now activated and ready for catalytic reactions.
It is believed that such structural rearrangements of the spliceosome
are mediated by protein factors. Although several proteins containing
the DEX(D/H) box motif have been shown RNA unwindase
activity (6, 18-21), no substrate specificity could be demonstrated.
It remains a question what dictates the substrate specificity and
mediates conformational rearrangement of the spliceosome during
spliceosome assembly.
We have previously shown that the yeast Saccharomyces
cerevisiae Prp19p protein is essential for pre-mRNA splicing
and is required before the first step of the splicing reaction. Prp19p is not tightly associated with small nuclear RNAs but is associated with the spliceosome immediately after or concomitant with dissociation of U4 from the spliceosome, suggesting a possible role in mediating structural rearrangement of the spliceosome during U4 dissociation (22). In splicing extracts, a protein complex consisting of at least
eight polypeptides was found associated with Prp19p, and at least one
of these proteins is also essential for the in vitro
splicing reaction (23). Genetic screening of synthetic lethal mutants
to prp19 mutations has identified a novel splicing factor
Snt309p as a component of the Prp19p-associated complex, Ntc25p (Ntc
stands for PRP nineteen complex).
Snt309p is encoded by a nonessential gene and also has no functional
motif in its protein sequence. Snt309p is associated with the
spliceosome in the same manner as Prp19p, suggesting a coordinate
action of these two proteins (24).
By sequencing components of the purified Prp19p-associated complex, we
show here that the CEF1 gene encodes another component, Ntc85p, of the Prp19p-associated complex. Cef1p belongs to a family of
Myb-related proteins, which contain two copies of the c-Myb DNA binding
motif at their amino termini and are highly homologous to the fission
yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cdc5p protein (25). We show
that Cef1p is required for splicing both in vivo and
in vitro. The c-Myb DNA binding motif was required for
cellular growth but not for interaction of Cef1p with Prp19p or for
Cef1p self-interaction. We have also identified a small region of the
protein near the carboxyl terminus of Cef1p required both for cellular
growth and for protein-protein interactions. Like Snt309p, Cef1p is
also associated with the spliceosome in the same fashion as Prp19p. Moreover, anti-Cef1p antibody inhibited binding of all identified components of the Prp19p-associated complex to the spliceosome, which
further suggests that the Prp19p-associated complex likely functions as
an integral complex.
Strains--
The strains used were as follows: YSCC1, Mata
prc1 prb1 pep4 leu2 trp1 ura3 PRP19-HA; SEY6210.5,
Mata/Mat Oligonucleotides Used--
The oligonucleotides used were as
follows: 85-1, GGCCGGATCCATTTCAAGATGCCCC; 85-2, GGCCGGATCCAAACTGGTCATAAA.
Plasmids Used--
The construction of plasmids was as follows:
pWT8, the DNA fragment retrieved from the yeast genome by PCR with
oligonucleotides 85-1 and 85-2 was ligated into the BamHI
site of plasmid pGEM-1; pWT821, the BamHI fragment from pWT8
was inserted into the BamHI site of plasmid vector pET15b;
pWT81 the 1-kb1
StyI fragment within the ORF of CEF1 in pWT8 was replaced
with a 2-kb LEU2 fragment; pWT83, the BamHI fragment from
pWT8 was inserted into the BamHI site of plasmid vector
pRS416.GPD; pWT84, the BamHI fragment from pWT8 was inserted
into the BamHI site of plasmid vector pRS414.GAL; pWT85, the
BamHI fragment from pWT8 was inserted into the
BamHI site of plasmid vector pEG202; pWT86, the
BamHI fragment from pWT8 was inserted into the
BamHI site of plasmid vector pACT2; pWT91, a 5.3-kb yeast
DNA fragment containing the ORF of CEF1 and 2.7-kb sequence upstream
and 0.8-kb downstream of the ORF in the SmaI site of pRS414;
pWTN1, deletion of amino acid residues 7-94 of CEF1 in pWT91; pWTN2,
deletion of amino acid residues 94-163 of CEF1 in pWT91; pWTN3,
deletion of amino acid residues 163-281 of CEF1 in pWT91; pWTC3,
deletion of amino acid residues 281-459 of CEF1 in pWT91; pWTC2,
deletion of amino acid residues 459-570 of CEF1 in pWT91; pWTC1,
deletion of amino acid residues 490-570 of CEF1 in pWT91; pBDN2,
deletion of amino acid residues 94-163 of CEF1 in pWT85; pBDN3,
deletion of amino acid residues 163-281 of CEF1 in pWT85; pBDC3,
deletion of amino acid residues 281-459 of CEF1 in pWT85; pBDC2,
deletion of amino acid residues 459-570 of CEF1 in pWT85; pBDC1,
deletion of amino acid residues 490-570 of CEF1 in pWT85; pADN1,
deletion of amino acid residues 1-94 of CEF1 in pWT86; pADN2,
deletion of amino acid residues 94-163 of CEF1 in pWT86; pADN3,
deletion of amino acid residues 163-281 of CEF1 in pWT86; pADC3,
deletion of amino acid residues 281-459 of CEF1 in pWT86;
pADC12, deletion of amino acid residues 459-570 of CEF1 in
pWT86; pADC1, deletion of amino acid residues 490-570 of CEF1 in pWT86.
Purification of the Prp19p-associated Complex--
The
Prp19p-associated complex was purified according to the procedure
described by Tarn et al. (23) with some modifications for
large scale preparations. 50 liters of yeast culture of strain YSCC1
were grown in a 75-liter fermenter until A600 = 6-8 before harvesting. Spheroplast extracts were prepared followed by
precipitation with 40% saturated ammonium sulfate according to Cheng
et al. (26). The pellet fraction (40P) was chromatographed
on a 2-ml anti-HA antibody column in buffer DK (20 mM
Hepes-K+, pH 7.9, 0.2 mM EDTA, 50 mM NaCl, and 60 mM KPO4, pH 7.0).
After recycling four times, the column was washed at 4 °C with 160 ml of buffer DK containing 0.05% Nonidet P-40 and then with 20 ml of
buffer DK at room temperature. The Prp19p-associated complex was then
eluted with 0.6 mM of HA peptide in buffer DK at room temperature. Pooled fractions were concentrated in Centriplus-10 (Amicon).
Isolation, Disruption, and Deletion Analysis of CEF1--
Yeast
manipulation was according to standard methods as described by Guthrie
and Fink (27). The ORF of CEF1 gene was cloned by PCR
amplification of yeast genomic DNA using primers 85-1 and 85-2 into
plasmid pGEM-1. The null cef1::LEU2 allele was
created by replacing a 1-kb StyI fragment within the ORF of
CEF1 with a 2-kb fragment containing the LEU2
gene in a diploid strain SEY6210.5. Haploid strains harboring disrupted
CEF1 genes were isolated by sporulation and tetrad
dissection of the heterozygous diploid strain containing plasmid pWT83
followed by selection of spores of leucine and uracil prototrophy. A
large genomic fragment of CEF1 containing the promoter
region was isolated by screening a yeast genomic library using the PCR
fragment as a probe. A 5.3-kb fragment, containing the ORF of
CEF1 and 2.7 kb of sequence upstream and 0.8 kb downstream
of the ORF, was subcloned into plasmid pRS414, and the resulting
plasmid pWT91 was used for deletion analysis. Deletion clones were
constructed by deleting the following restriction fragments from pWT91:
pWTN1, deletion of BsaAI to StuI; pWTN2, deletion
of StuI to StyI(1); pWTN3, deletion of
StyI(1) to DraIII; pWTC3, deletion of
DraIII to NruI; pWTC2, deletion of
NruI to PvuI; pWTC1, deletion of
StyI(2) to PvuI.
Two-hybrid Assays--
The PRP19, CEF1,
and CEF1 deletion genes were fused to the LexA DNA binding
domain in plasmid pEG202 and the GAL4 activation domain in plasmid
pACT2, and each pair of plasmids was transformed into yeast strain
EGY48 together with the Growth Curves and Northern Blotting--
Strain WT8501 was
obtained by plasmid shuffling to replace plasmid pWT83 in strain WT8541
with plasmid pWT84. WT8501 cells were grown in galactose medium until
mid-log phase and diluted to glucose or galactose media to
A600 = 0.1. Cells were measured for
A600 at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 h and were
diluted to A600 = 0.1 again at each time point.
The relative A value was plotted as a function of time.
Isolation of total yeast RNA and Northern blot analysis were performed
as described by Vijayraghavan et al. (28). A 0.6-kb
EcoRI-BamHI fragment from plasmid pActSP6-88 was used to prepare the actin probe.
In Vitro Transcription, Translation, and Far Western
Blotting--
Plasmid pWT8 was linearized at the EcoRI site
and used for in vitro transcription using SP6 RNA
polymerase. In vitro transcription and translation reactions
were carried out as described by Tarn et al. (23). Far
Western blot analysis was modified from the procedure in Tarn et
al. (23). After transblotting, the polyvinylidene difluoride
membrane was rinsed with distilled H2O and then incubated with a buffer containing 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, 25 mM Hepes, pH 7.9, 3 mM MgCl2, 4 mM KCl, and 1 mM dithiothreitol at 4 °C for
5 min and repeated once. The blot was then sequentially incubated at
4 °C for 5 min with the same buffer but containing 3, 1.5, 0.75, 0.375, and 0.187 M and then no guanidine hydrochloride, respectively, followed by incubation with TBST (10 mM
Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, and 0.05% Tween 20)
containing 5% low fat milk and 1 mM dithiothreitol at
4 °C for 1-2 h and then TBST containing 1% milk and 1 mM dithiothreitol at 4 °C for 30 min. After incubation with 2-4 × 105 cpm/ml of the 35S-labeled
Prp19p or Cef1p protein in TBST containing 1% milk and 1 mM dithiothreitol at 4 °C overnight, the blot was washed
twice with TBST containing 1% milk at 4 °C for 10 min and then once with TBST at room temperature for 10 min and then subjected to autoradiography.
Splicing Reactions and Immunoprecipitation--
Splicing assays
were performed according to Lin et al. (29) using uncapped
actin pre-mRNA as the substrate. Immunoprecipitation was carried
out as described by Tarn et al. (30).
Isolation of the Spliceosome by Precipitation with
Streptavidin-Agarose--
Biotinylated pre-mRNA was synthesized
the same way as regular pre-mRNA substrates, except 25 µM of bio-UTP was included in the presence of 0.5 mM of UTP in the transcription reaction. For precipitation
of the spliceosome, each 100 µl of the splicing reaction mixture,
containing 4 nM of biotinylated pre-mRNA and 50 µl of
the splicing extract, was incubated with 30-40 µl of streptavidin-agarose (Sigma) at 4 °C for 1-2 h. The precipitates were washed with 0.4 ml of a buffer containing 50 mM
Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 200 mM KCl, and 0.05% Nonidet P-40 three
times and analyzed for proteins by Western blotting.
Production and Purification of Antibodies--
The Cef1p protein
was expressed in Escherichia coli under the control of the
T7 promoter. Total lysates prepared from induced cells were
fractionated on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the Cef1p
protein was eluted from the gel for immunization of rabbits. To purify
the antibody, the recombinant protein eluted from gel was conjugated to
CNBr-activated Sepharose according to the manufacturer's manual
(Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Each 20 ml of the anti-Cef1p antiserum
was purified through a 3-ml Cef1p column to yield a total of 0.6 mg of
the antibody at a concentration of 0.3 mg/ml.
Identification of Cef1p as Ntc85p of the Prp19p-associated
Complex--
To identify the components of the Prp19p-associated
complex, a yeast strain in which the Prp19p protein was tagged with the HA-epitope at its carboxyl terminus was cultured in large scales for
preparation of splicing extracts. The Prp19p-associated complex was
purified from these extracts by affinity chromatography on an anti-HA
antibody column (23). The components of the complex were fractionated
on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electroblotted to
polyvinylidene difluoride membranes for microsequencing. Sequences
obtained were compared with the yeast genome data base. One
peptide sequence PVPIYVKGEVWTNV obtained from Ntc85p was identified to
be encoded within the CEF1 gene (25).
We have previously shown that Prp19p interacts with Ntc85p on Far
Western blots when Prp19p was used as a probe (23). To determine
whether CEF1 indeed encodes Ntc85p, the interaction between
Prp19p and Cef1p was examined by Far Western blotting using Cef1p as a
probe. A DNA fragment containing CEF1 and 460 base pairs of
its downstream sequence was retrieved by polymerase chain reaction
using oligonucleotides 85-1 and 85-2 and cloned into plasmid pGEM-1 for
in vitro transcription and translation. Components of the
Prp19p-associated complex were fractionated on SDS-polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis and electroblotted to polyvinylidene difluoride
membranes for Far Western blot analysis using in vitro
translated 35S-labeled Cef1p or Prp19p as probes. As shown
in Fig. 1A, when Cef1p was
used as a probe, interaction of Cef1p with Prp19p was detected. While
Prp19p could interact with five proteins, Ntc85p, Ntc40p, Ntc25p,
Ntc20p, and itself, in the Prp19p-associated complex, Cef1p could only
interact with Prp19p. No interaction with other components of the
complex was detected in this analysis. The fact that Cef1p interacted
with Prp19p and the in vitro translated Cef1p migrated as 85 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (data not shown) strongly
suggested that Cef1p is Ntc85p of the Prp19p-associated complex.
To verify that Cef1p is Ntc85p of the Prp19p-associated complex,
antibodies were raised against recombinant Cef1p for Western blot
analysis of the Prp19p-associated complex. As shown in Fig. 1B, while preimmune serum did not react with any protein,
the anti-Cef1p antibody indeed reacted with Ntc85p of the complex. Preincubation of the antibody with the recombinant Cef1p protein blocked its reaction with Ntc85p. This confirms that CEF1
indeed encodes Ntc85p of the Prp19p-associated complex.
The Amino-terminal Conserved Region and a Small Region Near the
Carboxyl Terminus Are Required for Cef1p Function--
Cef1p is a
protein of 590 amino acids and belongs to a family of Myb-related
proteins identified in yeast, Drosophila,
Caenorhabditis elegans, Arabidopsis, and humans
(25, 31-33). These proteins contain two copies of the c-Myb DNA
binding motif at their amino termini (25). Cef1p is 48% identical to
the fission yeast S. pombe Cdc5p protein over a region of
267 amino acid residues in its amino terminus (25, 33). The
carboxyl-terminal halves of these proteins are less alike.
The CEF1 gene is essential for vegetative yeast growth. It
has been shown that multiple point mutations of tryptophan residues located within the c-Myb DNA binding motif impair cellular growth, indicating that the c-Myb DNA binding domain is required for Cef1p function (25). To examine the importance of other regions of the
protein, we performed deletion analysis for the in vivo
function of Cef1p. The CEF1 gene under the control of
its own promoter in pRS414 was deleted in different regions and
transformed into strain WT85161, which contained a null allele of the
CEF1 gene on the chromosome and a wild-type copy of the
CEF1 gene under the control of its own promoter in
plasmid pRS416. These transformants were plated on
5-fluoro-orotic acid plates for selection of loss of the
wild-type CEF1-containing plasmid after growth in the
absence of uracil selection.
As shown in Fig. 2, deletion of amino
acid residues 8-93 (N1) within the c-Myb DNA binding motif failed to
rescue lethality of CEF1 disruption, indicating that the Myb
motif is essential for yeast growth. This is consistent with that
reported by Ohi et al. (25). Deletion of other regions of
the NH2-terminal half conserved sequence of the protein (N2
and N3) also resulted in cell lethality. The COOH-terminal half of
Cef1p, being less conserved among the proteins of this family, appeared
to be less important, since deletion of most of the sequence (C1 or C3)
did not affect growth. However, a small region, C2, at amino acid
residues 460-490, is absolutely essential, since deletion of both C1
and C2 resulted in lethality. Thus, the NH2-terminal half
of the conserved region and approximately 30 amino acids in the
COOH-terminal half of the protein are important for the function of
Cef1p in vivo.
Interaction of Cef1p with Prp19p and with Itself Required the
Carboxyl-terminal Essential Region--
Since Cef1p is a component of
the Prp19p-associated complex and can directly interact with Prp19p, we
asked whether its interaction with Prp19p correlated with its function.
We used the yeast two-hybrid assay to examine the requirement of
various regions of Cef1p for interaction between Cef1p and Prp19p.
Prp19p and Cef1p, including its truncated versions, were fused to both
LexA DNA binding domain (BD) and GAL4 activation domain (AD)
individually. Interactions between Cef1p and Prp19p were assayed by
measuring the
Deletion analysis revealed that at least one region of the Cef1p
protein is essential for interaction. In the NH2-terminal conserved half of the protein, deletion of the c-Myb DNA binding domain
(N1) or deletion of N3 did not strongly affect the level of
In Fig. 1, Cef1p was detected to interact only with Prp19p by Far
Western blotting. By two-hybrid assays, self-interaction of Cef1p was
observed as shown in Fig. 3B. Interestingly, deletion of
either N2 or C2 also abolished self-interaction of Cef1p. This indicates that the C2 region is responsible for both Cef1p-Prp19p interaction and Cef1p self-interaction. The requirement for N2 remains
undetermined for the same reason of protein instability. Deletion of
N3, however, seemed to weaken self-interaction of Cef1p considerably
despite slight enhancement upon interaction between Prp19p and Cef1p.
In contrast, C1 and C3 deletions, when fused to the DNA binding domain,
enhanced self-interaction of Cef1p but weakened its interaction with
Prp19p. This may indicate a competition between Cef1p-Prp19p
interaction and Cef1p self-interaction, since both interactions
involved the same region(s) of the Cef1p protein.
CEF1 Was Required for Pre-mRNA Splicing in Vivo--
Since
Cef1p is a component of the Prp19p-associated complex, it is likely
that Cef1p is also a splicing factor. To examine whether Cef1p is
required for pre-mRNA splicing, yeast strain WT8501, which
contained a null allele of the CEF1 gene on the chromosome
and a wild-type copy of the CEF1 gene under the control of
the inducible GAL1 promoter on plasmid pRS414, was grown in galactose
medium to mid-log phase and then either continuously grown in galactose
or shifted to glucose medium to repress the CEF1 gene. RNA
was isolated at different times after the shift and analyzed for
accumulation of pre-mRNA by Northern blot analysis using actin as a
probe. Growth curves in Fig.
4A show that cell growth was
arrested approximately 8 h after shifting to glucose medium.
Accumulation of pre-mRNA was accordingly observed as shown in Fig.
4B. No significant accumulation of pre-mRNA was detected when cells were retained in galactose medium. This indicates that Cef1p
is required for pre-mRNA splicing in vivo.
Cef1p Was a Spliceosomal Component and Was Associated with the
Spliceosome in the Same Manner as Prp19p--
Since Prp19p is
associated with the spliceosome during the splicing reaction, it is
likely that Cef1p is also associated with the spliceosome during the
reaction in association with Prp19p. This was examined by
immunoprecipitation of the spliceosome with the anti-Cef1p antibody. As
shown in Fig. 5, precursor RNA, IVS-E2, IVS, and the excised E1 were efficiently precipitated by the anti-Cef1p antibody, but only a small amount of the mature message was
precipitated, indicating precipitation of the spliceosome
(lane 4). No RNA was precipitated with the
preimmune serum (lane 3) or when the antibody was
preincubated with recombinant Cef1p (lane 5).
These results indicate that the spliceosome was specifically
precipitated by the anti-Cef1p antibody. Thus, Cef1p was also
associated with the spliceosome during the splicing reaction and
remained associated until the reaction was completed.
We have previously shown that Prp19p is associated with the spliceosome
concurrently with or immediately after dissociation of U4 during
spliceosome assembly (22). A previously identified component of the
Prp19p-associated complex, Snt309p, was also shown to associate with
the spliceosome in the same manner as Prp19p (24). This raises the
possibility that the Prp19p-associated complex may function as an
integral complex and all associated components bind to the spliceosome
simultaneously. We have previously demonstrated that dissociation of U4
is highly sensitive to ATP concentrations (22). At lower concentrations
of ATP, U4 dissociation is blocked, and the U4-containing splicing
complex A2-1 accumulates in larger amounts as shown in Fig.
6A. When ATP concentration increases, transition from complex A2-1 to A1 is rapid, and only a
small amount of complex A2-1 accumulates (22, 24). This can be
revealed by immunoprecipitation of the spliceosome with the anti-Prp4p
antibody, since Prp4p is tightly associated with U4 and therefore is
only present in complex A2-1 (22). In contrast, Prp19p was detected in
splicing complexes at higher ATP concentrations and to a much lesser
extent at lower ATP concentrations (Fig. 6B; Ref. 24). To
examine whether Cef1p is associated with the spliceosome in the same
fashion as Prp19p, immunoprecipitation was performed with the
anti-Cef1p antibody to reveal binding of Cef1p to the spliceosome.
Splicing reactions were carried out at various ATP concentrations in
the extract prepared from a strain in which Prp19p was tagged with the
HA-epitope so that binding of Prp19p to the spliceosome could be
monitored by the anti-HA antibody. Fig. 6B shows that
immunoprecipitation of the spliceosome by the anti-HA and anti-Cef1p
antibodies followed the same pattern in the course of ATP titration.
The amount of the spliceosome precipitated by both antibodies decreased
with decreasing ATP concentrations. These results indicate that like
Prp19p, Cef1p was associated with the spliceosome concomitant with or
immediately after U4 dissociation.
Cef1p Was Essential for Pre-mRNA Splicing in Vitro and Was
Required for Binding of the Prp19p-associated Components to the
Spliceosome--
Since CEF1 is essential for yeast growth
and is required for splicing in vivo, it is possible that
Cef1p plays an essential role in the pre-mRNA splicing reaction. We
therefore examined the function of Cef1p in the in vitro
splicing reaction by using the anti-Cef1p antibody. Fig.
7 shows that preincubation of the extract
with the anti-Cef1p antibody inhibited the splicing activity. Increasing the amount of the antibody increased the level of inhibition (lanes 2-5). Preincubation of the extract with
an unrelated antibody had no effect on the splicing reaction
(lane 6). Furthermore, the inhibition was
antagonized by preincubation of 150 ng of the antibody (as in
lane 5) with 300 ng of the recombinant Cef1p
protein prior to incubation with the extract (lane
7), suggesting that the inhibition was specific for Cef1p.
These results indicate that Cef1p is essential for the splicing
reaction in vitro.
To determine whether inhibition of the splicing reaction by the
anti-Cef1p antibody was due to blocking the binding of Cef1p to the
spliceosome or inhibition of the Cef1p function after its binding to
the spliceosome, the spliceosome was formed on biotinylated pre-mRNA and then isolated by precipitation with
streptavidin-agarose. The association of Cef1p with the spliceosome in
the presence or absence of the anti-Cef1p antibody was examined by
Western blotting. As shown in Fig.
8A, Cef1p was detected in the
spliceosome in the absence of the antibody when the pre-mRNA was
biotinylated (lane 3). The amount of Cef1p
associated with the spliceosome greatly diminished if the extract was
preincubated with the anti-Cef1p antibody (lane
5). Control experiments using nonbiotinylated pre-mRNA did not precipitate any Cef1p (lanes 2 and
4). This indicates that binding of the antibody to Cef1p
prevented binding of Cef1p to the spliceosome.
In Fig. 6 we show that Cef1p was associated with the spliceosome in the
same manner as Prp19p during spliceosome assembly. At least three other
components of the Prp19p-associated complex, Snt309p, Ntc20p and
Ntc30p, were also found to be associated with the spliceosome in the
same manner (24).2 This
suggests a possibility that all components of the Prp19p-associated complex were added to the spliceosome as an integral complex. In such a
case, failure of binding of Cef1p to the spliceosome in the presence of
the anti-Cef1p antibody may reflect a failure in binding of the entire
Prp19p-associated complex. As shown in the Western blot of Fig.
8A, binding of Prp19p, Snt309p, Ntc20p, and Ntc30p to the
spliceosome was also inhibited by the anti-Cef1p antibody
(lane 5). To rule out the possibility that such
inhibition was due to dissociation of the Prp19p-associated complex
upon binding of the antibody to Cef1p, components precipitated by the anti-Cef1p antibody were examined by immunoblotting. Splicing extracts
were preincubated with the affinity-purified anti-Cef1p antibody
followed by precipitation with protein A-Sepharose. The precipitates
were analyzed by immunoblotting using a mixture of antibodies against
all identified components of the Prp19p-associated complex. As shown in
Fig. 8B, antibodies added in the amount of 3 ng
(lane 3) or 150 ng (lane 5)
per µl of the splicing extract, the latter corresponding to the
amount used for inhibition of splicing, did precipitate all identified
components of the Prp19p-associated complex, suggesting that the
Prp19p-associated complex remained intact upon binding of the
anti-Cef1p antibody. This strengthens the notion that the
Prp19p-associated complex is associated with the spliceosome as an
integral complex and further suggests that Cef1p is required for
binding of the complex to the spliceosome. Thus, Cef1p may play a role
in promoting binding of the Prp19p-associated complex to the spliceosome.
The Prp19p protein was previously shown to be essential for the
in vitro splicing reaction (30). In splicing extracts,
Prp19p is associated with at least seven proteins in a large complex, and its association with these components is important for its function
(23). At least one of these associated components is also required for
splicing (23). A genetic screen for synthetic lethal mutants to
prp19 mutations has identified a component of the
Prp19p-associated complex, Snt309p, which can directly interact with
Prp19p and bind to the spliceosome in the same manner as Prp19p (24).
Snt309p, although not essential for vegetative yeast growth, appears to
play a role in modulating interactions of Prp19p with its associated
components.3 Two other
components identified in the genetic screen, Ntc20p and Ntc30p, are
also encoded by nonessential genes.2
Distinct from those proteins identified by genetic screening, Cef1p was
identified by biochemical sequencing of components of the
Prp19p-associated complex. Cef1p is encoded by an essential gene and is
required for splicing both in vivo and in vitro.
The CEF1 gene did not complement any of the 15 synthetic
lethal mutants isolated in our screening (data not shown), suggesting
that CEF1 cannot be identified using this genetic method.
Since CEF1 is essential for cellular growth, it is possible
that cef1 mutants might have grown poorly and escaped
selection during the isolation of synthetic lethal mutants. Biochemical
methods to identify these components, although somewhat inefficient in
isolating large amounts of proteins due to low abundance, appear to be
necessary to define the full spectrum of the Prp19p-associated complex.
Cef1p contains the c-Myb DNA binding motif at its amino terminus and is
highly homologous to the fission yeast Cdc5p protein in the amino half
of the protein with 48% identity over a region of 267 amino acid
residues. Homologues of Cdc5p have been identified in humans,
Drosophila, C. elegans, and
Arabidopsis (25, 31, 32). Although the recombinant
Arabidopsis Cdc5p protein (AtCDC5) is shown to possess
sequence-specific DNA binding activity and recognize the DNA sequence
CTCAGCG, which is distinct from the recognition sequence by Myb
oncoproteins (32), high affinity DNA binding of specific sequences
could not be demonstrated for Cef1p or its human homolog
(25).4 Nevertheless,
mutational analysis and our deletion analysis showed that the c-Myb DNA
binding domain is essential for cellular growth (25). The role of the
c-Myb DNA binding domain of Cef1p therefore is puzzling but intriguing.
It is possible that Cef1p might bind DNA without stringent specificity
and be involved in other biological functions in addition to splicing.
Alternatively, as a splicing factor, the Myb motif may be involved in
binding of RNA during spliceosome assembly. Our intensive efforts have
failed to detect binding of Cef1p to the pre-mRNA by UV
cross-linking (data not shown). Yet, the possibility of its binding to
small nuclear RNAs during spliceosome assembly cannot be excluded.
Whether the c-Myb DNA binding domain plays an important role in
splicing is to be investigated.
It is interesting that the C2 region, encompassing only 31 amino acid
residues and positioned in the less conserved C terminus, is essential
for both cellular growth and for protein-protein interaction.
Examination of the sequence feature of this small region revealed the
presence of four amino acids (EVES), a core sequence of the EVES motif
present in the C terminus of c-Myb oncoproteins (34). The EVES motif
was shown to be involved in interactions of Myb proteins with their
interacting components and with themselves (34). Although the sequence
surrounding EVES is not closely similar to the EVES consensus sequence,
C2 may contain a variant of the mammalian EVES motif. The specificity of the EVES residues for viability and for protein-protein interactions remains to be studied. Interestingly, such EVES-like sequence is not
present in other Myb-related proteins. In fact, the carboxyl half of
the Cef1p protein is more divergent from those of the other Myb-related
proteins. This may suggest that Cef1p and Cdc5p share partial but not
identical function. Although the functions of the carboxyl termini of
other Myb-related proteins have never been studied, Cef1p may be
functionally different from the other homologues. It will be
interesting to know whether other Myb-related proteins are also
splicing factors.
It is reported that the human Cdc5p homolog translocates from the
cytoplasm to the nuclei of serum-deprived cultured mammalian cells upon
stimulation with serum (31). Mutation in Cdc5 or depletion of
CEF1 arrests yeast growth during G2/M (25, 33). Although these results argue a possible role for the function of
Myb-related proteins in the eukaryotic cell cycle at the
G2/M transition, no direct evidence for such a role has
been shown. In fact, Cef1p was demonstrated not to be involved in
transactivation of certain G2-specific genes including
SWI5 (25). It remains a question whether Cef1p and other
Myb-related proteins play a direct role in cell cycle progression.
In this report, we show that the C2 region is required both for
cellular growth and for protein-protein interactions. Previously, we
have also shown by Far Western blotting that a loss of function deletion of 91 amino acids from the N terminus of Prp19p also abolished
its interactions with itself and with other Prp19p-associated components, including Cef1p (23). These results demonstrate a
possible link between protein-protein interactions in the
Prp19p-associated complex, at least for Cef1p and Prp19p, and cell
viability, suggesting that interactions between these components are
important for their functions.
The N3 region, although conserved and essential, is not required for
Cef1p-Prp19p or Cef1p-Cef1p interaction. The functional role of N3 is
not known. It was noted that deletion of N3 weakened self-interaction
of Cef1p but enhanced its interaction with Prp19p. Conversely, deletion
of C1 or C3 enhanced Cef1p self-interaction but weakened Cef1p-Prp19p
interaction. Thus, except for the c-Myb DNA binding motif, whose
deletion slightly weakened both Cef1p-Prp19p interaction and Cef1p
self-interaction, other sequences not essential for protein-protein
interaction affected Cef1p-Prp19p interaction and Cef1p
self-interaction in an opposite way. This might indicate a competition
between Cef1p-Prp19p interaction and Cef1p self-interaction, since both
involved the same region(s) of the Cef1p protein. Such competition may
be important in regulating formation of the Prp19p-associated complex,
or binding of the complex to the spliceosome.
Like Snt309p, Cef1p is also associated with the spliceosome in the same
manner as Prp19p. In fact, both Ntc20p and Ntc30p also bind to the
spliceosome in a similar way.2 Furthermore, the anti-Cef1p
antibody blocked binding of all known components of the
Prp19p-associated complex to the spliceosome. These results strongly
suggest that the Prp19p-associated complex is added to the spliceosome
as an integral complex and that the associated components may function
in a coordinate fashion, although a final conclusion cannot be drawn
until all of the components of the Prp19p-associated complex are
identified. Cef1p might play an important role in promoting binding of
the Prp19p-associated complex to the spliceosome as the anti-Cef1p
antibody prevented binding of the complex to the spliceosome. Since
binding of the Prp19p-associated complex to the spliceosome requires
interactions of its associated components with those already present in
the spliceosome, Cef1p may be involved in mediating such interactions. Confirmation of whether Cef1p directly interacts with the pre-existing spliceosomal components awaits further study.
INTRODUCTION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
leu2/leu2 ura3/ura3 his3/his3
trp1/trp1 suc2/suc2 lys2/LYS2 ADE2/ade2; EGY48, Mat
ura3 his3 trp1 LexAop-leu2 ade2; WT85141, Mata ura3 leu2 his3 trp1 lys2 suc2
CEF1::LEU2
[pRS414.CEF1]; WT85161, Mata ura3 leu2
his3 trp1 lys2 suc2
CEF1::LEU2
[pRS416.CEF1]; WT8541, Mata ura3 leu2
his3 trp1 lys2 suc2
CEF1::LEU2 [pRS416.GPD::CEF1]; WT8501, Mata
ura3 leu2 his3 trp1 lys2 suc2
CEF1::LEU2
[pRS414.GAL1::CEF1].
-galactosidase reporter plasmid pSH18-34.
Two-hybrid assays were carried out according to procedures described in
the manual for the Matchmaker system by CLONTECH.
At least three transformants from each pair of plasmid were assayed for
-galactosidase activity in liquid culture.
RESULTS
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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Fig. 1.
A, far Western blotting of the
Prp19p-associated complex using Prp19p (lane 1)
or Cef1p (lane 2) as probes. B,
Western blotting of the Prp19p-associated complex using anti-Cef1p
antibody as a probe. Lane 1 shows the complex
stained by silver. Lanes 2-4 show Western blot.
Pre, preimmune serum; Imm, immune serum.
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Fig. 2.
Deletion analysis of the CEF1
gene. Black and gray boxes represent
regions with over 40% and between 20 and 30% homology to Cdc5p,
respectively; blank boxes have below 20%
homology. The c-Myb DNA binding motif is at amino acid residues 9-106.
Regions of deletion are as follows: N1, 8-93; N2, 94-162; N3,
164-282; C1, 491-571; C2, 460-490; C3, 282-459. WT, wild
type.
-galactosidase activity. Fig.
3A shows that interaction
between Prp19p and Cef1p could be detected by the two-hybrid assay when
Prp19p was fused to the binding domain and Cef1p was fused to the
activation domain and vice versa. Combination of Cef1p-BD
and Prp19p-AD seemed to give higher
-galactosidase activity than
that of Cef1p-AD and Prp19p-BD. Furthermore, most Cef1p deletions fused
to the activation domain affected interactions more than when fused to
the LexA DNA binding domain. The cause of such differences is not
clear. Therefore, evaluation of the effect of deletion was mostly based on deletions in Cef1p-BD except for dN1, whose fusion to the binding domain was not available.
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Fig. 3.
Two-hybrid assays of interactions between
Cef1p and Prp19p and Cef1p self-interaction. A,
interaction between Prp19p and Cef1p deletions. B,
interactions between wild-type Cef1p and Cef1p deletions.
WT, wild type.
-galactosidase expression. Thus, the c-Myb DNA binding domain is not
required for interaction of Cef1p with Prp19p. In contrast, deletion of
approximately 70 amino acids behind the Myb domain (N2) drastically
decreased the
-galactosidase activity. In the carboxyl half of the
protein, while deletion of C1 alone only had a moderate effect,
deletion of both C1 and C2 resulted in no
-galactosidase activity.
Deletion of C3 also only partially affected the
-galactosidase
expression. Failure in detecting the
-galactosidase activity in dN2
and dC1,2 may be attributed to loss of its ability to interact with
Prp19p or instability of the fusion proteins. The possibility of
protein instability for dC1,2 was ruled out by immunoblot analysis,
which detected the fusion protein of dC1,2 in cell lysates at levels
comparable with others (data not shown). Therefore, it is suggested
that the C2 region is essential for Cef1p-Prp19p interaction. The dN2 fusion protein, however, was not present at detectable level in total
yeast lysates (data not shown). Although this does not disprove the
essential role of N2 in Cef1p-Prp19p interaction in vivo, the requirement of N2 for such interaction cannot be concluded.
View larger version (34K):
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Fig. 4.
A, growth curves of Cef1p depletion.
WT8501 cells were grown in galactose medium to mid-log phase and
then either continuously grown in galactose medium or shifted to
glucose medium. Cells were withdrawn at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 h
after the shift for measurements of A600.
B, Northern blot analysis of Cef1p-depleted cells. Total RNA
was extracted from cells withdrawn at the above mentioned time points
for Northern blot analysis using actin as a probe. 10 µg of RNA was
loaded in each lane.
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Fig. 5.
Immunoprecipitation of the spliceosome with
the anti-Cef1p antibody. Lane 1 shows 2 µl
for the total reaction. Lanes 2-5 show
immunoprecipitation using 15 µl of the splicing reaction mixtures.
RXN, splicing reaction; PAS, protein A-Sepharose;
Pre-Imm, preimmune serum; -Cef1p, anti-Cef1p
antibody.
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Fig. 6.
A, the scheme of spliceosome assembly.
B, immunoprecipitation of the spliceosome with the
anti-Cef1p and anti-HA antibodies. Splicing reactions were carried out
in extracts prepared from strain YSCC1 for immunoprecipitation. In each
precipitation, 15 µl of the splicing reaction mixture was used.
RXN, 2 µl of the splicing reaction mixture;
Pre, preimmune serum; -Cef1p, anti-Cef1p
antibody;
-HA, anti-HA antibody.
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Fig. 7.
Inhibition of the splicing reaction by the
affinity-purified anti-Cef1p antibody. The splicing activity
decreased with increasing amounts of the antibody. The amounts of the
antibody added are as follows: no antibody (lane
1); 15 ng (lane 2); 30 ng
(lane 3); 60 ng (lane 4);
150 ng (lane 5). Lane 6,
150 ng of nonspecific antibody. Lane 7, 150 ng of
anti-Cef1p antibody was preincubated with 300 ng of recombinant
Cef1p.
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Fig. 8.
A, Western blotting of the
affinity-purified spliceosome using mixtures of anti-Cef1p,
anti-Prp19p, anti-Ntc30p, anti-Snt309p, and anti-Ntc20p antibodies as
probes. Pre-mRNA was biotinylated (lanes 3 and 5) or nonbiotinylated (lanes 2 and
4). Splicing extracts were preincubated with
(lanes 4 and 5) or without
(lanes 2 and 3) the anti-Cef1p
antibody. In each experiment, 800 µl of the splicing reaction
mixture, containing 400 µl of the splicing extract, was precipitated
with 250 µl of streptavidin-agarose. B, Western blotting
of the components precipitated by the anti-Cef1p antibody. Splicing
extracts were incubated with 3 ng (lanes 2 and
3) or 150 ng (lanes 4 and
5) of the antibody per µl of the extract prior to
incubation with protein A-Sepharose. Lanes 2 and
4 are controls of incubation with no extracts. C,
the Prp19p-associated complex; E, without extract;
+E, with extract.
DISCUSSION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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We thank S. Elledge and R. Brent for vectors and strains of the two-hybrid system and M. Tam for synthesis of oligonucleotides and for protein sequencing. We also thank M.-Y. Cheng and W.-Y. Tarn for reading the manuscript.
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FOOTNOTES |
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* This work was supported by a grant from the Academia Sinica and by National Science Council (Taiwan) Grant NSC85-2311-B-001-033.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
¶ Present address: School of Chemical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
Present address: Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Texas A & M
University, College Station, TX 77843-3122.
** Present address: Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.:
886-2-2789-9200; Fax: 886-2-2782-6085; E-mail:
mbscc{at}ccvax.sinica.edu.tw.
2 W.-Y. Tsai, C.-H. Chen, and S.-C. Cheng, unpublished results.
3 H.-R. Chen, T. Y. Tsao, and S.-C. Cheng, manuscript in preparation.
4 W.-Y. Tsai and S.-C. Cheng, unpublished data.
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ABBREVIATIONS |
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The abbreviations used are: kb, kilobase pair(s); ORF, open reading frame; BD, binding domain; AD, activation domain.
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REFERENCES |
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