From the Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687
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ABSTRACT |
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N-Deacetylation and
N-sulfation of N-acetylglucosamine residues in
heparan sulfate and heparin initiate a series of chemical modifications
that ultimately lead to oligosaccharide sequences with specific ligand
binding properties. These reactions are catalyzed by GlcNAc
N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST), a
monomeric enzyme with two catalytic activities. Two genes encoding NDST isozymes have been described, one from rat liver (NDST1) and another from murine mastocytoma (NDST2). Both isozymes are expressed in tissues
in varying amounts, but their relative contribution to heparan sulfate
formation in any one tissue is unknown. We now report the
identification of a third member of the NDST family, designated NDST3.
A full-length cDNA clone (3.2 kilobase pairs) encoding a 873-amino
acid protein was obtained from a human fetal/infant brain cDNA
library. Human NDST3 (hNDST3) has a nucleotide sequence homologous but
not identical to hNDST1 and NDST2. The deduced amino acid sequence
shows 70% and 65% amino acid identity to that of hNDST1 and NDST2,
respectively. A soluble chimera of hNDST3 and protein A exhibited both
N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase activity,
confirming its enzymatic identity. Northern blot analysis of human
fetal brain poly(A)+ RNA showed a single transcript of 6.4 kilobase pairs. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
analysis revealed more restricted tissue expression of hNDST3 than
hNDST1 and NDST2, and high levels in brain, liver, and kidney. Analysis
of Chinese hamster ovary cells revealed expression of NDST1 and NDST2,
but not NDST3. In a Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant exhibiting
reduced N-sulfotransferase activity and reduced sulfation
of heparan sulfate (Bame, K. J., and Esko, J. D. (1989)
J. Biol. Chem. 264, 8059-8065), expression of NDST1
was greatly reduced, but NDST2 was expressed normally, suggesting that
both enzymes are involved in heparan sulfate assembly. The discovery of
multiple NDST isozymes suggests that the assembly of heparan sulfate is
much complicated than previously appreciated.
Heparan sulfate and heparin are large complex carbohydrate chains
that interact with various proteins (e.g. basic fibroblast growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, antithrombin, and lipoprotein lipase) through unique oligosaccharide sequences. These sequences consist of N-acetylated and N-sulfated
glucosamine residues, containing O-sulfate groups and
GlcA1 and IdceA in
various arrangements (1). The assembly of these sequences occurs by the
concerted action of various enzymes that act in three stages: 1) chain
initiation and assembly of the linkage tetrasaccharide
GlcA Two different isozymes with high sequence similarities have been
identified, one from rat liver (NDST1, Ref. 4) and another from mouse
mastocytoma (NDST2, Refs. 7, 9). Human counterparts of NDST1 and NDST2
have been reported, and their chromosomal location was mapped at
5q32-33.1 and 10q22, respectively (11, 12). Both isozymes are
expressed in tissues to varying extents (10-12), but their relative
contribution to heparan sulfate formation in any one tissue is still
unclear. In this report, we describe the identification of a new member
of the NDST gene family, designated NDST3. hNDST3 exhibited both
tissue-specific expression and enzymatic activities, confirming its
identity as a GlcNAc
N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase and suggesting
that it functions as an active NDST enzyme in specific tissues in
vivo. In addition, expression of the NDST gene family was examined
in CHO cells and a mutant, pgsE-606, which exhibited undersulfated heparan sulfate and reduced N-sulfotransferase
activity (13-16). The results indicate that both NDST1 and NDST2
participate in heparan sulfate formation in CHO cells.
Identification and Characterization of Expressed Sequence Tag
(EST) Clones--
Identification of EST clones that encoded a new
member of NDST was performed essentially according to Veugelers
et al. (17). Briefly, five clones were found to be similar
but not identical to hNDST1 and NDST2 (GenBank accession nos. U36600
and U36601, respectively) by searching the GenBank EST data base using
the nucleotide sequence of hNDST1 (11, 18, 19). One EST clone (ID
47106), whose terminal sequences were reported as H11065 and H11153,
was obtained from Genome System, Inc. The nucleotide sequence was
determined using an ABI 373 DNA sequencer with the cycle-sequencing
method. The obtained sequence corresponded to the nucleotides 877-3188
of the full-length cDNA sequence.
5'-RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends)--
5'-RACE was
performed using an adapter-ligated library of human fetal brain
cDNA (CLONTECH) according to manufacturer's
protocol. Briefly, cDNA was first amplified using a primer
consisting of nucleotides 1538-1564 (NDST3-HGSP5,
5'-gggctgcatatggctccacatgtgagg-3') and anchor primer 1, according to
the touch-down PCR protocol (30 cycles) using AdvantageTaq
(CLONTECH). An aliquot (1/250) of the first PCR was
subjected to nested PCR (20 cycles) using nucleotides 1132-1158
(NDST3-HGSP7, 5'-gcacctttagagatggaaggagaaagg-3'), and anchor primer 2, followed by a second nested PCR (20 cycles) using nucleotides
1120-1147 (NDST3-HGSP6, 5'-gatggaaggagaaaggttttctggggtc-3') and anchor
primer 2. Southern hybridization was performed using a
32P-labeled DNA fragment representing nucleotides 936-1556
as a probe. The DNA fragment was gel-purified and cloned into vector pCR2.1 (Invitrogen). The nucleotide sequence was determined, and nucleotides 9-931 were further confirmed by analyzing DNA fragments representing nucleotides 9 -387 and 366-387 prepared by PCR (40-60 cycles with primers NDST3-AF (5'-ttggcgacgggtcttgcatgtg-3', nucleotide 9-30) and NDST3-AR (5'-caactatgccaacagaagcacc-3', nucleotide 366-387) or NDST3-BF (5'-gaaaagtagctggaacaccatc-3', nucleotide 303-324) and
NDST3-CR (5'-ctgaaagctctgtacactcttc-3', nucleotide 910-931), respectively, and Pfu polymerase (Stratagene). The fragments
were amplified from the initial library.
Northern Hybridization of hNDST3--
Human fetal brain
poly(A)+ RNA was obtained from
CLONTECH. Northern hybridization was performed
using ExpressHyb (CLONTECH) essentially according
to manufacturer's protocol. A 32P-labeled DNA fragment
(nucleotides 1-1147) was used as a probe. The hybridized band was
detected using a PhosphorImager (Molecular Dynamics).
RT-PCR of NDST Gene Family in Human Tissues--
Normalized
cDNA was obtained from CLONTECH (Human cDNA
panel I and a fetal cDNA panel). PCR was performed as described
above using 32 cycles for hNDST3 and 27 cycles for hNDST1 and NDST2. For the specific amplification of each NDST, six gene-specific primers
were used: hNDST3-1F (5'-caggaaaatgaactctctgagacgg-3') and hNDST3-1R
(5'-agatggaaggagaaaggttttctgg-3') for hNDST3 (nucleotides 518-542 and
1124-1148 in AF074924, respectively); hNDST1-1F (5'-accacagccagactgaacgtttgtg-3') and
hNDST1-1R(5'-acagggaaatgtccagtctgtctcc-3') for hNDST1 (nucleotides
3081-3105 and 3499-3523 in U36600, respectively); and hNDST2-1F
(5'-ttccagtctgggctgatgtcccagc-3') and hNDST2-1R
(5'-gtagatcccactgcctggctaaagg-3') for hNDST2 (nucleotides 2664-2688
and 3065-3089 in U36601, respectively). Each set of oligonucleotides
was unique to each NDST isozyme, as determined by the program, Amplify.
The product was analyzed by 1.2% TAE-agarose gel electrophoresis and
detected by ethidium bromide staining.
RT-PCR of NDST Isozymes in CHO Cells--
Culturing of wild-type
CHO-K1 (ATCC CCL-61) and the N-sulfotransferase-deficient
mutant, pgsE-606, were described previously (13). Poly(A)+
RNA was prepared using Fast Track 2.0 (Invitrogen) and
reverse-transcribed into single-strand cDNA using the Superscript
preamplification system (Life Technologies, Inc.) according to the
manufacturer's instructions. A reaction without reverse transcriptase
served as a negative control. PCR analysis (27 cycles for NDST1 and
NDST2, 30 cycles for NDST3) was then performed for hamster NDST1
(nucleotides 3104-3544 of rNDST1, M92042) using mNDST1-1F
(5'-accacagccagccagaacgcttgtg-3') and mNDST1-1R
(5'-agctgcgctcctctcccttactgtc-3'), NDST2 (nucleotides 3142-3570 of
mNDST2, U02304) using mNDST2-1F (5'-tgcaacattccagtgtgggctgatggc-3') and mNDST2-1R (5'-atgacattagagaggccaggccacagg-3'), and NDST3
(nucleotides 251-609 of hNDST3, AF074924) using mNDST3-2F
(5'-tgtgtttcctgtgagtccagatgtgtg-3') and NDST3-2R
(5'-attgtcctcctcacttccatcagcctg-3').3
Enzymatic Activity of a Soluble Chimera of hNDST3--
A soluble
form of hNDST3 corresponding to amino acid residues 48-873 was fused
at its N terminus to a portion of protein A essentially according to
Wei et al. (6). Transient expression of the chimera in COS7
cells was achieved with LipofectAMINE (Life Technologies, Inc.) using
the manufacturer's protocol. After 72 h of incubation, cell
culture supernatant was recovered and the chimera was collected on
IgG-agarose essentially according to Wei et al. (6).
Briefly, a portion of the supernatant (10 ml) was mixed with a
suspension (100 µl) of rabbit IgG-agarose (Sigma) and rotated
end-over-end at 4 °C overnight. The beads were washed twice with 10 ml of buffer A (50 mM Tris-HCl, 20% (w/v) glycerol, pH
7.4) and then suspended in buffer A (200 µl). An aliquot (20 µl)
was used for the assay of both N-deacetylase and
N-sulfotransferase activity, using
[3H-acetyl]heparosan or
de-N-sulfoheparin as a substrate, as described previously
(14, 16). [35S]Heparin purified by DEAE-Sephacel
chromatography (14) was treated with nitrous acid at pH 1.5 (20) and
analyzed by gel filtration high performance liquid chromatography using
a TSK G2000SW column (7.5 × 300 mm, LKB) as described by Bame
et al. (13). Specific degradation at N-sulfated
glucosamine residues by nitrous acid treatment was monitored by
counting of radioactivity in each fraction.
Cloning of hNDST3--
Searching the EST data base using the
nucleotide sequences homologous to human NDST1 identified five
non-identical EST clones. One was derived from human infant brain
(GenBank accession nos. H11065-H11153), two from fetal spleen and
liver (AA011263-AA011344 and R07738-R07739) and two from Jurkat
lymphoma cells (AA353878 and AA354508). One clone from human infant
brain was selected for full sequencing, since it contained the longest
5'-sequence (Fig. 1). The open reading
frame was composed of 714 amino acids with a termination codon (TAG)
located similarly to that found in hNDST1 and hNDST2, but it lacked
sequence homologous to the N termini of hNDST1 and hNDST2. We therefore
prepared the 5'-portion of this clone using 5'-RACE. After two rounds
of nested PCR, DNA fragments were obtained that hybridized to a probe
containing the 5'-portion of clone 47106. pCR15-1 had the longest
insert (1147 bp), and its nucleotide sequence was analyzed (Fig. 1). The sequence of nucleotides 9-931 was further confirmed by using DNA
fragments prepared by PCR using high fidelity DNA polymerase (Fig. 1)
(see "Materials and Methods"). The combined nucleotide sequence of
the EST clone and the 5' RACE product showed an open reading frame of
2619 nucleotides with 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of 403 and 163 nucleotides, respectively. The open reading frame corresponded to 873 amino acid residues. The primary structure of this polypeptide showed a
type II transmembrane protein, with 23 amino acids tentatively
identified as the transmembrane domain by hydropathy analysis (Fig.
2, underlined
sequence) and a 13-residue cytoplasmic domain.
Alignment of this protein with hNDST1 and hNDST2 revealed significant
sequence similarities, exhibiting 70% and 65% amino acid identity and
86% and 82% similarity to human NDST1 and NDST2, respectively (10,
11, 18, 19) (Fig. 2). We therefore designated this protein NDST3, a
tentative third member of the heparan sulfate/heparin GlcNAc
N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase family of genes.
Enzymatic Properties of hNDST3--
To test if NDST3 had GlcNAc
N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase activities,
a soluble form of hNDST3 fused to protein A was constructed and
expressed in COS7 cells. A fusion protein was detected in the
conditioned medium by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a
130-kDa polypeptide, the same size as a chimera of rat NDST1 (data not
shown; Ref. 6). The fusion protein immobilized on IgG-agarose was
tested for enzyme activity. As shown in Fig.
3, protein A-fused hNDST3 exhibited both
N-deacetylation and N-sulfation activities. When
compared with a comparable construct prepared from rNDST1, the new
isozyme had 53% and 62% of the respective activities found in a
preparation of the recombinant NDST1. The ratio of
N-deacetylase to N-sulfotransferase activities
was more like that found in NDST1 (~1:1) than in NDST2 (~5:1, Ref.
9). The product of the reaction was N-sulfated glucosamine
based on nitrous acid treatment at low pH (20) (data not shown).
Northern Hybridization and Tissue-specific Expression of
hNDST3--
Northern blot analysis of human fetal brain
poly(A)+ RNA revealed a single transcript of approximately
6.4 kb for hNDST3 (Fig. 4). The same size
transcript was detected in Jurkat cells (data not shown). The
expression of hNDST genes was next examined in various tissues using
RT-PCR with normalized first-strand cDNA (see "Materials and
Methods"). Each PCR yielded a single product with predicted
nucleotide lengths of 633, 445, and 428 bp for hNDST3, hNDST1, and
hNDST2, respectively (Fig. 5). Expression of hNDST3 was detected in greatest abundance in brain, kidney, liver,
and lung of both adult and fetal tissues, adult pancreas and placenta,
and fetal spleen and thymus. Expression was not detected in adult/fetal
heart and skeletal muscle. On the other hand, expression of hNDST1 and
hNDST2 was detected in all the tissues tested, although expression of
hNDST1 in adult/fetal skeletal muscle and fetal thymus and hNDST2 in
adult skeletal muscle was very low.
Defective Expression of NDST1 in CHO Cell Mutant,
pgsE-606--
The presence of three NDST transcripts in some tissues
suggested that they might simultaneously contribute to heparan sulfate biosynthesis. To test this idea, we examined the expression of the
three isozymes in wild-type CHO cells and a mutant (pgsE-606) previously shown to be partially defective in N-sulfation of
heparan sulfate (13). Primers for rodent NDST1, NDST2, and NDST3 were designed on the basis of rNDST1, mNDST2, and hNDST3 cDNAs. NDST1 and NDST2 derived oligonucleotides amplified specific PCR products in
CHO cells (443 and 431 bp, respectively, Fig.
6), but NDST3 did not, even after
increasing the number of cycles. RT-PCR analysis of the mutant showed
that NDST1 message was much reduced, but normal levels of NDST2
mRNA was present (Fig. 5). This mutant was previously shown to have
about 30-40% of wild-type levels of N-sulfotransferase
activity and a corresponding decrease in N-sulfation of the
chains. These results suggest that the decrease in enzyme activity is
most likely due to loss of NDST1 and that the residual sulfation
observed in the mutant was due to expression of NDST2.
The present study describes a new human cDNA clone for
N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase that
resembles NDST1 and NDST2. Two independent findings indicate that this
protein encodes a new member of NDST gene family. First, the amino acid
sequence showed 65-70% identity and greater than 85% overall
homology to the other NDST isozymes. Its structure was a typical type
II transmembrane protein, like other Golgi enzymes. Second, production
of a protein A-chimera lacking the putative transmembrane domain, but
containing the presumptive ectodomain exhibited both
N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase activity
with relative activities similar to rat NDST1. Therefore, we propose to
designate this gene product NDST3, and assign it as the third member of
heparan sulfate/heparin
N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase family.
The amino acid sequence of hNDST3 except for the most N-terminal 79 amino acids exhibited significant similarity to that of hNDST1 and
hNDST2 (74% and 69%, respectively), suggesting that this region
directly contributes to enzyme activity. In addition, Shworak et
al. (21) have pointed out the similarity between the C-terminal
260 amino acids of NDST1 and NDST2 and the glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferase (GlcN 3OST1) involved in the formation
of the antithrombin binding sequence in heparan sulfate and heparin. Since the homologous region represents ~85% of the entire sequence of GlcN 3OST, this region in NDST could reasonably constitute the
actual catalytic domain, or at least a binding site for the heparan
sulfate chain. Recent analysis of PAPS binding domains in various
sulfotransferases indicates a consensus binding site in the
N-sulfotransferases consisting of two domains (Fig.
7). NDST3 contains these consensus
sequences, as well. In addition, Berninsone and Hirschberg recently
showed that the C-terminal half of NDST2 (amino acids 479-880) was
able to catalyze the N-sulfation of glucosamine of heparan
sulfate (22).
INTRODUCTION
Top
Abstract
Introduction
References
1,3Gal
1,3Gal
1,4Xyl
1- on serine residues of core
protein, 2) chain elongation in which the disaccharide repeat unit of
GlcA
1,4GlcNAc
1,4- are assembled, and 3) chain modification in
which N-deacetylation/ N-sulfation of subsets of GlcNAc residues occurs, followed by C5-epimerization of GlcA to
L-IdoA, 2-O-sulfation of the uronic acid
residues, and 6-O- and 3-O-sulfation of
glucosamine residues. GlcNAc N-deacetylation and
N-sulfation are prerequisite for all of the other
modifications and are catalyzed by a single-chain polypeptide, called
GlcNAc N-deacetylase/ N-sulfotransferase
(NDST)2 (2-10).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
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Fig. 1.
Cloning strategy for hNDST3.
The 3188-bp clone for hNDST3 was derived from 2312-bp infant brain
EST clone (ID 47106), 1147-bp 5' RACE product (pCR15-1 clone 19), and
379- and 608-bp PCR fragment (pCR16-1 clones 6 and 8 and pCR17-1
clones 4, 6, and 14). The NDST3 open reading frame is shown as a
box. The numbers of the nucleotide positions are identical
to those described in AF074924 (GenBank data base).
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Fig. 2.
Homology of amino acid sequence of hNDST gene
family. The amino acid sequences of human forms of the three NDSTs
are aligned. Identical amino acids are marked with dots.
Gaps indicated by dashes were introduced to maximize the
alignment. Putative transmembrane regions toward the N termini are
underlined, and the domains suggested to define the PAPS
binding site are indicated by the double
underline.
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Fig. 3.
Enzymatic properties of
hNDST3. hNDST3 was fused to protein A, expressed in COS7 cells,
and purified on IgG-agarose (see "Materials and Methods").
N-Deacetylase activity was measured by the release of acetyl
group from [3H-acetyl]heparosan, and
N-sulfotransferase activity was measured by the
incorporation of radioactivity from [35S]PAPS into
de-N-sulfoheparin (see "Materials and Methods"). A
chimera of rNDST1 was used as a positive control. Vector DNA without a
cDNA insert was used as a negative control.
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Fig. 4.
Northern blot analysis of hNDST3. Human
fetal brain poly(A)+ RNA (3 µg) was electrophoresed,
blotted onto a nylon membrane, and hybridized with a
32P-labeled DNA fragment derived from the 5'-portion of
hNDST3 cDNA. The positions of RNA size markers (MW) in
kilobase pairs (Life Technologies, Inc.) are indicated.
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Fig. 5.
Expression of NDST family genes in human
adult and fetal tissues. Forward and reverse oligonucleotides
unique to each NDST clone were used to detect mRNA expression in
human tissues (see "Materials and Methods"). Br, brain;
Hr, heart; Kd, kidney; Lv, liver;
Lg, lung; Pc, pancreas; Pl, placenta;
Sm, skeletal muscle; Sp, spleen; Th,
thymus; DW, distilled water (no cDNA). MW,
ladder markers (Life Technologies, Inc.). The arrows
indicate the expected position for each unique PCR product.
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Fig. 6.
Defective expression of NDST1 in mutant
pgsE-606. Forward and reverse oligonucleotides unique to each NDST
clone were used to detect mRNA expression in wild-type CHO-K1
(WT) and pgsE-606 (Mutant) cells. No product was
detected using NDST3 primers. Synthesis of single-strand cDNA was
performed with (+) or without ( ) reverse transcriptase.
DW, distilled water (no cDNA). MW, 100-bp
ladder markers (Life Technologies, Inc.).
DISCUSSION
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Fig. 7.
Alignment of putative PAPS binding sites in
various sulfotransferases that act on glucosamine. Sequences were
aligned according to the recently described PAPS binding domains in
sulfotransferases (28). a, aliphatic or aromatic residues;
b, aspartate or glutamate. The domains from human NDST,
NDST2, and 3OST1 were found in clones U36600, U36601, and AF019386,
respectively. Hamster (Cricetulus longicaudatus) 2OST and
6OST1 sequences were from D88811 and AB006180, and NodH and murine
estrogen sulfotransferase (muEST) were from clones U53327
and S78182, respectively.
The most N-terminal 79 amino acid residues are completely different
among three NDST isozymes (Fig. 2). In NDST3, this region contains a
13-amino acid cytoplasmic segment, a 23-amino acid transmembrane
domain, and an additional 43-amino acids, which may represent a
Golgi lumenal stem region by analogy to other Golgi proteins. This
region might be critical for the correct localization of this enzyme
(23). In the case of 2,6-sialyltransferase, which exhibits the same
type II transmembrane topology and resides in the
trans-Golgi and trans-Golgi network, its
transmembrane and lumenal stem region are required for the correct
localization (24). Humphries et al. have suggested that
human NDST1 was in trans-Golgi network (11), but the
location of NDST2 and NDST3 have not been investigated yet.
Northern hybridization revealed an hNDST3 transcript of 6.4 kb in both fetal brain tissue and Jurkat cells. This differs from NDST1 (8.5-8.0 and 4.2-4.0 kb) (4, 11) and NDST2 (4.0-3.8 kb) (7, 9, 12), suggesting that this transcript is unique to NDST3. A typical polyadenylation signal was not identified in this study. The difference in size of the message and the cDNA clone (3.2 kb) suggest that hNDST3 transcript has an additional ~3 kb of 3'-untranslated portion which was missed in our study. The transcript for NDST1 and NDST2 was detected in all human adult tissues tested, consistent with previous findings (11, 12). However, the expression of NDST1 and NDST2 in liver was different in human and mouse. In mouse liver, abundant message for NDST1 was detected, although NDST2 was not (7, 10). On the other hand, we have detected expression of both NDST1 and NDST2 message in human liver, and their amounts were almost the same. Furthermore, NDST3 is expressed at high levels in human liver. Further study will be required to determine if these transcripts are expressed in the same cell types to the same extent in different species.
Previously, it was proposed that NDST2 was involved in biosynthesis of heparin rather than heparan sulfate, because the enzyme exhibited a higher ratio of N-deacetylase to N-sulfotransferase activity than NDST1 (7). Furthermore, its transcript was abundant in murine mastocytoma that produces heparin, and overexpression of the enzyme in a human kidney cell line resulted in enhanced N-deacetylation and N-sulfation of heparan sulfate (25). However, in this study, we showed that NDST2 was widely distributed in human tissues in agreement with the high frequency of human EST clones (33 human EST clones were found in various tissues including breast, infant brain, and fetal lung and heart).4 The tissues tested in this study do not produce heparin, but make various amounts of heparan sulfate (26-28), suggesting that NDST2 may play a role in heparan sulfate synthesis as well.
Support for this hypothesis derives from our study of CHO cell mutant pgsE-606, which was originally shown to contain a defect in NDST prior to the discovery of multiple isozymes in the system. This strain exhibits about a 3-fold reduction in sulfation of heparan sulfate and a comparable change in NDST activity. Analysis of NDST transcripts in CHO cells indicates that the wild-type expresses both NDST1 and NDST2, but not NDST3, consistent with the more restricted pattern of expression of the third isozyme. Analysis of the mutant showed that it contains very little transcript for NDST1 (the PCR was adjusted to detect even minute amounts of message), and normal amounts of NDST2 (which under these conditions exceeded the linearity of the measurement). Thus, the residual sulfation of the chains in the mutant most likely arises from the action of NDST2. Inspection of the pattern of sulfation of heparan sulfate in the mutant showed that the loss of enzyme activity decreased the overall sulfation of the chains and reduced the size of the modified sections of the chains. Thus, the data suggest that NDST1 actually works in concert with NDST2 to generate the fully expanded modified tracts characteristic of wild-type CHO cell heparan sulfates.
The detection of a third NDST isoform (NDST3) indicates that the
assembly of heparan sulfate and possibly heparin may reflect the
concerted action of multiple isozymes expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Further analysis of the involvement of each isozyme in the
formation of heparan sulfate will require new tools including better
defined substrates to assess the effects of prior modification on
further deacetylation and sulfation. Resolving the contribution of each
isozyme will ultimately depend on the generation of additional mutant
cell lines, transgenesis experiments, and the derivation of mice
altered in one or more NDST genes.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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We thank Molecular Biology Core in the Center for AIDS Research at the University of California, San Diego for sequencing, Prof. Arthur Lander (University of California, Irvine) and Mark Veugelers (University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium) for helpful suggestions, Carlos Hirschberg (University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA) for supplying various materials and all members of the Esko laboratory for helpful discussions. J. A. thanks RIKEN and Dr. Tomoya Ogawa (RIKEN, Japan) for the opportunity to study at the University of California, San Diego.
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FOOTNOTES |
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* This work was supported by NIH grants GM33063 (J.D.E.), Project 5 of Program Project Grant HL53745 (J.D.E.), and support from RIKEN (J. A.).The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
The nucleotide sequence(s) reported in this paper has been submitted to the GenBankTM/EMBL Data Bank with accession number(s) AF074924.
On leave from Laboratory of Synthetic Cellular Chemistry, RIKEN
(The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Hirosawa 2-1, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
§ To whom correspondence should be addressed: 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East 1055, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687. Tel.: 619-822-1100; Fax: 619-534-5611; E-mail: jesko{at}ucsd.edu.
The abbreviations used are: GlcA, D-glucuronic acid; IdoA, L-iduronic acid; GlcN, unsubstituted glucosamine; NDST, heparan sulfate GlcNAc N-deacetylase PAPS:GlcN N-sulfotransferase; hNDST, rNDST, and mNDST, human, rat, and mouse NDST, respectively; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary; PAPS, adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate; bp, base pair(s); kb, kilobase pair(s); RT, reverse transcriptase; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; EST, expressed sequence tag; RACE, rapid amplification of cDNA ends.
2 A consensus regarding the abbreviation for the proteoglycan N-sulfotransferases was reached at a recent meeting on proteoglycans. The abbreviation NDST refers specifically to the GlcNAc N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase involved in heparan sulfate and heparin biosynthesis. Species names precede the abbreviation using a single- or double-letter code (e.g. m for mouse, h for human, or hm for hamster) and the different isozymes contain a numeric suffix (e.g. hNDST1 refers to the human isozyme 1). NDST1 refers to the enzyme originally cloned from rat liver (4), NDST2 refers to the one originally described in murine mastocytoma (7, 9), and NDST3 refers to the one described in this paper.
3 These primers were based on mouse genomic sequence homologous to hNDST3 cDNA (J. Aikawa and J. D. Esko, unpublished results). Since PCR with this set of primers using mouse brain cDNA as a template produced the 359-bp DNA fragment predicted from the genomic information, the use of this set of primers in PCR should be able to amplify a part of the Chinese hamster NDST3 cDNA.
4 At the day of submission of this paper, 5 mouse and 2 rat EST clones of NDST2 were also found. A total of 26 human, 8 mouse, and 1 rat EST clones have been reported for NDST1.
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