From the Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Vienna Biocenter,
University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria and the
Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Tumor Biology
Center, Breisacher Strasse 117, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
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ABSTRACT |
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Many cytokine receptors employ Janus protein tyrosine kinases (Jaks) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stats) for nuclear signaling. Here, we have established yeast strains in which an autoactivated Jak2 kinase induces tyrosine phosphorylation, dimerization, nuclear translocation, and DNA binding of a concomitantly expressed Stat5 protein. Transcriptional activity of Stat5 on a stably integrated, Stat-dependent reporter gene required the C-terminal fusion of the VP16 transactivation domain. In such yeast strains, the interaction between Jak2 and Stat5 was analyzed without interference by other mammalian proteins involved in regulating Jak-Stat signaling, and mutant versions of both proteins were analyzed for their ability to productively interact. Complexes between Jak2 and Stat5 were found to be stable under stringent co-immunoprecipitation conditions. Deletion of the Jak homology regions 2-7 (JH2-JH7) of Jak2, leaving only the kinase domain (JH1) intact, reduced the ability of the kinase to phosphorylate Stat5, whereas deletion of the JH2 domain caused an increased enzymatic activity. A site-directed R618K mutation in the Stat5 SH2 domain abolished the phosphorylation by Jak2, while deletion of the C terminus led to Stat5 hyperphosphorylation. A single phosphotyrosine-SH2 domain interaction was sufficient for the dimerization of Stat5, but such dimers bound to DNA very inefficiently. Together, our data show that yeast cells are appropriate tools for studying Jak-Stat or Stat-Stat interactions. Our mutational analysis suggests that the Stat5 SH2 domain is essential for the interaction with Jak2 and that the kinase domain of Jak2 is sufficient for Jak2-Stat5 interaction. Therefore, the Jak kinase domain may be all that is needed to cause Stat phosphorylation in situations where receptor docking is dispensable.
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INTRODUCTION |
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The biological activity of cytokines generally requires changes in
the pattern of gene expression. Signal transduction to the cell nucleus
is therefore an essential component in a cytokine response. Many
cytokine receptors contain amino acid motifs mediating constitutive
binding with Jak protein tyrosine kinases (Jaks1; Refs. 1
and 2). After ligand-receptor interaction receptor chains cluster, and
this most likely enables Jaks on neighboring chains to
cross-phosphorylate and activate each other. Important substrates of
activated Jaks are the signal transducer and activator of transcription
(Stat) proteins (2-5). A distinctive feature of these transcription
factors is the presence of an SH2 domain. The Stat SH2 domain can be
instrumental in binding phosphotyrosines on ligand-activated receptors.
Receptor-associated Stats are then phosphorylated by Jaks on a single
tyrosine residue. In the context of the interferon- receptor, the
-chain-associated Jak2 kinase could be exchanged for another Jak
kinase without consequences for Stat activation or biological activity
(6). Similarly, an erythropoietin receptor box 2 motif conferred Jak2
binding upon an interleukin-2 receptor
-chain, and Jak2 was able to
substitute for Jak1 in a mitogenic response to interleukin-2 (7). These results suggested that Jaks contribute little specificity to
postreceptor events and that the signal selection is made by the
receptor chains. On the other hand, a comparison between Jak1 and Jak3
showed an inherently better ability of Jak1 to phosphorylate Stat5 (8). The question thus remains whether and in which situations Jak kinases
help to specify the signal transducers employed by cytokine receptors.
Tyrosine-phosphorylated Stats form dimers, and phosphotyrosine-SH2 interactions are essential for dimerization to occur. It appears that both partners in Stat dimers isolated from cytokine-treated cells are phosphorylated and thus held together by two phosphotyrosine-SH2 contacts (9). However, it is not known whether reciprocal phosphotyrosine binding is a necessity for dimerization and DNA binding or whether a single contact would suffice (10). In vitro studies suggested that the increased affinity generated by two phosphotyrosine-SH2 domain bonds is the driving force behind dissociation of the Stat-receptor complex, held together by a single phosphotyrosine-SH2 domain bond with a high intrinsic affinity (11). It is therefore conceivable that a Stat activation mechanism independent of receptor docking may result in the formation of dimers held by a single SH2-phosphotyrosine interaction.
The receptor docking model for Stats has been tested for many different cytokine receptors by mutating relevant tyrosines in the intracellular domain. These analyses produced diverging results concerning the role of phosphotyrosines in the sequence of reactions leading to Stat phosphorylation. Depending on the receptor studied, and sometimes even on the experimental system used to analyze receptor activity, Stat docking sites were either found to be an absolute requirement, necessary to increase the potential to phosphorylate Stats, or of no importance at all (12-14). For several receptors, the requirement for receptor docking varied with the cell type or experimental situation under study (15-24). The observation of Stat activation independent of receptor binding fueled the search for alternative ways by which cytokine receptors cause Stat phosphorylation.
Jaks are characterized by seven distinct homology regions (JH1-JH7,
reviewed in Refs. 2 and 25). The JH1 region encompasses the kinase
domain; the JH2 region encompasses the kinase-like, or pseudokinase,
domain; and JH3-7 provides specificity of receptor binding and most
likely contacts to other proteins. In principle, Stat phosphorylation
independent of receptor docking might require adapter proteins
associating with JH regions and thus facilitating the contact with
Jaks. Evidence for the existence of such adapters was recently obtained
(26). Alternatively, certain combinations of Jaks and Stats might not
require any third party help at all for interaction between Stats and
JH regions. This was recently proposed by Fujitani et al.
(27). A yeast two-hybrid approach with baits from different Jak kinases
suggested a specific interaction of the pseudokinase (JH2) domain with
the two Stat5 isoforms, Stat5a and Stat5b. This result linked the JH2
domain with Stat association and at the same time provided a possible
explanation for Stat5 activation independent of receptor docking.
Further insight concerning the role of the JH2 domain stems from
reconstitution experiments in cell lines devoid of certain Jaks or from
a naturally occurring gain of function mutation in the
Drosophila Jak homologue Hopscotch (28). Deletion of the JH2
domain in the Jak family kinase Tyk2 causes a loss of enzymatic
activity (29), and the same was found for Hopscotch (28). Partial
deletion of JH2 in Jak2 did not abolish its ability to
autophosphorylate while decreasing the functionality of Jak2 in
interferon- signal transduction (30). On the other hand, the
Hopscotch mutation (E695K) in the JH2 domain resulted in a hyperactive
kinase, and introduction of the corresponding mutation into the
mammalian Jak2 corroborated this result (28). Taken together, these
results suggest that the JH2 domain is necessary for enzymatic activity
at least in some Jaks but that it may also serve to down-regulate and
control kinase activity. Consistently, Sakai and Kraft (31) reported constitutive Jak2 activity upon deletion of either the JH2 domain or
the JH2-JH7 domains in the context of a CD16/Jak2 fusion protein. The
constitutively active Jak2 could recapitulate certain aspects of
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling, thus
suggesting an intrinsic signaling specificity of the Jak2 kinase
domain. In further support of an autonomous function of the Jak2 kinase
domain, Berchtold et al. (32) demonstrated that a Stat5/Jak2
(JH1) fusion protein expressed intrinsic kinase activity and was able
to phosphorylate itself as well as cellular Stat1 and Stat5 in living
cells.
In mammalian cells, association with receptors usually restricts the movement of Jaks and inhibits ligand-independent kinase activity. When Jaks are overexpressed, they form a pool of cytoplasmic proteins, which are capable of ligand-independent interaction and thus autoactivation (33-35). In this study, we have exploited this feature and report the establishment of yeast cells as tools to study the interaction between activated Jak2 and Stat5 as well as Stat5 dimerization. The advantage of this approach lies in the absence of an endogenous Jak-Stat signaling path in yeast, which allows us to interpret results without having to consider possible interference by receptors and/or adapter proteins. Moreover, interactions are studied in a situation of moderate overexpression of reactants, thus minimizing interactions forced by unphysiologically high concentrations. Under these conditions, we find that the JH2 domain is not necessary to bind and phosphorylate Stat5. Rather, our results point toward a negative regulatory function of this domain. Moreover, we show that a functional Stat5 SH2 domain is of critical importance for Jak2 interaction and that reciprocal SH2 domain-phosphotyrosine interactions are essential for the generation of Stat5 dimer efficiently binding to DNA.
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES |
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Cells and Cell Extracts-- Yeast cells (Genotype: MATa, ade2-1, trp1-1, can 1-100, leu 2-3, 112, his 3-11, 15, ura3, GAL, psi+ W303-1B) were grown in minimal medium containing 6.7 g/liter yeast nitrogen base without amino acids, supplemented with necessary amino acids, 2% raffinose and/or galactose. Briefly, yeast cells were allowed to grow in 50 ml of minimal medium to an OD up to 1.0 (approximately 1 × 107 cells/ml). In order to induce the Gal1/10 promoter, cells were grown first in minimal medium containing 2% D(+) raffinose and shifted at an OD of 0.7 to a medium containing 2% D(+) galactose for 4 h.
For extraction, yeast cells (1 × 107 cells/ml) were collected by centrifugation and resuspended in buffer C (20 mM Hepes, pH 7.9, 420 mM NaCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM EDTA, 25% glycerol). ApproximatelyPlasmid Construction--
The cDNA encoding murine Stat5a
was described previously (38). Plasmids pfl80, containing the murine
Stat5b gene and pFB5bT, encoding the murine Stat5b gene, truncated at
the NsiI site were kindly provided by C. Schindler (Columbia
University, New York; Ref. 39). The above mentioned cDNAs were
cloned into the pBluescript-SK or -KS plasmids (Stratagene). The
C-terminally truncated Stat5a gene was generated by PCR mutagenesis,
introducing a stop codon immediately downstream of the endogenous
NsiI site. A myc tag (with three repeats of three
myc epitopes) was inserted into a NheI site,
which was generated by PCR mutagenesis immediately downstream of the
start codon of both Stat5 genes. The same PCR mutagenesis allowed the
generation of an EcoRI site immediately upstream of the
start codon for subsequent cloning purposes. The critical tyrosine in
Stat5a (Tyr694) and Stat5b (Tyr699) was mutated
to phenylalanine by PCR mutagenesis. The mutation arginine 618 to
lysine in Stat5a was generated by altering codon 618 from CGC to AAG by
PCR mutagenesis. A VP16 fragment encoding the transactivating domain
with NsiI-SpeI sites at the respective ends was
generated by PCR amplification from MGFC-VP16 (40). The C terminus
of Stat5 starting from the NsiI site was replaced with this
fragment. All mutations generated by PCR were verified by sequencing
analysis. Wild-type or mutated Stat5 genes could thereafter be
subcloned into the mammalian expression vector pcDNA3 (Invitrogen)
by using the EcoRI and NotI restriction sites at the 5'- and 3'-ends, respectively.
Antibodies-- An antibody recognizing specifically Stat5b (5b) was generated by immunizing rabbits with a peptide comprising the C-terminal 14 amino acids of Stat5b. The Stat5a-specific antibody (5a) was described previously (41). For immunoprecipitation (IP), antibodies were used at a dilution of 1:100; for Western blots, antibodies were used at a final concentration of 1:5000. Stat5a- and Stat5b-specific antisera were used in EMSA experiments as recently described for Stat5a (41). The monoclonal anti-myc antibody (myc) was obtained from supernatants of the hybridoma cell line 9E10 and used in IP and EMSA at a concentration of 1:10; in Western blots, the dilution was 1:250. The antiserum directed against the amino acids 144-295 of Jak2 was kindly provided by Andrew Zimiecki (University of Bern) and used in IP/Western blotting analysis (final concentration 1:100 for IP and 1:1000 for Western blot). A goat polyclonal antibody directed against a peptide corresponding to amino acids 1110-1129 of mJak2 (Santa Cruz) was used for IP at a final dilution of 1:100 and 1:1000 for Western blotting.
The phosphotyrosine-specific antibodies PY20 and 4G10 were purchased from Transduction Laboratories and Upstate Biotechnology Inc., respectively. The final dilution for Western blotting was 1:300 (Py20) and 1:1000 (4G10).EMSA--
The electrophoretic mobility shift assay was performed
as described by Eilers et al. (37). In the present paper, an
oligonucleotide corresponding to the GAS sequence from the rat
-casein promoter was used as a probe (42).
Immunoprecipitation and Western Blotting-- Immunoprecipitations were carried out as described previously (41). Briefly, cells were lysed in ice-cold lysis buffer (buffer C). Nuclei were removed by centrifugation. Appropriate antibodies and protein A-Sepharose (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) were added, and the mixture was incubated for 4 h at 4 °C. The immunoprecipitates were washed in ice-cold washing solution containing 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0, 50 mM NaCl, 30 mM NaPP, 50 mM NaF, 2 mM EDTA, and 1% Triton X-100. Proteins were separated on 7.5% SDS-polyacrylamide gels and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). The membranes were blocked with 5% nonfat dry milk in PBST (phosphate-buffered saline plus 0.1% Tween 20) for 1 h and subsequently incubated with relevant primary antibody for 1 h, washed in PBST, and incubated for 1 h with peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). The membranes were washed in PBST and developed with enhanced chemiluminescence (Pierce), followed by exposure to film (Hyperfilm ECL, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). For co-immunoprecipitations, cells were lysed in lysis buffer (buffer C). The lysates were incubated with first antibodies at 4 °C. After 2 h, protein A-Sepharose was added, and the mixture was incubated for 2 h at 4 °C. The immunoprecipitates were then processed as described above.
DNA Transformation and Transfection-- The lithium acetate procedure was used for yeast DNA transformation. Yeast suspensions (1 × 107 cells/ml) were resuspended in lithium solution buffer (1 volume of 10× TE buffer (100 mM Tris·Cl, pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8), 1 volume of 10× lithium acetate stock solution (1 M lithium acetate, pH 7.5, adjusted with dilute acetic acid), 8 volumes of sterile water) and incubated for less than 1 h at 30 °C before adding the transforming DNA. For each transformation, 200 µg of carrier DNA and less than 5 µg of transforming DNA were mixed in a sterile microcentrifuge tube, and 200 µl of yeast suspension was added. 1.2 ml of freshly prepared polyethylene glycol solution, (8 volumes of 50% polyethylene glycol, 1 volume of 10× TE buffer, pH 7.5, 1 volume of 10× lithium acetate stock solution) was then added to each tube and shaken for 30 min at 30 °C. Heat shock for exactly 15 min at 42 °C enhanced the transformation efficiency. The cells were collected with a microcentrifuge for 5 s at room temperature, resuspended in sterile water, and incubated on the required minimal plates at 30 °C until transformants appeared.
Transfection experiments in COS-N31 cells were performed using the SuperFect transfection reagent and the manufacturer's instructions (Qiagen). For activation of the transfected erythropoietin, the cells were treated with human recombinant erythropoietin (7 units/ml) for 30 min.-Galactosidase Assay--
Extract corresponding to 50-100
µg of total protein was added to 1 ml of buffer Z (60 mM
Na2HPO4, 40 mM
NaH2PO4, 10 mM KCl, 1 mM MgSO4, 50 mM 2-mercaptoethanol)
and incubated at 30 °C for 1 h. The reaction was started by
adding 200 µl of
o-nitrophenyl-
-D-galactopyranoside and stopped by
adding 0.5 ml of 1 M Na2CO3. The
enzymatic activity, determined by absorbance measurement at 420 nm, was
calculated in units (1 unit catalyzes the turnover of 1 nmol of
o-nitrophenyl-
-D-galactopyranoside/min/µg of
protein).
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RESULTS |
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Expression of Activated Stat5 in Yeast Cells-- The gene encoding murine Jak2 was cloned into a yeast centromeric (single copy) plasmid under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter and introduced into yeast cells. Growth of these cells in liquid media with galactose as a carbon source or the addition of galactose to raffinose-containing medium caused expression of Jak2, and the protein was phosphorylated on tyrosine (Fig. 1a). Fig. 1a also shows that Jak2 migrates in SDS gels as two clearly distinguishable bands that react with different intensities with the anti-phosphotyrosine antibody. Jak2 is known to be phosphorylated on multiple tyrosines. Therefore, these two bands may represent phosphorylation isoforms of the kinase. Expression levels of total cellular Jak2 were somewhat higher on a protein basis compared with most mammalian cells, but Jak2 never formed a visible band when total cytoplasmic protein was analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This indicated that expression of Jak2 was sufficient to cause autophosphorylation, but it did not generate a very high cytoplasmic concentration of the protein. Stat5a and Stat5b proteins were expressed under galactose control similarly to Jak2 protein (Fig. 1b). When Jak2 was co-transformed with these plasmids, Stat5 EMSA activity was observed in cellular extracts (Fig. 1c), indicating Jak2 activity and productive interaction with both Stat5 isoforms. Importantly, no clear preference for the phosphorylation of either Stat5a or Stat5b was noted (data not shown), indicating that Jak2 has no intrinsic ability to distinguish between the two Stat5 isoforms.
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Effect of Stat5 Mutations on the Interaction with
Jak2--
Several mutations of Stat5 were previously shown to affect
Jak-mediated phosphorylation (43-45). Most obviously, mutation of Tyr694 (Stat5a) or Tyr699 (Stat5b) to
phenylalanine abolishes phosphorylation, and in addition such mutants
behave as dominant negative alleles at least in the case of some Stats.
We were interested to find out whether the Stat5 YF mutant also exerted
a dominant negative effect and whether this might result from an
inability of the Jak kinase to release nonphosphorylatable substrates,
in which case one might expect to find an increase in Jak-Stat
complexes compared with the wild-type allele. A second mutation
affecting the phosphorylation state in mammalian cells was generated by
removing 77 and 84 amino acids from the C terminus including the
putative transactivating domain of Stat5b and Stat5a, respectively
(Stat5C). This leads to hyperphosphorylated Stat5, as noted
previously in mammalian cells (44). Studies on the phosphorylation
kinetics of this mutant suggested a decreased rate of tyrosine
dephosphorylation. In this situation, we were interested in testing
whether Stat5
C might be a better Jak2 substrate compared with the
wild-type allele. Third, in the case of Stat1, mutation of
Arg602, a residue in the SH2 domain of critical importance
for phosphotyrosine binding, abolished the interaction with Jak1 and
Tyk2, indicating that Stat1 binds a Jak phosphotyrosine (10). To test
whether this is also the case in the interaction between Jak2 and
Stat5, we mutated the corresponding Arg618 in Stat5a to
Lys. For reasons of convenience, all Stat5 mutations employed in the
experiments shown below and their designations have been listed in
Table I.
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Stat5 Phosphorylation by Deletion Mutants of Jak2--
To learn
about the Jak2 JH regions required for productive interaction with
Stat5, deletions were introduced into the Jak2 gene-disrupting regions
JH2-JH7, leaving essentially only the kinase domain intact (N), or
specifically disrupting the JH2 domain (
JH2; Fig.
5a). Both deletion mutants
were expressed at levels comparable with wild-type Jak2 and
co-immunoprecipitated with Stat5 (Fig. 5b). This result
suggests that the kinase domain is the only homology region that must
be intact for Stat5 association and phosphorylation. Compared with
wild-type Jak2, the Jak2
N mutant showed a reduced but significant
kinase activity, measured by the appearance of Stat5 EMSA activity. By
the same criteria, the activity of the Jak2
JH2 kinase was
significantly increased, indicating that JH2 might function in the
down-regulation of Jak2 kinase activity (Fig. 5c).
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Stat5 Homo- and Heterodimer Formation: The Role of SH2
Domain-Phosphotyrosine Interactions--
Previous results clearly
established the potential of the two Stat5 isoforms to heterodimerize.
In fact, heterodimers were suggested to have an altered potential to
activate target genes compared with homodimers (47). We were interested
in determining the relative rates of homodimer versus
heterodimer binding to a classical Stat5 target promoter, the
-casein gene, in a situation of approximately equal expression
levels of Stat5a and Stat5b (Fig. 1b) and without third
party interference. EMSA supershift analysis was performed to determine
the amount of Stat5 dimers present in cellular extracts (Fig.
6a). When wild-type Stat5b was
co-expressed with N-terminally myc-tagged versions of Stat5a and Jak2, three different complexes were found, consisting of DNA
associated with Stat5a homodimers (most abundant), Stat5a/Stat5b heterodimers, and Stat5b homodimers.
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DISCUSSION |
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The experiments described here investigate protein interactions occurring in a Jak2-Stat5 signaling path as it is employed in many mammalian cytokine responses, e.g. prolactin, erythropoietin, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-3, and growth hormone (48). Phosphorylation of Stat5 on tyrosine can occur in case of some cytokine receptors or experimental systems without an obvious requirement for phosphotyrosine-mediated receptor binding, as in the case of gp130, growth hormone, or prolactin (13, 15, 20, 21, 27). To investigate in how far direct interactions between Jak2 and Stat5 can contribute to Stat5 tyrosine phosphorylation, we have established yeast strains in which interactions between the two proteins can be studied in the absence of vast overexpression or of the involvement of other proteins. A welcomed by-product of such yeast strains is the fact that activated Stat5 translocates to the nucleus and binds to DNA, without however activating transcription. This indicates that our yeast strains when optimized further may be suitable for a modified one-hybrid screening approach for Stat5 interactions involving the tyrosine-phosphorylated and dimerized protein.
Dimers of Stat5 can be formed through a single SH2 domain-phosphotyrosine interaction. This was suggested by the ability of a Y694F mutant to co-immunoprecipitate wild-type Stat5. The specificity of this interaction is suggested from control experiments demonstrating that the presence of Jak2, and thus of Stat5 tyrosine phosphorylation, is a prerequisite for co-immunoprecipitation. By contrast, dimers of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated Stat5 bound to DNA only very inefficiently. One possible explanation is that single bond dimers are vastly outcompeted in abundance by the more stable dimers with reciprocal bonds. The efficient co-immunoprecipitation of Y694F with wild-type Stat5, as well as the vast excess of probe in our EMSA experiments argue against this explanation but do not entirely rule it out. We favor the assumption that the single-bonded dimers form intrinsically less stable complexes with DNA than double-bonded dimers. This possibility is suggested by the high off-rate of Stats from their cognate binding sites. One might easily imagine that the destabilization through the loss of a second bond further increases the off-rate and minimizes the ability of such dimers to form stable complexes with DNA.
We have found the phosphorylation of Stat5 to depend on an intact SH2 domain on the Stat5 side and to require an intact kinase domain, while the other JH regions of Jak2 are dispensable. This suggests that Stat5 binds to a phosphotyrosine located in the kinase domain of the activated Jak2 enzyme. The Jak2 kinase domain in its active state contains several phosphorylated tyrosines including those located in the activation loop of the enzyme, which is critically involved in the catalytic cycle. A dependence of Stat5 binding and phosphorylation on the JH2 region was not observed. The specific interaction of this domain with the Stat5 isoforms, but not with other Stats (27), might thus result from overexpressing reactants in the yeast two-hybrid system or from the use of an isolated JH2 domain. Alternatively, Jak2 might contain more than one domain capable of associating with Stat5. For example, the low residual ability of Stat5R618K to associate with Jak2 might be due to a phosphotyrosine-independent association with Jak2 outside of the JH1 domain. Despite this possibility, there is no absolute requirement for the JH2 domain in Stat5 activation in mammalian cells. This is suggested by the results of Kohlhuber and colleagues (30), Sakai and Kraft (31), and Berchtold et al. (32), which indicate that a Jak2 kinase without JH2 domain functions in mammalian cells, particularly in activating Stat5.
Deletion of the JH2 domain resulted in an increased capability to
phosphorylate Stat5. This effect is similar to what was found in case
of the Hopscotch gain of function mutation (28). Interestingly,
however, deletion of the entire Hopscotch JH2 domain causes a loss of
enzymatic activity (28), and this is also the case for Tyk2 (29). Taken
together, these results indicate that the JH2 domain serves to
down-regulate kinase activity and that the effect of JH2 deletion may
vary with the exact extent of the deletion, the individual Jaks, or the
substrate employed to determine Jak activity. Deletion of the Stat5 C
terminus also resulted in enhanced phosphorylation by Jak2. This was
noted previously in mammalian cells (44). In this situation, studies on
the kinetics of Stat5C activation suggested a decreased rate of
tyrosine dephosphorylation as a cause for the hyperphosphorylated state
(44). We cannot entirely rule out the presence of tyrosine phosphatases
in yeast that are similarly affected by the C-terminal truncation.
However, we think it more likely that in our situation hyperactivation of Stat5
C results from improved interaction with Jak2. For example, the C-terminal deletion may increase the Vmax of
a catalytic cycle and thus result in an increase of phosphorylated
Stat5 in a given period. If our interpretation is correct, an increased
phosphorylation rate may contribute to the hyperphosphorylation of
Stat5
C also in mammalian cells and thus increase the dominant
negative effect of this Stat5 allele.
The ability of Jak2 to directly bind Stat5 emphasizes the question why and when receptors do require docking of Stat5 prior to Jak2-mediated phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of Stat5 independently of receptor binding may occur in the case of many cytokine receptor-Jak2 complexes, but an amplification of the signal by receptor docking may be necessary in certain or even most situations, e.g. when receptor numbers are low or when abundant input of signals from the cell surface leads to competition of signal transducers for binding to Jak2 phosphotyrosines. Addressing these possibilities will be the direction of future work.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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We thank Gustav Ammerer, Jim Ihle, Kim Nasmyth, Antonella Ragnini, Chris Schindler, and Andrew Zimiecki, for providing plasmids and antibodies. Reading of the manuscript by Manuela Baccarini is gratefully acknowledged. We also thank Alex von Gabain for generous support.
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FOOTNOTES |
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* This work was supported by the Austrian Fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Project P10486-MED (to T. D.) and by a grant from Boehringer Ingelheim International (to T. D.).The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
§ To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 43-1-79515-4521; Fax: 43-1-79515-4114; E-mail: decker{at}gem.univie.ac.at.
1
The abbreviations used are: Jak, Janus kinase; mJak,
murine Jak; JH, Jak homology region; EMSA, electrophoretic mobility
shift assay; GAS, -interferon activated site; SH2, Src homology
region 2; Stat, signal transducer and activator of transcription;
mStat, murine Stat; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.
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REFERENCES |
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