From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, The cell signaling docking protein
p130cas became tyrosine-phosphorylated in SH-SY5Y human
neuroblastoma cells during induced differentiation with
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and serum or a
combination of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and insulin-like
growth factor-I (IGF-I). The differentiating cells develop a neuronal
phenotype with neurites and growth cones and sustained activation of
protein kinase C (PKC) and pp60c-src. The
TPA-induced p130cas phosphorylation increased within 5 min of
stimulation and persisted for at least 4 days, whereas
bFGF/IGF-I-induced p130cas phosphorylation was biphasic.
However, the increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of p130cas
was not restricted to differentiation inducing stimuli. The
phosphorylation was blocked by the specific PKC inhibitor GF 109203X,
and transient transfection with active PKC- p130cas is a recently identified docking protein that
contains an SH3 domain and a region with several tyrosine residues that can become tyrosine-phosphorylated and constitutes putative SH2 binding
domains (1). The protein structure suggests a function for
p130cas in assembling signaling complexes. The only identified
kinases that directly phosphorylate p130cas is
pp60c-src (2) and Abl (3). However, little is known
about the signaling pathways that lead to induced tyrosine
phosphorylation of p130cas and thereby promote binding of SH2
domain containing proteins, and the downstream effects of this complex
formation remain to be clarified. It is established that
p130cas becomes heavily tyrosine-phosphorylated after integrin
stimulation (4-6) and that the protein is localized to focal adhesions
(4, 7) and along stress fibers (4). p130cas associates with
focal adhesion kinase (FAK)1
(7, 8) and pp60c-src (1, 9, 10), both proteins
involved in focal adhesion regulation. Stimulation of PC12 rat
pheochromocytoma cells with nerve growth factor or epidermal growth
factor also induces phosphorylation of p130cas (11). The
finding that p130cas can bind to SH2 domains of Grb2,
phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Crk, Nck, and phospholipase C- SH-SY5Y is a human neuroblastoma cell line that can be induced to
differentiate into a neuronal phenotype when treated with 16 nM phorbol ester TPA
(12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) in the presence of
fetal calf serum (FCS) or a growth factor (12, 13) or with a
combination of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and insulin-like
growth factor I (IGF-I) in serum-free medium (14). The differentiated
cells extended neurites with neurotransmitter containing varicosities
and growth cones. The growth cones are the leading tips of the growing
neurites and are mainly composed of actin filaments (reviewed in Ref.
15), and actin reorganization is the mechanism underlying growth cone motility. In SH-SY5Y cells, the activity of
pp60c-src increases during differentiation (16),
and pp60c-src is enriched and activated in growth
cones (17). pp60c-src binds to the growth cone
cytoskeleton in an activity dependent manner (18).
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine-threonine kinases that are
subdivided into three classes based on activator and co-factor
dependence. Classical PKCs (PKC- In this study, we have investigated tyrosine phosphorylation of
p130cas in differentiating SH-SY5Y cells and its dependence on
activation and inhibition of PKC and Src family kinases. We also
studied p130cas phosphorylation in isolated growth cones. The
data presented show that there are at least two signaling pathways in
differentiating SH-SY5Y cells that promote tyrosine phosphorylation of
p130cas: an initial PKC-dependent but
pp60c-src/Src-kinase family-independent pathway,
and a second PKC and Src-kinase family-dependent pathway. A
functional role for p130cas in regulating the assembly of
signals that control growth cone function is suggested.
Cell Culture and Reagents--
The human neuroblastoma cell line
SH-SY5Y (25, 26) was cultured in Eagle's minimum essential medium
supplemented with 10% FCS (Life Technologies, Inc.), 100 IU/ml
penicillin, and 50 µg/ml streptomycin in an atmosphere of 5%
CO2 at 37 °C. For experimental procedures, cells were
plated at a density of 2.5 × 106 cells/10-cm culture
dish for 24 h. Where indicated, cells were serum-starved in SHTE
medium (RPMI 1640 medium containing 30 nM selenium, 10 nM hydrocortisone, 30 µg/ml transferrin, and 10 nM Transient Transfections--
The activated
PKC- Immunoprecipitation and Western Blotting--
Cells were lysed
in RIPA (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.2, 160 mM NaCl,
1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium desoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 1 mM
EGTA, 1 mM EDTA, 10 µg/ml aprotinin, 10 µg/ml
leupeptin, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and 1 mM Na3VO4). The lysates were
pre-cleared by centrifugation for 30 min at 15,000 × g. Equal amounts of protein were removed for
immunoprecipitation after protein determination by the method of
Bradford (28). Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with 1 µg of a
polyclonal anti-p130cas antiserum (Santa Cruz) and protein
A-Sepharose (Pharmacia), and the proteins were separated by 7.5%
SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) (29) followed by
blotting to Hybond C extra filters (Amersham Corp.) (30).
Phosphorylated proteins were detected by PY20 or RC20 antibodies
(Transduction Laboratories) diluted 1:2500. For immunodetection of
p130cas, filters were incubated with an anti-p130cas
antiserum (Transduction Laboratories) at 0.1 µg/ml. The
immunoreactivity was detected by the enhanced chemiluminescence method
(Amersham Corp.). Filters were scanned using a Umax super vista S-12
scanner, and the values were expressed in arbitrary units relative to
the level in control cells or cell bodies.
Src Kinase Assay--
Cells were lysed in RIPA as described
above, and pp60c-src was immunoprecipitated with
mAb 327 monoclonal anti-Src antibody (kindly provided by Dr. J. Brugge)
as described previously (31). Immune complex
pp60c-src kinase assay was performed as described
previously (16), and the phosphorylated products were separated by 10%
SDS-PAGE, and the autophosphorylated protein was visualized by
autoradiography.
Subcellular Fractionation--
Differentiated SH-SY5Y cells were
fractionated into growth cones and cell bodies as described previously
(17). For optimal differentiation, cells were plated at 106
cells/culture dish. The cells were kept in serum-containing medium until additions of TPA or growth factors, when the cultures receiving bFGF/IGF-I were changed to SHTE medium. Briefly, cells were homogenized in ice-cold EDTA buffer (0.54 mM EDTA, 137 mM
NaCl, 10 mM NaHPO4, 2.7 mM KCl,
0.15 mM KH2PO4, pH 7.4) and layered
onto a 20% sucrose cushion before centrifugation for 4 min at 500 × g. The growth cones were recovered in the EDTA buffer
supernatant and the cell bodies were recovered with the pellet. Each
fraction was pelleted for 20 min at 20,000 × g and
lysed in RIPA. Equal amounts of protein were immunoprecipitated as
described above.
Identification of the Major 110-130-kDa Phosphotyrosine Proteins
in Differentiating SH-SY5Y Cells--
During in vitro
differentiation of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, a group of proteins
with sizes between 110 and 130 kDa and with a major component at 130 kDa becomes heavily tyrosine-phosphorylated. Under such conditions,
differentiation by 16 nM TPA in 10% serum (TPA) for
example, an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of the 110-130-kDa
proteins was apparent within 4 h of treatment (Fig.
1A, left panel). The same
proteins became phosphorylated during treatment with bFGF and IGF-I in
serum-free medium (bFGF/IGF-I), an alternative method to differentiate
SH-SY5Y cells (14) (Fig. 1A, right panel). In addition, a
protein of approximately 190 kDa became heavily tyrosine-phosphorylated
during the bFGF/IGF-I treatment (Fig. 1A, right panel). The
molecular size of this substrate is larger than both the IGF-I receptor
units and the receptors binding bFGF, and the identity of the band
remains to be determined.
ABSTRACT
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Procedures
Results
Discussion
References
induced
p130cas tyrosine phosphorylation.
pp60c-src, known to directly phosphorylate
p130cas in other cell systems, was not activated after
stimulation with TPA or bFGF/IGF-I for up to 30 min, and the initial
p130cas phosphorylation was resistant to the Src family kinase
inhibitor herbimycin A. However, in long term stimulated cells,
herbimycin A blocked the induced phosphorylation of p130cas.
Also, overexpression of src induced phosphorylation of
p130cas. p130cas protein and phosphorylated
p130cas were present in growth cones isolated from
differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Inhibition of PKC activity in
differentiating cells with GF 109203X leads to a rapid retraction of
growth cone filopodia, and p130cas phosphorylation decreased
transiently (within minutes). Growth cones isolated from these cells
were virtually devoid of phosphorylated p130cas. These data
suggest a function for p130cas as a PKC downstream target in
SH-SY5Y cells and possibly also in their growth cones.
INTRODUCTION
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Procedures
Results
Discussion
References
(2), for
example, suggests that p130cas is a docking protein that
integrates signals from growth factor receptors and adhesion
molecules.
, PKC-
, and PKC-
) and novel
PKCs (PKC-
, PKC-
, PKC-
, PKC-
, and PKC-µ) are activated by
TPA, but the endogenous activator is, for example, diacylglycerol that
is generated after growth factor stimulation (reviewed in Refs. 19 and
20). SH-SY5Y cells express at least PKC-
, PKC-
, and PKC-
(21).
A sustained PKC activity, measured as phosphorylation of myristoylated
alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS), is detected during
differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells (22), and treatment with a high
concentration of TPA (1.6 µM) that down-regulates PKC-
completely only induces poor differentiation (21, 23, 24). Furthermore,
inhibition of PKC activity by specific inhibitors blocks
differentiation induced by 16 nM TPA in FCS or the
combination of bFGF and IGF-I with respect to both morphological and
transcriptional events (24). PKC-
and PKC-
are enriched in growth
cones of SH-SY5Y cells (21, 24), and maintenance of growth cone
structure appears to be PKC-dependent (24).
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Procedures
Results
Discussion
References
-estradiol) for 24-36 h before additions to decrease
the basal level of p130cas phosphorylation. 100 µM Na3VO4 was included 15 min
prior to harvest. GF 109203X (Calbiochem), Go 6976 (Calbiochem), and
herbimycin A (Calbiochem) were dissolved in Me2SO. bFGF was
purchased from Promega; dbcAMP was from Sigma, and IGF-I was a generous
gift from Pharmacia Upjohn.
E159 cDNA cloned into a pMT2 COS cell expression
vector was kindly provided by Dr. P. Parker, and the kinase active
src cDNA cloned into a modified pSG5 vector driven by
SV40 promoter was kindly provided by Dr. S. Courtneidge. 2 × 106 SH-SY5Y cells/10-cm dish were plated in FCS-containing
Eagle's medium 24 h before transfection and received fresh medium
3 h prior to transfection. The cultures were transfected with 30 µg of plasmid DNA using the calcium-phosphate precipitate method as
described (27). 16 h after transfection, the cells were washed in
phosphate-buffered saline and kept in Eagle's/FCS for 48 h before
harvest.
RESULTS
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Abstract
Introduction
Procedures
Results
Discussion
References
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Fig. 1.
Tyrosine phosphorylation of p130cas
induced during differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells. A, whole
cell lysates were prepared from unstimulated serum-growing cells
(c, left panel), or cells treated with 16 nM TPA
(TPA) for the indicated times (left panel), or
from serum-starved control cells (c, right panel), or such cells stimulated with 3 nM bFGF and 5 nM IGF-I
(bFGF/IGF-I) (right panel). After SDS-PAGE of equal amount
of protein, tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins were detected by
immunoblotting (i.b.) with the RC20 anti-phosphotyrosine
antibody (i.b. -PY). The position of molecular mass
markers of 220, 97, 66, and 46 kDa, respectively, are indicated between
the panels. The filled circle, diamond, and
asterisk to the left indicate bands at 190, 130, and 110 kDa, respectively. B, cells were treated with 16 nM TPA in the presence of 10% FCS (TPA) for the
indicated times. Lysates were prepared, and an equal amount of total
protein was immunoprecipitated (i.p.) with an anti-p130cas antiserum. After SDS-PAGE, tyrosine-phosphorylated
p130cas was detected by immunoblotting (i.b.) with
an anti-phosphotyrosine antibody (upper panel). The amount
of p130cas in the samples was estimated with an
anti-p130cas antibody (lower panel). The three
p130cas bands (molecular masses approximately 115, 125, and 130 kDa) are indicated to the left. C, bFGF/IGF-I was
added to serum-starved SH-SY5Y cells, for the indicated length of time,
and the amount of tyrosine-phosphorylated p130cas and total
amount of p130cas protein were analyzed as described in
B. D, serum-starved SH-SY5Y cells were treated
for 5 and 30 min with 16 nM TPA or 10% FCS alone or in
combination. Tyrosine-phosphorylated p130cas was analyzed as
described above. After the indicated exposure times, only the major
130-kDa p130cas band was detected in this blot and in blots of
E and F. E, tyrosine-phosphorylated p130cas was analyzed as above, in immunoprecipitates prepared
from serum-starved cells stimulated for 5 or 30 min with bFGF or IGF-I
separately or in combination. F, cells were grown for 4 days
in the presence of bFGF and/or IGF-I before harvest and detection of
tyrosine-phosphorylated p130cas as described above.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of p130cas Was Not Strictly Correlated to Differentiation of SH-SY5Y Cells-- To test whether the increase in p130cas tyrosine phosphorylation correlated with the differentiated phenotype, SH-SY5Y cells treated with bFGF/IGF-I were analyzed. Also this treatment induced a rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of p130cas, but in contrast to stimulation with TPA, the response was reproducibly shown to be biphasic (Fig. 1C, upper panel). After an initial rapid elevation with a maximum around 30 min, the phosphorylation had declined to basal levels after 4 h. However, after 1 day of stimulation, the phosphorylation of p130cas had returned and remained high for at least another 3 days (Fig. 1C). Re-probing the filter with anti-p130cas antibody revealed that the fluctuation in phosphorylation was not explained by varying amounts of p130cas protein (Fig. 1C, lower panel). A more detailed analysis of bFGF/IGF-I-induced p130cas phosphorylation revealed that after the initial peak around 30 min, the response decreased after 1 h, returned to basal levels after 2 and 4 h, and subsequently returned again after 6 h of stimulation (Fig. 1C and not shown). In contrast to the TPA-treated cells where the p130cas tyrosine phosphorylation was rapid and sustained but started to decrease from day 1 to be significantly lower at day 4, the bFGF/IGF-I stimulated cultures showed a slower increase, a transient drop, and a later strong phosphorylation signal at day 4 (Fig. 1, B and C).
To investigate which components in the differentiation protocols stimulated p130cas phosphorylation, serum-starved SH-SY5Y cells were treated for 5 and 30 min with TPA, FCS, and growth factors alone or in combinations. Five min of treatment with 10% FCS induced a weak tyrosine phosphorylation of p130cas, whereas TPA or the combination of FCS and TPA had more pronounced effects (Fig. 1D). After 30 min of stimulation, tyrosine phosphorylation had increased as a result of all three treatments, and the strongest effect was obtained with TPA alone (Fig. 1D). Also bFGF and IGF-I added individually for 5 or 30 min induced p130cas phosphorylation (Fig. 1E). bFGF had a slightly stronger effect than IGF-I which was most apparent after 30 min. The effect of the combination of factors seemed to be additive (Fig. 1E). Also after 4 days of stimulation, bFGF and IGF-I separately induced p130cas phosphorylation, and again, the effect of the combination was additive (Fig. 1F). Thus, 10% FCS, bFGF, IGF-I, and 16 nM TPA added separately to serum-free cultures, which all are treatments that fail to induce a well developed differentiated phenotype in SH-SY5Y cells (13, 14), induced phosphorylation of p130cas. Therefore, the initial phosphorylation of p130cas seemed not to be strictly correlated to activation of a differentiation program. Since the differentiation protocols studied, as well as the stimulation by phorbol esters, IGF-I, and bFGF, all result in the activation of PKC (14, 22), the detected increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of p130cas might be a PKC-dependent reaction.PKC-dependent p130cas Tyrosine Phosphorylation-- The specific PKC inhibitor GF 109203X (33) was used to test further a role for PKC in the phosphorylation of p130cas. Previous studies have shown that 2 µM GF 109203X prevents TPA- and bFGF/IGF-I-induced differentiation and TPA-induced phosphorylation of the endogenous PKC substrate MARCKS in SH-SY5Y cells (24). Phosphorylation of p130cas induced by 30 min treatment with TPA was partially prevented by 1 µM PKC inhibitor, and at 4 µM the phosphorylation remained almost at the control level (Fig. 2A). In addition, the basal level of p130cas tyrosine phosphorylation in unstimulated cultures was reduced in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 2A). bFGF/IGF-I-induced phosphorylation of p130cas was also largely inhibited by 2 µM GF 109203X (Fig. 2B, right panel), as well as the basal phosphorylation in the corresponding serum-starved control cultures (Fig. 2B, left panel).
|
Constitutively Active PKC- Induced Tyrosine Phosphorylation of
p130cas--
To test our hypothesis that novel isoforms of
PKC are important for tyrosine phosphorylation of p130cas, we
transiently transfected SH-SY5Y cells with constitutively active
PKC-
(point-mutated in the pseudosubstrate region) (35). In four individual experiments, the amount of tyrosine-phosphorylated p130cas increased in the PKC-
+ transfected cells, with an
average of 3.7 times more than in mock-transfected cells (Table
I and Fig. 3). This result demonstrated that
increased PKC-
activity as such was sufficient to promote
p130cas tyrosine phosphorylation. However, PKC-
+-induced
tyrosine phosphorylation in these transfection studies was repeatedly
not blocked by addition of GF 109203X or herbimycin A for 1 h
before harvest (Fig. 3). Similar results were obtained with another PKC
inhibitor, Ro 31-8425 (not shown). The inability of the inhibitors to
block phosphorylation of p130cas in the PKC-
+-transfected
cultures could be due to activation of secondary signaling events
leading to phosphorylation of p130cas under these conditions
(see also "Discussion").
|
|
pp60c-src Activity and Tyrosine Phosphorylation of p130cas-- pp60c-src is one obvious candidate kinase mediating the PKC-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of p130cas not only because pp60c-src can directly phosphorylate p130cas but because pp60c-src becomes phosphorylated after activation of PKC (36, 37), an effect also found in TPA-treated SH-SY5Y cells (16). To investigate whether pp60c-src can induce phosphorylation of p130cas in SH-SY5Y cells, cultures were transiently transfected with a construct encoding functional Src kinase (38) thus leading to increased amounts of pp60c-src. Overexpression of pp60c-src in a limited proportion of the cells (1-10% of the total cells) resulted in a 3.8-fold increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of p130cas compared with mock-transfected cultures (Table I and Fig. 3). Addition of 3 µM Src kinase family inhibitor herbimycin A 1 h prior to harvest resulted in a remaining p130cas phosphorylation similar to that in control mock-transfected cultures. An opposite effect was found on mock-transfected cells where p130cas phosphorylation was slightly augmented in the presence of herbimycin A, indicating that the resting level of phosphorylated p130cas in unstimulated cultures was independent of an Src-related kinase activity (see for comparison the effect on GF 109203X described above). GF 109203X prevented the enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of p130cas in the src+-transfected cultures (Fig. 3). Thus it seems that active pp60c-src can promote phosphorylation of p130cas and that this effect was dependent on functional PKC.
In previous studies on SH-SY5Y cells, we have shown that no increase in the specific pp60c-src activity could be detected until 6 h after addition of TPA (16). Thus, the initial stimulation of phosphorylation of p130cas after addition of TPA (Figs. 1 and 2) did not coincide with any detectable up-regulation of the pp60c-src activity. In addition, in vitro kinase assays with immunoprecipitated pp60c-src from cells treated for 5 and 30 min with bFGF/IGF showed that an immediate activation of pp60c-src could not be found under those conditions (Fig. 4A, left panel). But similar to TPA treatment, prolonged stimulation with bFGF/IGF-I led to increased pp60c-src activity mesured after 24 h (Fig. 4A, right panel) (16). Thus, tyrosine phosphorylation of p130cas could be induced in the absence of a simultaneous detectable increase in pp60c-src activity.
|
Effect of Dibutyryl cAMP on p130cas Phosphorylation-- To evaluate if activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, in addition to PKC, promotes p130cas phosphorylation, SH-SY5Y cells were stimulated with 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) for 5 min to 2 h. In SH-SY5Y cells, dbcAMP potentiates TPA-induced differentiation but lacks a differentiating effect when added alone (39). An increase in p130cas tyrosine phosphorylation was seen 1 to 2 h after stimulation, but the effect was somewhat weaker and delayed compared with stimulation with TPA (Fig. 5).
|
PKC-dependent Phosphorylation of p130cas in Differentiated Cells and Isolated Growth Cones-- Growth cones isolated from SH-SY5Y cells differentiated with TPA or bFGF/IGF-I, respectively, were analyzed for p130cas protein content. With both differentiation protocols, p130cas protein was enriched about 2-fold in the growth cones compared with the cell bodies when measured as immunodetectable p130cas per total protein in each fraction (Fig. 6A). We have previously shown that in bFGF/IGF-I-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, the growth cones start to retract their filopodia within seconds after PKC inhibition with GF 109203X (24). The same result was obtained with TPA-differentiated cultures (not shown), and p130cas phosphorylation was now studied under identical conditions. Addition of GF 109203X to cells differentiated with TPA for 4 days reduced the p130cas phosphorylation to a level comparable to undifferentiated control cells within 5 min after addition of the inhibitor (Fig. 6B). The suppression of p130cas phosphorylation remained for at least 2 h, although the phosphorylation signal had started to slowly recover after 1 h. In similar experiments using bFGF/IGF-I differentiated cells, a more transient dephosphorylation of p130cas was seen after 5 min of treatment with GF 109203X, with the effect reversed after 1-2 h (Fig. 6C). Thus, the initial decrease in tyrosine phosphorylation of p130cas after application of the PKC inhibitor correlated well in time with the retraction of growth cone filopodia.
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DISCUSSION |
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We here report a PKC-dependent increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of p130cas in differentiating SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Src kinase and herbimycin A data suggested an initial p130cas tyrosine phosphorylation pathway independent of pp60c-src and a later pathway in differentiating cells involving pp60c-src or related herbimycin A-sensitive kinase(s). We also propose a role for p130cas in assembling signals that regulate the functional growth cone in axons and dendrites.
Previously, we have demonstrated that TPA- and to a large extent
bFGF/IGF-I-dependent neuronal differentiation (growth cone formation, outgrowth of neurites, and gene expression) of SH-SY5Y cells
is blocked by PKC inhibitors. However, the cells retain their capacity
to differentiate in response to bFGF/IGF-I when classical PKCs (such as
PKC-) are down-regulated by prolonged treatment with 1.6 µM TPA (24). Under these conditions, PKC-
is still
present in substantial amounts. We have therefore proposed that PKC-
or other novel isoforms are vital for neuronal differentiation in this
cell system. We have now shown that under conditions where either of
TPA and growth factors induce differentiation, tyrosine phosphorylation
of p130cas is stimulated. This response is not entirely
associated with the development of a differentiated phenotype, but
rather with the activation of PKC, since a number of protocols inducing
PKC activation but not differentiation also induced p130cas
tyrosine phosphorylation. We have previously demonstrated that both
bFGF and IGF-I activates PKC in these cells, measured as in
vivo phosphorylation of MARCKS, and that the combination of the
factors was additive, whereas 16 nM TPA was twice as
efficient (14). This order of magnitude was also true for
p130cas phosphorylation, speaking in favor of a
PKC-dependent signaling step in growth factor- and
TPA-treated cells. The use of specific inhibitors for classical and
novel PKCs (GF 109203X and Go 6976) demonstrated that this
phosphorylation seemed to be dependent on active novel isoforms of PKC.
Also the maintenance of an elevated p130cas phosphorylation in
differentiated cells required functional PKC, as demonstrated by the
rapid net dephosphorylation of p130cas after addition of GF
109203X. The strongest indication for a PKC-driven tyrosine
phosphorylation of p130cas came from the data in Fig.
1D where TPA added to serum-free cultures gave a rapid and
potent effect.
Introduction of a constitutively active PKC- also promoted
phosphorylation of p130cas, showing that increased PKC-
activity as such was sufficient in promoting p130cas
phosphorylation. We have not been able to distinguish any signs of
differentiation in the PKC-
+-transfected cultures. In contrast to
the TPA-differentiated cells, p130cas phosphorylation in
PKC-
+-transfected cultures was not sensitive to acute exposure to
PKC inhibitors (GF 109203X in Fig. 3 and Ro 31-8425, not shown).
Preliminary results from transient transfections with PKC-
+, where
GF 109203X and Ro 31-8425 were added immediately after a shorter
transfection protocol (6 h) and included for another 40 h,
indicated that this treatment abolished the very small induction in
tyrosine phosphorylation of p130cas seen in these cultures (not
shown). One possible explanation for these somewhat contradictive
results could be that selective increase of PKC-
activity in the
transfectants induced secondary effects and, consequently, at a later
time point an apparent dissociation of the p130cas
phosphorylation from PKC activity under these conditions.
The steady-state level of p130cas tyrosine phosphorylation is balanced by protein-tyrosine kinase activity(ies) counteracted by protein-tyrosine phosphatase(s). The effect of the TPA- or growth factor-stimulated serine-threonine kinase PKC in SH-SY5Y cells for tyrosine phosphorylation of p130cas could thus be due to either activation of protein-tyrosine kinases, inactivation of protein-tyrosine phosphatases, or a combination of the two (Fig. 7). One of several plausible kinase candidates would be pp60c-src since p130cas is tyrosine-phosphorylated in v-Src transformed cells (40); pp60c-src has been shown to directly phosphorylate p130cas (4), and pp60c-src is activated in differentiating SH-SY5Y cells as a comparatively late event (16). A phosphatase candidate is the protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)-PEST, which is inactivated by PKC, can dephosphorylate p130cas (41), and is present in SH-SY5Y cells (42).
|
A direct effect of PKC on pp60c-src kinase activity has not been conclusively evaluated, but PKC can phosphorylate pp60c-src on serine 12 (36, 37), which also has been demonstrated in TPA-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells (16). However, we conclude that only the late but not the initial phosphorylation of p130cas was dependent on pp60c-src or Src family members based on the following arguments. (i) The Src family inhibitor herbimycin A had no effect on the basal and initial (5-30 min) p130cas phosphorylation in TPA- and bFGF/IGF-I-treated cells. (ii) Despite large efforts, we have never been able to detect an increased pp60c-src activity within the first 6 h of treatment of these cells with TPA (16) or bFGF/IGF-I, and neither increased amounts of pp60c-src protein (16). (iii) The small amount of p130cas that co-immunoprecipitated with pp60c-src was unaltered after TPA treatment (not shown), indicating that stimulation of the cells did not lead to subcellular redistribution of active pp60c-src to a p130cas containing compartment or vice versa. (iv) In differentiated cultures (4 days), i.e. when pp60c-src activity is up-regulated, p130cas phosphorylation was abolished by herbimycin A, suggesting involvement of pp60c-src or another herbimycin A-sensitive kinase. Alternative genes, e.g. FYN and YES, are expressed in SH-SY5Y cells and are enriched and activated in growth cones of differentiating SH-SY5Y cells (43). p59fyn binds p130cas, and p130cas phosphorylation is decreased in fibroblasts isolated from fyn knock-out mice compared with their normal counterpart (2). Both p59fyn and pp62c-yes kinases should be sensitive to herbimycin A. These kinases might therefore contribute to tyrosine phosphorylation of p130cas at later time points but are unlikely to promote the initial signal. (v) Overexpression of functional pp60c-src caused increased tyrosine phosphorylation of p130cas measured 40 h after transfection, and this phosphorylation was largely abolished by short term treatment with herbimycin A or GF 109203X, indicating the involvement of a PKC-dependent step also under these conditions. Another kinase, p125FAK, that also interacts directly with p130cas (7, 8) and can be regulated by PKC (44) is not likely to significantly contribute to the phosphorylation of p130cas in SH-SY5Y, since no active, i.e. phosphorylated, p125FAK was detected in cells stimulated with TPA. The cytosolic tyrosine kinase Abl has been shown to phosphorylate p130cas in vitro. The phosphorylation is enhanced by binding of Crk to Abl (3). An in vivo function for Abl in p130cas phosphorylation remains to be investigated in SH-SY5Y and other cells.
The tyrosine phosphatase PTP-PEST was recently shown to dephosphorylate specifically p130cas in several cell lines (41) and to bind directly to the SH3 domain of p130cas (45). PTP-PEST can be phosphorylated on serine residues in vitro by both PKC and cyclic AMP-dependent kinase, and the same residues are phosphorylated in TPA-stimulated HeLa cells. This phosphorylation negatively regulates the activity of the phosphatase by reducing the substrate affinity (46). It is feasible that PKC-evoked p130cas phosphorylation in SH-SY5Y cells could be mediated by inactivation of PTP-PEST. The finding that activation of cyclic AMP-dependent kinase with dbcAMP also promoted tyrosine phosphorylation of p130cas is in agreement with a PTP-PEST-regulated p130cas phosphorylation, but the possible involvement of PTP-PEST needs further studies.
Little is known about the physiological function of p130cas.
Its localization to growth cones could imply that p130cas takes
part in the regulation of growth cone function. Both PKC- and
PKC-
are enriched in intact growth cones (21), and PKC activity
(presumably PKC-
) is necessary for maintenance of the growth cone
structure (24). We now suggest that p130cas could be a
downstream target of PKC in the functional growth cone based on the
following: (i) tyrosine-phosphorylated p130cas was present in
growth cones of differentiated SH-SY5Y; (ii) p130cas in the
growth cone fraction as well as in whole unfractionated cells was
rapidly dephosphorylated after addition of a PKC inhibitor, a treatment
that induces retraction of growth cone filopodia; and (iii) the time
course of the initial dephosphorylation of p130cas measured in
whole cell extracts correlated closely to filopodia retraction. Unlike
treatment with GF 109203X, exposure to herbimycin A did not lead to
rapid changes of growth cone morphology, but prolonged exposure over
several days caused cell detachment from the culture dish.
p130cas phosphorylation decreased in these cells but not as
rapid as after GF 109203X treatment. Thus, p130cas
phosphorylation in growth cones did not seem to correlate closely to
growth cone structure but rather to PKC activity.
An explanation for the functionally different effects of GF 109203X and
herbimycin A on growth cone structure would be if PKC has a more
complex role regulating and integrating a number of vital activities in
the growth cone. For example, GAP-43 is a well characterized PKC
substrate located in growth cones of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells (17)
and with an important role in neuronal sprouting and growth cone
migration (47, 48). Although the results discussed above point to an
important role of PKC in signaling through p130cas in growth
cones, neither p130cas phosphorylation nor PKC activation are
sufficient for neurite extension (see for instance PKC-
transfections). Experiments with PC12 cells have previously
demonstrated that introduction of v-src or mutated active
ras leads to neurite outgrowth and differentiation (49, 50)
and that the two oncogenes have a synergistic effect (for a review see
Ref. 51). Introduction of active Ras (Val-12 Ras) in SH-SY5Y cells also
leads to neurite formation,2
clearly demonstrating signaling events leading to neurite formation which cannot solely be explained by activation of PKC or
p130cas.
SH-SY5Y cells undergoing an active process of differentiation have to coordinate signals mediating neurite outgrowth and other cytoskeletal events as well as altered gene expression. Also, survival and maintenance of the differentiated cell probably demands other signaling activities or combinations of signals than unstimulated or acutely stimulated SH-SY5Y cells. It is feasible that p130cas has different or partially non-overlapping functions and is differently regulated during early and late phases of differentiation. The rapid phosphorylation of p130cas in cells induced to differentiate might be an early event during the dynamic phase of cytoskeleton rearrangement that precedes the formation of growth cones and neurite sprouting. The acute effects of TPA, FCS, and growth factors added separately might also lead to the same actin reorganization. Since p130cas is the target of both growth factor and integrin stimulation (see Introduction for references) and is a signal transduction docking protein, p130cas may sense and integrate different signals in growth cones, thus being a member of the tightly regulated machinery needed for axon growth and path finding.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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We thank Irja Johansson for excellent
technical assistance. We also thank Dr. Sara Courtneidge for the Src
construct, Dr. Peter Parker for the PKC-E159 construct, and Dr. Joan
Biedler for the SH-SY5Y cells.
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FOOTNOTES |
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* This work was supported by grants from the Swedish Cancer Society and The Childrens' Cancer Foundation of Sweden (to S. P. and E. N.), HKH Kronprinsessan Lovisas förening för barnasjukvård, Hans von Kantzows Stiftelse, Crafoordska Stiftelsen, and the MAS University Hospital Research funds (to S. P.) and Göran Gustavssons och Magnus Bergvalls Stiftelser (to E. N.).The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Laboratory
Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital MAS, Wallenberg Laboratory, S-205 02 Malmö, Sweden. Tel.: 46-40337403;
Fax: 46-40337322; E-mail: Sven.Pahlman{at}medforsk.mas.lu.se.
1 The abbreviations used are: FAK, focal adhesion kinase, TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; FCS, fetal calf serum; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor I; PKC, protein kinase C; MARCKS, myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate; dbcAMP, dibutyryl cyclic AMP; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; PTP, protein-tyrosine phosphatase.
2 A.-K. Olsson and E. Nånberg, manuscript in preparation.
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