(Received for publication, November 6, 1996)
From the Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
Apolipoprotein (apo)B mRNA editing is mediated by a multiprotein editosome complex. Apobec-1 is the catalytic component of this complex, but other proteins involved in editing have not been identified. We used the yeast two-hybrid system to identify an apobec-1-interacting protein, ABBP-1. ABBP-1 contains 331 amino acid residues and is identical to a previously reported human type A/B hnRNP except for a 47-residue insertion at its C-terminal region. It contains typical RNP motifs at its N-terminal half and glycine-rich motifs in the C-terminal region. Northern blot analysis indicates that ABBP-1 mRNA is distributed in multiple human tissues. By deletion analysis, we mapped the apobec-1-binding region to the glycine-rich domain. ABBP-1 also binds to apoB mRNA transcripts around the editing site and can be UV-cross-linked to them in vitro. Immnodepletion of ABBP-1 from an active apoB mRNA editing tissue extract inhibits its editing activity. Down-regulation of ABBP-1 in an apobec-1-expressing HepG2 cell line by transfection with an antisense ABBP-1 cDNA construct leads to inhibition of endogenous apoB mRNA editing. We conclude that ABBP-1 is an apobec-1-interacting protein that may play an important role in apoB mRNA editing.
Apolipoprotein (apo)1B mRNA
editing is a novel mechanism for the posttranscriptional regulation of
gene expression in mammals (reviewed in Refs. 1 and 2). It consists of
a C U conversion of the first base of the codon CAA, encoding
glutamine 2153, to UAA, an in-frame stop codon, in apoB mRNA (3,
4). ApoB-100 and apoB-48 are the translation products of the unedited
and edited mRNA, respectively. Although apoB-48 corresponds to the
N-terminal 48% of apoB-100, the two proteins have drastically
different properties and entirely different physiological functions
(5).
ApoB mRNA editing is an intranuclear function (6). It is mediated by a multiprotein editosome complex, the catalytic component of which has been cloned (7-11). This component, known as apobec-1, consists of a 27-28-kDa protein that shows substantial sequence similarity to cytidine deaminase (11, 12). In fact, it has cytidine deaminase activity (12) that mediates the sequence-specific deamination of C-6666 in apoB-100 mRNA to a uridine residue in apoB-48 mRNA.
Apobec-1 exists as a spontaneous homodimer (10). It is active against synthetic human apoB mRNA substrates in vitro only in the presence of complementation factors (7). These factors are widely distributed in mammalian tissues, including many that do not synthesize apoB mRNA (8, 13). None of these factors have been characterized or cloned.
In order to understand the mechanism by which apobec-1 edits apoB
mRNA and the protein composition of the editosome complex, we have
used the yeast two-hybrid system to identify proteins that specifically
interact with apobec-1 in vitro and in vivo. By
this technique, we cloned an apobec-1-binding protein that appears to
be a variant of hnRNP type A/B. This protein, named ABBP-1
(po
ec-1-
inding
rotein-1), demonstrates many properties that suggest that
it plays an important role in apoB mRNA editing.
The cDNA of human apobec-1 (10) was
subcloned into PAS-2 and used as bait to screen several human
two-hybrid libraries (Clontech, Inc.). About 60 positives were obtained
from 6 × 106 Trp-Leu colonies. Five passed the mating
assay (14) and consist of independent clones. One of these clones,
isolated from a human placenta library, contains a partial ABBP-1
cDNA. The 5 end of the ABBP-1 cDNA sequence was cloned by
using the Clontech's 5
rapid amplification of cDNA ends cDNA
kit.
The glutathione S-transferase (GST)-ABBP-1 fusion protein was used for in vitro binding experiments. In 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline, 0.2% Nonidet P-40 solution, 100 µl of the GST beads (Amersham Corp) was incubated with the appropriate amount of [35S]methionine-labeled apobec-1 (obtained by coupled transcription-translation using a TnT kit from Promega, Inc.) at 4 °C for 1 h with gentle rocking. The beads were washed five times and were then boiled to denature in SDS loading buffer and analyzed by SDS-PAGE (15). Truncation of the GST-ABBP-1 fusion protein was done by polymerase chain reaction subcloning. The subclones were confirmed by complete sequencing and the size of the truncated proteins analyzed by SDS-PAGE.
RNA Band Mobility Shifting and UV Cross-linkingRNA gel mobility shift assay and SDS-PAGE analysis of UV-cross-linked protein-RNA complex were performed as described previously (16). 200 ng of 32P-labeled human apoB-mRNA, a 295-mer (bases 6560-6854), was incubated with 1 µg of GST-ABBP-1 fusion protein in a total volume of 20 µl of editing buffer (17) at room temperature for 30 min. 10 µl was digested with T1 ribonuclease and loaded on a 5% nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel in 50 mM Tris-glycine (pH 7.9) buffer. The other 10 µl was exposed to UV light for 15 min with a short-wave UV lamp and digested with T1 ribonuclease. The boiled samples were loaded on 12.5% SDS-PAGE and the gels exposed to x-ray as described (16).
In Vitro Editing Extracts and Effect of ImmunodepletionHepG2 cells transfected with human apobec-1 cDNA using the vector pFLAG-CMV-2 (International Biotechnologies, Inc., New Haven, CT) were used to generate the S-100 fractions for the in vitro editing assays as described (18). Protein A-agarose purified rabbit IgG fraction against the GST-ABBP-1 fusion protein was covalently immobilized to agarose beads (Bio-Rad) and used to incubate with the S-100 fractions at 4 °C overnight in a slow rocking platform. A typical reaction contained 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline, 0.2% Triton solution. The beads were settled on ice, and the cleared supernatant was collected for the editing assays. In vitro editing and primer extension assays were performed as described (19).
Transfection of ABBP-1 Antisense DNA and Selection of Transfected CellsThe ABBP-1 cDNA construct was subcloned in an antisense orientation in pHook-3 (Invitrogen Co., San Diego, CA). This construct was transfected into stable apobec-1-expressing HepG2 cells (10) by electroporation. Selection of transfected cells was performed 48 h later using the Capture-Tec pHook-3 kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. This method allows the specific selection of antisense ABBP-1-transfected cells. Total RNA was prepared from the selected cells and used for analysis of the extent of the apoB mRNA editing. Cells transfected with pHook-3 without ABBP-1 cDNA insert were used as a control.
Miscellaneous MethodsAntibodies against GST-ABBP-1 fusion protein were generated by direct injection of the glutathione-conjugated GST-ABBP-1 beads intradermally into New Zealand rabbits. Booster shots were done with the gel-purified GST-ABBP-1 protein. Human tissue RNA Northern blots were purchased from Clontech, Inc. Hybridization was performed in 50% formamide (w/v) 5 × SSPE (1 × SSPE = 0.18 M NaCl, 10 mM NaPO4, pH 7.7, 1 mM EDTA), 10 × Denhardt, 2% SDS, and 100 µg/ml Escherichia coli DNA and washed as described previously (10).
Using the yeast
two-hybrid system and apobec-1 as bait, we have identified five
independent cDNA clones. The in vivo interactions in the
yeast system were confirmed by binding in vitro to human apobec-1 (see below). Partial sequence analysis revealed that one of
these clones, ABBP-1, contains RNA-binding motifs (RNP motifs, also
known as RNA recognition motifs, or RNA-binding domain (20)) that
suggest that it may be involved in apoB mRNA editing. The complete
deduced amino acid sequence of ABBP-1 is shown in Fig.
1. It contains 331 amino acid residues with a calculated Mr 36,615 and is identical in structure to a
human type A/B hnRNP (21), except for a 47-amino acid insertion close
to the C-terminal region of the molecule. This insertion is the result
of alternate RNA splicing, the inserted sequence corresponding to an
exon that is excluded in the mature cytoplasmic ABBP-1 mRNA in
about half of the mRNA population on HepG2 cells (data not shown).
The structural domains of ABBP-1 are depicted in Fig.
2B. ABBP-1 contains two 80-amino acid-long
RNA-binding domains, each containing two short sequences, RNP1 (RNP
octamer) and RNP2 (RNP hexamer), that are typical of many RNA-binding
proteins (20, 22). The C-terminal part of the protein is very
glycine-rich and contains a stretch of 8 glycine residues immediately
preceding the extra exon sequence. Such glycine-rich domains have been
found in other RNP proteins and appear to be auxiliary domains that
mediate protein-protein interactions (23). The 47-amino acid insert is
also rich in glycine, containing 13 glycine residues, of which 9 are
followed immediately by a tyrosine residue. The function of such GY
repeats is unknown. A potential ATP/GTP binding fold is present in the C-terminal region immediately following the 47-amino acid insertion. Northern blot analysis of RNAs isolated from various human tissues indicates that ABBP-1 mRNA expression is widely distributed; a ~2-kilobase band was identified in all the tissues examined,
including spleen, thymus, prostate, testis, ovary, small
intestine, pancreas, colon, leukocyte, heart, brain, placenta, lung,
liver, skeletal muscle, and kidney (data not shown).
Mapping of ABBP-1 Binding to Human Apobec-1
The ability of ABBP-1 to bind to apobec-1 synthesized in vitro was examined by using full-length and various deletion mutants of ABBP-1 conjugated at the N terminus to GST. As shown in Fig. 2, full-length GST-ABBP-1 binds to human apobec-1 in vitro, confirming the yeast two-hybrid interactions in vivo. This binding is mediated by the C-terminal region of the molecule, since removal of this part of the molecule completely abolishes binding (mutant 4). The 47-amino acid insertion (mutants 8 and 9) by itself appears competent in binding, but is not required for binding because its deletion from ABBP-1 (in mutants 2 and 3) does not impair binding. A stretch of 4 glutamine residues upstream of the glycine-rich domain does not by itself confer apobec-1 binding (mutant 4, which contains this stretch at its C terminus, does not bind). The ATP/GTP fold immediately downstream to the 47-amino acid insertion is not required for binding (mutant 3, which misses this fold, binds well). Taken together, it is evident that sequences rich in glycine in ABBP-1 mediate apobec-1 binding.
ABBP-1 Binds to Human ApoB mRNA Fragment Around the Edited Site and Can Be UV Cross-linked to ItSince ABBP-1 contains typical
RNA-binding motifs, we tested whether it would bind to apoB mRNA
in vitro. Binding of 32P-labeled human apoB
mRNA (containing nucleotides 6560-6854) to GST-ABBP-1 was examined
by band mobility-shift analysis. As shown in Fig.
3A, ABBP-1 binds to 32P-apoB
mRNA. Binding was effectively competed in the presence of excess
unlabeled apoB mRNA, but not yeast RNA. Furthermore, ABBP-1 could
be specifically cross-linked to 32P-apoB mRNA by UV
light (Fig. 3B). UV cross-linking showed the same
specificity as the gel-shift analysis.
Down-regulation of ABBP-1 Inhibits ApoB mRNA Editing
We
transfected a human apobec-1 cDNA vector into the human hepatoma
cell line HepG2. S-100 extracts from these cells are competent in
editing human apoB mRNA in vitro (Fig.
4A). To examine the potential role of ABBP-1
in apoB mRNA editing, we examined the effect of immunodepletion
with anti ABBP-1 IgG on in vitro editing activity (Fig.
4A). We found that immunodepletion of ABBP-1 in the editing
extracts results in a significant inhibition of editing; the extent of
editing is reduced from 14.75 ± 4.97% in control extracts to
4.43 ± 1.95% (p < 0.05) in immunodepleted
extracts. The use of preimmune serum and sham incubation of the extract under the same conditions resulted in minimal changes in editing. This
experiment suggests that ABBP-1 is a component of the apoB mRNA
editing complex in vitro.
To further investigate the role of ABBP-1 in editing-competent HepG2 cells (produced by stable transfection with apobec-1 cDNA (10)) under in vivo conditions, we transfected them with either an ABBP-1 antisense cDNA expression vector clone or with the expression vector (pHook-3) only (Fig. 4B). Total RNA was isolated from successfully transfected cells (selected by magnetic bead-coupled hapten capture of pHook-3-directed antigen expression) and assayed for the extent of apoB mRNA editing. We found that transfection with antisense ABBP-1 led to a marked inhibition in endogenous apoB mRNA editing in these cells from 10.83 ± 2.84% to 3.87 ± 1.79% (p < 0.05), a ~75% reduction. Transfection with the vector alone had no effect. Thus, down-regulation of ABBP-1 expression by antisense expression inhibits endogenous apoB mRNA editing in vivo.
The search for complementation proteins for apoB mRNA editing started with the demonstration of a 40-kDa protein (16) and later both a ~44-kDa and a ~66-kDa protein (24, 25) that interact with synthetic apoB mRNA sequences as demonstrated by UV cross-linking in vitro. The role of these proteins in apoB mRNA editing, if any, is unknown. Recently, Schock et al. (26) demonstrated the presence of a 240-kDa protein antigen in a 27 S putative editosome complex. This protein was not demonstrated to interact with either apobec-1 or apoB mRNA and its role in apoB mRNA editing in vivo remains to be determined.
In this study we have used the yeast two-hybrid technique to identify a protein, ABBP-1, that specifically binds to apobec-1. The deduced amino acid sequence of ABBP-1 indicates that it is an RNA-binding protein that shows sequence identity with a human hnRNP type A/B protein (21), except for a 47-amino acid insertion produced by alternative RNA splicing. The previously described hnRNP protein was identified as an RNA-binding protein of unknown function in HeLa cells. Here we show that this protein interacts specifically with apobec-1. Apart from the classical RNP-2 and RNP-1 motifs in the N-terminal half of ABBP-1, there is a glycine-rich region in the C-terminal region of the molecule. Such glycine-rich sequences in RNP proteins are typically involved in protein-protein interactions (23), and in ABBP-1 they appear to mediate its binding to apobec-1. We have identified two isoforms of ABBP-1 produced by alternatively spliced mRNAs. Both forms seem to be competent in binding to apobec-1 in vitro.
ABBP-1 also binds to apoB mRNA and can be UV-cross-linked to it in vitro. Immunodepletion of ABBP-1 in editing extracts appears to inhibit their editing activity. Most important, expression of antisense ABBP-1 transcript by transfection reduces endogenous apoB mRNA editing in apobec-1-expressing HepG2 cells by 75%. These experiments provide evidence for the possible involvement of ABBP-1 in apoB mRNA editing in vivo.
We speculate that ABBP-1 may be involved in recruiting and possibly disrupting the secondary structure of apoB mRNA and bringing it to the vicinity of apobec-1 (and possibly other complementation proteins) for editing. We note that ABBP-1 is the first apobec-1-interacting protein identified and cloned. Furthermore, to date, other than apobec-1 itself, it is the only protein whose down-regulation seems to affect both the editing activity of a cellular editing extract assayed in vitro and the level of endogenous apoB mRNA editing in a cell. Future research in this area will be aimed at the identification of other factor(s) involved in apoB mRNA editing and their possible interaction with apobec-1 and ABBP-1.
The nucleotide sequence(s) reported in this paper has been submitted to the GenBankTM/EMBL Data Bank with accession number(s) U76713[GenBank].