(Received for publication, November 27, 1996, and in revised form, January 29, 1997)
From the Neuropeptide Y (NPY) occurs in
adrenergic as well as in non-adrenergic nerves innervating the islets
of Langerhans and inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
Recently we demonstrated that NPY is expressed within islet beta cells
of the rat pancreas following treatment with dexamethasone in
vivo. In this study we examined the cellular expression of NPY
following dexamethasone treatment of the insulin-producing cell line
RINm5F, which under control conditions does not express or release NPY.
The cells were cultured with or without dexamethasone (100 nM) for 5 days. Over the 5-day culture period,
dexamethasone time dependently induced an increased release of NPY with
a concomitant decrease in the release of insulin. Northern blot and
in situ hybridization revealed a corresponding
time-dependent increase in the amount of NPY transcripts
and in the number of cells labeled for NPY mRNA, whereas
immunocytochemistry for NPY revealed only a few immunoreactive cells,
indicating a rapid release of the formed peptide. Following 5 days of
culture with dexamethasone, acute stimulation with
D-glyceraldehyde (10 mM) or KCl (20 mM) Ca2+ dependently stimulated the release of
insulin. In contrast neither stimulation with
D-glyceraldehyde or KCl nor removal of extracellular Ca2+ affected the release of NPY. Furthermore the
D-glyceraldehyde- and KCl-induced increase in cytosolic
Ca2+, evident in control RINm5F cells, was impaired after
dexamethasone treatment. We conclude that RINm5F cells show
steroid-sensitive plasticity and express NPY after dexamethasone
treatment concomitantly with a decreased insulin secretion and impaired
increase in cytosolic Ca2+ upon depolarization with KCl or
stimulation with D-glyceraldehyde. We also conclude that
NPY and insulin secretion are regulated differently and suggest that
the inability of the removal of extracellular Ca2+ to
inhibit NPY secretion and the failure of D-glyceraldehyde and KCl to stimulate NPY secretion reflect a constitutive release of
this peptide from the cells in contrast to the regulated release of
insulin.
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)1 is a widely
distributed neurotransmitter in the mammalian central and peripheral
nervous systems (1, 2) and belongs to the NPY family of peptides also
comprising pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and peptide YY (PYY) (3) (for
review, see Ref. 2). In the pancreas of several species, including the
rat, NPY has been demonstrated in adrenergic as well as in non-adrenergic nerve fibers around blood vessels, ducts, and acini as
well as within the islets (4, 5). In the pancreas NPY inhibits
glucose-stimulated insulin secretion as demonstrated both in
vitro and in vivo (6, 7). Recent studies have revealed expression of NPY also in islet cells, e.g. in hamster islet
somatostatin cells (8), in mouse islet glucagon cells (9), and in rat islet cells following in vivo treatment or treatment of
isolated islets with dexamethasone (10-12). The dexamethasone-induced
expression of NPY in rat islet cells has been localized predominantly
to the insulin-producing beta cells (11, 12). However, the mechanisms of dexamethasone-induced NPY expression and the regulation of NPY
secretion from insulin-producing cells after dexamethasone treatment
are not yet established.
To study whether insulin-producing cells show steroid plasticity and
display induced expression and secretion of NPY after dexamethasone
treatment in a defined environment without influence of peptides
derived from other islet cells, we examined the RINm5F cells by using
Northern blot, in situ hybridization (ISH), and immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, we examined the release of insulin and NPY by radioimmunoassay from the RINm5F cells after dexamethasone treatment during basal conditions and after stimulation with
D-glyceraldehyde and KCl in the presence or absence of
extracellular Ca2+. The levels of cytosolic
Ca2+ in control- and dexamethasone-treated cells during
basal and stimulated conditions were also measured.
Stock cultures of RINm5F cells were grown
continuously at 37 °C in humified air equilibrated with 5%
CO2 in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 2 mM
L-glutamine, 10% fetal calf serum, 100 units/ml penicillin
G, 100 µg/ml streptomycin, and 2.5 µg/ml amphothericin B. Cells
were subcultured once weekly after trypsination and the medium was
changed every 3-4 days. All experimental work was performed with cells
in passages number 76-80.
RINm5F cells
were cultured on glass slides for 1 to 5 days in control medium and in
medium supplemented with dexamethasone (100 nM),
respectively. Each day of the culture period, slides were processed for
immunocytochemistry or ISH. For immunocytochemistry, each slide was
washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2, and then
fixed in Stefanini's fixative (2% formaldehyde and 0.2% picric acid
in phosphate buffer, pH 7.2) for 15 min at room temperature, then
rinsed repeatedly with PBS, and immediately processed for the
immunocytochemical demonstration of NPY, insulin, glucagon,
somatostatin, PP, and PYY. The slides were incubated overnight with
primary antibodies against pro-NPY68-97 (C-PON) (1:1280;
code CA 300, Cambridge Research Biochemicals, Cambridge, United
Kingdom). Incubation was also performed with primary antibodies against
proinsulin (1:1280, code 9003), glucagon (1:2560, code 7811), PYY
(1:2560, code 8415), PP (1:1280, code 7823) (EuroDiagnostica, Malmö, Sweden), and somatostatin (1:1600, code N-SOM, Incstar, Stillwater, MN). The site of the antigen-antibody reaction was visualized by fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antibody to rabbit
IgG raised in pig (Dakopatts, Copenhagen, Denmark).
For ISH, slides were rinsed twice with PBS and then fixed for 10 min in
buffered 4% paraformaldehyde (pH 7.2), permeabilized in 0.25% Triton
X-100, rinsed in PBS for 5 min, and dehydrated. For detection of NPY
mRNA, a 36-mer probe complementary to the nucleotide sequence
266-301 of rat NPY cDNA was used. The probe has been checked for
complementarity to other genes present in the GenBankTM
data base, using the NCBI BLAST E-mail server, but no such
complementarity was found (11, 12). For detection of insulin mRNA,
a probe mixture consisting of six different 30-mer
oligodeoxyribonucleotides was used (BPR 236; R & D Systems, Abingdon,
Oxfordshire, UK). ISH was also performed for glucagon mRNA using a
probe complementary to nucleotides 153-182 of rat glucagon cDNA,
for somatostatin mRNA using a probe complementary to nucleotides
310-339 (code NEP-503, DuPont NEN, Solna, Sweden) of rat somatostatin
cDNA, for PYY and PP mRNAs using probes complementary to
nucleotides 266-295 of rat PYY cDNA, and nucleotides 265-294 of
rat PP cDNA. The probes were 3 The percentage of NPY mRNA-labeled cells of the total number of
cells counted was calculated for each day during the 5-day culture
period with and without dexamethasone. At least 2 slides from three
separate experiments for each day (control and dexamethasone-treated cells) were examined. In each slide approximately 1000 cells, in
randomly selected visual fields in the microscope, were counted and
checked for NPY mRNA labeling.
Cells were seeded in 24-well plates at a density of
15 × 104 cells per well (n = 6) and
cultured for 5 days with or without dexamethasone (100 nM).
The medium was replaced, and 800 µl were sampled from each well daily
and then centrifuged at 200 rpm for 5 min. Aliquots for assay of
insulin (50 µl) and NPY (100 µl) were stored at The number of cells per well was counted each day during the culture
period. After removal of the medium, the cells were rinsed with 2 × 500 µl of PBS. Washed cells were then trypsinated (200 µl, Life
Technologies, Inc., Paisley, Scotland) and collected in vials. To
inactivate the trypsin, 200 µl of 10% fetal calf serum were added to
each vial. The vials were then centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 min. The
supernatant was discarded, and the remaining cell pellet was
resuspended with 2 ml of RPMI 1640. The cells were then counted in a
Bürker chamber.
After 3 days of culture in flasks with or without
dexamethasone (100 nM) cells were detached with trypsin,
then seeded in 24-well plates at a concentration of 23 × 104 cells per well (n = 6), and cultured
for 2 more days (reaching about 80% confluence) with or without
dexamethasone. The cells were then washed twice in a HEPES medium
containing in mM: 125 NaCl, 5.9 KCl, 1.28 CaCl2, 1.2 MgCl2, 25 HEPES, and 0.1% human serum albumin (pH 7.36). Thereafter, the cells were incubated in the
HEPES medium in a volume of 200 µl supplemented with 3.3 mM glucose, 10 mM D-glyceraldehyde,
or 20 mM KCl. The influence of Ca2+ deficiency
was studied by excluding CaCl2 in the incubation medium at
incubations with 3.3 mM glucose and 20 mM KCl.
After a 60-min incubation at 37 °C in 95% O2, 5%
CO2, 150 µl of the medium were collected and centrifuged
at 200 rpm for 5 min. Aliquots for insulin (50 µl) and NPY (50 µl)
were then frozen and stored at For the radioimmunoassay of NPY, a
rabbit antiserum to synthetic porcine NPY was used (gift from Dr. P. C. Emson, Cambridge, UK). Porcine 125I-NPY was used as a
tracer. The antiserum used has been characterized previously (13). For
the radioimmunoassay of insulin, we used a guinea pig anti-rat insulin
antibody, 125I-labeled human insulin, as tracer and rat
insulin as standard (Linco Research, St. Louis, MO). The separation of
free and bound radioactivity was performed by the double antibody
technique.
Total RNA was
isolated from cells cultured without or with dexamethasone (100 nM) for 1-5 days by extraction in guanidium thiocyanate
using the single step method described by Chomczynski and Sacchi (14).
RNA was quantified spectrophotometrically. In each lane, 20 µg of
total cellular RNA were separated electrophoretically on a denaturing
1.2% agarose-formaldehyde gel and transferred to a nylon membrane
(Hybond-N, Amersham International plc, Bucks, UK) by capillary transfer
in 20 × SSC. RNA was cross-linked to the filter by exposure to UV
light (120,000 µJ). Prehybridization was performed at 63 °C for 60 min. Hybridization with the [ The free
cytoplasmic calcium concentration [Ca2+]i was
analyzed with the fluorescent probe FURA-2AM (Sigma) as described elsewhere (16). Cells cultured in control medium or
dexamethasone-supplemented medium for 1, 3, and 5 days were trypsinated
and thereafter allowed to recover at a concentration of 0.5 × 106 cells/ml for 2 h in 10 ml of RPMI 1640 medium
supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum at 37 °C. During this period
the cells were continuously shaken to avoid attachment. The cells were
then loaded with 1 µM indicator for 45 min, rinsed three
times in HEPES buffer, and allowed to equilibrate for 20 min in the
HEPES medium at room temperature. The cells were again rinsed, counted
in a Bürker chamber, resuspended in the HEPES medium at a
concentration of 0.5 × 106 cells/ml, and transferred
to a cuvette for measurement of [Ca2+]i.
[Ca2+]i was measured by dual wavelength
spectrophotofluorimetry in a Perkin-Elmer LS-50
spectrophotofluorometer. The excitation wavelength was continuously
altered between 340 and 380 nm, and the emission wavelength was 510 nm.
The cell suspension was continuously stirred with a stir bar mounted at
the side of the cuvette. D-Glyceraldehyde (10 mM) and KCl (20 mM) were added to the cuvette
in microliter volumes from stock solutions of high concentrations at
specific time points as indicated in the figures. When experimental and control series were compared, the substances under study were always
added at identical time points from the start of the experiment: at
200 s for D-glyceraldehyde and at 900 s for KCl.
At the end of each experiment, fluorescence maximum was obtained by
adding 0.03% Triton X-100, and fluorescence minimum was obtained by
adding EGTA in excess to the cell suspensions. The
[Ca2+]i was calculated according to the
previously described formula (17). The Kd was
assumed to be 224 nM.
The data are presented as the
mean ± S.E. Statistical comparisons of differences between mean
values were performed by the use of the Student's t test or
with the Mann-Whitney U test. Bonferroni correction was used
when multiple comparisons were performed.
ISH
performed on control RINm5F cells displayed no labeling for NPY
mRNA at any time (Fig. 1), and no signal for NPY
mRNA could be detected with Northern blot (Fig. 2).
In contrast, after dexamethasone treatment of RINm5F cells, a
time-dependent increase in the amount of NPY mRNA
transcripts (Fig. 2) and in the number of NPY mRNA-labeled cells
(Fig. 1) was observed. Thus, after 1 day of dexamethasone treatment,
Northern blot displayed a weak signal (Fig. 2), and only 5 ± 1%
of the cells displayed labeling (Fig. 1 and Fig. 3).
However, after 5 days of culture with dexamethasone, there was a
13-fold increase in the amount of NPY mRNA transcripts compared
with 1 day of dexamethasone treatment (Fig. 2), and 91 ± 1% of
the cells displayed intense labeling (Figs. 1 and 3). ISH for insulin
mRNA revealed labeling of all cells, and there was no obvious
difference in labeling intensity between dexamethasone-treated and
control cells (data not shown). ISH for glucagon, somatostatin, PP, or
PYY revealed no labeling for respective mRNA in
dexamethasone-treated or control cells during the 5-day culture period.
NPY immunoreactivity, located in the cell cytoplasm, was detected in a
minor population of cells treated with dexamethasone for 2-5 days
(Fig. 4A). In contrast, control cells (Fig.
4B) and cells cultured with dexamethasone for only 1 day did
not stain for NPY. In all groups studied glucagon, somatostatin, PP, or
PYY immunoreactivities could not be detected, whereas a subpopulation
of cells displayed insulin immunoreactivity.
The release of NPY from
dexamethasone-treated RINm5F cells increased in a
time-dependent manner concomitantly with a decreased insulin release (Table I). Thus, the content of NPY in
the medium after a 5-day culture period with dexamethasone was
increased 58-fold compared with 1 day of culture with dexamethasone
(p < 0.001). In contrast NPY could not be detected in
the medium of control cells (Table I). Insulin was detected in the
medium of both control and dexamethasone-treated cells. In the medium
of control cells, the insulin content increased gradually during the
first 3 days of culture and then leveled off, whereas the insulin
content in the medium of dexamethasone-treated cells was significantly
lower compared with controls (p < 0.001) (Table I) at
all time points throughout the 5-day culture period. During the 5-day
culture period, the cells displayed a steady increase in number.
However, treatment with dexamethasone decreased cell recovery by
approximately 30% at day 5 compared with control cells (data not
shown). When calculating the release of insulin and NPY per cell for
24 h, insulin release from control and dexamethasone-treated cells
decreased with time, and by day 5 had decreased to approximately 35%
from control cells (p < 0.001) and approximately 5%
from dexamethasone-treated cells (p < 0.001)
compared with cells cultured for 1 day (Fig. 5). In
contrast, the release of NPY displayed a
time-dependent increase from cells cultured with
dexamethasone by a 22-fold increase (p < 0.001) at day
5 compared with cells cultured with dexamethasone for 1 day (Fig.
5).
Effects of dexamethasone on the release of insulin and NPY from RINm5F
cells
Cells were cultured for 5 days in the absence (control) or presence of
dexamethasone (100 nM). The media were changed every 24 h, and samples were taken daily and analyzed with
radioimmunoassay. The values represent the mean ± S.E.,
n = 6.
Base-line
[Ca2+]i levels in RINm5F cells was 89 ± 3 nM. D-Glyceraldehyde (10 mM)
induced a gradual increase in [Ca2+]i. At 1 day
after initiation of culture, [Ca2+]i increased to
212 ± 4 nM at 300 s after addition of D-glyceraldehyde (p < 0.001). A similar
pattern of influence was observed at days 3 and 5 after initiation of
culture (Fig. 6). When the cells were cultured in the
presence of dexamethasone for 1 day, the
D-glyceraldehyde-induced increase in
[Ca2+]i was the same as in control cells, both in
pattern and magnitude (Fig. 6). However, the
D-glyceraldehyde-induced increase in
[Ca2+]i was markedly impaired at day 3 when
cultured with dexamethasone and more pronounced at day 5. In fact after
5 days of culture with dexamethasone, D-glyceraldehyde
failed to increase [Ca2+]i. In contrast,
base-line [Ca2+]i was not affected by
dexamethasone. Depolarization by KCl (20 mM) markedly
increased [Ca2+]i due to opening of
voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels (Fig. 6). After 5 days of
culture in the presence of dexamethasone, this depolarization-induced
increase in [Ca2+]i was reduced by approximately
50% (p < 0.001).
Acute
stimulation with 10 mM D-glyceraldehyde or 20 mM KCl for 60 min significantly increased insulin release
from both control and dexamethasone-treated RINm5F cells
(p < 0.001). However, the insulin secretory response
to D-glyceraldehyde and KCl from cells treated with
dexamethasone was much lower than the response from control cells
(p < 0.001) (Table II). Removal of
extracellular Ca2+ abolished the KCl-stimulated release of
insulin from both control and dexamethasone-treated cells (Table II).
In contrast neither stimulation with D-glyceraldehyde or
KCl nor removal of Ca2+ from the incubation medium affected
the release of NPY from cells cultured with dexamethasone as determined
with radioimmunoassay (Table II). NPY could not be detected in the
incubation medium from cells cultured without dexamethasone.
Effects of D-glyceraldehyde, KCl, and depletion of
extracellular Ca2+ on insulin and NPY release from RINm5F cells
after 5 days of culture in the absence or presence of dexamethasone
Cells cultured without (control) or with dexamethasone (100 nM) for 5 days and then incubated for 60 min in
D-glyceraldehyde (GA) or KCl in the presence (+) or absence
( Department of Physiology and Neuroscience,
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
FOOTNOTES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Cell Culture
-end-labeled with
35S-dATP using a terminal transferase (both supplied by
DuPont NEN, Stockholm, Sweden) yielding a specific activity of
approximately 2 × 109 cpm/µg. Hybridization was
carried out overnight at 37 °C in sealed moisturizing chambers using
a probe concentration of 1.3 pmol/ml. After hybridization, the slides
were washed first in 1 × SSC (0.15 M NaCl, 0.015 M sodium citrate) at room temperature, then in 0.5 × SSC (four times for 15 min at 55 °C), and finally in 1 × SSC (once for 30 min at room temperature), followed by dehydration. The
slides were coated with Ilford K-5 emulsion and stored in light-sealed
boxes at 4 °C for 3-4 days. They were then developed and
counterstained with hematoxylin. For control purposes, hybridization was also performed after incubation in RNase A (Sigma) (45 µg/ml for
30 min at 37 °C) or in the presence of a 100-fold molar excess of
unlabeled probe. In the control experiments no autoradiographic labeling was obtained.
20 °C until
assayed.
20 °C until assayed.
-32P]ATP 5
-end-labeled
(Amersham International plc) NPY oligoprobe (same sequence as used for
ISH) (1.6 × 106 cpm/ml hybridization solution) was
carried out at 63 °C overnight. The filter was then washed as
follows: twice for 15 min, 2 × SSC, 0.1% SDS, at room
temperature; once for 15 min, 0.1 × SSC, 0.1% SDS, at room
temperature; and once for 15 min, 0.1 × SSC, 0.1% SDS at
60 °C. As control for the amount of total RNA application, the
filter was hybridized with a randomly
[
-32P]dCTP-labeled actin probe (15). Autoradiography
was performed at
70 °C for 5 days for both actin and NPY by
exposing the filter to imaging film (CEA AB, Strängnäs,
Sweden) and developed according to standard procedures. Densitometric
laser scanning of each autoradiograph was performed. Quantitation of
NPY mRNA was obtained by expressing the autoradiographic signal
after hybridization with the NPY probe relative to the autoradiographic
signal after hybridization with the actin probe.
Dexamethasone Induces NPY Expression in RINm5F Cells
Fig. 1.
Percentage of RINm5F cells labeled for NPY
mRNA during a 5-day culture period. Cells were cultured
without or with dexamethasone (100 nM) for 5 days on glass
slides. On each day, in situ hybridization for NPY mRNA
was performed, and cells (1000 cells/slide, n = 6) were
examined in randomly selected visual fields in the microscope for
labeling of NPY mRNA. The values are the percent of cells
(mean ± S.E.) labeled for NPY mRNA.
[View Larger Version of this Image (15K GIF file)]
Fig. 2.
Time-dependent increase of NPY
mRNA in RINm5F cells when treated with dexamethasone. Cells
were cultured without () or with (+) dexamethasone (100 nM) for 5 days. At indicated times cells were harvested,
and RNA was extracted. The abundance of NPY mRNA was determined by
Northern blot analysis of total RNA (20 µg). Actin was used to
measure blotting efficiency.
[View Larger Version of this Image (55K GIF file)]
Fig. 3.
In situ hybridization of NPY mRNA
in RINm5F cells cultured in the absence or presence of dexamethasone
(100 nM). Cells cultured with (A and
C) or without (B and D)
dexamethasone for 1 day (A and B) and 5 days
(C and D). A and B, scale
bar = 33 µm; C and D, scale
bar = 45 µm.
[View Larger Version of this Image (150K GIF file)]
Fig. 4.
Immunoreactivity for NPY in RINm5F cells.
A, immunostaining for NPY performed on cells cultured for 5 days with dexamethasone, 100 nM. B,
immunostaining for NPY performed on cells cultured for 5 days without
dexamethasone. A and B, scale bar = 33 µm.
[View Larger Version of this Image (61K GIF file)]
Days of
culture
Insulin
NPY
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
nM/24
h
pM/24 h
Control
24.2
± 1.0
39.5 ± 1.0
63.5 ± 2.4
56.8 ± 3.3
56.6
± 2.6
NDa
ND
ND
ND
ND
Dexamethasone
15.1 ± 0.4
16.9 ± 0.5
12.0
± 0.4
9.9 ± 1.8
4.0 ± 0.2
12 ± 6
168
± 7
450 ± 21
355 ± 32
690 ± 34
a
ND, not detectable.
Fig. 5.
Time course of the release of NPY and insulin
from control and dexamethasone-treated RINm5F cells. Cells were
cultured for 5 days without or with dexamethasone (100 nM).
The media were changed every 24 h. Samples from the media were
taken daily and analyzed by radioimmunoassay on the contents of insulin
and NPY immunoreactivities. The results are presented as release of
insulin or NPY per cell per 24 h (fmol/cell/24 h). Values
represent mean ± S.E., n = 6.
[View Larger Version of this Image (19K GIF file)]
Fig. 6.
Effects of dexamethasone on cytoplasmic
Ca2+ content in RINm5F cells. A,
[Ca2+]i in cell suspensions of RINm5F cells in a
HEPES medium at 3.3 mM glucose in the presence of 1.28 mM Ca2+. At 200 s
D-glyceraldehyde (GA) (10 mM) was
added to the cuvette and at 900 s KCl (20 mM) was
added. Two representative parallel experiments out of three to four are
shown at each time point when the cells had been incubated in the
presence or absence of dexamethasone for 1 day (top panel),
3 days (middle panel), or 5 days (bottom panel).
Solid line, dexamethasone; dotted line, control. B, [Ca2+]i in cell
suspensions of RINm5F cells in a HEPES medium at 3.3 mM
glucose in the presence of 1.28 mM Ca2+ under
base-line conditions at 300 s after addition of
D-glyceraldehyde (GA) (10 mM) and at
10 s after addition of KCl (20 mM). The results are
presented as mean ± S.E. for parallel experiments when the cells
had been incubated in the presence or absence of dexamethasone for 1 day (top panel, n = 3), 3 days (middle
panel, n = 4), or 5 days (bottom panel,
n = 4). Asterisks indicate the probability level of difference with and without dexamethasone.,
dexamethasone;
, control **, p < 0.01; and ***,
p < 0.001.
[View Larger Version of this Image (30K GIF file)]
) of extracellular Ca2+ are as indicated. All incubations
were performed in HEPES medium containing 3.3 mM glucose.
The release of insulin and NPY into the medium was determined by
radioimmunoassay. Values represent the mean ± S.E.,
n = 6.
GA
(10 mM)
KCl (20 mM)
Ca2+
(1.28 mM)
Insulin
NPY
Control
Dexamethasone
Control
Dexamethasone
nM/well/h
nM/well/h
+
1.79
± 0.13
0.09
± 0.06
NDa
0.37
± 0.03
+
+
9.10
± 0.38
0.31 ± 0.04
ND
0.41 ± 0.02
+
+
8.88 ± 0.79
0.43 ± 0.02
ND
0.40
± 0.03
+
0.86 ± 0.16
0.09
± 0.04
ND
0.41 ± 0.04
1.27
± 0.20
0.11 ± 0.05
ND
0.42 ± 0.03
a
ND, not detectable.
Although NPY is widely distributed in the nervous system, it has been demonstrated also in pancreatic endocrine cells in the hamster (8), mouse (9), human (18), and rat when treated with glucocorticoids (10-12) and during fetal development (19). In the dexamethasone-treated rat, we recently showed that NPY is expressed in insulin-producing beta cells (11, 12). Glucocorticoids administered in vivo are known to induce peripheral insulin insensitivity with elevated plasma insulin and glucose levels associated with hypertrophy and proliferation of the beta cells (20; for review see Ref. 21). Since NPY has been shown to inhibit glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (6, 7), it is possible that the expression of NPY in islet cells after dexamethasone has a modulatory role in intraislet hormonal regulation during glucocorticoid-induced islet adaptation in vivo. However, the mechanisms involved in the regulation of NPY expression in beta cells and its potential importance for islet function are not yet established.
In the present study we demonstrate that dexamethasone induces expression of NPY also in the insulin-producing cell line RINm5F. This implies that expression of NPY in insulin-producing cells following dexamethasone treatment occurs in a defined environment without influences from peptides produced in islet non-beta cells. Although some RINm5F cell cultures have been reported to contain minor amounts of glucagon and somatostatin (22, 23), we were not able to detect these islet peptides, nor PP or PYY in these cells. The previous findings of glucocorticoid-responsive elements in the promoter region of the rat NPY gene (24) and glucocorticoid receptors on the beta cells (25) strengthen the evidence that the expression of NPY is induced by a specific effect of dexamethasone on the cells.
The expression of NPY in RINm5F cells increased in a time-dependent manner when treated with dexamethasone. After 5 days of culture with dexamethasone the vast majority of cells displayed labeling for NPY mRNA, and Northern blot revealed an intense signal for NPY mRNA. Also measurement of immunoreactive NPY in the culture medium from dexamethasone-treated cells revealed gradually increased levels of the peptide. However, immunocytochemistry for NPY performed on dexamethasone-treated cells grown on glass slides revealed only a few immunoreactive cells even after 5 days of culture. These findings indicate a rapid release and poor intracellular storage of NPY. The release rate and pattern of NPY seem therefore to be different from that of insulin from dexamethasone-treated RINm5F cells prompting a comparison of the regulation of the release of NPY and insulin.
D-Glyceraldehyde and KCl stimulate insulin secretion from
RINm5F cells (22). The effect of D-glyceraldehyde has been
shown to be mediated by a raise in cytosolic Ca2+ in RINm5F
cells by opening voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels of the
-conotoxin-sensitive type after depolarization induced by closure of
ATP-sensitive K+ channels (26, 27). KCl on the other hand
depolarizes the cells causing the opening of the L-type
voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels and a raise in cytosolic
Ca2+ (28). The raise in cytosolic Ca2+
activates exocytosis through a series of mechanisms (29).
In the present study we found that following culture of RINm5F cells in
dexamethasone-containing medium for 5 days, the release of insulin upon
stimulation with D-glyceraldehyde and KCl was markedly
reduced compared with control cells. Still, however, insulin secretion
was Ca2+-dependent and abolished by removal of
extracellular Ca2+. The
D-glyceraldehyde-induced raise in
[Ca2+]i was impaired after dexamethasone,
suggesting impairment either of the closure of
ATP-dependent K+ channels or of the opening of
the -conotoxin-sensitive Ca2+ channels. Also the
increase in cytosolic [Ca2+]i when stimulated
with KCl was lowered by dexamethasone, suggesting an inhibitory
influence of dexamethasone also on the L-type Ca2+
channels. Hence, dexamethasone markedly impaired the raising of
[Ca2+]i in RINm5F cells. Considering the
importance of cytosolic Ca2+ for insulin secretion (29),
this might explain the impairment of D-glyceraldehyde- and
KCl-stimulated insulin secretion after dexamethasone, although the
exact nature of the inhibited insulin secretion after dexamethasone
treatment of RINm5F cells remains to be established.
In other insulin-producing cell lines, no similar study on the influence of long term dexamethasone treatment on insulin secretion has been performed. However, several short term studies exist with divergent results on the influence of dexamethasone on insulin secretion using insulin-producing cell lines and isolated rodent islets. For example, in the hamster insulinoma cell line HIT T-15 insulin biosynthesis and secretion are reduced by glucocorticoids (30), whereas RINm5F cells and isolated rodent islets treated with dexamethasone for 48-72 h respond with increased insulin mRNA levels but decreased insulin secretion (31, 32). Recently Goodman et al. (33) demonstrated that the human insulin promoter is also a negative glucocorticoid-responsive element, and the beta cells have previously been demonstrated to express glucocorticoid receptors (25). Altogether this strongly indicates a functional role for glucocorticoids in the physiology of beta cells with regard to both insulin formation and secretion although the effects might be different in different types of insulin-producing cells.
In contrast to insulin, RINm5F cells cultured in control medium and subsequently stimulated with D-glyceraldehyde or KCl did not release NPY. This is in accordance with the finding that control RINm5F cells do not express the peptide or its mRNA. However, following 5 days of dexamethasone treatment NPY was abundantly released from the cells during the subsequent 60-min incubation in accordance with the abundant NPY mRNA expression. The NPY release from the cells was of similar magnitude as that of insulin, illustrating the marked induction of NPY expression by dexamethasone. In contrast to the release of insulin from dexamethasone-treated cells the release of NPY was not augmented by D-glyceraldehyde or KCl nor inhibited by removal of extracellular Ca2+. This indicates that the mechanisms of insulin and NPY secretion differ. Insulin secretion exhibits several characteristics of a regulated secretion (stimulation by nutrient secretagogue and depolarization and inhibition by removal of extracellular Ca2+), whereas NPY secretion does not seem to be at all regulated. Rather, NPY secretion from dexamethasone-treated RINm5F cells displays more characteristics of constitutive secretion. In a constitutive release process the formed protein bypasses the sorting in the Golgi network and packaging into secretory granules, and therefore escapes the regulation of exocytosis, e.g. in response to raised intracellular Ca2+ (34); Ca2+ is required for the sorting of proteins for the regulated pathway (35). Our results therefore indicate that NPY is released by a constitutive rather than a regulated mechanism. It is worth noticing in this context that RINm5F cells are known to possess both constitutive and regulated pathways. Previous studies have demonstrated that RINm5F cells express the prohormone convertase PC2 (36, 37), which is specific for the regulated pathway (38, 39). Also the processing enzyme furin, which is specific for the constitutive pathway (40), has been detected in RINm5F cells (41). Analogous with our present results the insulin-producing cell line INS-1 has been found to express and secrete NPY in a constitutive manner since the cells did not respond with increased release of NPY to stimulation with glucose (42). Furthermore, of the islet regulatory peptides, islet amyloid polypeptide (known to be co-localized with insulin in beta cell secretory granules and co-released with insulin (43)) has been found to be released from rat neonatal beta cells during inhibition of the regulated pathway by removal of extracellular Ca2+, suggesting release of islet amyloid polypeptide also through a constitutive pathway (44). Thus, different types of insulin-producing cells exhibit characteristics for both types of secretion.
In conclusion, our findings demonstrate a steroid-sensitive plasticity of the RINm5F cells causing induction of NPY expression after long term treatment with dexamethasone in conjunction with impaired insulin secretion and inhibited increase in cytosolic Ca2+. In contrast to the secretion of insulin, NPY secretion from RINm5F cells is not affected by D-glyceraldehyde or KCl nor inhibited by removal of extracellular Ca2+. Thus, whereas insulin is released by the regulated pathway, NPY is released by a mechanism showing characteristics of the constitutive pathway. The plasticity of RINm5F cells is evident not only by its sensitivity for dexamethasone to markedly induce NPY expression and secretion but also by its ability to use both the regulated and constitutive secretory pathways for the release of bioactive peptides.
We thank Ragnar Alm, Lilian Bengtsson, Kerstin Knutsson, Ann-Christine Lindh, and Doris Persson for expert technical assistance. Prof. Rolf Ekman, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Göteborg University, Mölndal Hospital, Sweden, is gratefully acknowledged for performing the radioimmunoassay of NPY.