1 School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester; 2 Department of Medicine, Hope Hospital, Salford M6 8HD; 3 Wythenshawe Hospital, Education and Research Centre, Southmoor Road, Manchester M29 9PL, UK
Received 8 January 2003; returned 25 January 2003; revised 30 January 2003; accepted 31 January 2003
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Abstract |
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Keywords: micafungin, Aspergillus, murine, FK463, mouse
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Introduction |
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Micafungin (FK463) is a new parenterally administered antifungal drug of the (echino)candin class of antifungal agents, which is currently undergoing clinical development.11 It inhibits the synthesis of 1,3-ß-D-glucan, an essential component of the fungal cell walla novel mode of action. It is likely that FK463 has activity against fungi resistant to other antifungal agents.1214
FK463 has excellent in vitro activity against both Candida and Aspergillus11 and promising in vivo activity in animal models of disseminated candidiasis15,16 and aspergillosis.1620 Preliminary clinical studies with the drug against oesophageal candidiasis in HIV-positive patients21 and febrile neutropenic paediatric patients22 have also shown good activity.
In this study, the activity of FK463 was compared with those of amphotericin B and itraconazole in a temporarily neutropenic murine model of aspergillosis caused by an itraconazole-resistant A. fumigatus strain or a strain of A. terreus, a species that is less susceptible to amphotericin B.
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Materials and methods |
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One strain of A. fumigatus (AF91) and one strain of A. terreus (AT49) were used in this study. These strains have been deposited with the UK National Collection of Pathogenic Fungi, held at the Mycology Reference Laboratory, Bristol, UK, as NCPF 7100 and NCPF 7130, respectively. Strain AF91 was obtained from the sputum of a patient with AIDS who failed to respond to itraconazole therapy.23 AT49 was recovered from the broncho-alveolar lavage of a patient who failed to respond to amphotericin B treatment.24
The strains were maintained on slopes of Oxoid Sabouraud dextrose agar (Oxoid Ltd, Basingstoke, UK) supplemented with 0.5% (w/v) chloramphenicol and at 70°C in 15% glycerol for long-term storage.
In vitro susceptibility testing
In vitro susceptibility tests against amphotericin B and itraconazole were carried out as recommended by the NCCLS (using the microtitre variation).25 In brief, susceptibility determinations were carried out in RPMI 1640 (Sigma, Poole, UK) buffered to pH 7.0 with MOPS. Deoxycholate amphotericin B (Fungizone, E.R. Squibb, Hounslow, UK) was initially reconstituted in distilled water then diluted in RPMI 1640 for use; itraconazole was prepared as described by Moore et al.26 Conidia suspensions were adjusted to a final concentration of 2 x 105 conidia/mL. Plates were incubated at 37°C in a moist atmosphere and examined after 48 h incubation. The MICs were read visually and were defined as the concentration of the drug in the first well that showed no growth.
In vitro susceptibility tests to FK463 were carried out as recommended in the NCCLS-38P document and described in brief for amphotericin and itraconazole. The interpretation of the MIC was modified to the lowest concentration at which a prominent decrease in turbidity occurred when compared with the growth control [the minimum effective concentration (MEC)].27
In vivo studies
Animals. All mice included in this study were part of ongoing studies carried out under UK Home Office project licence PPL 40/1523 entitled Invasive Fungal Infections.
Male CD1 mice, 45 weeks old and weighing between 18 and 20 g, were purchased from Charles River UK Ltd (Margate, UK). The mice were virus-free and were allowed free access to food and water. Mice were randomized into groups of ten. Each cage was inspected at least twice daily and any infected animals with severely reduced mobility, unable to reach the drinker or otherwise in substantial distress were humanely terminated.
Immunosuppression. Cyclophosphamide (SigmaAldrich, Poole, UK) was administered intravenously (iv) via the lateral tail vein to all animals at a dose of 200 mg/kg. A state of profound neutropenia was achieved 3 days after administration of the drug. White cell counts began to recover 4 days after this nadir.28
Inoculum. The isolate was grown in a vented tissue culture flask containing Sabouraud dextrose agar (Oxoid) for 10 days. The Aspergillus conidia were harvested in 25 mL of sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with 0.5% Tween-80 (Sigma). The stock solution was adjusted to an inoculum that would give 1 LD90 (for AF91 5 x 106 conidia/mL and for AT49 1.1 x 107 conidia/mL), based on viability counts (0.2 mL of these inocula were administered intravenously). The LD90 was defined as the inoculum of conidia that caused 90% mouse mortality within 10 days of infection. Three days after immunosuppression, all animals were infected with the LD90 dose via the lateral tail vein. The inoculum was rechecked from the remaining conidia suspension after the animals were infected.
Antifungal therapy. Deoxycholate amphotericin B (Fungizone) was dissolved in 5% dextrose (Baxter Healthcare, Norfolk, UK) to a stock concentration of 5.0 mg/mL. Two doses of amphotericin B were used in the course of the experiment0.5 mg/kg and 5.0 mg/kg (only the 5 mg/kg regime was used in the AT49 model). The stock solution of amphotericin B was diluted as necessary in 5% dextrose. All doses of amphotericin B (and a 5% dextrose control group of mice) were administered via intraperitoneal injection once daily after 24, 48, 96 h and 7 days post-infection.
Liposomal amphotericin B (L-amphotericin; AmBisome) (Nextar Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, UK) was reconstituted as per the manufacturers instruction with 12 mL of water. This was further diluted in 5% glucose for use. Two doses of L-amphotericin were used in the models, 5 and 25 mg/kg (only 5 mg/kg was used in the AF91 model). All doses of L-amphotericin (and a 5% dextrose control group of mice) were administered via iv injection once daily after 24, 48, 96 h and 7 days post-infection.
Itraconazole powder (Janssen, Beerse, Belgium) was solubilized in (2-hydroxypropyl)-ß-cyclodextrin (Fluka, Poole, UK).29 This produced a stock of 25 mg/mL, which was then further diluted in (2-hydroxypropyl)-ß-cyclodextrin to provide doses of 25 and 75 mg/kg. All doses of itraconazole were administered by gavage three times daily on days 1 and 2 and twice daily on days 37.
FK463 powder (Fujisawa, Osaka, Japan) was reconstituted in 5% glucose to provide doses of 1, 2, 5 and 10 mg/kg. All drug dilutions were stored in the dark at room temperature until used; the stock solution and dilutions were used within 48 h of reconstitution. FK463 was administered iv once daily for 7 days.
Control mice were treated with either 5% glucose given iv as for FK463, 5% glucose given intraperitoneally as for amphotericin B or (2-hydroxypropyl)-ß-cyclodextrin by gavage as for itraconazole.
Each treatment or control group consisted of 10 mice.
On day 11 of the experiment, all surviving mice were humanely killed. The lungs, liver and kidneys were removed aseptically and transferred into 2 mL of sterile PBS (BDH, Poole, UK). The organs were homogenized in a tissue grinder (Polytron, Kinematica AG, Lucerne, Switzerland) and colony counts determined using serial 10-fold dilutions plated on the surface of the plates. The plates were incubated at 37°C in a moist atmosphere and examined daily for 5 days. Single colonies were accorded a negative result, because of the possibility of airborne contamination. This method detected Aspergillus at >30 cfu/organ.
Pharmacokinetics
Blood samples were collected from a separate group of immunosuppressed mice by cardiac puncture 2 h post-dose on day 5 to determine the pharmacokinetics of itraconazole. Serum samples were stored at 20°C until analysed.
For itraconazole measurement, samples were thawed and analysed as a batch in bioassays using RPMI MOPS agar (Sigma) and the Candida kefyr San Antonio strain.30
Statistical analysis
Mortality and culture data were analysed using the MannWhitney U-test or the KruskalWallis test if the MannWhitney test was not possible (i.e. when all values were identical in one group). Two-sided P values are given. Mice that died before day 10 were assumed to have organ counts at least as high as the highest counts in surviving mice in the calculation of culture result statistics. All data analysis was carried out using the computer package Arcus Quickstat (Addison Wesley Longman Ltd, Harlow, Essex, UK). Two-sided probability values are quoted in the text.
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Results |
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AF91 is resistant in vitro to itraconazole (MIC > 16 mg/L) but susceptible to amphotericin B (0.5 mg/L) and FK463 (<0.015 mg/L). AT49 is susceptible in vitro to amphotericin B (1.0 mg/L), itraconazole (0.25 mg/L) and FK463 (<0.015 mg/L).
In vivo results
In both models, control groups showed 90100% mortality (Figures 1 and 2), indicating the extremely high mortality of these models if left untreated.
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A. terreus AT49 had 90100% mortality in all control treatments, which was equivalent to treatment with amphotericin B 5 mg/kg (Figure 2). Treatment with L-amphotericin did not show a dose-dependent response over the five-fold range examined (5 and 25 mg/kg) with both treatments having a 20% survival. Survival rates after itraconazole demonstrated a tendency towards a dose-dependent response with 90% survival after 75 mg/kg but only 50% survival after 25 mg/kg (P = 0.15). Survival rates after FK463 treatment showed a clear dose-dependent response with 100% survival after 10 mg/kg and 90%, 80% and 60% survival after 1, 2 and 5 mg/kg, respectively (FK463 10 mg/kg was superior to 1 mg/kg, P = 0.03). Treatments with FK463 (2, 5 or 10 mg/kg) and itraconazole 75 mg/kg were superior to amphotericin B, L-amphotericin and controls (P < 0.009).
Colony counts were calculated from the organ culture results and are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. After infection with AF91 and treatment, organ counts in both the liver and kidneys were statistically equivalent for FK463 2, 5 and 10 mg/kg, L-amphotericin 5 mg/kg and amphotericin B 5 mg/kg. The counts were statistically significantly lower after treatment with these regimens than amphotericin B 0.5 mg/kg or FK463 1 mg/kg in both the liver and kidneys (P 0.02 and P
0.002, respectively).
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Itraconazole plasma concentrations
Itraconazole plasma concentrations in the uninfected treatment groups were a mean of 1.7 mg/L (25 mg/kg dosing) and 10.5 mg/L (75 mg/kg dosing) in samples collected 2 h post-dose on day 5 of treatment.
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Discussion |
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FK463 showed a doseresponse in both models. In terms of mortality, 1 mg/kg FK463 was less effective than doses of 2 mg/kg. Doses of
2 mg/kg FK463 were slightly better than 1 mg/kg in reducing tissue burden in both models but no FK463 dose was effective at sterilizing any organs examined. Above 2 mg/kg FK463, there was no suggestion of a dose-related effect. No discernible toxicity was noted in any of the FK463-treated mice.
Liposomal amphotericin was as effective as the same dose of conventional amphotericin B with AF91 and superior to a 10-fold lower dose of conventional amphotericin B. With respect to AT49, a dose of 25 mg/kg L-amphotericin was ineffective. This is disappointing from a clinical perspective, but indicates the need to use alternative agents to amphotericin B in the treatment of A. terreus infections. It is important to note that the in vitro MIC measurement of the susceptibility of AT49 to amphotericin B was 1 mg/L, which would normally be regarded as fully susceptible. In view of the high mortality after treatment with amphotericin B 5 mg/kg and liposomal amphotericin 25 mg/kg per day, we have again demonstrated a lack of correlation of the in vivo response and in vitro susceptibility measurement of these drugs.24
FK463 has previously been used in trials against murine models of both pulmonary and disseminated A. fumigatus15,17 and in both cases was highly effective both in terms of prolonging survival and reducing the organ burden. FK463 has also been used in the treatment of experimental pulmonary A. fumigatus in rabbits but was ineffective at reducing tissue counts of Aspergillus at doses up to 2 mg/kg.16,20 In all previous models the A. fumigatus isolates were fully susceptible to the comparator used. This paper is the first report of the activity of FK463 against an itraconazole-resistant A. fumigatus and also the first report of its use against a non-fumigatus Aspergillus demonstrating in vivo resistance to amphotericin B (even though the in vitro MIC was 1 mg/L).
FK463 is active against experimental Aspergillus infections and oesophageal candidiasis in HIV-positive patients.21 Another echinocandin, caspofungin, had a 40% response rate as salvage therapy in patients with invasive aspergillosis.32 These data, together with the data presented in this paper, indicate a clinical role for the echinocandins in the treatment of life-threatening invasive aspergillosis. Doses >1 mg/kg might be more effective than the daily doses of 50 mg daily being used clinically at present.
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Acknowledgements |
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Footnotes |
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References |
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