a Laboratory of Bacteriology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens; b Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; c Department of Microbiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki; d Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Abstract |
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Introduction |
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ESBLs, while frequent in clinical strains of enterobacteria, are less common in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To date, various TEM- and SHV-type ESBLs, together with the non-TEM, non-SHV enzymes PER-1 and VEB-1, have been found in this species.3,4 In this study we describe IBC-2, an integron-borne ESBL, produced by a P. aeruginosa clinical isolate.
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Materials and methods |
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P. aeruginosa 555 was isolated from a urinary tract infection of a patient treated in the AHEPA hospital of Thessaloniki in 1998. It originates from a cluster of genetically related P. aeruginosa isolates that are resistant to carbapenems due to production of the metallo-ß-lactamase VIM-2.5 Escherichia coli JM109 was used as the host for recombinant plasmids. The plasmid pMON-38201 was used for direct cloning of PCR products.5 The plasmid pBCSK+ (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA, USA) was used as an expression vector for the bla genes.
Antibiotic susceptibility testing
Susceptibility status to various antibiotics was assessed by disc diffusion assay. MICs of ß-lactams were determined by an agar dilution technique.6
Plasmid DNA isolation and transformation experiments
Plasmids were isolated from P. aeruginosa 555 by an alkaline lysis technique2 and were used to transform E. coli JM109 competent cells either using CaCl2 or by electroporation.
Integron mapping, cloning of PCR amplicons and DNA sequencing
Integron mapping was carried out by PCR as described previously.2 To amplify that part of a class 1 integron that contains a gene cassette(s) and the common promoters, primers INT-F (5'-CGTTCCATACAGAAGCTG-3') and 3'-CS (5'-AAGCAGACTTGACCTGA-3') and the high-fidelity DNA polymerase VENT (New England BioLabs Inc., Beverly, MA, USA) were used. The amplicons were inserted into the cloning site of pMON-38201. BamHI EcoRI fragments of the recombinants were then, in turn, cloned into the multiple cloning site of pBCSK+. The resulting recombinant plasmids were used to transform E. coli JM109. Nucleotide sequences were determined with a Sequenase 2.0 kit (US Biochemical Corp., Cleveland, OH, USA).
Isoelectric focusing
ß-Lactamases were released by ultrasonic treatment of cell suspensions. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) was performed in polyacrylamide gels containing ampholytes (pH range 3.59.5) (Pharmacia-LKB Biotechnology, Uppsala, Sweden). ß-Lactamases were visualized with nitrocefin (Oxoid Ltd, Basingstoke, UK).
Nucleotide sequence accession number
The GenBank accession number of the blaIBC-2 cassette is AF329699.
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Results and discussion |
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Nucleotide sequencing of the PCR amplicon and the cloned fragment revealed a DNA segment that contains the 5' end of intI1 followed by a 1021 bp gene cassette inserted at the attI1 recombination site. This cassette contains an open reading frame of 861 bp (blaIBC-2) and a 59-base element (59-be) that comprises 101 nucleotides and is identical to the 59-be of the blaIBC-1 cassette.2 Two putative promoters, P1 and P2, precede blaIBC-2 (Figure). The respective sequences indicate that P1 is a weak promoter. With P2, the spacing between 35 and 10 is 17 nucleotides and therefore this promoter is presumed to be functional.7
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IBC-2 together with GES-1 and IBC-1 comprise a new cluster of class A ß-lactamases with extended spectrum activities. The respective bla genes differ by only one or two nucleotides and should be considered to be alleles originating from a common ancestor. While the deduced amino acid sequences of GES/IBC ß-lactamases are somewhat divergent from the sequences of the other class A enzymes, they appear to be distant relatives of the PER-1 and VEB-1 ESBLs.1
IBC-2 confers resistance to ceftazidime and, to a lesser extent, to the other oxyimino-cephalosporins. It is inhibited by imipenem, tazobactam and clavulanic acid. As suggested for GES-1 and IBC-1, amino acid residues Cys-69, Thr-237 and Cys-237a may be involved in the interaction of IBC-2 with various ß-lactams.1,2 IBC-2 differs from IBC-1 by one amino acid (Glu instead of Lys-104), a change consistent with the more acidic pI of IBC-2. A Lys for Glu-104 substitution enhances activity of TEM ESBLs against ceftazidime and aztreonam.8 The lower level of resistance to ceftazidime shown by E. coli (pIBC2) as compared with E. coli (pIBC1) may reflect the amino acid substitution at position 104 in IBC-2. A detailed study of the hydrolytic properties of IBC-1 and IBC-2, as well as comparison of MICs for strains producing these enzymes under perfectly isogenic conditions, will clarify this point.
The blaIBC-2 was the sole gene cassette found in the variable region of a class 1 integron that is probably located in the chromosome of P. aeruginosa 555. The 59-be of the blaIBC-2 gene cassette is identical to that of the blaIBC-1 gene cassette.2 However, the associated genes within the variable regions of the IBC-1- and IBC-2-encoding integrons are different, indicating distinct phylogenies for these structures.
The discovery of blaIBC/GES alleles on three independent occasions from pathogenic microorganisms indicates that the genes may be widespread. IBC-1 was detected in an E. cloacae clinical strain that was also isolated in Thessaloniki. Therefore, a survey for GES/IBC producers in the hospitals of that area is warranted.
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Notes |
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References |
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2
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Giakkoupi, P., Tzouvelekis, L. S., Tsakris, A., Loukova, V., Sofianou, D. & Tzelepi, E. (2000). IBC-1, a novel integron-associated class A ß-lactamase with extended-spectrum properties produced by an Enterobacter cloacae clinical strain. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44, 224753.
3 . Nordmann, P. & Naas, T. (1994). Sequence analysis of PER-1 extended-spectrum ß-lactamase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and comparison with class A ß-lactamases. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38, 10414.[Abstract]
4 . Naas, T., Poirel, L., Karim, A. & Nordmann, P. (1999). Molecular characterization of In50, a class 1 integron encoding the gene for the extended-spectrum ß-lactamase VEB-1 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. FEMS Microbiology Letters 176, 4119.[ISI][Medline]
5
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Mavroidi, A., Tsakris, A., Tzelepi, E., Pournaras, S., Loukova, V. & Tzouvelekis, L. S. (2000). Carbapenem-hydrolysing VIM-2 metallo-ß-lactamase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Greece. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 46, 10412.
6 . National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. (1997). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Bacteria that Grow AerobicallySecond Edition: Approved Standard M7-A4. NCCLS, Wayne, PA.
7 . Levesque, C., Brassard, S., Lapointe, J. & Roy, P. H. (1994). Diversity and relative strength of tandem promoters for the antibiotic-resistance genes of several integrons. Gene 142, 4954.[ISI][Medline]
8 . Matagne, A., Lamotte-Brasseur, J. & Frere, J.-M. (1998). Catalytic properties of class A ß-lactamases: efficiency and diversity. Biochemical Journal 330, 58198.[ISI][Medline]
Received 20 December 2000; returned 22 March 2001; revised 4 April 2001; accepted 16 July 2001