1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530; 2 Department of Microbiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
Received 11 December 2002; returned 24 December 2002; revised 21 January 2003; accepted 22 January 2003
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Abstract |
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Keywords: MexCD-OprJ, multidrug efflux pump, inducers, P. aeruginosa
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Introduction |
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MexAB-OprM is expressed constitutively in P. aeruginosa cells grown in standard laboratory media and contributes to intrinsic resistance to a number of antimicrobial agents, including ß-lactams, macrolides, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and fluoroquinolones. MexEF-OprN is not expressed in cells grown in standard laboratory media, but is expressed in nfxC-type mutants.3 MexXY-OprM contributes to intrinsic resistance to a number of antimicrobial agents including aminoglycosides, tetracycline, macrolides and fluoroquinolones.4,7
It has been reported that MexCD-OprJ is not significantly expressed in cells grown in standard laboratory media, but is expressed in so-called nfxB-type multidrug-resistant mutants.2 In these mutants, MexCD-OprJ contributes to resistance to fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracycline and some ß-lactams (e.g. cefpirome).2 Recently, we found that expression of MexCD-OprJ was induced by tetraphenylphosphonium chloride (TPPCl) and ethidium bromide in mutant P. aeruginosa YM63 cells lacking mexAB-oprM, mexEF-oprN and mexXY.8 This suggests that the mexCD-oprJ operon is inducible in wild-type P. aeruginosa, because we deleted only the internal regions, and not the regulatory region, of the mex operons in strain YM63.
In this study, we investigated the induction of mexCD-oprJ in wild-type P. aeruginosa PAO1.
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Materials and methods |
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P. aeruginosa strains PAO1 and YM7 (a derivative of PAO1 lacking mexCD-oprJ) were used in this study. For construction of YM7, plasmid pTEM314, in which mexCD-oprJ was deleted, was used, and gene replacement was performed with Flp-FRT recombination technology.8 We confirmed by PCR that the mexCD-oprJ was deleted in the YM7 strain (data not shown). Cells of P. aeruginosa were grown in L broth (1% tryptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% NaCl)9 under aerobic conditions at 37°C. Where indicated, drugs were added to the medium. Cell growth was monitored turbidometrically at 650 nm.
Preparation of cell envelopes
P. aeruginosa cells were grown in 30 mL of L broth or L broth containing an appropriate antibacterial agent. The cells were harvested at the exponential phase of growth by centrifugation (5000g for 15 min at room temperature). Cell pellets were washed once with 20 mL of 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2), re-suspended in 3 mL of the same buffer and stored on ice. Cells were disrupted by sonication using the Ultrasonic Disruptor Model UR-200P (TOMY SEIKO Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). Unbroken cells were removed by centrifugation (6000g for 10 min at 4°C), and the cell envelope fraction was pelleted by centrifugation (260 000g, for 30 min at 4°C). The pellet was washed once with 2 mL of the ice-cold sodium phosphate buffer, and resuspended in 250 µL of the same buffer.
RTPCR
Cells of P. aeruginosa were harvested at the exponential phase of growth (1.5 mL culture). Total cellular RNA was isolated from the cells using the Qiagen RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen Inc.), treated with RNase-free DNase (Promega) (1 U of enzyme/µg RNA for 2 h at 37°C) and re-purified using the same kit. A 0.2 µg sample of DNase-treated RNA was used as template for RTPCR with the Qiagen OneStep RTPCR kit (Qiagen Inc.) according to the manufacturers protocol. Primer pairs specific for and internal to both mexC and the rpsL genes (encoding a constitutively expressed ribosomal protein that was used as a control) were used for RTPCR. Primers used for the mexC were: AGCCAGCAGGACTTCGATACC (forward) and ACGTCGGCGAACTGCAAC (reverse); and for the rpsL: GCAACTATCAACCAGCTGGTG (forward) and GCTGTGCTCTTGCAGGTTGTG (reverse). A 15 µL sample of each reaction product was analysed by agarose (2% w/v) gel electrophoresis for presence of the expected RTPCR products (for mexC, 314 bp; for rpsL, 220 bp).
Western blotting of envelope proteins
Samples of cell envelopes prepared as described above were subjected to SDSPAGE. Proteins resolved in the gel were transferred electrophoretically to nitrocellulose membranes (Toyo Roshi Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). The membranes were incubated with a murine monoclonal antibody specific for OprJ (HJ001)10 at 4°C overnight in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween-20 (PBST) containing 1% skimmed milk, and washed five times with PBST. The membranes were incubated with an anti-mouse immunoglobulin, horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-linked whole antibody (from sheep) (Amersham Life Science, USA) at 37°C for 1 h. The activity of HRP was detected with ECL detection reagents RPN2105 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) after exposure of the blots to X-film (Kodak Co., USA).
Measurement of bacterial growth
P. aeruginosa cells were grown in L broth at 37°C until the late-exponential phase of growth (optical density at 650 nm was 0.7). A 50 µL aliquot of pre-culture was inoculated into 5 mL of fresh L broth or L broth containing an appropriate antibacterial agent, and shaken at 37°C under aerobic conditions. The optical density at 650 nm was automatically recorded with Advantec TN1506 Biophotorecorder (Advantec Toyo Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan).
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Results and discussion |
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To investigate induction of the mexCD-oprJ operon, first we tested for gene expression using the RTPCR method. We used internal primers specific for the first gene of the operon, mexC. No RTPCR product was detected with cells grown in L broth (Figure 1a1, lane 2). Thus, it is clear that the mexC gene is not expressed in PAO1 cells under normal growth conditions. Addition of TPPCl, ethidium bromide, rhodamine 6G, benzalkonium chloride or chlorhexidine gluconate, identified as possible inducers of the mexCD-oprJ operon, each resulted in the production of mexC mRNA (Figure 1a1, lanes 37), but addition of norfloxacin, erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin or carbenicillin did not (Figure 1a1, lanes 813). The amounts of mRNA from a constitutively expressed rpsL gene were the same in cells grown under all the conditions examined (Figure 1a2, lanes 213).
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We confirmed induction of the MexCD-OprJ pump in wild-type P. aeruginosa PAO1 cells with a western immunoblot analysis. We used an OprJ-specific murine monoclonal antibody HJ00110 and cell envelopes from wild-type PAO1 cells that were grown in the presence of various antimicrobial agents. As reported previously,2 production of OprJ was undetectable when cells were grown in L broth (Figure 1b). The OprJ protein was detected with wild-type PAO1 cell envelopes when cells were grown in the presence of either TPPCl, ethidium bromide, rhodamine 6G, benzalkonium chloride or chlorhexidine gluconate, but not when cells were grown in broth containing norfloxacin, erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin or carbenicillin (Figure 1b). These results indicate clearly that the MexCD-OprJ multidrug efflux pump is an inducible pump in wild-type P. aeruginosa PAO1 cells, inducers of which include benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine gluconate, TPPCl, ethidium bromide and rhodamine 6G, and which are completely consistent with those of induction of mexC mRNA synthesis (Figure 1a1).
Growth
We tested the effect of inducers of the operon on the growth of wild-type PAO1 in the presence of antibacterial agents. Growth of wild-type PAO1 cells was strongly inhibited by 1 mg/L (MIC) norfloxacin (Figure 2a). However, cells grew even in the presence of the same concentration of norfloxacin when benzalkonium chloride (20 mg/L, 0.33 x MIC) was added (Figure 2a). We conclude that benzalkonium chloride induced the MexCD-OprJ pump; the pump extruded norfloxacin, and thus cells escaped the inhibition by norfloxacin. Cells of YM7, which lack the mexCD-oprJ operon, however, were unable to grow in the presence of 1 mg/L norfloxacin (MIC) regardless of the absence or presence of benzalkonium chloride (20 mg/L, 0.33 x MIC) (Figure 2b). These results support the above interpretation. We also tested the effects of other inducers (TPPCl, ethidium bromide, rhodamine 6G and chlorhexidine gluconate) and obtained similar results, namely that cells of PAO1, but not of YM7, show increased resistance to norfloxacin when grown in broth containing each of the inducers of the mexCD-oprJ operon (data not shown).
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In particular, it is likely that MexCD-OprJ plays a role in the multidrug resistance of P. aeruginosa in hospitals, where disinfectants such as benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate are often used. Thus, clinically relevant biocides induce MexCD-OprJ, thereby enhancing resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics in P. aeruginosa. It is likely that a variety of other compounds could also be able to induce the mexCD-oprJ operon.
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Acknowledgements |
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Footnotes |
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References |
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