Wystan Hugh Auden (19071973) was the son of the pioneering school medical officer and public health scholar George Augustus Auden (18721957). GA Auden qualified in medicine in 1896 and after 14 years of a conventional medical career he became the first school medical officer for Birmingham, UK. Except for his period with the Royal Army Medical Corps in Egypt, Gallipoli, and France during World War I, he remained working in Birmingham until the end of his career. He retired as Professor of Social Medicine at the University of Birmingham at the end of the World War II, a post subsequently held by Thomas McKeown. GA Auden wrote extensively on child nutrition and health, carrying out a prospective study of the effect of providing an extra milk ration to schoolboys on their growth and haemoglobin levels.1 He was interested in German experiments with open-air schools, considering the opportunity for exercise, good nutrition, and lack of nervous strain they provided to be important for child health and development.2 He also demonstrated that, within Birmingham, height and weight were greater for children in areas with lower infant mortality rates,3 predating later work relating infant mortality to health outcomes as a way of investigating potential early-life origins of adult disease.4,5 Along with this work he also maintained a strong interest in general and medical history, publishing extensively on issues such as the guild of barber surgeons and, in particular, Scandinavian antiquities, in which field he also served as a translator.
The interest that GA Auden and his son shared most was psychology. GA Auden wrote extensively about psychological problems of childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood, including a still-cited report of a case of auto-erotic asphyxiation (involving a womans high-heeled shoe, stocking and a bedstead).6 GA Auden became honorary psychologist to the childrens hospital in Birmingham as well as medical advisor to the Birmingham Institution for the Mentally Handicapped,7 and wrote on topics such as (what would now be called) dyslexia, the biological factors in mental deficiency and juvenile criminality.
WH Auden was also fascinated with psychology, and particularly with psychosomatic disease. During recuperation for an operation for a rectal fissure in 1930 WH Auden started writing a textbook of psychology in doggerel verses, in which sexual guilt was equated with ill health:
Love your cock
Stand a shock
Hate your cock
Soon a crock7
And particular attitudes were seen to bring immunity from infection:
If a whore shocks you
Then she will pox you.7
WH Audens well-known ballads, Miss Gee and Victor, suggest that suppressed emotions can cause cancer, and that inability to deal with feelingsinculcated from an oppressive family background would lead to insanity. WH Audens account of his parents reflects his psychosomatic views, when in 1965 he wrote:
On the whole the members of my fathers family were phlegmatic, earnest, rather slow, inclined to be miserly, and endowed with excellent health, my mothers were quick, short-tempered, generous, and liable to physical ill health, hysteria and neuroticism.7
The poem we reprint here was originally titled A communist to others and the first line read Comrades, who when the sirens roar. It lost both its title and its first word when it appeared in book form8 in Audens 1936 collection Look, Stranger! We republish the final revised version of the poem, but it is worth noting that the earlier version contains several extra stanzas, including, after the present stanza 14:
The worst employers double-dealing
Is better than their mental healing
That would assist us.
The world, they tell us, has no flaws
There is no need to change the laws
Were only not content because
Jealous of sisters.
Once masters struck with whips; of recent
Years by being jolly decent
For these are cuter
Fostering the hearts self-adulation
Would dissipate all irritation
Making a weakened generation
Completely neuter.
These additional stanzas add to the already evident disapproval Auden felt towards the attribution of psychological and psychosomatic outcomes to failings of the individual, rather than to the broader social environment, from the family level up to that of the state. In stanza 14, for example, Auden both castigates those who show the poor by mathematics that wealth and poverty are merely mental pictures and points out that inculcating this viewpoint in people suffering from the oppression of poverty is something carried out for the defence of the wealthy. He goes on to lambaste those in service to the wealthy and powerfulpoets, bankers, brokers, and professors among themshowing his disdain for those that he considered were agents of impaired social and psychological progress, summed up perhaps best in his aside in his magnificent mixture of prose, drama and poetry, The Orators, the Oxford don who says, I dont feel quite happy about pleasure.
References
1 Auden GA. An experiment in the nutritive value of an extra milk ration. Journal of the Royal Sanitary Institute 1923;44:23647.
2 Auden GA. The Birmingham Open-Air School. The Medical Officer 1912;7:25355.
3 Auden GA. Heights and weights of Birmingham school children in relation to infant mortality. School Hygiene1910:29091.
4 Forsdahl A. Are poor living conditions in childhood and adolescence an important risk factor for arteriosclerotic heart disease? Br J Prev Soc Med 1977;31:9195.[ISI][Medline]
5 Barker DJP, Osmond C. Infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales. Lancet1986;i:107781.
6 Auden GA. An unusual form of suicide. Journal of Mental Science 1927;73:42831.
7 Davenport-Hines R. Auden. London: Minerva, 1995.
8 Callan E. Auden: A Carnival of Intellect. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.