1 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and 2 Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
3 To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy. Email: cicinelli{at}gynecology1.uniba.it
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Abstract |
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Key words: chronic endometritis/endometrial micropolyps/hysteroscopy/saline distention
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Introduction |
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In a large series of diagnostic hysteroscopies using saline distention (Cicinelli et al., 2003) we have frequently observed an atypical aspect of endometrial surface characterized by the presence of very small (less that 1 mm in size) peduncolatous and vascularized polyps. These subtle lesions may be sporadic or may cover most of the endometrial surface (Figure 1A).
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The aim of the present paper was to describe new hysteroscopic findings and to confirm the inflammatory significance of endometrial micropolyps. For this purpose we compared retrospectively the histological findings from women in whom hysteroscopy showed the presence of these lesions with that of women with no sign of micropolyps.
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Materials and methods |
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All hysteroscopies were performed in the follicular phase and the examinations were carried out using the speculum without tenaculum. Contraindications for hysteroscopy were the presence of heavy bleeding, severe cardio-vascular disease and suspected pregnancy. Cases of endometrial neoplasia were excluded from the study.
Saline was employed to distend the uterine cavity at a pressure generated by simple drop from a bag suspended 1 m above the patient. A 300 W light source with a xenon bulb (ACMI, Southborough, MA), a 3 charge couple device digital (CCD) camera (Micro-Digital IIIe, ACMI, Southborough, MA) and a 21 inch video color screen (Sony Trinitron, PVM-20M2MDE, Sinigawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan) were used.
During hysteroscopy, both the anterior and posterior uterine walls were thoroughly examined by approaching the hysteroscope along the endometrial surface in order to get a view parallel to the endometrial surface. In this way, any irregularity of the endometrial surface was easily identified.
All hysteroscopies were performed by two of the authors (E.C., R.N.) who paid attention to the presence of micropolyps. Following the hysteroscopy, all patients underwent oriented endometrial biopsy by means of a 3 mm Novak's curette connected to a 20 ml syringe. The Novak's curette was directed towards the areas in which hysteroscopy showed the highest concentration of micropolyps.
All procedures were performed without any kind of anesthesia. A single oral dose of antibiotic was given at the end of examinations (800 mg pefloxacin).
Endometrial samples were fixed in neutral formaline and embedded in paraffin according to routine histological procedure. Five microsections were stained with hematoxilineosin. The histological examinations were performed by a single operator (L.R.) who was unaware of hysteroscopic findings. For the histological diagnosis of chronic endometritis the criteria described in the literature were employed (Greenwood and Moran, 1981). Attention was paid to the following features: superficial stromal edema, increased stromal density, pleomorphic stromal inflammatory infiltrate dominated by lymphocytes and plasma cells.
The frequency of histological signs of chronic endometritis in women with micropolyps was compared with that observed in women without micropolyps by using Chi-square test. A value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the presence of micropolyps for the existence of chronic endometritis confirmed histologically were calculated by means of a 2 x 2 table (Stempel, 1992); the accuracy of the micropolyps' presence for the diagnosis of chronic endometritis (true positive + true negative / total population) was also calculated.
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Results |
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By considering all cases of chronic endometritis confirmed at histological examination, presence of endometrial micropolyps at hysteroscopy was demonstrated in 53.6% of the cases. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the micropolyps' presence for the existence of chronic endometritis confirmed histologically was 54%, 99%, 94% and 89%, respectively; the diagnostic accuracy was 90%.
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Discussion |
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From a diagnostic point of view, chronic endometritis is a pathology that it is difficult to identify. It is not detectable at transvaginal sonography and it can only be suspected in case of complications like adhesions, pyometra or hydrometra. Recently, the presence of vaginal polymorphonuclear leukocytes has been reported to have a high sensitivity and negative predictive value for the diagnosis of upper genital tract infection (Yudin et al., 2003). Hysteroscopy is the best technique for identifying chronic endometritis. At direct inspection of the uterine cavity, chronic endometritis is characterized by the presence of areas of red endometrium flushed with a white central point, localized or scattered throughout the cavity, realizing a typical aspect called strawberry aspect (Cravello et al., 1997
). The reddish color with a starry sky white configuration is similar in appearance to diffuse colpitis seen with a colposcope. It may also appear as whitish plaques that are friable and bleed easily (Dotto et al., 2003
). However, each of these signs may be mild so that even at hysteroscopy the diagnosis may be doubtful or missed.
Presence of micropolyps is an additional finding during fluid hysteroscopy one must look for in order to support the suspicion of endometritis. Notwithstanding the small size, detection of these subtle lesions is easy when saline is used for distention, as it allows the micropolyps to float. On the contrary, when using CO2, endometrial ingrowths are flattened against the endometrial surface. Moreover, using the saline the continuous washing of the uterine cavity also ensures a clear vision in the presence of mucus or easy bleeding, which are frequently present in the case of endometrial inflammation.
Our experience with endometrial micropolyps is in accordance with that reported with transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy; in fact, also in this case hydroflotation allows the detection of subtle lesions on the surface of tubes and ovaries, subtle lesions that are missed at conventional CO2 laparoscopy (Gordts et al., 2002).
In our study, presence of micropolyps agrees with the above described clinical symptoms attributed to chronic endometritis. In fact, the prevalence of micropolyps was higher in women undergoing hysteroscopy due to abnormal uterine bleeding (14.4% vs 11.7%); moreover, if we consider all together the indications related to bleeding [pre-menopausal abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), suspected endometrial polyp, endocervical polyp, intracavitary myoma] they were present in up to 36.3% of cases of micropolyps.
Notably, while the prevalence of micropolyps in the overall population was 11.7%, this was 2.1-fold greater in women undergoing hysteroscopy due to infertility and 3.2-fold greater if we also consider women who underwent hysteroscopy due to infertility and with a suspected uterine malformation. This is in accordance with findings from Feghali and coworkers who found in 45% of cases some pathological finding at diagnostic hysteroscopy prior to IVF; most of these abnormalities were endometritis (Feghali et al., 2003). Accordingly, Taylor and Frydman have reported that the inflammatory aspects of the endometrium (when observed by hysteroscopy) accompany the failures of IVF and that a positive correlation exists between endometrial congestion and positive spermculture (Taylor and Frydman, 1996
).
Micropolyps were detected in pre-menopausal women and not in post-menopausal women. This finding suggests that micropolyps, which are generated by the accumulation of inflammatory cells and edema in the stroma, are probably expressive of an active and strong endometrial reaction. It is known, indeed, that in case of endometrial inflammation, high concentration of macrophages, interleukins and local growth factors takes place (Dechaud et al., 1998; Richter et al., 1999
). It is possible to speculate that epithelial and vascular postmenopausal atrophy prevent these modifications to take place and micropolyps to form.
This opens the question why micropolyps were present in only about 50% of the cases of chronic endometritis. We can speculate that in some cases we could have overlooked the lesions, or that different expression of endometrial factors or different infectious agents may explain this discrepancy. Unfortunately, in this study (which only aims at defining the significance of micropolyps), infectious investigations were not performed and therefore we can not make any correlation between etiological agents and presence of micropolyps.
At histology, signs of chronic endometritis may be focal and as inflammatory cells are normally present in the endometrial mucosa the histological diagnosis of chronic endometritis is not always easy. In order to facilitate the histological diagnosis, we tried to obtain endometrial samples as large as possible. We therefore preferred to perform oriented endometrial biopsies by using a 3 mm Novak's curette instead of guided biopsies using endoscopic forceps. Moreover, as described above, all histological examinations were performed by the same experienced histopathologist (L.R.).
In six cases, histology did not confirm the inflammatory disease of the endometrium. Due to the fact that at hysteroscopy, micropolyps were always associated with at least one of the above mentioned other signs of endometritis, we can exclude that this discrepancy could be related to the absence of signs of inflammation, but are more likely due to the difficulty in the histological evaluation of this pathology.
In conclusion, the finding of micropolyps at fluid hysteroscopy strongly suggests the existence of chronic endometritis. Thanks to floating, the presence of endometrial micropolyps is easy to detect and this should always be looked for when hysteroscopy is performed due to AUB or infertility.
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Notes |
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References |
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Submitted on November 22, 2004; resubmitted on December 22, 2004; accepted on January 13, 2005.
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