1 Infertility Clinic, The Family Federation of Finland, Kalevankatu 16, FIN-00100 and 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract |
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Key words: embryo quality/human/IVF/zygote
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Introduction |
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Recently, some investigators have sought reliable non-invasive scoring systems for zygotes (Scott and Smith, 1998; Tesarik and Greco, 1999
; Scott et al., 2000
). The scoring system would be valuable in countries where legislation prohibits the culture of more than three embryos at a time and the actual selection of the transferable embryos is done at pronuclear (PN) stage (Ludwig et al., 2000
). The zygote scoring systems are based on morphological aspects and localization of the PN as well as the cytoplasmic appearance of the zygote. The main characteristics analysed are the position and the number of nucleolar precursor bodies (NPB) and the existence of a cytoplasmic halo (Scott and Smith, 1998
; Tesarik and Greco, 1999
).
In 1998, Scott and Smith reported a zygote scoring system based predominantly on the appearance of cytoplasmic haloes and the polarization stage of NPB (Scott and Smith, 1998). Their results indicated that the implantation rate of halo-positive zygotes with polarized distribution of NPB and progression to 2-cell stage 2426 h after fertilization was higher than the implantation rate of embryos with scattered distribution of NPB and homogenous cytoplasm. Similar results were later obtained by a German group (Ludwig et al., 2000
).
Another classification system proposed by Tesarik and Greco (1999) included six different zygote categories according to the number and distribution of NPB. Using this classification, zygotes were divided into one normal (pattern 0) and five potentially abnormal (patterns 15) groups. Zygotes in the normal group had both PN at the same developmental stage, i.e. all NPB are either polarized or unpolarized at the time of evaluation. They reported a clinical pregnancy rate of 50% when at least one normal embryo was transferred and 9% when only abnormal embryos were transferred (Tesarik and Greco, 1999). Subsequent studies by them and others have supported this hypothesis (Tesarik et al., 2000
; Wittemer et al., 2000
).
The main problem associated with all afore-mentioned studies is that two or more embryos have been transferred at a time. Therefore, the correct estimation of the implantation ability of different embryos is not possible. We have recently published good results in elective single embryo transfers (Vilska et al., 1999). In patients who had at least two embryos available and only one embryo was selected for transfer, the pregnancy rate was 29.7% which was comparable with the pregnancy rate in two embryo transfers (29.4%) (Vilska et al., 1999
). A high proportion of elective single embryo transfers (at present up to 50%) allows us to evaluate correctly different NPB scoring systems. The aim of this study was to find out whether the development of good quality embryos could be predicted by a single microscopic observation at the PN stage.
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Materials and methods |
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Ovarian stimulation regimen, oocyte collection, IVF and ICSI procedure and embryo transfer were similar in both clinics and have been reported elsewhere (Vilska et al., 1999). Culture media for zygotes and embryos were IVF medium (MediCult, Denmark) and Sydney IVF Fertilization and Cleavage Medium (Cook IVF, Australia). The oocytes were checked for the presence of PN and polar bodies 1618 h after the microinjection or insemination. The PN morphology was analysed using a x20 objective on Nikon Diaphot® TMD inverted microscope with Hoffman modulation contrast optics. For accurate estimation of zygote morphology, each fertilized oocyte was rotated using a needle connected to the Narishige micromanipulator MO 188® until both PN were clearly visible. Images of zygotes were recorded and later evaluated independently by three embryologists. Only oocytes having two equally sized PN were included in this study. For each fertilized oocyte, the localization and the number of NPB and the existence of clear cortical cytoplasm (cytoplasmic halo) were recorded. The fertilized oocytes and embryos were maintained in separate 20 µl drops of culture medium.
Two different classification systems were used to describe the polarization and number of NPB. The first scoring system has been described by Scott and Smith and includes only the polarization of NPB and the appearance of a cytoplasmic halo (Scott and Smith, 1998). In class I all NPB in both PN are polarized. In class II, NPB in one pronucleus are polarized, whereas NPB in the other pronucleus are scattered and in class III the NPB of both PN are scattered. NPB are classified as polarized when all NPB are aligned in a row at the PN junction.
In the second classification system zygotes were allocated to six different classes depending on the number and the distribution of NPB (Tesarik and Greco, 1999). In pattern 0 zygotes, NPB in both PN are either polarized and the number of NPB <7 or unpolarized and the number of NPB
7. Pattern 1 zygotes have a marked difference (>3) in the number of NPB. Pattern 2 zygotes have <7 NPB without polarization in at least one of the PN. Pattern 3 zygotes have
7 NPB with polarization in at least one of the PN. Pattern 4 zygotes have <3 NPB in at least one of the PN. Pattern 5 zygotes have polarized distribution in one pronucleus and unpolarized in the other. Evaluation of fertilized oocytes according to the first scoring system by Scott and Smith (1998) was carried out only in Clinic A, whereas the second classification system was used in both clinics. Multinucleated embryos were recorded only in Clinic B.
Embryo quality was evaluated 4042 h (day 2 transfer) or 6567 h (day 3 transfer) after fertilization and embryo selection was based solely on embryo quality. Embryos were scored according to the commonly used morphological criteria: grade 1: no fragments and equal blastomeres, grade 2: <20% fragmentation, grade 3: unequal blastomeres and/or 2050% fragmentation, grade 4: >50% fragmentation. The implantation rate (clinical pregnancy rate), pregnancy rate (deliveries and on-going pregnancies), percentage of morphologically good embryos (grade 1 and 2 embryos), embryos with at least three blastomeres 4042 h after the fertilization and embryos with multinucleated blastomeres (MNB) were calculated for each class of zygotes and for halo-positive and halo-negative embryos. For the calculation of good quality embryos, only the quality of embryos on day 2 was considered whereas for implantation and pregnancy rates both the second and third day embryo transfers were used. IVF and ICSI embryos were combined in this study.
Comparison of the implantation rate, pregnancy rate, the percentage of morphologically good embryos, embryos with MNB and embryos containing three or more blastomeres 4042 h after the fertilization between the different classes of zygotes was performed using 2 test.
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Results |
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Discussion |
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The nucleolus is a distinct nuclear construct where ribosomal RNA are produced. In most mitotic cells the formation of an active nucleolus occurs through the fast fusion of separate small precursor nucleoli originally formed at the chromosomal locations of ribosomal genes. The development of a nucleolus in newly formed PN includes some specific features not found in normal mitotic cells (Tesarik et al., 1987; Tesarik and Kopecny, 1989a
, 1989b
, 1990
). Several nucleolar precursor bodies are formed in both PN but they do not usually fuse to a single construct (Payne et al., 1997
). Electron microscopy studies have shown that NPB in human zygotes consist of densely packed 3 nm thick protein filaments, for which the exact composition is unknown (Tesarik et al., 1987
). The nucleoli in human embryos are thought to be inactive in the sense of ribosomal RNA synthesis before the third blastomere division, but chromatin infiltration may occur at the time of NPB formation and for the proper assembly of NPB also early nucleic acid (RNA) synthesis takes place (Tesarik and Kopecny, 1989b
, 1990
). It has been suggested that DNA encoding ribosomal genes of early human embryo is incapable of initiating the transcription unless it is associated with protein matrix of nucleolar precursor bodies (Tesarik et al., 1987
). The pattern of embryonic nucleologenesis and the molecular composition of NPB seems to vary in a species-specific manner (reviewed by Flechon and Kopecny, 1998).
The number of NPB in PN varies from one to roughly ten, characteristically fewer NPB are seen in female than in male PN (4.2 versus 7.0) (Payne et al., 1997). During PN development the NPB are mobile and their distribution may change from random to aligned at the junction of the two PN (Scott and Smith, 1998
). It has been reported that the random distribution of NPB diminishes during the PN migration (Wright et al., 1990
). On the contrary, others failed to show any correlation between the time lapse of injection of oocytes and the number and polarization of NPB (Nagy et al., 1998
). Although the activity of the NPB during PN development seems to be minimal, yet their polarization may be related to the embryonic development. It has been demonstrated that the distribution of chromatin in both maternal and paternal PN is polarized (Van Blerkom et al., 1995
). It has also been suggested that the polarization of chromatin and NPB represents an early step of the formation of embryonic axis, which determines subsequent cell fate in preimplantation embryos (Edwards and Beard, 1997
). Although the importance of NPB polarization has been explained by several hypotheses, their direct function, if any, has not been determined.
One part of the 2PN scoring system published by Scott and Smith (1998) is the evaluation of NPB polarization. The polarized NPB pattern is considered as a good sign for further development whereas scattered NPB pattern is not. When our data was analysed according to this classification a clear difference in embryo cleavage rate between combined classes I/II and class III was seen. The embryos with both or at least one pronucleus polarized at 1618 h after insemination/injection had faster cleavage rate than those with scattered NPB. Although the implantation rate and pregnancy rate of the class III embryos was lower than those of the classes I and II, the difference was not significant. However, these results support the idea that the NPB polarization might be connected to successful embryo development. Our finding that zygotes with scattered NPB distribution seem to have less potential to produce pregnancies is in contrast with Tesarik's observation (Tesarik and Greco, 1999). This discrepancy could be explained by different times of fertilization assessments. In this study, as well as in that by Scott and Smith, fertilization was assessed 1618 h after insemination/injection, whereas in Tesarik's studies the zygotes were checked at 1220 h.
The translocation of organelles (mostly mitochondria) from the cortex of cytoplasm (i.e. the appearance of cytoplasmic halo) after the extrusion of the second polar body in fertilized human oocytes has been elegantly documented (Payne et al., 1997). The functional significance of this phenomenon has not been determined, but similar withdrawal of organelles occurs also in oocytes of other species undergoing fertilization (Bavister and Squirrel, 2000). The classification system of Scott and Smith included the evaluation of the appearance of cytoplasmic halo. Their results indicated that the presence of halo could be used as a positive marker for good quality embryos. Our results are partially in agreement, since the proportion of the morphologically good embryos was higher in halo-positive embryos than halo-negative embryos. However, after single embryo transfers no difference in implantation rate and pregnancy rate was found between these groups. We believe that the reason we did not find the differences in implantation rate and pregnancy rate between halo-positive and halo-negative embryos that were shown in the work of Scott and Smith (1998) is that these authors included the early cleavage in their scoring system. It has been documented (Sakkas et al., 1998
) that the early cleavage of blastomeres, usually occurring 27 h after fertilization, is positively correlated with pregnancy rate.
The zygote scoring system published by Tesarik and Greco (1999) is based on the combination of the number and distribution of NPB within PN. The rationale of Tesarik's classification system is that for proper embryonic development interPN synchrony is more important than the actual polarization of NPB within individual PN. Therefore, zygotes having either polarized or unpolarized NPB in both PN at the time of evaluation are regarded as normal (pattern 0). After two independent studies their results indicated a strong association between pattern 0 zygotes and pregnancy rates. Also, pattern 0 embryos have less arrested and multinucleated embryos and more good-morphology embryos than non-pattern 0 embryos (Tesarik and Greco, 1999). In the present study we could neither find an association between embryo quality nor developmental competence and zygote morphology. In addition, implantation rate and pregnancy rate did not differ between pattern 0 and other groups. The idea that pregnancy rates of pattern 0 and non-pattern 0 groups are comparable is also supported by the similar pregnancy rate (29.8%, 14/47) of embryos belonging simultaneously to two or even more zygote classes (data not included in Table III
). Interestingly, the differences observed in cleavage rates between the groups seem to indicate that a low number of NPB is associated with slow cleavage rate. However, new studies are required to establish the association because the number of embryos within these classes was small.
In the present study, the selection of embryos for transfer was based on the cleavage stage morphology. The implantation rate were similar for good quality (grade 1 or 2) embryos in both pattern and non-pattern 0 groups. The number of moderate quality (grade 3) embryos transferred was too small for statistical analysis, but it is unlikely that grade 3 embryos would produce better implantation rate than grade 1 or 2 embryos. Although the selection of embryos for transfer was not based on zygote morphology we postulate that the outcome of the study would have been similar even if a prospective randomized protocol, i.e. if the embryos transferred were selected based on their zygote classification, had been used.
In conclusion, we were unable to show that any of the proposed zygote classes would produce consistently better quality embryos or more pregnancies. More detailed studies are needed to resolve whether more defined subclasses with predictive value in embryo development could be found within the proposed classification systems or if new markers with higher potency could be found.
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Notes |
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References |
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Submitted on February 8, 2001; accepted on June 20, 2001.