1 Lister Fertility Clinic, Lister Hospital, Chelsea Bridge Road, London SW1W 8RH, 2 Immunology Department, Epsom and St Helier University Hospital, Surrey and 3 Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, St Helier Hospital, London, UK
4 To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: mythum{at}doctors.net.uk
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Abstract |
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Key words: B cells/CD56/IVF/natural killer cells/T cells
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Introduction |
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Previous studies have suggested that an increase in circulating lymphocytes might be associated with recurrent miscarriages. Thus Souza et al. (2002) reported that an increase in peripheral blood absolute T cell count, but not NK cell count, was evident in women with recurrent abortion. Furthermore, Yamamoto et al. (1999)
reported that the peripheral blood NK cell percentage was not significantly different between pregnant women and women who had a miscarriage with a chromosomally normal or abnormal pregnancy, while Yamada et al. (2001)
reported that NK cell activity was only higher in women who had a miscarriage with a chromosomally normal pregnancy. In the same publication, Yamada et al. (2001)
also reported that the peripheral NK cell percentages were not significantly different between women who had miscarriage with a chromosomally normal or abnormal pregnancy. However, in a later publication (Yamada et al., 2003
) the same group reported that both NK cell activity and percentage were elevated in women who suffered from recurrent miscarriage and had a miscarriage with a chromasomally normal pregnancy. Coulam et al. (1995)
also suggested that the peripheral blood NK cell percentage could predict pregnancy outcome. Additionally, Beer et al. (1996)
showed that women with a history of recurrent miscarriage and infertile women with recurrent failed IVF treatments were associated with a peripheral blood NK cell percentage >12%. These findings have not been replicated by any other research groups. However, numerous practitioners are offering immunomodulation therapy based on the evidence provided by Coulam et al. (1995)
and Beer et al. (1996)
that the peripheral blood NK cell absolute count or percentage can affect IVF or pregnancy outcome.
The objective of this study was to investigate, prospectively, women undergoing IVF treatment to determine whether there was any association between the peripheral blood NK cell (including total CD56+ NK, CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells), T cell and B cell percentages and absolute counts and implantation success or miscarriage in patients undergoing IVF treatment.
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Methods and materials |
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Stimulation protocol for IVF treatment
Stimulation protocol for IVF treatment was as previously described (Thum et al., 2003). Briefly, pituitary down-regulation was achieved with either nafarelin or buserelin at mid-luteal phase. Ovarian stimulation was carried out with either recombinant FSH, hMG or urinary FSH. When follicles reached pre-ovulatory size (1822 mm), 10 000 IU of hCG was administered. Oocytes were aspirated using transvaginal ultrasound guidance 3436 h after hCG administration. All embryos were allowed to cleave and the best two or three embryos were selected for transfer. Embryo transfer was performed on day 2 or day 3 using a soft catheter (Wallace) with transabdominal ultrasound guidance. Progesterone supplement for luteal support (Cyclogest; Shire Pharmaceuticals Ltd, UK), 400 mg once a day per vaginum or per rectum, was commenced 1 day before embryo transfer and continued until a pregnancy test was performed. A pregnancy test was performed 2 weeks after embryo transfer.
Flow cytometric NK activation and inhibition quantification assay
Ten millilitres of peripheral blood was collected in heparinized tubes and analysed within 24 h. Fifty millilitres of each sample was incubated for 15 min at room temperature with 10 ml mouse anti-CD56 PE (BD PharMingen), anti-CD3 PE Cy5 (Quest Biomedical) monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Isotypic control mAb included mouse IgG1 PE (BD PharMingen) and IgG1 PECy5 (Quest Biomedical). In this lyse, no wash procedure, 1 ml of Quicklysis lysing solution (Quest Biomedical) was added to each tube and incubated for a further 10 min at room temperature. A volume of 50 ml of PerfectCount beads (Quest Biomedical) was then accurately pipetted to each tube and samples run with BD FACSCalibur flow cytometer.
Data analysis
All IVF data were collected prospectively in Medical System for IVF (MedicalSys, UK) and analysed by Statistics Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, UK). Descriptive statistical analysis was performed initially to examine the normal distribution of all continuous variables for parametric statistical tests. Analysis of variance was then conducted to assess the duration and amount of gonadotrophin required to achieve follicular maturity, number of mature follicles, number of available embryos for transfer, number of oocytes collected, fertilization rate, the absolute count of lymphocytes and its subpopulation (NK cells, B cells and T cells) between the pregnant and non-pregnant women after IVF treatment. The 2 cross-tabulation test was used to analyse for difference of pregnancy rates, miscarriage rates and live birth rates between women with NK cell percentage >12% and <12% as suggested by Beer et al. (1996)
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Results |
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There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to patients' characteristics (Table I).
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Discussion |
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The results of this study showed no significant differences in the peripheral T cell count between women with a positive or negative IVF treatment outcome or with pregnancy outcome, i.e. live birth and miscarriage. This finding is in accord with previous studies. Thus Quenby et al. (1999) showed no significant difference in the endometrial T cell count between women with recurrent miscarriage and multiparous women with no history of recurrent miscarriage. Additionally, Vassiliadou and Bulmer (1998)
showed similar number of T cells in normal first trimester deciduas compared to deciduas obtained after spontaneous miscarriage. However, Yamada et al. (1994)
showed that peripheral blood T cells from women with recurrent miscarriage were sensitive to trophoblasts when cultured in vitro and were able to proliferate and produce embryotoxic factors. However, this sensitivity may be the result of previous miscarriages rather than the cause, as even non-viable pregnancy tissue can initiate a maternal immune response. Regarding peripheral blood B cells, these were also not significantly different between pregnant and non-pregnant women after IVF treatment or between women with ongoing pregnancy and miscarriage. This finding is in keeping with Quenby et al. (1999)
, who revealed that endometrial B cells were not significantly different between women with a history of recurrent miscarriage and multiparous women with no history of recurrent miscarriage. These findings suggest that variation in peripheral blood T cell and B cell counts have no significant influence on IVF treatment outcome or pregnancy outcome.
In this study, we explored the relationship between the IVF treatment outcome, pregnancy outcome and peripheral blood CD56+ NK cell values. Our results revealed the absence of any significant relationship between peripheral blood CD56+ NK cell values (absolute count and percentage) and IVF treatment outcome or pregnancy outcome. Therefore, an increase in the peripheral blood CD56+ NK cell percentage or absolute count may not be associated with increased failed implantation or an increased rate of miscarriage. This finding is in accord with previous studies (Yamamoto et al., 1999; Michimata et al., 2002
) in showing that the peripheral blood NK cell percentage has no association with miscarriages and no predictive value for pregnancy outcome. Our finding is in contrast with that of Coulam et al. (1995)
, where the authors suggested that the peripheral blood NK cell percentage could predict pregnancy outcome. However, the flow cytometric method used to identify NK cells in the Coulam study may not have been accurate due to the lack of CD3 antigen assessment to exclude CD56 expressing T cells. Consequently the lymphocytes examined were a mixture of T cells and NK cells; therefore one could argue that their conclusion that the peripheral blood NK cell percentage could predict pregnancy outcome may not be accurate. Moreover, the study group used by Coulam et al. (1995)
was not homogeneous and included women receiving donor oocytes or intravenous immunoglobulin G (IV IgG) treatment. In our study we analysed both the absolute and percentage lymphocyte subset counts with a particular focus on the absolute count. It is well known that the latter is more accurate than the percentage, as the percentage is heavily influenced by the presence of the other lymphocyte subsets in a sample. Our finding is also in contrast with that of Yamada et al. (2003)
, where the authors reported that NK cell percentage was elevated in women who suffered from recurrent miscarriage and had a miscarriage with a chromosomally normal pregnancy. However, the statistical analysis in Yamada's study included women with known endocrine or autoimmune disorders.
We further evaluated the IVF outcome and pregnancy outcome for patients with peripheral blood CD56+ NK cell percentages <12% and 12%. This subdivision of the study group with a 12% threshold for analysis was based on the work by Beer et al. (1996)
. They reported that women with peripheral blood CD56+ NK cell percentages >12% had a reduced pregnancy rate after IVF treatment and increased miscarriage risk. This work has encouraged many practitioners to offer immunomodulation therapy to patients, including paternal lymphocyte immunization, i.v. IgG and anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) therapy, based on the percentage of their peripheral blood NK cells. The results of our study revealed no significant difference with regard to pregnancy or miscarriage rate in patients with peripheral blood CD56+ NK cell percentages <12% or
12%. Therefore, our data suggest that the 12% threshold has no predictive value in IVF treatment outcome and risk miscarriage. It is important to consider some gaps in the work reported by Beer et al. (1996)
. Thus it was unclear at what stage the blood samples were obtained from the study subjects. This is clearly important as the results of NK analysis can vary according to the point in a treatment cycle at which the sample was obtained. Furthermore, part of their analysis compared the NK cell percentage in pregnant women with non-pregnant women having a history of recurrent miscarriage. This comparison may also not be valid as lymphocyte composition can vary during a pregnancy. There was also no explanation of how the arbitrary threshold level of 12% was selected. Our finding suggests that the peripheral blood NK cell count and percentage have no bearing on IVF treatment outcome, pregnancy outcome or risk of miscarriage. More importantly the 12% arbitrary threshold has no predictive value in determining IVF treatment outcome and risk of miscarriage. Finally, it is worth noting that the NK cell percentage range in a healthy individual can be
20% (Cooper et al., 2001
). Therefore based on the findings of our study it may be inappropriate to offer immunomodulation therapy for this group of patients. Beer et al. (1996)
, however, reported that no women with CD56+ NK cells >18% had delivered a live-born child. This is in contrast to the results of our study in which 15 women with CD56+ NK cells >18% completed an IVF treatment cycle and six (40%) became pregnant. Of these six women, five delivered and one woman had a miscarriage. This gives a live birth rate of 30% and a miscarriage rate of 20% for this group of women.
In conclusion, our data suggest that there is no significant association between simple enumerations of peripheral blood NK cells (including total CD56+ NK, CD56dim NK and CD56bright NK cells), B cells and T cells with IVF treatment outcome and pregnancy outcome. Women who have a peripheral NK cell level >12% do not have either a reduced rate of achieving pregnancy or higher rate of pregnancy loss after IVF treatment. Even with a markedly elevated peripheral blood CD56+ NK cell of >18%, there was no association with poorer IVF treatment outcome or pregnancy outcome.
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Submitted on July 26, 2004; resubmitted on January 4, 2005; accepted on January 11, 2005.
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