1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2 Department of Radiology and 3 Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 4 To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung Hsiang, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. e-mail: ftkung{at}ksts.seed.net.tw
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Abstract |
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Key words: adenomyosis/bladder necrosis/embolization/sepsis/uterine myoma
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Introduction |
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We present a case in which embolization of the uterine arteries in a woman with adenomyosis resulted in incomplete expulsion of a large focal pyoadenomyosis vaginally associated with sepsis, and focal bladder necrosis. All complications were resolved completely after non-surgical intervention. After a Medline literature review, we also postulate the mechanisms of bladder necrosis secondary to UAE for uterine leiomyoma or adenomyosis, summarize the prognosis of surgical or non-surgical management of myoma expulsion vaginally due to UAE, and assess the role of UAE in symptomatic adenomyosis.
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Case report |
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Post-embolization day 5, the patient returned to the emergency room with complaints of severe abdominal cramping and dysuria. She was feverish, with a temperature up to 41.1°C, and had chills. Her pulse was 126 beats/min. Her blood pressure was 151/80 mmHg. Her white blood cell count was 15 400/µl, with 81.1% neutrophils. Her haemoglobin level was 11.2 g/dl. Urinalysis revealed abnormal findings: 1+ leukocyte, nitrite positive, protein of 75 mg/dl, and 1+ bilirubin. The blood culture revealed a heavy growth of Escherichia coli. Intravenous amikacin and amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium was administered after a drug sensitivity test. A cystourethroscopy was performed on post-embolization day 11 because of persistent dysuria after parenteral antibiotics. An ulcerative foci measuring 2.0 x 1.8 cm surrounded by abundant vessels was found on the bladder base outside the left ureteral orifice (Figure 2A). A bladder biopsy was performed, and microscopic examination revealed coagulative necrosis of fibrous tissue (Figure 2B). Under continued antibiotics and hydration, the patient reached recovery on the ward on post-embolization day 16 without complaint, except for mild dysuria.
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Discussion |
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Bladder necrosis is a rarely reported entity in the literature. Sieber (1994) reported only three cases of bladder necrosis secondary to hypogastric artery embolization to control intractable pelvic bleeding. To the best of our knowledge, this is a unique case of bladder necrosis secondary to UAE of uterine leiomyoma or adenomyosis. We postulate three reasons for the focal bladder necrosis. First, undiagnosed vascular communications between uterine and vesicle arteries may result in untargeted embolization of bladder during UAE. Pelage et al. (1999
) described the vesicle artery from a common trunk with the uterine artery in three (0.8%) of 375 cases. It was easily identified only when the bladder was full. Second, retention of lipiodol in the distal vessels of the non-target tissue may result in more ischaemia, and less potential for the collateral re-growth of the bladder. Lipiodol, an iodine addition product of fatty ethyl esters, is usually washed out during fixation of the specimen by alcohol, and is presented as multiple small vacuoles under microscopic examination (Figures 2B and 3B). Third, lipiodol escapes from uterine arteries. Although we did not observe any flow of contrast into the vesicle branches, when blood flow to the uterus is progressively diminished, lipiodol may be forceably carried into other tissues, including the vesicle arteries. We suggest that cystourethroscopy has the advantage of detecting mis-embolization of urinary bladder, especially when there are clinically unexplained symptoms.
Further invasive gynaecological intervention was unnecessary after UAE because the focal pyoadenomyosis had protruded to the cervix and could be easily removed during the office visit by twist. In the literature search there were seven major references reporting the vaginal passage of myoma with or without surgical intervention after UAE (Table I). The reported incidence, between 0.512.5%, is still not generally acknowledged, but seems unusual even in submucosal myomas. The relationship of myoma expulsion and the size of embolic particles are unknown based on these limited reports. There were six patients with ischaemic submucosal myoma secondary to UAE undergoing further surgical intervention including hysterectomy in one case, hysteroscopic resection in one case, and vaginal myomectomy in four cases, which then resolved completely (Bradley et al, 1998; Pelage et al, 2000
; McLucas et al, 2001
; Spies et al, 2001
). However, surgical intervention may not be necessary because complications including vaginal bleeding, foul odour discharge, pelvic cramping, fever and leukocytosis are resolved completely after the necrotic tissue passes vaginally. Berkowitz et al. (1999
) reported three patients with necrotic, infected myomas which resolved completely after administration of antibiotics and spontaneous passage of the sloughing tissue. Our experience demonstrated that appropriate administration of antibiotics and timely expulsion of necrotic tissue might resolve all symptoms, preserve the uterus, and avoid further surgery following UAE. Surgical options of submucosal myoma after UAE are only necessary if the sloughing tissue with intractable bleeding or critical sepsis is not passed spontaneously.
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Successful outcomes have been reported in women with adenomyosis. Goodwin et al. (1999) described three patients who had a pre-existing diagnosis of adenomyosis, and achieved a successful prognosis. Siskin et al. (2001
) discussed 15 women with symptomatic adenomyosis confirmed by MRI who were treated with UAE. The overall success rate was 92.3%. One patient with diffuse adenomyosis and multiple leiomyomas did not respond, and one patient experienced amenorrhoea during the 5 months of follow-up after UAE. By 5.9 months, median uterine volume and myoma volume were reduced by 42 and 71% respectively. Some investigators consider adenomyosis a contraindication to embolization because of adenomyosis-related treatment failures (Walker, 1999
).
Stancato-Pasik et al. (1999) found adenomyosis in their one treatment failure requiring hysterectomy out of 13 patients. Goodwin et al. (1999
) also stated adenomyosis in three of six hysterectomy specimens in women who experienced surgical intervention after UAE. Smith et al. (1999
) mentioned a case of clinical failure of UAE due to adenomyosis. Pathological examination after hysterectomy revealed completely infarcted leiomyomas and similarly unaffected ectopic islands of endometrium. A selective effect of embolization on uterine leiomyoma with co-existing adenomyosis resulting in failure of UAE was proven. On the basis of these limited reports, the risk of treatment failure is probably increased, but adenomyosis may not be considered as a contraindication for UAE. Adenomyosis may co-exist with leiomyoma in 1020% of patients, and it is very difficult to make a diagnosis prospectively and exclude the patient with adenomyosis from UAE (Smith et al., 1999
). Therefore, given the frequent occurrence of adenomyosis with leiomyoma, we believe that it is likely that several patients in earlier published studies on UAE had concomitant adenomyosis, and this procedure still has benefit to adenomyosis.
In conclusion, we have reported the clinical circumstance of the incomplete vaginal expulsion of a large focal pyoadenomyosis associated with sepsis and focal bladder necrosis secondary to UAE for symptomatic adenomyosis. Non-surgical interventions including administration of antibiotics, and timely expulsion of the intracavity sloughing tissue vaginally usually result in successful preservation of the uterus, and relief of all symptoms. Identification of all branches of the hypogastric artery, and avoidance of the escape of embolic particles from uterine artery during UAE are necessary to prevent untargeted embolization. Conservative treatment including administration of antibiotics and hydration may result in spontaneous recovery of focal bladder necrosis, and physicians should be prepared to recognize and manage this side effect.
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References |
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Submitted on March 22, 2002; resubmitted on August 5, 2002. accepted on September 17, 2002