Chemin de Bellevue, Case Postale 13, CH-1270 Trélex, Switzerland
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Abstract |
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Key words: assisted reproduction/infertility survey/public awareness/public perception/treatment reimbursement
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Introduction |
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In contrast to the great scientific and medical developments, access to treatment varies depending largely on the country, and even on the region within a country, as in the UK. The attention of the media often focuses on controversial cases with extreme outcomes, but little effort has been put into providing balanced and complete information to the general population on the subject of infertility and its treatment. As a result, the public is confronted with claims that may offer a distorted vision of the real therapeutic possibilities.
The survey presented herein was undertaken with the aim of investigating how the public in Western countries perceives infertility. Infertility is a rather common problem (Templeton, 1995; Chandra and Stephen, 1998
; Stephen and Chandra, 1998
), and yet this prevalence seems not to be matched by an awareness of what the condition really is, i.e. the scientific definition of infertility, its frequency, and what solutions modern medicine can offer.
This is the first time that such a large international survey has been conducted on the topic of infertility. The results presented here are an important starting point to identify strategies for a wider public appreciation and understanding, which in turn is the best basis to obtain public support for sound reimbursement policies.
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Materials and methods |
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The individuals surveyed were selected from the electoral registers on a 1 in n basis; telephone numbers were then appended to the record. This procedure generated a `household' telephone number; the individual actually interviewed was selected within each household. Quota controls, standard practice in telephone research, were applied to ensure correct representation. For example, in the UK the sample was designed to be representative of the population in terms of region, sex, age and social class. A similar procedure was applied in all countries surveyed (details on the methodology used in each country are available upon request).
The data were also weighted to reflect the differing country sizes in the survey. In this way, a real `total' figure was produced. Without this weighting, a small country such as Belgium would have had an equal effect on the total as a larger country such as Germany. Clearly, a representative sample of Belgium and Germany would need to have more Germans in it than Belgians. Tables IIa and b provide an example of weighting, done with fictitious numbers. In the weighted tables it was noted that the total answer was much closer to the result from Germany, reflecting its greater population size. The examples shown in Table IIa and b
were deliberately inflated and do not show real survey data.
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Results |
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Knowledge of infertility definition and incidence
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines infertility as the inability of a couple to conceive after a period of regular, unprotected intercourse (World Health Organization, 1995). When asked about how long they thought this period was, an average of 20% of people declared not to know the answer, and another 24% said that it was a total inability to conceive. Only slightly more than 50% gave an answer that came close to the WHO definition. The percentage of people who either did not know or gave an incorrect answer was lower in Australia, Sweden and the UK (38, 37 and 36% respectively), and higher in Italy (56%). These differences were statistically significant. Interestingly, the general level of knowledge in the USA and Europe as a whole was similar. It is possible that some differences in public opinion are due to religious beliefs. However, this point cannot be addressed or supported by published data. Younger people (between 15 and 25 years old) were less knowledgeable than older age groups, particularly in Italy and the UK. This tendency was reversed in Australia and Germany, where a higher percentage of people in the age group 34 to 54 years provided an incorrect answer. In the USA, the percentage of people who answered `I do not know' significantly increased with increasing age (data not shown).
When asked about how many couples seek medical assistance to overcome an infertility problem, only an average of 16% of respondents answered correctly (i.e. one in six couples seek medical help for infertility problems), and another 29% came close to the right figure (i.e. gave the figure of one in ten). Country-specific variations were not pronounced, and no differences were seen when Europe was compared with Australia or the USA. Interestingly, about 20% of those surveyed underestimated the size of the problem by one or even two orders of magnitude. Gender and age differences in the response were not very prominent, although in some countries, like the UK, men were less likely than women to come close to the correct answer. Again, older people were significantly more likely to answer `I do not know' to this question, particularly in the USA and Australia (data not shown).
This widespread unfamiliarity with infertility definitions and incidence was in contrast with the fact that 52% of the people polled declared to know personally somebody who had admitted difficulty in becoming pregnant. This percentage varied little among the countries (showing a peak of 62% in Sweden). However, within individual countries, in all cases women were more likely than men to know someone who had experienced infertility, and a higher percentage of people belonging to age groups in the mid- to late reproductive age also declared to know someone who had difficulties becoming pregnant. These gender and age differences were statistically significant in most cases.
Therapeutic possibilities: IVF
A very high proportion of adults across Europe and in the USA had heard about IVF. This percentage was higher in Sweden (97%), Australia (95%), Italy and the UK (both 92%), and USA (90%), and lowerthough still relevantin Germany (77%). In all countries, the age groups between 25 and 54 years old were more likely to know what IVF was, except in Germany, where only 68% of young adults knew what IVF was, compared with a total average of 89% and a national average in Germany of 77%.
In contrast to this seemingly high awareness about the therapeutic possibilities for infertility, a large percentage of people did not know what the chances of success of this assisted reproductive technique were (Question 6, see Table IV). The percentage of people who thought that the chances were either lower or much lower than those of a fertile couple trying to have a baby through regular unprotected sexual intercourse during one month varied from a low 39% in Italy to a high 56% in the UK and 55% in Australia (Table IV
). Within individual countries, women consistently seemed to believe less than men did in the therapeutic possibilities of IVF. In all countries, significantly more women than men thought that the chances of having a baby after IVF were either lower or much lower compared with a fertile couple. Age differences in the percentage of replies given did not show a particular consistent pattern, although in the USA a significantly higher number of younger people underestimated the therapeutic potential of IVF (data not shown).
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Discussion |
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The perception of infertility is different in different countries. The gap between the UK and the USAand Australia to some extenton one side, and continental Europe on the other, could have many causes. Since within the Anglo-Saxon countries there were no significant differences in the replies among age groups and gender, it seems likely that a general cultural difference lies at the bottom of this contrasting result. The term `disease' used in the survey was chosen to adhere to the WHO definition. In English-speaking countries, the word `disease' may have the connotation of a rather severe, possibly communicable condition. Conversely, the terms `maladie', `malattia' and `Krankheit', in French, Italian and German respectively, have a broader and softer meaning, bringing to mind any condition which should fall under medical attention, without a specific connotation of severity or communicability. Other factors may play a role in the perception of infertility in the Anglo-Saxon countries. Many purchasing authorities, especially in the UK, consider infertility treatments as not curative, and thus not reimbursable (Evans, 1995). This approach may affect the public's perception of infertility as a social, rather than biological, illness (Redmayne and Klein, 1993
).
People surveyed show little understanding of the medical issues surrounding infertility, and little understanding about real chances of successful treatment. The opinions vary little among countries, age, gender and socioeconomic status.
The treatment options are no longer experimental and offer excellent probability of achieving pregnancy (Bergh et al., 1995; Glander, 1996
; FIVNAT, 1998
; Forti and Krausz, 1998
; Hargreave and Mills, 1998
; Guzick et al., 1999
). However, state-of-the-art diagnostic approaches and treatment are not widely used by clinicians, even specialists, in many countries (Helmerhorst et al., 1995
; Glatstein et al., 1997
).
The number of couples seeking medical help for infertility is probably lower than the number experiencing it (Templeton et al., 1991). This may depend to a considerable extent on the lack of knowledge about success rates and chances to become parents (this is supported by the results of this survey). The costs associated with assisted reproductive technologies could also play a role. Ethical, religious and personal beliefs may influence the decision not to seek treatment. Mass-media descriptions of `extreme' rather than `normal' cases also may influence this decision. The issue of infertility is still surrounded by taboos (this may vary in different countries). It is often difficult for couples to address this problem openly, and this lack of openness stifles their chances to identify a solution.
The results of the survey indicate that there is a lack of balanced information about chances of success of assisted reproductive treatment. Doctors (mainly general practitioners), midwives and medical personnel in general should be able to provide more complete information. This capability to inform the patients correctly may in part stem from the lack of a reliable source that could easily be accessed.
The lack of reimbursement is also a major obstacle in many countries. It is common in most countries to have expensive and time-consuming work-up procedures reimbursed, or even therapeutic micro-surgical procedures that are of limited benefit (Evans, 1995; Hamberger and Janson, 1997
). Reimbursement should be `neutral' and not related to the type of technique applied to overcome the infertility problem.
Recently, there has been much debate in the medical press about reimbursement of medical procedures (Dicker and Armstrong, 1995; Millns, 1995
; Bowling, 1996
; Kleinert, 1998
). It is difficult to gauge correctly the public opinion on reimbursement issues, especially if a number of procedures dealing with widely different diseases and age groups are compared (Bowling, 1996
). Public support for reimbursement of infertility treatment seems to be high (present survey and Granberg et al., 1995), and contrasts with a general trend in most countries towards leaving this expense to the individuals (Gleicher, 1998a
,b
). However, infertility is becoming a political problem in the Western world, as an ageing population can no longer be supported by a constantly decreasing number of children (Lunenfeld, 1999
).
In conclusion, the public's concern and awareness on infertility is similar in Western countries. Spread of best practices and support for sound reimbursement policies should be the objectives of the medical community in the field.
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Acknowledgments |
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Notes |
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1 To whom correspondence should be addressed at: University of Göteborg Sahlgrenska Hospital Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 413-45 Göteborg, Sweden
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References |
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Submitted on June 28, 1999; accepted on October 21, 1999.