1 Institut Clinic of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, 2 Institut Clinic of Nefro-Urology, 3 Hormonal Laboratory, and 4 Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract |
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Key words: ICSI/inhibin B/male infertility/non-obstructive azoospermia/TESE
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Introduction |
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Recent reports have shown that serum inhibin B is a useful marker of spermatogenesis (Anawalt et al., 1996; Ezeh et al., 1998
; Pierik et al., 1998
) and inhibin B production sufficient to maintain detectable serum concentrations in adults depends on spermatogenic activity (Petersen et al., 1999
). The aim of the present study was to investigate the value of serum inhibin B measurement as a predictor of the success of TESE in men with non-obstructive azoospermia to be treated by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
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Materials and methods |
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Two additional groups were used as positive controls. Group 2 comprised 22 infertile men having obstructive azoospermia (absence of vasa deferens, n = 10; vasectomy, n = 7; previous genital inflammation, n = 5), and group 3 included 29 men having normal seminal parameters and who were donors from the semen bank of our assisted reproduction unit.
Seminal study
Semen samples were produced by masturbation after 36 days of sexual abstinence and collected into sterile containers. The azoospermia was confirmed by at least two seminal analyses (>4 weeks apart) which were carried out as described in the World Health Organization Manual (WHO, 1999).
Hormone analyses
Hormones were measured using commercially available kits. FSH serum concentrations were measured by an immunoenzymatic assay with two monoclonal antibodies (Immuno 1; Technicon, Bayer, Tarrytown, NY, USA) and data were expressed in terms of IRP 78/549. The sensitivity of the assay was 0.1 IU/l and the inter-assay coefficient of variation was 2.7%. Dimeric inhibin B was measured by a solid-phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay which used two monoclonal antibodies (Serotec, Oxford, UK). The first monoclonal antibody is specific for the ßB subunit of inhibin; the second one was directed to the -subunit and coupled to alkaline phosphatase. The sensitivity of the assay was 15 pg/ml and the intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were <11 and 15% respectively.
TESE and histopathology
Testicular biopsies and sperm extraction were not always synchronized with the day of oocyte retrieval and the ICSI procedure. The testicular sperm retrievals were performed from bilateral testicular biopsies carried out under local anaesthesia as previously reported (Cha et al., 1997, Ezeh et al., 1998
). A small incision measuring 12 cm was made in the tunica albuginea, and a portion of extruding testicular tissue (2550 mg from each testis, depending on testicular volume) was incised and isolated by surgical scissors.
Each biopsy fraction was rinsed with Gamete medium (Scandinavian IVF Science AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) to remove red blood cells. Testicular tissue was minced using fine needles until free tubule pieces were obtained. Microscopic examination was carried out at x400 magnification to assess the presence of gametes. If spermatozoa were observed, the testicular sample was cryopreserved for non-synchronized subjects until the ICSI procedure, according to a technique previously described (Gil-Salom et al., 1996) or processed as follows for synchronized subjects. The homogenized testicular tissue solution was centrifuged twice for 5 min at 500 g in sperm Rinse medium (Scandinavian IVF Science AB). The final pellet was resuspended in 300 µl of Gamete medium (Scandinavian IVF Science AB) and kept in an incubator at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 until the injection procedure.
Testicular tissue was prepared for histopathology. Tissue sections were fixed in Bouin's solution, stained with haematoxylin and eosin, and were examined under the microscope at x1001000 magnification using standard techniques. Testicular histology was classified as previously reported (Ezeh et al., 1998) into hypospermatogenesis (reduction in the degree of normal spermatogenic cells), maturation arrest (an absence of the later stages of spermatogenesis), Sertoli cell-only (the absence of germ cells in the seminiferous tubules), and tubular sclerosis (no germ cell or Sertoli cell present in the tubules). Isolated seminiferous tubules with few spermatids observed in the field of seminiferous tubules that were otherwise maturation arrest, Sertoli cell-only pattern or tubular sclerosis were classified as focal spermatogenesis. All biopsies were evaluated by the same expert pathologist who was unaware of the results of the testicular sperm retrieval.
Ovarian stimulation and ICSI
Ovarian stimulation was carried out with FSH under pituitary suppression with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist according to a protocol previously reported (Balasch et al., 1996). In all women, pituitary desensitization was achieved by s.c. administration of leuprolide acetate (Procrin; Abbott Laboratories, Madrid, Spain) (1 mg daily, which was reduced to 0.5 mg after ovarian arrest was confirmed) started in the midluteal phase of the previous cycle. Gonadotrophin stimulation of the ovaries was started when serum oestradiol concentrations declined to <50 pg/ml and a vaginal ultrasonographic scan showed an absence of follicles >10 mm diameter. On days 1 and 2 of ovarian stimulation, 6 ampoules/day of highly purified FSH (Neo-Fertinorm, Serono SA, Madrid, Spain) were administered s.c. On days 3 to 7 of ovarian stimulation, 2 ampoules/day of FSH were administered to each patient. From day 8 onward, FSH was administered on an individual basis according to the ovarian response. The criteria for HCG administration were the presence of two or more follicles >18 mm in diameter in association with a consistent rise in serum oestradiol concentration. Oocyte aspiration was performed with vaginal ultrasonography 3536 h after HCG administration. ICSI procedure was performed according to the method previously described (Palermo et al., 1992
). Donor semen was used in those couples undergoing TESE synchronized with the day of oocyte retrieval and having failed sperm recovery.
Statistics and probability testing
Data were analysed by SPSS statistical software using the Mann-Whitney U-test and the non-parametric ANOVA test. The discrimination attained between the two study groups (successful and unsuccessful sperm recovery) was evaluated with receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis (Hanley and McNeil, 1982; Zweig and Campbell, 1993
). Sensitivity, specifity, diagnostic accuracy and the area under the ROC curve (AUCROC) were obtained for each model, 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each of the estimates. Areas of 1.0 and 0.5 denote no overlapping and no discrimination respectively between groups. As the data were non-normally distributed results are presented as mean ± SEM (and range) rather than mean ± SD.
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Results |
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TESE was successful in 10 out of the 17 men in group 1, giving a sperm retrieval rate of 59%. The mean number of oocytes injected by ICSI was 10.1 ± 0.8 (range 517) and 55% of them were successfully fertilized. Fertilization was obtained in all couples. The mean number of embryos obtained was 5.7 ± 0.5 (range 111). One to four embryos per patient (mean 3.1 ± 0.3) were replaced into the uterus (according to maternal age, embryo quality, and the couple's wish) and four out of 10 women (40%) undergoing embryo transfer became pregnant. There were four full term (including a pair of twins) pregnancies.
Table I shows FSH and inhibin serum concentrations in the three groups of men studied and in group 1 subjects with successful and failed sperm retrieval. Table II
summarizes the statistical comparisons between groups. FSH was significantly higher (P < 0.001) and inhibin B significantly lower (P < 0.001), in group 1 as compared with groups 2 and 3. The relationship of endocrine profile to TESE indicated that serum inhibin B but not FSH concentrations were significantly higher among successful TESE subjects as compared with those having failed TESE. No differences were detected between these two groups with respect to testicular volume (7.9 ± 0.57 ml and 8 ± 1.5 ml for TESE + and TESE- groups respectively). In addition, serum inhibin B but not FSH discriminated between successful and failed TESE in group 1 subjects as compared with control groups (Tables I and II
). As expected, no differences were found between control groups 2 and 3 with respect to hormone concentrations.
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Discussion |
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ICSI using testicular spermatozoa is certainly a valid treatment option (Tournaye et al., 1995, Cha et al., 1997
; Gil-Salom et al., 1998
). TESE, however, may not always be successful in all azoospermic men (Martin-du-Pan and Bischof, 1995
; Tournaye et al., 1995
, 1997
; Mulhall et al., 1997
; Ezeh et al., 1998
; Gil-Salom et al., 1998
). ICSI using TESE from azoospermic men involves treatment for both partners as the husband undergoes surgery for testicular sperm recovery and the woman undergoes ovarian stimulation for oocyte retrieval. Therefore, an unsuccessful sperm recovery procedure has important emotional and financial implications which emphasise the importance of determining those factors predictive of a successful TESE. Objective counselling based on such predictive factors could offer realistic expectations for both the couple and the physician (Tournaye et al., 1997
).
Recent reports have suggested that recovery of testicular spermatozoa may be possible in >50% of cases of true `non-obstructive' azoospermia regardless of clinical parameters concerning size of testes or plasma FSH concentrations (Cha et al., 1997; Tournaye et al., 1997
; Ezeh et al., 1998
) a fact which is in agreement with results in the present study. In fact, the increasing use of testicular screening has clearly demonstrated that plasma FSH can no longer be used as a guide for selection of azoospermic men for trials of TESE in assisted reproduction (Chen et al., 1996
; Ezeh et al., 1998
). Men with non-obstructive azoospermia may have areas of preserved spermatogenesis in the testicles but despite that, some clinical and histopathological parameters are associated with significantly different sperm recovery rates and it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of TESE in an individual patient. Therefore, the presence of spermatozoa in a unique randomly taken testicular biopsy appears to be, for the present, the only predictive factor. Even lack of spermatozoa in one testicular biopsy does not guarantee a complete lack of spermatozoa in the testes and repetitive multiple biopsies may enable recovery of sufficient spermatozoa for microinjection despite a negative preliminary biopsy, suggesting focal hypospermatogenesis (Gottschalk-Sabag and Weiss, 1995
; Tournaye et al., 1997
). However, ICSI requires tight co-ordination with treatment of the woman, and repetitive surgery has psychological as well as financial implications, and long-term consequences of multiple biopsies have not so far been well evaluated (Tournaye et al., 1997
; Fénichel et al., 1999
). Therefore, objective markers of focal hypospermatogenesis are urgently needed.
The present study demonstrates that serum inhibin B provides an accurate measure of Sertoli cell function and is a non-invasive indicator of spermatogenesis. According to our results, serum inhibin B but not FSH, discriminated between successful and failed TESE among non-obstructive azoospermic men as compared with control groups. Also, the area under the ROC curve, corresponding to the accuracy of the predictive method, was significantly larger for inhibin B. This may be explained on the basis that FSH concentrations are an indirect marker for Sertoli cell function and spermatogenesis as FSH is influenced by hypothalamic function, testicular factors and steroid hormones. On the contrary, the inhibin B concentration would be a more direct serum marker of the competence of Sertoli cells and of spermatogenesis because it is a direct product of the seminiferous tubules and its secretion is stimulated by the presence of advanced stages of spermatogenesis (Illingworth et al., 1996, Pierik et al., 1998
).
Our results are in agreement with a recent report indicating that serum inhibin B is significantly better than FSH for discriminating between competent and impaired spermatogenesis based on the testicular biopsy score (Pierik et al., 1998). Both studies also showed that FSH had no significant additional predictive value for normal and impaired spermatogenesis above inhibin B. On the contrary, a very recent report concluded that inhibin B and FSH together are a more sensitive predictor of the spermatogenic state than either of them alone, and inhibin B, alone or in combination with FSH, is of limited clinical value in men considered for TESE (von Eckardstein et al., 1999
). In this latter report, however, a lower normal limit of 95 pg/ml was arbitrarily selected for inhibin B serum concentrations, and obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermic subjects were considered all together to analyse the predictive value of inhibin B for the presence of spermatozoa in histology (von Eckardstein et al., 1999
). In contrast, in both the report by Pierik et al. (1998) and the present study, the ROC curve analysis was used to determine the best threshold values for inhibin B in predicting the presence of spermatozoa in testicular tissue samples. Also, only non-obstructive azoospermia was considered in our study and that by Pierik et al. (1998).
In conclusion, inhibin B is a useful non-invasive predictor of spermatogenesis and thus, all azoospermic males should have serum inhibin B concentrations determined, in addition to FSH measurement and karyotyping, prior to undergoing TESE.
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Acknowledgments |
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Notes |
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References |
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Submitted on January 27, 2000; accepted on May 2, 2000.