1 Lister Fertility Clinic, Lister Hospital, Chelsea Bridge Road, London SW1W 8RH, 2 Immunology Department and 3 Women Health Department, Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, Surrey, UK
4 To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: mythum{at}doctors.net.uk
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Abstract |
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Key words: activation markers/CD69/flow cytometry/IVF/natural killer cells
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Introduction |
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A previous study by Beer et al. (1996) showed that an elevated percentage of peripheral blood NK cells was associated with recurrent failed IVF treatment cycles. Later, Fukui et al. (1999)
showed that increased peripheral blood NK cell cytotoxicity level was associated with an increased rate of recurrent failed implantation after IVF treatment. More recent studies have confirmed elevated CD69 expression on NK cells as being associated with recurrent miscarriage and infertility of unknown aetiology (Ntrivalas et al., 2001
). Finally, a recent small non-randomized study by Coulam and Roussev (2003)
revealed that infertile women undergoing IVF treatment also have a higher percentage of elevated CD69 expression on NK cells as compared to multiparous women.
CD69 belongs to the C-lectin type superfamily and is a type II integral membrane protein consisting of a disuphide-linked homodimer with two phosphorylated chains (Ziegler et al., 1993). It is a functional triggering molecule on activated NK cells and is one of the earliest cell surface activation markers expressed (Yokoyama, 1999
). It is capable of inducing cytotoxicity and stimulating cytokine production (Zingoni et al., 2000
). Besides mediating NK cell cytotoxicity, it also mediates other NK cell functions such as proliferation, tumour necrosis factor (TNF-
) production and expression of other activation antigens (Borrego et al., 1999
; Pisegna et al., 2002
).
CD94 is an inhibitory marker of NK cell function. It is part of the killing inhibitory receptor (KIR) family which is a sub-group of the C type lectin superfamily (Lopez-Botet et al., 1997). Borrego et al. (1999)
demonstrated that NK cell cytotoxicity could be blocked by the CD94 inhibitory receptor. Previous studies have shown that imbalances in CD69 and CD94 expression on NK cell could result in infertility of unknown aetiology or recurrent miscarriage (Ntrivalas et al., 2001
; Coulam et al., 2003).
CD16 (also classified as FcRIIIa) is one of the low affinity receptors for the Fc region of IgG. Fc
RIIIa is an integral membrane protein expressed on NK cells, on a subset of T lymphocytes, and on a subpopulation of monocytes and macrophages (Ravetch and Perussia, 1989
). Previously Fukui et al. (1999)
showed that an increased percentage of peripheral blood CD16+ NK cells was associated with failed implantation after IVF treatment.
The aim of this study was to document any association between the absolute count of activation marker (CD69), IgG Fc receptor (CD16) and inhibitor marker (CD94) expressing NK cells on the implantation and miscarriage rate after IVF treatment.
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Materials and methods |
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Stimulation protocol
Pituitary down-regulation was achieved with either nafarelin or buserelin at mid-luteal phase. Ovarian stimulation was carried out with either recombinant FSH, hMG or urinary FSH. When follicles reached pre-ovulatory size (1822 mm), 10 000 IU of hCG was administrated. Oocytes were aspirated using transvaginal ultrasound guidance 3436 h after hCG administration. All embryos were allowed to cleave and the best two or three embryos were selected for transfer. Embryo transfer was performed on day 2 or 3 using a soft catheter (Wallace) with transabdominal ultrasound guidance. Progesterone supplement for luteal support (Cyclogest; Shire Pharmaceuticals Ltd, UK), 400 mg once a day per vaginum or per rectum, was commenced 1 day before embryo transfer and continued until a pregnancy test was performed 2 weeks after embryo transfer.
Flow cytometric NK activation and inhibition quantification assay
Peripheral blood was collected in heparinized tubes and analysed within 24 h. Fifty millilitres of blood was placed in flow cytometric tubes (Becton Dickinson) and each incubated for 15 min at room temperature with mouse anti-human CD16fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), anti-CD56 phycoerythrin (PE) (BD PharMingen), anti-CD3 PE Cy5 (Quest Biomedical), together with CD69 or CD94 APC (BD PharMingen) monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Isotypic control mAb included mouse IgG1 FITC, IgG1 APC, IgG1 PE (BD PharMingen) and IgG1 PECy5 (Quest Biomedical). In this lyse, no wash procedure, 1 ml of Quicklysis lysing solution (Quest Biomedical) was added to each tube and incubated for a further 10 min at room temperature. Fifty millilitres of PerfectCount beads (Quest Biomedical) were then accurately pipetted to each tube and samples run with BD FACSCalibur flow cytometer. Cells negatively staining for CD3, but positively for CD56, were selected and their CD69 and CD94 expression analysed using a Cell Quest software (BD) using a four-colour protocol.
Data analysis
All IVF data were collected in Medical System for IVF (MedicalSys, UK) and analysed by Statistics Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, UK). Descriptive statistical analysis was performed initially to examine the normal distribution of all continuous variances for parametric statistical tests. The t-test was then used to compare the mean value in two groups: pregnant and not pregnant. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC) analysis were performed. The ROC curve represents the probability of true positive results (sensitivity) as a function of the probability of false positive results (1 - specificity). The AUC is a measure of the accuracy of a test. In order to perform the ROC curve calculation, set threshold values for the state variable (CD69 absolute count) were selected. These are arbitrary values selected to analyse the association of treatment outcome. For each CD69 threshold, separate curves were produced for treatment outcome and pregnancy outcome, making a total of 14 curves. 2 cross-tabulation test was used to analyse the significance of differences in pregnancy rates, miscarriage rates and live birth rates between groups. Analysis of variance was then conducted to assess the duration and amount of gonadotrophin required to achieve follicular maturity, estradiol levels on hCG day, number of mature follicles, number of available embryos for transfer, number of oocytes collected and fertilization rate between groups.
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Results |
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Table I shows patients' treatment outcome, mean age, causes of infertility, duration of infertility, basal FSH levels, mean number of previous IVF attempts, number of previous miscarriages and outcome of ovarian stimulation in the pregnant and non-pregnant groups. There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to any of the parameters.
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Discussion |
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In this study, we explored the relationship between the IVF treatment outcome with the quantification of activation receptor (CD69) and inhibitory receptor (CD94) on peripheral blood NK cells. Our results revealed that women who failed to achieve a pregnancy after IVF treatment have a significantly higher level of activated CD56dimCD16+CD69+ NK cells in the peripheral blood. This was evident despite the fact that there were no significant differences in patients' demographic details, number of previous failed IVF attempts or miscarriage, ovarian stimulation outcome, embryo quality or number of embryos transferred. This appears to be the first study to reveal elevated CD56dimCD16+CD69+ peripheral blood NK cells in women who experience failed IVF treatment. It has however been reported that women with infertility needing IVF treatment and women who experience recurrent spontaneous miscarriage have significantly higher levels of peripheral CD56dimCD16+CD69+ NK cells (Ntrivalas et al., 2001; Coulam et al., 2003). The mechanism of implantation and the precise role of NK cells in implantation are still not fully understood, but it can be speculated that an excess of activated CD69+ NK cells might play a negative role in successful implantation.
We further evaluated CD56brightCD69+ cells, a sub-population of NK cells, which are phenotypically similar to uterine NK cells. The level of peripheral CD56brightCD69+ NK cells was not significantly different between the pregnant and non-pregnant groups. In contrast, Kodama et al. (1998) reported that increased numbers of CD56brightCD69+ NK cells were found in the decidua in women with spontaneous miscarriage compared with normal pregnancies. This finding may suggest that although phenotypically similar, uterine CD56bright NK cells may not be related to peripheral blood CD56bright NK cells. Our study demonstrates that there is no association between the absolute count of CD56dimCD16+CD94+ NK cells and CD56brightCD94+ NK cells with the outcome of IVF treatment. However, further functional cytotoxicity studies would be needed to evaluate CD94 expression and cytotoxicity of NK cells. In contrast to a previous study by Fukui et al. (1999)
, the present study did not demonstrate any statistical difference in the absolute count of CD56dimCD16+ NK cells and CD56brightCD16+ NK cells between successful and failed IVF treatment. However, for statistical analysis these authors used percentage of CD16+ NK cells instead of the absolute count, which may not be accurate, since the percentage can vary depending on the composition of other lymphocytes in a sample.
Further statistical analysis was carried out based on the absolute count of CD56dimCD16+CD69+ NK cells above and below 1.0 x 106/l in order to examine other variables. The value of 1.0 x 106/l was selected for analysis after ROC testing. This study is not intended to establish a threshold level for the CD69 NK cell testing procedure. Estimating a threshold level and testing it in the same sample will create bias. The selected threshold value should be tested and its value confirmed or rejected in a separate study with a new set of samples. The result of the ROC analysis revealed that the sensitivity and negative predictive value were rather low, perhaps because there are numerous factors affecting IVF outcome. For example, a woman with a low CD69 count may not achieve a pregnancy because her embryos are genetically abnormal.
The results show that for those women with CD56dimCD16+D69+ NK cells >1.0x106/l, the implantation rate and the pregnancy rate were significantly lower and the miscarriage rate was significantly higher as compared to women with CD56dimCD16+D69+ NK cells below this level. The combination of lower implantation rate and higher miscarriage rate result in a significant lower live birth rate. With this finding, we speculated that elevated peripheral activated NK cells may play a detrimental role in IVF treatment outcome. The data also reveal that women with elevated peripheral CD56dimCD16+D69+ NK cells had a significantly higher number of previous miscarriages and previous failed IVF treatments despite the fact that there were no statistically significant demographic differences between pregnant and non-pregnant groups (Table I). This finding is in accord with previous studies (Emmer et al., 2000; Ntrivalas et al., 2001
) showing that levels of activated NK cells were raised in women with spontaneous recurrent miscarriages. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that previous miscarriage and failed IVF treatment may be the cause of the elevated CD69+ NK cell count, nor that the selected threshold value chosen may, by chance, divide the patients into two groups with very different clinical prognostic factors that determine the poorer outcome in the group with high CD69+ NK cell count. This needs to be examined further in a new prospective study using logistic regression analysis adjusting for the impact of these clinical variables.
In conclusion, our data suggest that an elevated level of CD56dimCD16+CD69+ peripheral blood NK cells is associated with a reduced implantation rate of embryos in IVF treatment. Those women with an elevated peripheral blood CD56dimCD16+CD69+ NK cell count who achieve a pregnancy after IVF manifest a significantly higher miscarriage rate. A high level of peripheral blood CD69+ NK cells may play a negative role in IVF treatment outcome but this has to be explored in a new prospective study.
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Submitted on December 4, 2003; accepted on May 24, 2004.