Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Medical School of Ioannina, GR-451 10 Ioannina, Greece
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Abstract |
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Key words: abortion/misoprostol/medical pregnancy termination
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Introduction |
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The first agent used for medical abortion was mifepristone (Couzinet et al., 1986), initially approved in France in 1988. Methotrexate was also employed in the early 1990s for medical termination of intrauterine pregnancies (Creinin, 1993
).
Misoprostol is a prostaglandin E1 analogue that has been initially used for the treatment and prevention of gastric ulcer disease (Norman et al., 1991). In addition, misoprostol has been investigated as an agent to induce abortion (Barbosa and Arilha, 1993
; Coelho et al., 1993
; Costa and Vessey, 1993
).
The administration of misoprostol along with either methotrexate or mifepristone regimens is highly effective for first trimester medical abortions; with efficacy rates ranging from 83 to 96% for methotrexate plus misoprostol (Creinin et al., 1996; Wiebe, 1997
; Borgatta et al., 2001
), to 9297% for mifepristone plus misoprostol (Peyron et al., 1993
; Spitz et al., 1998
; Creinin et al., 2001
). Misoprostol has also been used alone for medical abortions with variable efficacy (Carbonell et al., 1997
, 1998
, 1999
, 2001
; Blanchard et al., 1999
; Jain et al., 1999
).
We conducted this prospective study to compare the efficacy of vaginal misoprostol (up to three 800 µg doses) for abortion in women at a gestational age of <42 days and in women at a gestational age of 4256 days.
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Materials and methods |
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The inclusion criteria were: (i) age >18 years, (ii) a request for elective abortion, (iii) gestational age 56 days, as documented by vaginal ultrasonography (TVS) (Goldstein, 1991
), (iv) haematocrit >30%, (v) adequate venous access, (vi) parity <3, (vii) a signed consent form, after participants had been informed about the possible risks and benefits of medical abortion with the understanding that there would be a surgical abortion if the medical abortion failed, and (viii) willingness to comply with schedule for visits and blood tests.
Women were excluded from the study if they had (i) known allergy to prostaglandins, (ii) symptoms indicating a threatened abortion, (iii) history of cardiac, respiratory, renal, hepatic or adrenal disease, (iv) history of thromboembolism, hypertension, coagulopathy and diabetes mellitus, (v) history or sonographic findings of uterine pathology, (vi) active pelvic infection, and (vii) prior elective abortion.
Gestational age was measured from the first day of the last menstrual period according to menstrual history and vaginal ultrasonography. A medical history was taken and a physical examination was performed. A baseline blood sample was obtained for complete blood count (CBC), rhesus status and ß-hCG levels (AxSYM Total ß-hCG, Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay; non-pregnant values <3 IU/l).
Four clinic visits were scheduled. At visit 1 (day 1), the women received a vaginal administration of 800 µg misoprostol (Cytotec, Searle, USA), by digital insertion (four tablets of 200 µg misoprostol previously moistened with 23 drops of normal saline). The women remained recumbent for 15 min in the clinic prior to discharge. All participants were given prophylactic medication for possible side-effects (pain, nausea and vomiting), administered 30 min after the insertion of misoprostol: (i) 10 mg of metoclopramide (Primperan; up to 3 tablets/day if necessary) and (ii) a combination of 400 mg of paracetamol + 50 mg of caffeine + 10 mg of codeine phosphate (Lonarid N, Boehriger Ingelheim Hellas; up to 3 tablets/day, depending on pain intensity).
At visits 2 (day 2) and 3 (day 3), participants returned for a TVS examination and a CBC determination. During this period, the women were monitored for expulsion of the conceptus. If an intrauterine pregnancy was still present or the abortion was incomplete, an additional 800 µg misoprostol was administered vaginally along with the prophylactic medications. At visit 4 (day 4), the treatment outcome was assessed. Efficacy was defined as the termination of pregnancy with complete expulsion of the conceptus without the need for a surgical intervention. If the pregnancy continued or was incompletely aborted, the procedure was defined as failed and a surgical evacuation/curettage was scheduled within 1 week. In addition, surgical intervention was performed at any time if it was medically indicated or at a womans request (Winikoff et al., 1996). Women with Rh-negative blood received Rh(D) immunoglobulin within 72 h after the first application of misoprostol.
On the day of TVS confirmation of abortion, all women who successfully aborted (i.e., after the first, second or third dose of misoprostol) were given an additional 600 µg of vaginal misoprostol followed by 400 µg of oral misoprostol 24 h later.
The participants were asked to keep a symptom log of abdominal cramping, vaginal bleeding, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, headache and fever, and questioned at each visit for a detailed account of side-effects. Abdominal cramping was graded as follows: 0 = equal to menstruation; 1 = stronger than menstruation but tolerable; and 2 = much stronger, inhibiting normal activities. Vaginal bleeding was graded as follows: spotting, equal to menstrual flow, heavier than menstrual flow, and heavy enough to cause the patient anxiety.
Patient satisfaction was evaluated by questioning the women (i) on whether they would characterize the procedure as unsatisfactory, satisfactory or very satisfactory, (ii) about three of the advantages and three disadvantages of the procedure, and (iii) on whether they would choose this method again and/or recommend it to someone else.
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 8 software. Pearsons 2-test and the likelihood ratio
2-test were used to test the independence between the variables. Fishers exact test was used whenever there were cells with an expected frequency of <5%. All statistical tests were two-tailed and values of P < 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.
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Results |
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Discussion |
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The main advantage of medical abortion is that it allows women to avoid the risks of surgery and anaesthesia. In this prospective study, we found that medical termination of pregnancy using vaginal misoprostol alone was 96% effective in women with gestational age of <42 days and 86% effective in women with gestational age of 4256 days. Thus, these results indicate that, using vaginal misoprostol, better efficacy is achieved at a gestational age of <42 days. It has been reported that the efficacy of oral misoprostol decreases as pregnancy advances (Spitz et al., 1998). Nevertheless, in contrast to our findings, previous studies have shown that the efficacy of the vaginally administered misoprostol is not affected by the duration of pregnancy (El-Refaey et al., 1995; Jain et al., 1999
,2001
; Carbonel et al., 2001). The discrepancy in our findings may be primarily due to patient selection criteria: we excluded women with a history of prior elective abortion and parity of >3, because it has been reported that medical abortion success rates are decreased among women who had previous elective abortions (Spitz et al., 1998
) and a parity history of >3 (Borgatta et al., 2001
; Creinin et al., 1996
). In addition, we considered the need for surgical intervention 1 week after the 3rd misoprostol dose as representing failure, but abortion might have occurred later (World Health Organization Task Force on Post-ovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation, 1993
; Anonymous, 1997
; Bugalho et al., 2000
). Furthermore, a surgical termination performed at the womans request was classified as a failure.
The two groups did not differ significantly with respect to side-effects; however, in the later gestational age group, two women required blood transfusion, and two women required emergency curettage because of heavy bleeding. Although these complications are uncommon (Silvestre et al., 1990), the possibility of severe vaginal bleeding with medical abortion highlights the need for careful follow-up evaluation. Previous studies have indicated that ~1% of patients undergoing medical abortion will need emergency curettage because of heavy bleeding (Ashoc et al., 1998
; Schaff et al., 1999
).
Although in our study misoprostol tablets were moistened before vaginal administration, it should be pointed out that randomized studies have shown that moistening the misoprostol tablets does not improve the efficacy of the regimen (Creinin et al., 1999; Ngai et al., 2000
).
Medical abortion should be offered to women who are willing to comply with all of the steps in the procedure (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Practice Bulletin, 2001). In this study, all women returned for final confirmation of the outcomes of their pregnancies.
Disadvantages of medical pregnancy termination include the inconvenience of side-effects and the requirement of several medical visits. Abdominal cramping in medical abortion is unavoidable: almost all patients will experience some degree of pelvic cramping. In our study, only 13.1% of women reported severe abdominal cramping. However, the provided analgesia was efficient and no hospitalization was required due to excessive pain. Side-effects such as vomiting, nausea, headache, fever and diarrhoea were easily tolerated with regimens such as paracetamol and metoclopramide (Jain et al., 2001).
Overall, 91.3% of the women were satisfied with the method and would choose it again. Women who had aborted successfully were significantly more satisfied with the method compared with women who did not (P < 0.001).
In our study, no incidence of endometritis or pelvic inflammatory disease was observed. Indeed, in medical abortions the possibility of uterine infection is rare, with reported rates as low as 0.090.5% (Silvestre et al., 1990; Spitz et al., 1998
; Schaff et al., 1999
). In contrast, in surgical abortions infection rates range from 0.1 to 4.7% (Lichtenberg et al., 1999
).
In conclusion, the vaginal misoprostol-alone regimen is highly effective for women seeking medical abortion of pregnancies of 56 days. However, in our study, better efficacy was achieved at a gestational age of <42 days. With advancing gestational age this regimen is less effective, whereas the incidence of side-effects may be higher.
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Notes |
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References |
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Submitted on May 14, 2002; accepted on July 15, 2002.