Unité Maturation Gamètique et Fécondation, INSERM unité 355 (Maturation gamètique et fécondation) and Institut Fédératif de Recherche sur les Cytokines, IFR 13, 32 rue des Carnets, 92140 Clamart, France
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Abstract |
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Key words: flow cytometry/polymerase chain reaction/spermatids/spermatozoa
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Introduction |
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In-vitro embryo conception using spermatids has been performed in mammals (rodents: Ogura and Yanagimachi, 1993; Ogura et al., 1993
; Sasagawa and Yanagimachi, 1997
; bovine: Goto et al., 1996
) and normal healthy offspring have been reported (mouse: Ogura et al., 1994
, 1996
; rabbit: Sofikitis et al., 1994
). Moreover, Kimura and Yanagimachi (1995a) have reported the development of normal mice from oocytes injected with secondary spermatocyte nuclei. Recently, human births following in-utero transfer of embryos obtained after intracytoplasmic injection of a human spermatid into a human oocyte have been reported (Fishel et al., 1995
; Tesarik et al., 1995
; Antinori et al., 1997
; Araki et al., 1997
; Vanderzwalmen et al., 1997
). Today, round spermatids may be proposed as substitutes for spermatozoa to achieve fertilization of human oocytes for the treatment of certain cases of azoospermia.
The analysis of spermatogenic cell populations is frequently complicated by the variety of somatic cells which are present in germ cell suspensions recovered after the dissection and the enzymatic digestion of seminiferous tubules. However, various procedures have been developed for isolating purified populations of germ cells from the testis in human and rodents: sedimentation at unit gravity (Bellvé et al., 1977; Shepherd et al., 1981
; Wolgemuth et al., 1985
; Willison et al., 1990
), centrifugal elution (Meistrich, 1977
; Bucci et al., 1986
; Blanchard et al., 1991
), separation using an immunoselection panning technique (Pelengaris and Moore, 1995
), removal of contaminating somatic cells through adhesion to plastic dishes coated with lectin (Morena et al., 1996
) or flow cytometry followed by cell sorting (Mays-Hoopes et al., 1995
; Petit et al., 1995
; Suter et al., 1997
). However all these flow cytometry studies used fluorochromes to classify cells on the basis of their ploidy level, RNA content or mitochondrial changes. All these methods were able to select enriched round spermatid populations. Staining procedures using immunoglobulins, conjugated lectins or DNA intercalants to identify spermatids must be refuted if they have to be microinjected into oocytes after cell sorting.
The purpose of our study was to isolate nearly pure populations of viable round spermatids from mouse testicular cell populations by flow cytometry followed by cell sorting. We proposed a flow cytometric analysis on the basis of two parameters: cell size (forward scatter) and cell density (side scatter) related to the light diffracted by each cell passing through the laser field. Our method consisted of (i) the enrichment in spermatogenic cell population using centrifugation on a discontinuous Percoll gradient, (ii) the localization of round spermatids by flow cytometry and (iii) their isolation by cell sorting. Moreover, to characterize sorted cells, their capacity to express spermatid-specific genes was tested by reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) analysis.
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Materials and methods |
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Enrichment of spermatogenic cells
To increase the proportion of germ cells before flow cytometry analysis and cell sorting, the cell suspension was centrifuged on a discontinuous Percoll gradient prepared as follows. An iso-osmotic solution containing 90% Percoll was obtained by mixing 9 volumes of Percoll with 1 volume of 10-fold concentrated PBS. This 90% Percoll was used to prepare 45, 30, 22 and 15% Percoll solutions by dilution with PBS and a gradient was obtained by placing 1 ml of each Percoll solution carefully in a 15 ml conical tube before addition of the sample containing germ cells. After centrifugation (600 g, 25 min), cell populations recovered in the Percoll fractions were analysed by flow cytometry and we observed that spermatogenic cells were mostly recovered in the 22% Percoll fraction.
Preparation of control cells
Populations of mouse epididymal spermatozoa and lymphoid cells were analysed with the flow cytometer and compared with spermatogenic cells. The epididymides were minced in small pieces in 1 ml PBS placed in a Petri dish and incubated for 15 min at room temperature. Spermatozoa were recovered from the medium surrounding the epididymis fragments. Lymphoid cells were recovered from mouse spleen, homogenized with a Potter grinder and diluted with 0.5 ml PBS. The suspension was centrifuged for 15 min at 1200 g on a discontinuous (50, 65 and 85%) gradient of Percoll (Bijsterbosch and Klaus, 1986). The fraction at the 6585% interface was free of erythrocytes and dead cells (Bijsterbosch and Klaus, 1986).
Flow cytometric analysis and cell sorting
The cell size (forward angle light scatter, FSC) and the cell density (90° light scatter, SSC) were simultaneously measured with either a FACSCalibur or a FACScan flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, San José, CA, USA) both equipped with argon laser (power: 15 mW, wavelength: 488 nm). Cell sorting was performed only on the FACScalibur equipped with a cell sorting system. These two flow cytometers were driven with the Cellquest software (Becton Dickinson). Instrument settings were adjusted so as that all events (cells and debris) were observed in the dot plot diagram. Resolution was of 1024 channels. FSC detector and SSC photodiode were set in linear mode and the light signal was divided by 10 (voltage: E-01) for FSC and was amplified (voltage: 367) for SSC. Some cellular and non-cellular debris were excluded by thresholding on the SSC parameter excluding particles below channel 54. Ten thousand events were analysed per sample.
An area (R1) delimiting the region containing the cell population to be sorted was drawn on the dot plot diagram with the use of the polygonal region tool of the Cellquest software (Figure 2B). The sheath fluid was a modified PBS medium (FASCflow) commercialized by Becton Dickinson. The cells were carried along slowly (flow rate of 12 µl/min) into the sheath fluid from the sample tube to the cell sorter. Cell sorting was programmed to accept analysed fractions containing only selected cells (exclusion mode). The cells were strongly diluted in the flow medium during their transport into the flow cytometer and during sorting and the sorted cells were recovered in 50 ml culture tubes previously coated with bovine serum albumin [PBS plus 4% bovine serum albumin (BSA), 24 h at 4°C]. BSA concentration (~4%) must be maintained during the entire cell sorting procedure to limit the adhesion of spermatids to the surface of the plastic tubes.
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RTPCR analysis
PolyA+ mRNA were isolated from sorted cells (R1 area) using the mRNA capture Kit (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany) according to the information supplied by the manufacturer. Briefly, after cell lysis and homogenization of the cells, mRNA were hybridized with a biotin-labelled oligo (dT)20 probe. PolyA+ mRNA were immobilized in a streptavidin-coated PCR tube. After gentle washing, the captured mRNA could be used directly for reverse transcription and amplification in an RTPCR assay.
One step reverse transcription and PCR amplification were carried out using the Titan RTPCR system from Boehringer Mannheim, according to the manufacturer's instructions. The one-step reaction system used Avian Myeloblastosis Virus (AMV) for first strand synthesis and a mix which consisted of Taq DNA polymerase and Pwo DNA polymerase for the PCR part and a single optimized RTPCR buffer. Briefly, two separate mixes were added to the PolyA+ mRNA-containing PCR tube in a total volume of 50 µl. Master mix 1 contained 0.2 µM of each deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate, 5 mM dithiothreitol, 10 U RNase inhibitor, 10 pmole of each of the sense and antisense primers and sterile water. Master mix 2 contained 10 µl RTPCR buffer (5x) with Mg2+ (1.5 mM of MgCl2), 1 µl enzyme mix (AMV+ Taq DNA polymerase and Pwo DNA polymerase) and sterile water.
The sample was placed in the Perkin Elmer Gene Amp 2400 Thermocycler equilibrated at 50°C and incubated for 30 min. The conditions for PCR were: initial denaturation for 2 min at 94°C followed by 10 cycles of 0.5 min denaturation at 94°C, annealing at x°C (depending on the primer couples, see Table I) for 0.5 min and elongation at 68°C for 45 s, plus 30 cycles with the same parameters except that the annealing time increased by 5 s per cycle, with a final step at 68°C for 7 min.
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A simultaneous reaction in which reverse transcription enzyme was heat inhibited (for 5 min at 94°C) prior to the polymerase chain reaction was run as a control for the presence of DNA. Amplification of cDNA from whole testis served as positive control. For all amplifications, negative controls (water only) were included (data not shown). Primers for the amplification of the ubiquitous HPRT were used as a control for the synthesis of cDNA. Primer sequences for HPRT, c-kit, SP-10 and PRM2 annealing temperature and sizes of PCR products are shown in Table I.
The sensitivity of the nested PCR was evaluated by using cDNA from one, 10 and 50 sorted cells. Cells were collected under an inverted microscope (x400) with a fine pipette with an inner diameter of 50 µm.The PCR products (10 µl of each) were analysed on 2% agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide and molecular sizes were determined with the molecular weight marker f X 174 Hae Digest (Sigma, Saint Quentin Fallavier, France).
Statistical analysis
Data were analysed using Statview software. Means (± SEM) were compared using Student's t-test.
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Results |
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Mouse epididymal spermatozoa and spleen lymphocytes were analysed with the same flow cytometric parameters. Dot plot diagrams showed that the arbitrary sizes of epididymal spermatozoa and lymphocytes were between 20 and 100 and between 100 and 350 on the FSC axis, respectively (Figure 3), whereas the R1 area was localized between 400 and 600 on the FSC axis (Figure 2B and C
). Lymphoid cells were characterized by a smaller size (6.8 ± 0.2 µm), a larger nucleocytoplasmic ratio so that a slight and regular zone of cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus was observed (Figure 1F
).
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No transcripts for PRM2 or SP-10 were detected with the nested PCR procedure when utilizing mRNA from 30 000 mouse spleen lymphocytes obtained after the cell sorting procedure. On the contrary, transcripts of HPRT were highly expressed (data not shown) as a strong signal was obtained using only the outer primers in a one round PCR amplification reaction.
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Discussion |
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To ascertain the maturation stage of the germ cells obtained by flow cytometry and cell sorting procedure, we looked for the expression of two genes, PRM2 and SP-10, which are exclusively transcribed from the haploid genome (Mali et al., 1989; Kurth et al., 1991
). PRM2 is a small arginine-rich protein that replaces histones and transition proteins on the DNA during the later stages in spermatogenesis and its mRNA is first detectable in step-7 spermatids (Hecht, 1992
) whereas SP-10 is a marker for acrosome biogenesis (Kurth et al., 1993
). By RTPCR analysis, we clearly demonstrated the expression of both genes in the R1 cell population, confirming that R1 is mainly composed of round spermatids.
The possible contamination of the R1 cell fraction with spermatogonia or lymphoid cells whose sizes are close to that of spermatids has been evaluated. The expression of the 5.5 kb c-kit transcript, which is specific premeiotic germ cells (Sorrentino et al., 1991), was evaluated by RTPCR on the R1 cell fraction to detect the presence of spermatogonia. The nested PCR assay was able to identify a single cell as demonstrated using SP-10 primers. The absence of any amplified fragment of the expected size pointed to minor, if any, contamination with spermatogonia.
We observed that lymphoid cells express high levels of HPRT. On the contrary, a nested RTPCR was necessary to detect a weak signal with HPRT mRNA from the R1 sorted population. These results are in agreement with those of Rossi et al. (1993) who did not find any HPRT expression in round spermatids. Moreover, the weak signal obtained after nested PCR could be due to the presence of residual HPRT mRNA, even though we cannot exclude a slight contamination with few other cells. Taken together these results clearly established that the R1 cell-sorted population was composed of round spermatids, and was highly homogeneous.
In our study, few sorted cells showed morphological alterations such as swelling associated with cell density changes or the entire loss of the cytoplasm. Our method for spermatogenic cell recovery per se (seminiferous tubule dissection, repeated pipetting and Percoll gradient centrifugation) could have been damaging, but a possible harmful effect of the laser beam could also not be excluded. Several studies have shown that haematopoietic stem cells remain viable and retain their biological functions after flow cytometry and cell sorting procedures (Szilvassy et al., 1989; McAlister et al., 1990
; Lebkowski et al., 1990
; Chen et al., 1995
; Sasaki et al., 1995
; Leemhuis et al., 1996
). Their medical use as a haematopoietic graft has been suggested (Chen et al., 1995
; Sasaki et al., 1995
). Moreover, when sorted round spermatids were microinjected into mouse oocytes, normal fertilization occurred (as assessed by the appearence of two pronuclei) and 2-cell embryos were obtained from 30% of the oocytes (our unpublished data).
In conclusion, our results clearly established that a highly homogeneous population of viable round spermatids could be isolated from testis by flow cytometry followed by cell sorting. The procedure is fast and allows the purification of spermatids from a low number of crude testicular cells. Moreover, no fluorochrome was used in our study to identify cells. This is a definitive advantage in the case of in-vitro studies of sorted cells or of microinjection of round spermatids into oocytes compared to technical procedures using either immunoglobulins, conjugated lectins or DNA intercalants to identify spermatids. However, more studies are needed to assess the risks of flow cytometry and cell sorting to round spermatid viability and integrity, particularly if this technique is to be used for human spermatid isolation (Aslam et al., 1998).
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Acknowledgments |
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Notes |
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References |
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Submitted on April 17, 1998; accepted on October 29, 1998.