1 Guy's and St Thomas' Assisted Conception Unit, St Thomas' Hospital, London and 2 Fetal Health Research Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College, London, UK
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Abstract |
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Key words: assisted conception/ICSI/intramural fibroid/IVF/leiomyoma
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Introduction |
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However, debate persists as to whether intramural fibroids can cause infertility (Verkauf, 1992), and the evidence for an effect on embryo implantation in cycles of assisted conception remains unclear. Studies to date have been retrospective, with small patient numbers and little distinction being made between intramural and subserosal fibroids (Seoud et al., 1992
; Farhi et al., 1995
; Eldar-Geva et al., 1998
; Ramzy et al., 1998
; Stovall et al., 1998
).
A prospective study was performed of all patients being treated in our unit in order to assess the effect of intramural fibroids on the outcome of their assisted reproduction cycles.
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Materials and methods |
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Uterine evaluation
All patients in whom a uterine fibroid was reported were evaluated for its exact position. If it appeared in proximity to the endometrial cavity, the patient underwent saline hysterosonography or hysteroscopy. Hysterosonography was performed after premedication with 1 g rectal metronidazole (Flagyl; Rhone-Poulenc Rorer), diclofenac (Voltarol; Novartis) 100 mg rectally, and after commencement of a 5-day course of oral doxycycline 100 mg twice daily. Saline infusion into the uterine cavity was performed in the follicular phase of the cycle under ultrasound control via a hysterosalpingogram catheter (Cook balloon catheter; Limerick, Ireland). Hysteroscopy was performed as described either with local or general anaesthesia (Ruach et al., 1998). Those patients found to have a submucosal fibroid were referred for hysteroscopic resection (Hart et al., 1999
) prior to embarking on assisted reproduction, and were excluded from the study. If the fibroid did not encroach on the endometrial cavity, the patient was entered into the study. A fibroid was considered subserosal if >50% of its volume protruded from the serosal surface of the uterus, as previously described (Li et al., 1999
).
Treatment protocol
Ovarian stimulation was performed using a protocol as previously described (Khalaf et al., 2000). In summary, oocytes were obtained from cycles in which pituitary desensitization was achieved with the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist buserelin (Suprefact; Hoechst, Hounslow, UK or Suprecur; Shire, Andover, UK) in the midluteal long protocol. This was followed by ovarian stimulation with recombinant or urinary FSH (Gonal F or Metrodin HP; Serono, Welwyn Garden City, UK). Transvaginal ultrasound was performed on day 9 or 10 after starting stimulation. Oocyte retrieval was planned after three or more follicles had reached 18 mm in diameter, and 10 000 units of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) (Profasi; Serono or Pregnyl; Organon, Cambridge, UK) was used to induce oocyte maturation. Oocytes were aspirated transvaginally with ultrasound guidance 3438 h later.
IVF
Fertilization of recovered oocytes was assessed 18 h after insemination. Cleavage-stage embryos were assigned quality grades on the second day after oocyte retrieval as described previously (Steer et al., 1992). The highest grade embryos were selected for replacement, and cryopreservation was offered where there were three or more excess high-grade embryos.
ICSI
Following removal of cumulus/corona cells using hyaluronidase, the oocytes were examined for their nuclear maturity using an inverted microscope (Nikon Diaphot with Hoffmann modulation contrast optics). ICSI was carried out on all oocytes that had extruded the first polar body. Following sperm injection, the oocytes were transferred to 100 µl droplets of IVF medium under oil and incubated overnight at 37°C under 5% CO2. On the following day (16 h after injection), the oocytes were checked for survival and fertilization. Normal fertilization was scored when two pronuclei were clearly visible.
Embryo transfer
It is our routine practice to advocate replacement of two embryos, except when the couple have had repeated failed cycles, or where the woman is over 38 years of age. Uterine embryo transfer was performed 2 days after oocyte retrieval using an Edwards-Wallace embryo replacement catheter (Sims Portex Ltd, Hythe, Kent, UK) replacing the best grade cleavage-stage embryos under abdominal ultrasound control to ensure their correct placement.
Statistical analysis
Patients were grouped as to whether they had fibroids. Only the first treatment cycle that they underwent during the treatment period was included, and only patients with fibroids 5 cm in size were included in the analysis of pregnancy rates. Data were summarized as mean (± SD) or n (%) as appropriate. Log transformations and geometric means were used for FSH concentrations.
Pregnancy rates were analysed using logistic regression. Implantation rates were analysed using Poisson regression, exposure being the numbers of embryos transferred (Rogers, 1991); 18 analyses were performed using Stata version 6 (StataCorp, College Station, Texas, USA).
All results were presented as estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Significance at P < 0.05 was claimed when no effect (difference in means = 0 or odds ratio = 1) was not in the interval.
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Results |
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In order to analyse the effect of replacing three as opposed to two embryos in women with fibroids, logistic regression analysis was performed after adjustment for FSH concentration >10 IU/l and age 40 years. This showed a less favourable outcome with three-embryo replacement when compared with two embryos (P = 0.04) for the chance of an ongoing pregnancy.
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Discussion |
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The mechanisms by which fibroids may reduce the implantation potential of an embryo are unclear, but proposed theories include local conditions (such as vascular changes), hyperplasia, atrophy or inflammation of the endometrium, or the presence of local transmitter substances in the myometrium (Bernard et al., 2000).
Both groups had similar pretreatment serum FSH concentrations, but the study group were on average 2 years older than the controls, and both such factors are known to influence the success of a treatment cycle (Toner et al., 1991). Thus, logistic regression analysis was performed in order to remove the effect of age as a confounding variable for the chance of an ongoing pregnancy. It was not possible to demonstrate any effect of intramural fibroids on the outcome of ovarian stimulation, as both groups of patients produced similar numbers of follicles, oocytes and embryos available for transfer.
Previous studies analysing the effect of intramural fibroids on the outcome of assisted conception have been retrospective, and have not demonstrated any clear effect. In one study (Farhi et al., 1995), 46 women with documented uterine leiomyomas were compared with a control group with mechanical infertility; implantation and abortion rates were both similar in the two groups. An analysis of IVF results showed that impaired implantation was associated with leiomyomas only where uterine intracavitary abnormalities co-existed. Patients with submucosal fibroids had a significantly lower implantation rate than those without myomas. One group (Stovall et al., 1998
) demonstrated a negative effect of the presence of fibroids on the outcome of assisted conception, although intramural and subserosal fibroids were analysed together. In a small study (Ramzy et al., 1998
), no effect of uterine fibroids was noted on treatment outcome. However, others (Eldar-Geva et al., 1998
) stratified patients according to the position of the myomas and reported implantation rates in controls as 15.8% compared with 15.7% in patients with subserosal fibroids, 6.4% in patients with intramural myomas, and 4.3% in the group of patients with submucosal fibroids. These results are similar to findings in the present prospective study. Interestingly, this study also assessed the effect of fibroids on miscarriage, the authors reporting miscarriage rates of 33.3% in the fibroid group and 16.3% in the control group; however, this difference did not reach significance due to small patient numbers. Confirmatory evidence of the influence of an intramural fibroid reducing the ongoing pregnancy rate can be inferred from a more recent study (Bernard et al., 2000
). This showed that women who undergo hysteroscopic resection of a solitary submucous myoma have a significantly higher live birth rate than those who undergo resection who have a co-existing intramural myoma.
The fact that patients with small intramural fibroids who undergo assisted reproduction have a reduced ongoing pregnancy rate has major implications for the practice of assisted conception. These patients might consider a myomectomy, or perhaps opt to have more embryos replaced than their counterparts without fibroids. Convincing evidence of any benefit of myomectomy before embarking on a cycle of assisted reproduction is lacking. In a study of myomectomy at laparotomy using microsurgical techniques for infertility patients, 57% conceived after surgery but only 10 of the patients studied had fibroids <5 cm in size (Li et al., 1999). In a meta-analysis of 23 studies assessing fertility after myomectomy at laparotomy, one group (Vercellini et al., 1998
) reported an overall conception rate of 61% (95% CI 5170%), but pointed out that the details of the number and size of the fibroids was scanty or absent in most of the reports analysed.
Laparoscopic myomectomy in properly selected infertile women resulted in a 2-year spontaneous cumulative conception rate of 51.2%, although the mean size of the main fibroid in this study was 4.5 cm (Dubuisson et al., 2000a). There is also the concern of a potential risk of uterine rupture in a subsequent pregnancy after laparoscopic myomectomy, although this risk is known to be small (Dubuisson et al., 2000b
). Thus, there is no current evidence to advocate routine myomectomy on patients with small intramural fibroids undergoing assisted conception, notwithstanding the practical difficulties of attempting to locate such small myomas at the time of laparotomy or laparoscopy.
Although laparoscopic myolysis has proved successful at shrinking fibroids, early reports suggest that the risk of uterine rupture in a subsequent pregnancy is substantial (Vilos et al., 1998). Another potentially more appropriate procedure for women with small myomas is vaginal myomectomy, although this technique has not been fully evaluated in infertile women (Davies et al., 1999
). As there is no prospective evidence to advocate surgery for these patients, the only other strategy which could be used to improve pregnancy rates would be to lower the threshold for replacing three embryos in these women. However, after adjusting for age, serum FSH concentration and number of embryos available for transfer using logistic regression, replacing three embryos failed to improve the outcome in the study group. Advocating three-embryo replacement would be contrary to the current Royal College of Obstetricians and British Fertility Society guidelines, which advise strongly against the replacement of three embryos in order to avoid triplet pregnancies (Templeton, 2000
). On the basis of the present data, it would appear that the replacement of three embryos is not a logical solution to counteract the effect of the intramural fibroid. Only a three-arm randomized trial comparing the status quoroutine myomectomy for small fibroids or replacement of three embryos, might provide the answer.
Although patients with fibroids may have an increased chance of having a miscarriage (Buttram and Reiter, 1981), the profound effect of small fibroids on the chance of an ongoing pregnancy in the current study was surprising. Others (Eldar-Geva et al., 1998
) reported a miscarriage rate of 16.3% in control patients, and 33.3% in a group of patients with small intramural fibroids, though this difference did not reach statistical significance.
In conclusion, patients with small intramural myomas undergoing assisted conception have a significantly reduced ongoing pregnancy rate when compared with patients without an intramural myoma. However, whether routine myomectomy or the replacement of a greater number of embryos offers a solution to this problem will need to be evaluated prospectively.
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Acknowledgements |
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Notes |
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References |
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Submitted on April 11, 2001; accepted on August 7, 2001.