1 Reproductive Medicine Unit, Liverpool Women's Hospital, Crown Street, Liverpool L8 7SS, and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2 University of Liverpool, Liverpool and 3 University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
![]() |
Abstract |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Key words: IVF/ovary/ovulation induction/ovarian response
![]() |
Introduction |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Study of the basic sciences shows that whilst right and left ovaries are embryologically and histologically similar, differences do exist between their venous drainage, anatomical relations and cyclical physiological control. Although both ovaries receive arterial blood supply via the ovarian arteries directly from the aorta, the venous drainage differs as the right ovarian vein drains directly to the inferior vena cava (IVC) whereas the left drains firstly to the left renal vein then to the IVC (Gray, 1973; Last, 1984
). The anatomical relations of the ovaries differ in that the left ovary lies in close relation to the sigmoid colon and the right ovary is adjacent to the caecum and appendix, though it is widely accepted that the position of both ovaries is extremely variable, especially after pregnancy (Gray, 1973
; Snell, 1986
).
The basic endocrine control is the same for both ovaries but there are discrete inter- and intra-ovarian physiological differences controlling both follicular development and side of ovulation in each cycle. Natural cycle ovulatory characteristics have been studied in great depth in primates. It has been suggested (
Wallach et al.1973) that side of ovulation was related to menstrual cycle length, and that in shorter cycles ovulation is likely to alternate between the two ovaries whereas in longer cycles the side of successive ovulations is more difficult to predict. Further work in the Rhesus monkey has attributed the intra-ovarian control of folliculogenesis and ovulation to inter-ovarian differences in progesterone concentration (DiZerega and Hodgen, 1982
). In any cycle, the formation of a dominant follicle and subsequent ovulation is likely to occur in the ovary with the lower follicular phase progesterone level, which is usually the opposite ovary to which ovulation and corpus luteum formation occurred in the preceding month. There is more recent evidence demonstrating that dominant follicle formation and hence control of ovulation is partially controlled by inhibins and activins acting as paracrine messengers (Hillier, 1991
).
Intra-ovarian physiological control of side of ovulation has also been demonstrated in humans (
Potashnik et al.1987), though its relevance to ovulation induction cycles has not been fully investigated. Potashnik also made the surprising observation that in women with two healthy ovaries, ovulation takes place significantly more often from the right ovary than the left. This predilection to right-sided ovulation has been confirmed by a recent study (
Fukuda et al.2000
). In a large study of 2659 natural menstrual cycles the authors noted right-sided ovulation in 55% of cycles versus 45% left-sided. Furthermore, the authors found that right-sided ovulation was more likely to achieve a pregnancy than left-sided. How this, apparently improved, activity of the right ovary is mediated is poorly understood.
Having established that anatomical, physiological and endocrine differences exist between the ovaries from cycle to cycle, what effects may this have on ovarian response to stimulation with gonadotrophins? Numerous studies have examined the effect of unilateral oophrectomy on ovarian response and treatment outcome in IVF (
Boutteville et al.1987;
Dodds et al.1987
;
Penzias et al.1993
;
Lass et al.1997a
). One author (
Penzias et al.1993
) could find no reproductive disadvantage for patients with one rather than two ovaries. The other papers, however, conclude that patients with only one ovary have reduced ovarian response to gonadotrophin stimulation, though there is disagreement as to whether the decreased ovarian response jeopardizes pregnancy chances. Of the three studies, one showed that patients with only one ovary had fewer embryos available for transfer and they had a trend to lower pregnancy rates than those with both ovaries (
Dodds et al.1987
). Conversely the other authors (
Boutteville et al.1987
;
Lass et al.1997a
) actually find that despite a lower number of transferable embryos, the potential for achieving a pregnancy is the same whether a patient has one or two ovaries.
The impact of ovarian disease and, in particular, ovarian cystectomy on ovarian response during IVF has also been studied (Nargund et al., 1995
). As anticipated they found that the diseased ovary had a poorer response to ovarian stimulation, producing fewer follicles and yielding fewer oocytes. A subsequent paper (
Lass et al.1997b) tackled the question of whether there are differences in ovarian response between right and left ovaries, though they looked only at women with a previous unilateral oophrectomy. They found no predilection between right and left ovary during IVF treatment in this particular patient subgroup. No study has compared right and left ovarian response during IVF treatment in patients with two healthy ovaries.
Whether the right or left ovary responds better to superovulation is a question which remains unanswered in the literature. Anecdotally, clinicians may believe that oocyte retrieval is easier or more successful from one ovary or the other, but invariably their observations are subjective and open to personal bias. For this reason we decided to examine whether right and left ovaries in the same patients respond differently in IVF cycles.
![]() |
Materials and methods |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
All patients underwent treatment following our standard IVF treatment protocol. Pituitary desensitization was achieved with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue (nafarelin, Synarel; Searle, High Wycombe, UK) starting from day 23 of the menstrual cycle and given for 23 weeks, followed by ovarian stimulation with daily injections of human menopausal or recombinant gonadotrophins (Menogon; Ferring, Middlesex, UK; Follitropin alfa, Gonal-F; Serono, Welwyn Garden City, UK). Human chorionic gonadotrophin (Profasi; Serono) 5000 IU was injected when there were at least three follicles >17 mm diameter and oocyte retrieval took place 3436 hours later.
Oocyte retrievals were performed by either consultants or fully trained clinical research fellows from the Reproductive Medicine Unit. At the time of oocyte retrieval a single or double channel collection system was utilized, starting on either side as deemed appropriate by the clinician. Having completed the collection from one ovary the collection apparatus was flushed through with media before collecting from the opposite ovary.
Oocytes from each ovary were handled separately and routine laboratory procedures were carried out as per unit protocol. Embryologists not involved with the study performed oocyte identification, grading, and insemination. Oocytes were graded for maturation by morphological parameters according to standard unit protocol modified from published grading systems (Osborne, 1993). By this protocol Grade 1 indicates mature oocytes with very expanded cumulus and well dispersed radiating corona, evenly distributed around the oocyte. Embryologists then chose, by morphological grading criteria, the best embryos for embryo transfer, 4852 hours after oocyte retrieval. Although the embryologist recorded which ovary or ovaries the embryos originated from, this information was not given to the clinician at the time of embryo transfer.
Luteal support comprised 400 mg progesterone suppositories/pessaries (Cyclogest; Shire, Andover, UK) given twice daily for 2 weeks commencing the evening prior to embryo transfer. In the absence of menses a pregnancy test was performed 14 days after embryo transfer when a positive test confirmed a biochemical pregnancy. Clinical pregnancy was defined as the presence of an intrauterine gestation sac with identifiable fetal heart activity and subsequent live birth data was also collected.
![]() |
Statistics |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Statistical analysis of data was performed using SPSS (Illinois, USA) and ARCUS (Cambridge, UK) software. Related data, such as number of oocytes and percentage fertilization from each ovary, was analysed using Wilcoxon's signed rank test. Pregnancy outcome data was tested by 2-test.
![]() |
Results |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
During the treatment cycles the mean number of ampoules of gonadotrophin received was 32 (range 1080). At oocyte retrieval the mean number of oocytes collected was 9.7 (range 134). Comparing right versus left ovarian response, the number of oocytes, fertilization rates and percentage of grade-1 embryos produced was the same for both ovaries (Table I).
|
|
![]() |
Discussion |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
We are aware that intra-ovarian progesterone levels play an important regulatory role in natural cycle folliculogenesis and ovulation (DiZerega and Hodgen, 1982). Furthermore, as follicular recruitment is concomitant with a rise in FSH and a fall in inhibin A (
Le Nestour et al.1993
), dominant follicle formation coincides with a rise in inhibin B (Gougeon, 1996
). It appears that in IVF treatment these fine regulatory processes are lost or over-ridden allowing formation of multiple mature follicles. This will be due partly to the pituitary desensitization with GnRH analogues and the necessary short delay prior to commencing stimulation, eliminating the effect of intra-ovarian progesterone differences between the ovaries. Also, the relatively high doses of exogenous FSH administered clearly nullify the usual negative feedback mechanisms found in normal folliculogenesis. However as the mechanism of dominant follicle formation is poorly understood, it is unclear how this is over-ridden.
This study shows that in patients with healthy ovaries having IVF treatment there are no significant differences between right and left ovarian response. This implies that the normal regulatory mechanisms which control normal folliculogenesis and ovulation are over-ridden by the treatment protocols employed.
![]() |
Notes |
---|
![]() |
References |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
DiZerega, G.S. and Hodgen, G.D. (1982) The interovarian progesterone gradient: a spatial and temporal regulator of folliculogesis in the primate ovarian cycle. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 54, 495499.[ISI][Medline]
Dodds, W.G., Chin, N.O., Awadalla, S.G. et al. (1987) In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in patients with one ovary. Fertil. Steril., 48, 249253.[ISI][Medline]
Fukuda, M., Fukuda, K., Andersen, C.Y. et al. (2000) Right sided ovulation favours pregnancy more than left sided ovulation. Hum. Reprod., 15, 19211926.
Gougeon, A. (1996) Regulation of ovarian follicular development in primates: Facts and hypotheses. Endocrinol. Rev., 17, 121155.[ISI][Medline]
Gray, H. (1973). In Warwick, R. and Williams, P.L. (eds), Gray's anatomydescriptive and applied. 35th Edition. Longman, UK, pp. 70910 and 1351.
Hillier, S.G. (1991) Regulatory functions for inhibin and activin in human ovaries. J. Endocrinol., 131, 171175[ISI][Medline]
Lass, A., Paul, M., Margara, R. et al. (1997a) Women with one ovary have decreased response to GnRHa/HMG ovulation induction protocol in IVF but the same pregnancy rate as women with two ovaries. Hum. Reprod., 12, 298300.[Abstract]
Lass, A., Croucher, C., Lawrie, H. et al. (1997b) Right or left ovary which one is better? Hum. Reprod., 12, 17301731.[Abstract]
Last, R.G. (1984) Anatomy: regional and applied7th Edition. Churchill Livingstone, UK, p. 339.
Le Nestour, E., Marraoui, J., Lahlou, N. et al. (1993) Role of estradiol in the rise in follicle-stimulating hormone levels during the luteal-follicular transition. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab., 77, 439442.[Abstract]
Nargund, G., Cheng, W.C. and Parsons, J. (1996) The impact of ovarian cystectomy on ovarian response to stimulation during in-vitro fertilization cycles. Hum. Reprod., 11, 8183.[Abstract]
Osborne, J. (1993) Oocyte retrieval and maturation. In Trounson, A.O., Gardner, D.K (eds.) Handbook of in Vitro Fertilization. CRC Press, USA, p. 22.
Penzias, A.S., Gumann, J.N., Shamma, F.N. et al. (1993) Ovulation induction with GnRh agonist and human menopausal gonadotrophins: response in patients with one versus two ovaries. Int. J. Fertil., 38, 270273.[ISI]
Potashnik, G., Insler, V. and Meizner, I. (1987) Frequency, sequence, and side of ovulation in women menstruating normally. Br. Med. J., 294, 219.
Snell, R.S. (1986) Clinical anatomy3rd Edition. Little, Brown and co., Boston, USA, p. 345.
Wallach, E.E., Virutamasen, P. and Wright, K.H. (1973) Menstrual cycle characteristics and side of ovulation in the rhesus monkey. Fertil. Steril., 24, 715721.[ISI][Medline]
Submitted on April 20, 2001; accepted on May 24, 2001.