McGill Reproductive Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada
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Abstract |
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Key words: estradiol/FSH/in-vitro maturation/oocytes/predictive variables
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Introduction |
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The pregnancy rate in IVF is related to the numbers of oocytes retrieved and numbers of embryos available for transfer (Templeton and Morris, 1998). As ovarian reserve decreases, the follicular response to gonadotrophin stimulation also reduces, and fewer oocytes are retrieved. A number of studies have attempted to assess ovarian reserve and therefore predict follicular response prior to commencing IVF treatment. Early follicular phase serum concentrations of FSH and estradiol are generally recognized as markers for ovarian reserve, albeit not entirely satisfactory ones. Raised serum levels of FSH (Scott et al., 1989
) or estradiol (Licciardi et al., 1995
) are predictive of a poor response to ovarian stimulation and consequently a reduced pregnancy rate in IVF. Other predictors of ovarian response include baseline ultrasound measurement of the ovarian volume (Syrop et al., 1995
), the ovarian antral follicle count (Tomas et al., 1997
), and the maximum velocity of ovarian stromal blood flow measured with colour and pulsed Doppler (Zaidi et al., 1996
; Engmann et al., 1999
).
Pretreatment predictors of success in IVM treatment remain to be fully defined, however. It has been shown that, as for IVF, the pregnancy rate in IVM is related to the number of immature oocytes retrieved (Child et al., 2001a) and embryos produced (Child et al., 2002
). In addition, the number of immature oocytes retrieved from unstimulated ovaries may be predicted by pretreatment assessment of the antral follicle count, ovarian volume and maximum stromal blood flow velocity (Child et al., 2001a
). The IVM pregnancy rate is higher in women with polycystic ovaries (PCO) since, by definition, they have more antral follicles than do women with normal ovaries (Child et al., 2001b
).
It remains to be established whether early follicular phase serum levels of FSH and estradiol are related to outcome in IVM treatment. In a recent study conducted in regularly menstruating women with normal ovaries undergoing IVM, it was determined whether the number of retrieved oocytes, maturation and cleavage rates could be predicted by the measurement of day 34 levels of serum FSH, estradiol and inhibin, and the antral follicle count (Mikkelsen et al., 2001). These authors found that a low serum level of estradiol (<200 pmol/l) was associated with a higher pregnancy rate (14%) than when the level was >200 pmol/l (0%). However, this study excluded women with PCO, and the treatment protocol did not include HCG priming prior to immature oocyte retrieval. The administration of HCG 10 000 IU 36 h prior to oocyte retrieval increases the maturation rate and final number of metaphase II stage oocytes in women undergoing IVM treatment (Chian et al., 1999
, 2000
).
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the measurement of basal serum levels of FSH and estradiol in women with normal or polycystic ovaries undergoing IVM treatment predicts the number of immature oocytes retrieved, and the rates of oocyte maturation, fertilization, cleavage and pregnancy. If so, the ability to select women who will benefit most from IVM therapy would be improved, as would the ability to counsel women with regard to their prognosis.
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Materials and methods |
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IVM cycle
Women with amenorrhoea received vaginal progesterone (Prometrium; Schering, Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada) 300 mg once daily for 10 days in order to induce a withdrawal bleed. All women underwent a baseline ultrasound scan on day 24 of menstrual bleeding to ensure that no ovarian cysts were present. Serum was taken for measurement of FSH and estradiol concentrations. The results of these tests did not affect the management of the treatment cycle. Transvaginal ultrasound scans were repeated on either cycle day 8 or the day of HCG administration to exclude the development of a dominant follicle. All follicles had to be <10 mm diameter in order to proceed to oocyte retrieval, which was performed between days 914. Women with ovulatory cycles had their immature oocyte retrieval planned between days 9 and 11 to reduce the chance of observing a dominant follicle >10 mm in diameter at the ultrasound scan performed on the day of HCG (2 days before oocyte retrieval). Data suggested that the presence of a dominant follicle at the time of immature oocyte retrieval was deleterious to outcome in IVM (Trounson et al., 1998; Cobo et al., 1999
).
All patients received 10 000 IU HCG (Profasi; Serono, Oakville, Ontario, Canada) s.c. 36 h before oocyte retrieval. It had been shown previously, in a randomized controlled trial, that HCG priming increased the percentage of oocytes that mature by 24 and 48 h of in-vitro culture (Chian et al., 1999, 2000
). Transvaginal ultrasound-guided oocyte collection was performed using a specially designed 17G single-lumen aspiration needle (K-OPS-1235-Wood, Cook, Australia) with a reduced aspiration pressure of 7.5 kPa. Aspiration of all small follicles was performed using either spinal anaesthesia or, more recently, intravenous fentanyl and midazolam with a paracervical block of 10 ml of 1% lidocaine. Follicular flushing was not performed.
The oocyte IVM technique used in this study has been reported in detail previously (Chian et al., 2000). Oocytes were collected in culture tubes containing warm 0.9% saline with 2 IU/ml heparin. The oocytes were evaluated for the presence or not of a germinal vesicle (GV) in the cytoplasm of the oocyte, after which the immature oocytes were transferred into maturation medium for culture. The immature oocytes were incubated in culture dishes containing 1 ml of maturation medium, TC-199 medium supplemented with 20% heat-inactivated maternal serum, 0.25 mmol/l pyruvic acid (Sigma Chemical Co.), penicillin 50 mg/ml, streptomycin 75 mg/ml, 75 mIU/ml each of FSH and LH (Humegon; Organon; Scarborough, Ontario, Canada) at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% air with high humidity. Following culture, the maturity of the oocytes was determined by microscopic examination at 24 h and 48 h. Oocytes that were mature at the time of checking were denuded of cumulus cells ready for ICSI. A single spermatozoon was injected into each metaphase II oocyte. Following ICSI, each oocyte was transferred into a 20 µl micro droplet of G 1.2 medium (Vitrolife). Fertilization was assessed 18 h after ICSI for the appearance of two distinct pronuclei and two polar bodies.
Embryos were transferred on day 2 or 3 after ICSI. As the oocytes were not matured and inseminated at the same time following maturation in culture, the developmental stages of embryos at the time of embryo transfer were often variable. Before transfer, all embryos for each patient were pooled and selected for transfer based on standard embryological criteria such as cleavage stage and morphological quality (Steer et al., 1992; Child et al., 2002
). The Cumulative Embryo Score (CES) at each embryo transfer procedure was calculated as follows. On the day of transfer the embryos were scored as: grade 4, equal-sized symmetrical blastomeres; grade 3, uneven blastomeres with <10% fragmentation; grade 2, 1050% blastomeric fragmentation; and grade 1, >50% blastomeric fragmentation. The grade of each embryo was multiplied by the number of blastomeres to produce a quality score of each embryo. The scores of all embryos transferred per patient were added to obtain the CES (Steer et al., 1992
).
For endometrial preparation, patients received estradiol valerate (Estrace; Roberts Pharmaceutical, Mississauga, Canada), starting on the day of oocyte retrieval, depending on the endometrial thickness on that day. If the endometrial thickness was <6 mm, a 10 mg dose was given; if it was >6 mm, a 6 mg dose was administered. If the endometrial thickness was <7 mm on the day of embryo transfer, the patient was recommended to cryopreserve all embryos for replacement in a later cycle. Luteal support was provided by 200 mg intravaginal progesterone (Prometrium) twice daily starting on the day of ICSI and continued, along with estradiol, until 12 weeks of gestation.
Statistical analysis
Multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess the predictive values of the independent variables age, serum FSH, and estradiol concentration on the dependent variable number of oocytes retrieved. Included in the regression model, as an independent variable, was the presence or absence of ovaries of polycystic morphology. The number of oocytes retrieved was square-root transformed in order to satisfy the requirements of linear regression analysis.
Differences in the rates of maturation, fertilization, cleavage and pregnancy were analysed with Fisher's exact test or 2 test as appropriate. Unpaired data were compared using the non-parametric MannWhitney U-test. The comparison of basal serum estradiol levels between women with normal ovaries, ovulatory PCO or anovulatory PCOS was performed using one-way ANOVA after data normalization. SPSS (version 9.0) was used for all statistical analyses.
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Results |
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Multiple linear regression analysis, controlling for patient age and the presence of PCO, was performed (Table II). With univariate analysis, basal FSH level, patient age and the presence of PCO were all significant predictors of the number of immature oocytes retrieved. However, after controlling for each of the other factors, only basal FSH and presence of PCO were significant independent predictors (P < 0.001).
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After data normalization, one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate differences in mean basal estradiol level between women with normal ovaries, ovulatory PCO or anovulatory PCOS. No significant differences in basal estradiol level were found between the three groups.
The day 24 FSH concentration was not found to be discriminatory for pregnancy (Table IV). Using a threshold FSH of 7.5 IU/l, as proposed previously (Mikkelsen et al., 2001
), the lower FSH concentration group had significantly more immature oocytes retrieved than the higher group. Other parameters were, however, similar between the groups. In particular, there were no differences in the rates of oocyte maturation, fertilization, cleavage or pregnancy.
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Discussion |
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It was found that higher basal levels of estradiol (100 pmol/l) were associated with higher pregnancy rates in IVM. This was not due to differences in basal estradiol concentrations, since none existed between ovulatory and anovulatory women or between those with normal or polycystic ovaries. Interestingly, others (Mikkelsen et al., 2001
) found that high, rather than low, estradiol levels were associated with poor IVM outcome. In this retrospective study of 132 unstimulated IVM cycles in women with normal ovaries and ovulatory cycles, it was found that all 15 pregnancies occurred in the 106 cycles with basal estradiol levels <200 pmol/l. There were no pregnancies in the 26 cycles with estradiol levels
200 pmol/l. However, the present data might be consistent with this observation if the majority of pregnancy cycles in Mikkelsen's study had basal estradiol levels between 100 and 200 pmol/l, and a number of non-pregnancy cycles had lower estradiol levels. This cannot be determined from the data presented. In the present study, 10 cycles had basal estradiol levels >200 pmol/l, and three (30%) resulted in pregnancy. Other explanations for the different findings include different patient populations, as all women in Mikkelsen's study had normal ovaries with ovulatory cycles, while suspected poor ovarian reserve was an exclusion criteria. In addition, different estradiol assays were used. Finally, the present patients were primed with HCG prior to oocyte retrieval in order to increase the rate of oocyte maturation (Chian et al., 2000
). The present data confirm Mikkelsen's observations that basal estradiol and FSH levels are not related to oocyte quality as determined by rates of oocyte maturation, fertilization and cleavage.
Women in the low- and high-estradiol groups were of similar age, and their treatment cycles resulted in comparable numbers of oocytes retrieved, embryos produced and transferred, as well as CES values (Table III). The increased pregnancy rate in the high-estradiol group was also found when only cycles for women with PCO were considered. Cycles for women with ovulatory PCO or anovulatory PCOS were grouped together for analysis as they are known to have similar outcomes following IVM in terms of numbers of oocytes collected, and rates of maturation, fertilization, pregnancy and live birth (Child et al., 2001b
). It is clinically most useful, therefore, to consider these women as one patient group. Furthermore, in the present study no difference was found in terms of mean basal serum estradiol level between women with normal ovaries, ovulatory PCO or PCOS.
Raised basal levels of estradiol have been associated with a reduced ovarian response to ovulation induction (Licciardi et al., 1995). Interestingly, it was found that women with a low estradiol level had a poorer outcome compared with those with high estradiol levels. As there was no difference between the groups in terms of the numbers and apparent quality of oocytes and embryos, the explanation must lie elsewhere. Endometrial thickness on the day of transfer was found to be significantly greater in the high-estradiol group, and it has been noted recently that the clinical pregnancy rate in IVM increases with increasing endometrial thickness (unpublished data). This difference in endometrial thickness is the most likely explanation of a higher pregnancy rate associated with raised serum estradiol levels.
During conception in vivo in the natural menstrual cycle, the endometrium is partially primed for implantation by endogenous estrogen produced by granulosa cells within the dominant ovarian follicle. During a stimulated IVF cycle, estrogen is produced endogenously from the numerous mature follicles produced secondary to gonadotrophin stimulation. However, during an IVM cycle a mature dominant follicle does not develop since aspiration is performed, and so exogenous estrogen must be administered. When the role of early or late exogenous estradiol priming of the endometrium prior to immature oocyte retrieval was examined (Russell, 1998), prolonged endometrial priming prior to immature oocyte retrieval was found to be deleterious to oocyte quality and developmental potential. Hence, in the present study estrogen priming was commenced from the day of oocyte retrieval, with the dose being dependent on endometrial thickness, and this approach was found to be satisfactory (Chian et al., 2000
).
The patient group with raised basal estradiol levels could conceivably continue to have tonically raised estradiol levels during the follicular phase, resulting in a degree of endometrial priming. However, in 93 cycles, the endometrial thickness on the day of oocyte recovery was available for analysis. The median thickness in both low- and high-estradiol groups was 6.7 mm (P = NS); hence, the two groups would have received comparable doses of estradiol valerate as the dose was dependent on endometrial thickness on the day of oocyte retrieval. However, there was a proportionately greater increase in endometrial thickness between oocyte recovery and embryo transfer in the high-estradiol group. Conceivably, low-level estradiol priming could increase the responsiveness of the endometrium to exogenous estradiol priming, though further investigation is required to test this hypothesis. If true however, women with low basal estradiol levels might benefit from very low doses of estrogen priming prior to oocyte retrieval.
An alternative explanation for the difference in pregnancy rates between the two groups was that there was a subtle difference in oocyte or embryo quality that was not immediately apparent. The groups had comparable oocyte maturation, fertilization and cleavage rates, and similar morphological embryo quality as assessed by CES. However, oocyte nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, both of which involve a complex cascade of events, need to be closely integrated to ensure developmental competence. In IVM oocytes, nuclear maturation may have been complete, as evidenced by extrusion of the first polar body, whilst cytoplasmic maturation was incomplete. Maturation media containing FSH significantly increase fertilization and early embryo development (Schroeder et al., 1988; Jinno et al., 1989
). However, cytoplasmic maturation might differ between the low- and high-estradiol groups.
In the present authors' institution, HCG 10 000 IU is routinely administered 36 h prior to immature oocyte retrieval, this being based on a randomized controlled trial in women with PCOS, in whom HCG priming was found significantly to increase the numbers of oocytes matured at 24 h (78.2 versus 4.9%) and 48 h (85.2 versus 68.0%) of culture (Chian et al., 2000). More recently, it has been found that similarly high rates of oocyte maturation are also obtained when HCG priming is used in women undergoing IVM who either have normal ovaries or have ovulatory PCO (Child et al., 2001b
).
In conclusion, it has been shown that the measurement of basal serum levels of FSH and estradiol are useful in predicting outcome in ovulatory and anovulatory women undergoing unstimulated IVM treatment. After controlling for the presence of polycystic ovaries, the basal FSH level was superior to patient age in predicting the number of immature oocytes retrieved. Women with a low (<100 pmol/l) basal serum level of estradiol had a significantly lower pregnancy rate than those with serum estradiol levels 100 pmol/l. Although this difference appears to be due to a significantly thicker endometrium at the time of embryo transfer in the high basal estradiol group, further investigations are required in order to elucidate the possible mechanisms behind this observation.
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Acknowledgements |
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Notes |
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References |
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Submitted on December 3, 2001; accepted on April 9, 2002.