1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2 Department of Microbiology 3 Department of Biostatistics, University of Thessalia, 22 Papakiriazi Street, 41222 Larissa, Greece
4 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: messinis{at}med.uth.gr
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Abstract |
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Key words: ectopic pregnancy/incomplete abortion/non-placental markers/placental markers
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Introduction |
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Increased serum concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (Daniel et al., 1999; Felemban et al., 2002
; Fasouliotis et al., 2004
; Mueller et al., 2004
) and decreased serum levels of leukaemia-inhibiting factor (LIF) (Wegner and Mershon, 2001
), progesterone (P) (Dart et al., 2002
), pregnancy-associated plasmaprotein A (PAPP-A) (Sjoberg, 1987
; Mueller et al., 2004
), human placental lactogen (HPL) (Tornehave et al., 1987
; Mueller et al., 2004
) and glycodelin (GLY) (Stabile et al., 1994
) have been previously associated with failed pregnancy.
In an emergency set-up, it would be extremely valuable if a single combined measurement of these new markers could differentiate not only between an EP and a healthy intrauterine pregnancy (IUP), but also between EP and an aIUP. Such a correlation would decrease the time to diagnosis and reduce the possibility of tubal rupture and its sequelae. In a recent publication, it has been stated that the triple marker analysis [VEGF/(PAPP-A x P)] allows a clear discrimination between IUP and EP (Mueller et al., 2004) and that elevated maternal serum levels of VEGF, as early as 11 days after embryo transfer, are associated with EPs (Fasouliotis et al., 2004
).
The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether a single combined serum measurement of all these markers will contribute to the differential diagnosis of patients presenting as failed pregnancies.
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Materials and methods |
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Therefore, 48 patients were included in the analysis, namely the EP patients (n = 27) and the aIUP patients (n = 21). All blood samples (one per patient) were collected before treatment by peripheral venous puncture. The blood samples were allowed to coagulate at room temperature and serum was obtained by centrifugation. Twenty-five control early pregnancy blood samples were obtained from the antenatal clinic after ascertainment of the presence of a single and uneventful pregnancy with reliable gestational age. All sera were stored at 80°C until assays were performed in batches. The study was carried out in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration on Human Experimentation. It was approved by the local ethics committee and written informed consent was given.
Serum assays
The enzyme-linked immunosrobent assay (ELISA) methods applied in this study [enzymeimmunoassay (EIA)] were carried out using the fully automated analyzer Triturus (Grifols, Barcelona, Spain). Serum concentrations of VEGF, GLY, P, PAPP-A, HPL and LIF were estimated quantitatively in duplicate using an EIA method. VEGF was measured with reagents from Bender MedSystems (Burlingame, CA, USA) with a sensitivity of 11 pg/ml and a spectrum of 01000 pg/ml, an inter-assay coefficient of variation (CV) of 17.7% and intra-assay CV of 5.90%. P was measured with reagents from Diagnostic Systems Laboratories (DSL) (Webster, TX, USA) with a sensitivity 0.13 pg/ml, spectrum 080 pg/ml, an inter-assay CV of <4.1% and an intra-assay CV of <3.20%. PAPP-A was measured with reagents from DSL with a sensitivity of 0.013 mIU/ml, spectrum 075 mIU/ml, inter-assay CV of 3% and intra-assay CV of 2.90%. HPL was measured with reagents from Bioserv Diagnostics (Rostock, Germany) with a sensitivity of 0.05 mg/l, spectrum 020 mg/l, inter-assay CV of <4.97% and intra-assay CV of <4.06%. GLY was measured with reagents from Bioserv Diagnostics with a sensitivity of 6 ng/l, spectrum of 0100 ng/l, inter-assay CV of 3.92% and intra-assay CV of 6.2%. LIF was measured with reagents from Bender MedSystems with a sensitivity of 3.3 ng/ml, spectrum of 0200 ng/ml, inter-assay CV of 7% and intra-assay CV of 5.50%. -HCG was measured with reagents from Bender MedSystems with a sensitivity of 0.8 mIUg/ml, inter-assay CV of <4.3% and intra-assay CV of <4.8%.
Statistical analysis
Data are presented as median and range (minimum, maximum). For all serum markers, the two groups were compared using the KruskalWallis test and the MannWhitney U test with Bonferonnis correction.
The diagnostic performance of VEGF in aIUP was further evaluated using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.
Results were considered significant when P < 0.05. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS r12.
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Results |
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ROC analysis showed that VEGF can be used for the differential diagnosis of EP and incomplete abortion, with the area under the curve being 0.889 (P < 0.001). The threshold for the diagnosis of EP is 174.5 pg/ml (at this point sensitivity = 0.78 and specificity = 1.0) (Fig. 2).
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In the control group of normal IUPs, which continued through to term, the VEGF median was 2.3 pg/ml (minimum = 0.55, maximum = 44 pg/ml). When correlated with EP (ROC curve not shown), the area under the curve was 0.999 (P < 0.001). The threshold for the differential diagnosis of EP versus IUP is 31 pg/ml (at this point sensitivity = 1 and specificity= 0.96).
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Discussion |
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The diagnostic relevance of VEGF for differentiating EP versus IUP as early as 11 days after day 3 embryo transfer has been reported recently by Fasouliotis et al. (2004) at a much higher threshold concentration of >700 pg/ml for VEGF, which might be anticipated due to the preceded superovulation.
It has been previously suggested that the measurement of GLY, an endometrial protein with proposed immunomodulatory activity during human embryonic nidation (Mueller et al., 2000; Vigne et al., 2001
), is useful in distinguishing between EP and other abnormal pregnancies such as missed and incomplete abortions (Stabile et al., 1994
). This was not confirmed by our results as the other two non-placental markers, GLY and P, did not differ signicantly between the EP and aIUP patients.
A single serum P measurement in our sample could not discriminate between aIUP and EP. Tthis supports the findings of a published meta-analysis (Mol et al., 1998).
Furthermore, we were unable to reproduce the results of Wegner and Mershon (2001) for LIF. The placental proteins HPL and PAPP-A could be the method of choice, as they are independent from VEGF, but this was not confirmed in our sample.
Although one can argue that gestational age ranged substantially (510 weeks) in the present study, our VEGF median value was only 2.3 pg/ml in IUPs versus 227.2 pg/ml in the EP group and 107.2 pg/ml in the aIUP group. Therefore, this marked difference cannot be attributed to the relatively wide range of gestational ages of the samples. In addition, there are conflicting data in the literature regarding the effect of gestational age on VEGF serum measurements. In particular, one previous study showed that, in early IUPs, VEGF remains low up to 6 weeks and shows a progressive increase between 6 and 8 weeks, after which concentrations tend to plateau (Evans et al., 1998), while a recent report in a sample with gestational age range of 510 weeks measured VEGF in IUPs to be
5 pg/ml, decreasing with gestational age (Mueller et al., 2004
).
In an attempt to explain what could affect the production and secretion of VEGF, we need to consider that the fact that extrauterine implantation environments are very different from those of the primed and well-vascularized endometrium. Hypoxia at the abnormal implantation site may trigger increased VEGF production (Ikeda et al., 1995; Shore et al., 1997
). Recently, mRNA expression of VEGF and its receptors (KDR and flt-1) were measured in the implantation and nonimplantation sites of the human oviduct with EP. The mRNA expression was significantly higher in the implantation site of the human oviduct with ectopic gestation compared with the non-implantation site. It has been suggested that VEGF may be the angiogenic factor responsible for the implantation and placentation of an ectopic pregnancy in the oviduct (Lam et al., 2004
).
Our study continues the line of investigation of biomarkers for the early detection of EP. It reports that only VEGF serum measurement differed significantly between EP and aIUP. Although the measured VEGF values display a rather wide range that overlaps between EP and aIUP (Fig. 1), there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.001). This could be expected to contribute to an early and accurate differential diagnosis of EP, resulting in the timely institution of medical treatment, which might prevent tubal rupture. The clinical applicability of these findings remains to be evaluated in larger prospective studies.
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References |
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Submitted on April 8, 2005; resubmitted on June 13, 2005; accepted on July 1, 2005.
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