Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academisch Ziekenhuis, Vrije Universiteit, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract |
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Key words: assisted reproduction technology/bleeding/oestrogen/vaginal progesterone
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Introduction |
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Abnormal luteal function occurs when ovulation is induced with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) or when endogenous gonadotrophins are suppressed with a gonado- trophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) (Olson et al., 1983; Buvat, 1988; Smitz et al., 1992b
).
Historically, luteal support was provided by exogenous HCG or i.m. injections of progesterone. Despite proven efficacy, the former approach has been progressively abandoned in view of mounting evidence that it increases the risk of frank ovarian hyperstimulation (Rizk and Smitz, 1992). Daily i.m. injections of progesterone for up to 10 weeks (if pregnancy occurs) causes pain and can potentially lead to local inflammatory reactions, possibly evolving into sterile abscesses.
Because of the practical inconvenience of i.m. injections, alternative routes for administering progesterone have been sought. In micronized form, progesterone is absorbed when given orally but is nearly completely metabolized (>90%) during its first pass through the liver (Nahoul et al., 1993). This explains the previous observation that oral micronized progesterone (300 mg/day), administered in conjunction with physiological amounts of oestradiol, failed to achieve the predecidual transformation of the endometrial stroma (Bourgain et al., 1990
). In order to obtain the minimal intratissular progesterone concentration to achieve transformation of hyperstimulated endometrial tissue there would be a need for such a high oral dose that it would cause somnolence, sedation and hypnose (Arafat et al., 1988
).
Transdermal administration of progesterone is also not feasible (Cooper et al., 1998), as the skin is poorly permeable to the drug and rich in the enzyme 5-
-reductase, which will inactivate the small amount of progesterone that is able to penetrate the skin. Hence, the vaginal route is the only remaining practical option for administration of progesterone for luteal supportreplacing the painful i.m. injections.
In previous work, it has been shown that progesterone administered vaginally (200 mg three times daily) is capable of reproducing all the endometrial changes normally seen in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (Devroey et al., 1989; Smitz et al., 1992, 1993
). Furthermore, vaginal progesterone supports nidation and development of pregnancy in women without ovarian function (Devroey et al., 1989
).
Several authors, puzzled by the unusual efficacy of vaginal progesterone, have examined uterine tissue concentrations of progesterone and have gathered evidence that some degree of direct transport from the vagina to the uterus exists. Miles et al. (1994) observed higher endometrial concentrations of progesterone with vaginal administration, compared with the concentrations following i.m. injections (50 mg twice daily), despite lower serum progesterone concentrations following vaginal administration. Based on this evidence and our own data, it was elected to provide luteal support with vaginal progesterone for our routine IVF and IVFintracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedures in this centre.
From previous experience using i.m. progesterone, it is commonly known that menstrual bleeding is postponed as long as progesterone is administered, however no real data from systematic analysis are available on this specific point in the literature.
In the present study, a retrospective analysis was undertaken of the bleeding patterns experienced by 149 consecutive IVFICSI cases receiving vaginal progesterone for luteal support. Outcomes obtained in pregnant and non-pregnant women were analysed separately.
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Materials and methods |
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A retrospective analysis was conducted of the computerized medical records of 149 consecutive women who had undergone ICSI between January 1 and April 30, 1996. Women were eligible for review if they had completed a routine assisted reproductionICSI procedure [using `long-protocol' stimulation with buserelinhuman menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) within the specified time period] and had received vaginal micronized progesterone for luteal phase supplementation without oestrogen or HCG supplements. No restrictions were placed on age, weight or the subsequent outcome of the assisted reproduction procedure.
Collection of information on bleeding pattern
During the luteal phase all patients were systematically instructed to have routine contact by telephone with the nursing staff to enquire about their hormonal profile, to report on eventual side-effects and to state whether any abnormal vaginal bleeding had occurred. The data were recorded in writing from the telephone conversation directly onto the patients' individual charts kept in the laboratory and were then transferred to a computer operator to input. In the third week after oocyte retrieval, all patients were contacted by a senior scientist to receive their instructions on eventual follow-up of pregnancy, and in cases of no pregnancy, the first day of the menstrual bleeding was also notified.
Treatment protocol
Women whose charts were reviewed for this study had been allocated to ICSI for two reasons: a partner with a low sperm count (defined as <500 000 progressively motile spermatozoa in the total ejaculate) or failure on at least two previous IVF attempts (defined as <5% fertilization).
All patients were stimulated with a GnRH agonist desensitization (buserelin; Hoechst AG, Frankfurt, Germany) protocol in combination with an HMG step-up stimulation.
When serum oestradiol reached a concentration corresponding to 200400 ng/l for each medium or large follicle (mean diameter 14 mm), an i.m. ovulatory dose of HCG (10 000 IU) was given and buserelin was discontinued. Determinations of plasma ß-HCG and oestradiol (17ß-oestradiol) were made on days 12 and 15 following embryo transfer (i.e. 16 and 19 days after HCG administration). Vaginal micronized progesterone (200 mg three times daily in soft gelatin capsules; Piette Pharmaceuticals, Brussels, Belgium) was begun on the day before oocyte retrieval and continued until the second ß-HCG determination even if early bleeding was noted. If ß-HCG was positive, vaginal progesterone was maintained until week 10 of the pregnancy.
Clinical evaluations
The primary evaluations were the occurrence of bleeding relative to the day of HCG injection, the onset of bleeding relative to the day vaginal progesterone supplementation ceased (expressed as the number of days before or after the end of vaginal progesterone use), and the outcome of the procedure (i.e. pregnant or non-pregnant).
Serum oestradiol concentrations were determined by commercial radioimmunoassay (Estradiol-coatria®; BioMérieux, Marcy-L'Etoile, France) in blood samples obtained on the day of HCG administration (day 0) and on days 16 and 19 (corresponding to days 12 and 15 after embryo transfer). A diagnosis of pregnancy was established using ß-HCG values obtained on days 16 and 19 using the Tandem-HCG® assay (Hybritech, Liège, Belgium) with 10 IU/l as the threshold value.
Statistical methods
Statistical analyses were performed with MedCalcTM software (MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium). Variables (patient characteristics and assisted reproduction treatment outcome data, mean hormone concentrations, and bleeding patterns) were evaluated using the 2 test, Student's test, and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Statistical significance was determined at P
0.05.
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Results |
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Statistically significant differences (P = 0.0001) were seen between pregnant and non-pregnant women with regard to mean serum concentrations of oestradiol on day 19 following HCG administration (Figure 2). On the day of HCG injection (day 0), mean serum oestradiol concentrations were similar in the two groups, which indicated a similar response to ovarian stimulation in both groups. However, on both end-luteal control days mean oestradiol concentrations were significantly higher in pregnant women than in non-pregnant women (P < 0.0001).
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Discussion |
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The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the bleeding patterns in pregnant and non-pregnant IVF patients. Hence, to ensure population homogeneity, it appeared reasonable to select women undergoing the same ovarian stimulation treatment protocol. The `long GnRHa' protocol with late luteal onset of GnRHa treatment was retained for the present study because it is the standard treatment for IVF in this centre. In addition, women undergoing IVFICSI were selected to maximize population homogeneity and because women in this subgroup were more likely to display a normal response to ovarian stimulation (Ubaldi et al., 1995; Wisanto et al., 1996
; Vandervorst et al., 1997
).
Since the original description by Jones (1975) that a short/inadequate luteal phase was a cause of infertility and recurrent abortions, attention has been focused on luteal phase length and bleeding pattern. The results of the current study on the bleeding profiles seen in 97 women who underwent IVFICSI but failed to become pregnant are most reassuring in this respect. None of the women had a shortened luteal phase with bleeding <11 days after HCG. In the group studied, one of the non-pregnant women started to bleed on the 11th day after HCG. All the other women bled later, well within the normal time frame for normal luteal phase length (Figure 1). During the observation period (until the 19th day post-HCG), bleeding occurred in three pregnant women. Two had a biochemical pregnancy and one went on to term and delivered uneventfully. There was no evidence that the two biochemical pregnancies had a relation to the type of luteal supplementation used. Instead the rate of biochemical pregnancy with this progesterone supplementation regimen has been found lower than with other forms of luteal supplementation (Smitz et al., 1992a
). Occasionally however, an abnormal rescue of the corpus luteum graviditatis can be observed and an additional luteal supplement can normalize serum progesterone concentrations (Smitz et al., 1987
).
Serum oestradiol concentrations were lower in women whose HCG titre was negative, compared with those who became pregnant. These results are consistent with those of Liu et al. (1991), who found that serum oestradiol concentrations rose even before HCG became detectable in peripheral blood in women who became pregnant. In the current study, women who bled before discontinuing progesterone supplementation had low concentrations of oestradiol. This confirmed that pregnancy had not occurred, making bleeding a consequence and not a cause of this non-pregnant state.
The convenience and demonstrated efficacy of vaginally administered progesterone, and the avoidance of painful, repeated i.m. injections of progesterone, should further facilitate luteal support in IVF and other forms of assisted reproduction treatment (e.g. ovarian stimulation and ovarian stimulation with IVF). The major drawback of the current regimens for luteal support with vaginal progesterone is the need for multiple (three) daily administrations (Devroey et al., 1989; Schmidt et al., 1989
). New options are emerging, however, with the development of a sustained-release gel of progesterone (Crinone 8%®; Wyeth-Ayerst Pharmaceuticals, Radnor, PA, USA), which removes the need for multiple administrations (Fanchin et al., 1997
).
In conclusion, this study demonstrated that early bleeding following administration of vaginal progesterone for luteal phase support occurred almost exclusively in women who had not become pregnant.
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Notes |
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References |
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Submitted on February 4, 1999; accepted on April 4, 2000.