3Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan and 4Department of Morphology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Colony, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0304, Japan
Received on December 15, 2000; revised on January 22, 2001; accepted on January 23, 2001.
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Abstract |
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By assaying the glycosyltransferases that participate in poly-N-acetyllactosamine synthesis, the decrease in the amount of the poly-N-acetyllactosamine in PC12D cells as well as NGF-stimulated PC12 cells could be accounted for by a reduction in the activity of poly-N-acetyllactosamine extension enzyme (GnT-i), because the amount of poly-N-acetyllactosamine in both cells precisely correlated with changes in GnT-i activity, whereas the activities of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) and ß1-4 galactosyltransferase remained unchanged.
These results demonstrate that the decrease in poly-N-acetyllactosamine synthesis in PC12 cells occurred prior to neurite formation, whereas PC12D cells were insensitive to this effect. Next, we showed that GnT-i but not GnT-V catalyzed a rate-limiting reaction in the expression of poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains, especially in pheochromocytoma.
Key words: N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase i/neurite formation/PC12 cells/poly-N-acetyllactosamine extension enzyme/poly-N-acetyllactosamine
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Introduction |
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In general, it is believed that flat cells adhere more strongly to the substratum than round-shaped cells (Rosen and Culp, 1977) and also that different antigens are expressed on the cell membrane as differentiation proceeds (Boyse and Old, 1969
). The oligosaccharide portions of membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids are thought to participate in a variety of specific biological interactions (reviewed by Feizi, 1981a
; Hakomori et al., 1982
; Drickamer and Carver, 1992
), such as receptors in cell differentiation during embryo genesis (Gooi et al., 1981
; Kapadia et al., 1981
; Fenderson et al., 1986
) and ligands in saccharide-mediated cell adhesion (Sharon and Lis, 1989
, 1993; Edelman and Crossin, 1991
; Varki, 1994
). Temporal changes in the composition of the cell membrane and extracellular matrix are thought to correlate with the morphogenesis of undifferentiated PC12 cells as they develop into neurons. Thus, there may be other functions of oligosaccharides through which they could influence the cellular morphology and sensitivity to neurotrophic agents, such as NGF and basic fibroblast growth factor.
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Results |
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NGF stimulation of PC12 cells also induces secretion of the metalloprotease transin, and its release is coincidental with the neuronal differentiation (Machida et al., 1989). Therefore, to rule out the possibility that the decrease in content of high molecular weight glycopeptides (peak I) in PC12D cells might be caused by shedding from the cell surface during the metabolic labeling, the glycoproteins were separated from the spent media in which they had been grown with [3H]-glucosamine. The glycoproteins secreted into the medium were precipitated with ethanol, and the glycopeptides prepared from them were then fractionated by gel filtration on a column of Sephadex G-50 as for the membrane fraction. Although the amount of radioactivity recovered in the glycopeptides was almost the same as that of the membrane fraction, as shown in Figure 3, the radioactivity recovered in the void fraction which corresponded to peak I as shown in Figure 2, was much less than that of peak I from the membrane fraction. Furthermore, PC12D cells, the amount of radioactivity recovered in the void volume fraction was markedly reduced as compared with that of PC12 cells, even although there was less endo-ß-galactosidase-susceptible material in these void fractions (data not shown). Therefore, the reduction in the amount of high molecular weight glycopeptides (peak I) in PC12D cells as well as NGF-stimulated PC12 cells (as described below) was not due to shedding of the membrane glycoproteins from cell surface into the medium over the 2 days of culture. Thus, the decrease in the radioactivity of peak I from PC12D cells should be attributed to a decrease in the synthesis of high molecular weight oligosaccharides.
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Endo-ß-galactosidase treatment of peaks Ia, Ib, and Ic
Because the glycopeptides recovered in peak Ia were resistant to alkaline reductive ß-elimination, they appeared to be N-linked carbohydrate chains with relatively high molecular weights. This result led us assume the carbohydrate chains in peak Ia contained poly-N-acetyllactosamine. To confirm this possibility, peaks Ia, Ib, and Ic were treated with endo-ß-galactosidase and the digests fractionated on a column of Sephadex G-50. As shown in Figure 6A, peak Ia was converted into two fractions of lower molecular weights, one (the "disaccharide" fraction) was found close to where the reference disaccharide, N-acetyllactosamine, had migrated, and the other (the "core" fraction) migrated to a position between the fractions of the undigested peak Ia and the "disaccharide" fraction.
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Identification of radioactive sugars in peaks Ia and Ib
To confirm that the "core" fraction was in the core portion of the N-linked oligosaccharide, and also that the oligosaccharides of the "disaccharide" fraction had the structure of GlcNAc-Gal, the radioactive sugars in these two fractions were analyzed by paper chromatography after acid hydrolysis with 2.5 M TFA and re-acetylation with acetic anhydride (Figure 7). If the oligosaccharides in peak Ia were composed of N-glycosidic-type oligosaccharides, only GlcNAc and/or GalNAc should be detected in the "core" fraction as radioactive sugar. If those of peak Ib were O-glycosidic-type oligosaccharides, then GalNAc-ol should also be found as a sugar from the reducing end. Again, if oligosaccharides in the "disaccharides" fraction were undoubtedly the disaccharides derived from poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains, then only GlcNAc should be detected. Because the "core" and "disaccharides" fractions gave only GlcNAc as the radioactive sugar, while peak Ib gave GalNAc-ol in addition to GlcNAc, we confirmed that the glycopeptides of peak Ia were indeed N-linked oligosaccharides with poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains, and also that those of peak Ib were O-linked oligosaccharides. Table I shows the distribution of the radioactivity recovered in these two fractions ("core" and "disaccharide"). Based on the assumption that N-linked oligosaccharides with poly-N-acetyllactosamine are of a conventional structure with at least five GlcNAc residues as shown in Figure 8, we estimated the chain length of the poly-N-acetyllactosamine in peak Ia. Peak Ia from PC12 cells seems to be characterized by the presence of up to nine or more disaccharide repeating units with the structure (Galß1-4 GlcNAcß1-3)n linked to a conventional complex oligosaccharide core. Similarly, the decrease in the amount of [3H]-glucosamine incorporated in peak Ia from PC12D cells was accounted for by a lower content of carbohydrate in the core and with short poly-N-acetyllactosamine chain.
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The GT activity of PC12D cells was also the same as that of PC12 cells, and it did not vary with NGF-stimulated cells.
Figure 10 showed the reaction profile and a typical elution pattern of the reaction products from the GnT-i assay on HPLC. The substrate (Gal-Gn-Gn-PA), by-product (Gn-Gn-PA, which was produced by endogenous ß-galactosidase as the enzyme source), and the newly formed product were eluted at the retention times of 10, 8, and 13 min, respectively. The newly formed product was confirmed to be GlcNAcß1-3/4 Galß1-4 GlcNAcß1-4 GlcNAc-2-aminopyridine (Gn-Gal-Gn-Gn-PA), because ß-hexosaminidase (jack bean) converted it into Galß1-4 GlcNAcß1-4 GlcNAc-2-aminopyridine (Gal-Gn-Gn-PA), whereas endo-ß-galactosidase converted it to GlcNAc-2-aminopyridine as measured by HPLC. To determine the terminal GlcNAc linkage of this reaction product, the standard material was prepared by a large-scale enzyme reaction using a PC12 cell lysate as the source of GnT-i. The Gn-Gal-Gn-Gn-PA was collected on a ODS-80TM column (7.8 mm x 300 mm). The 1H nuclear magnetic resonance measurement with a Varian Unity spectrometer at 500 MHz revealed that the terminal GlcNAc was linked to galactose through a ß1-3 linkage (data not shown).
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The GnT-i activity found in PC12 and PC12D cells was much lower than that of other cells, which are known to synthesize or contain a large amount of poly-N-acetyllactosamine in N- and/or O-linked oligosaccharides. Malignant cell lines, such as murine lymphoma (Yousefi et al., 1991) and human B lymphoma (Higgins et al., 1991
), show activity of 880 and 1600 pmol/mg·h, respectively.
The activities of these three transferases are shown in Figure 11. The levels of GnT-V and GT activity were almost the same in PC12 and PC12D cells regardless of incubation with or without NGF. In contrast, the GnT-i activity of PC12D cells was markedly lower than that of PC12 cells, and NGF treatment reduced the activity in PC12 cells while PC12D cells showed no effect. The changes in GnT-i activity between PC12 and PC12D cells and between PC12 and NGF-stimulated PC12 cells correlated well with the changes in the poly-N-acetyllactosamine content of each cell.
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Discussion |
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PC12D cells, which have been established from rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12), extend neurites within 24 h of treatment with NGF (Katoh-Semba et al., 1987). This is quite different from the behavior of conventional PC12 cells, which extend their neurites gradually in response to NGF after a lag period of a few days. This finding, together with morphological observations (Sano et al., 1988
), means that PC12D cells can be thought of as primed cells, for they are flat in shape, as are PC12 cells that have been treated with NGF for a few days (Greene and Shooter, 1980
). A comparative study of the carbohydrate chains from PC12 and PC12D cells will give insight into the functional properties of specific oligosaccharides that may be involved in nerve cell differentiation.
Metabolic labeling and separation of cell surface glycoproteins
We characterized the carbohydrate structure of membrane glycoproteins isolated from PC12 and PC12D cells. For the purpose of this comparative study, the cells were incubated for 48 h in media containing either [3H]-glucosamine to label the carbohydrate chains, or [3H]-threonine to label the peptide chains. As a means of isolating the membrane glycoproteins quantitatively and separating them easily from other cellular proteins, we used the method of Triton X-114 phase separation. Whole cells or membranes isolated by differential centrifugation are commonly used as a starting material to characterize oligosaccharides, but the former is not always suitable for detecting minute changes in composition that may occur when only a small quantity of cell surface glycoproteins is present, because the membrane glycoproteins are removed from sight. When we tried to isolate the glycopeptides from whole cells, we could not detect any defects in carbohydrate synthesis that would led to a decrease in the high molecular weight glycopeptides from PC12D cells, in spite of the fact that a remarkable difference in the high molecular weight glycopeptides was found on Sephadex G-50. The latter method to isolate plasma membranes also made it difficult to separate the membrane quantitatively among the different cells.
High molecular weight glycopeptides containing poly-N-acetyllactosamine
The membrane glycoproteins recovered from the detergent phase were digested with pronase after delipidation, and the digests were then fractionated on Sephadex G-50. In PC12D cells, the amount of [3H]-glucosamine as well as [3H]-threonine recovered into the void volume fraction (peak I) was significantly lower than that of PC12 cells. Furthermore, in PC12D cells the radioactivity recovered in the [3H]-threonine-labeled high molecular mass glycopeptides was 45% of that of PC12 cells, whereas that of [3H]-glucosamine-labeled glycopeptides was about 25%. These results indicated that the high molecular weight glycopeptides in PC12D cells were about half as abundant as in PC12 cells and also that they had, as a whole, relatively little sugar. Furthermore, the 48-h NGF stimulation caused a decrease in these oligosaccharides from PC12 cells but not from PC12D cells. By the sequential digestion and chemical treatment of the high molecular weight glycopeptides, we found that the carbohydrate chains that we attributed to the difference between PC12 and PC12D cells were N-linked oligosaccharide with poly-N-acetyllactosamine. The oligosaccharides of interest were characterized by the presence of up to six or more disaccharide repeating units with the structure (Galß1-4GlcNAcß1-3) n linked to a conventional complex oligosaccharide core. However, their precise structure remains unknown.
Tomato lectin staining of cells before and after endo-ß-galactosidase treatment
As metabolic labeling experiments are often influenced by the turnover rate of metabolites, the amount of radioactivity does not always correctly reveal the chemical mass, even if the specific activity of [3H]-threonine-labeled glycoproteins is almost the same in PC12 and PC12D cells. To ensure that the decrease in radioactivity of high molecular weight glycopeptides in PC12D cells implies a lowered expression of poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains at the cell surface, the cells were stained with FITC-conjugated tomato lectin before and after treatment with endo-ß-galactosidase. Tomato lectin has been shown to agglutinate all human A, B, and O phenotypes equally, as well as mouse and sheep erythrocytes, and the agglutination is inhibited by oligosaccharides of GlcNAc but not the monomer itself or other monosaccharides (Nachbar et al., 1980). Therefore, the lectin should bind poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains in which the blood-type antigens are formed.
From the difference in staining intensity between nontreated cells and endo-ß-galactosidase-treated cells, we could show that the results of metabolic labeling were well reflected in the chemical mass of poly-N-acetyllactosamine bearing glycopeptides. Although we could not detect any difference in the staining intensity between PC12 and NGF-treated PC12 cells, NGF stimulation might still cause the decreased synthesis of these oligosaccharides in PC12 cells.
Enzymes that participate in the synthesis of the poly-N-acetyllactosamine chain
The comparative study of three glycosyltransferases, which have been shown to participate in the synthesis of the poly-N-acetyllactosamine chain on N-linked oligosaccharides, that is, GnT-V, GT, and GnT-i, demonstrated that in PC12D cells as well as NGF-stimulated PC12 cells the activity of GnT-i was reduced and that the changes in the activity reflected well the amount of poly-N-acetyllactosamine.
From the observation of neuritic behavior and morphology, PC12D cells are reported to resemble the "primed" PC12 cells (Katoh-Semba et al., 1987). Our results support this idea because NGF induces a decrease in the synthesis of poly-N-acetyllactosamine in PC12 cells only, and PC12D cells have already lost most of their poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains. Figure 13 shows a schematic model accounting for the relationship between the loss of poly-N-acetyllactosamine on the cell surface glycoproteins in PC12 cells and the ability to extend neurites in response to NGF. In the beginning of the process for neurite formation, cell flattening and a decrease in poly-N-acetyllactosamine are commonly observed, which are the characteristics found in PC12D cells.
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By contrast, the specific activity of GnT-i in PC12 and PC12D cells (131, 43 pmol/h·mg, respectively) was remarkably lower than that of transformed cells (i.e., 770 pmol/h·mg from immortalized rat2 fibroblasts, and 880 pmol/h·mg from benign SP1 mammary carcinoma; Yousefi et al., 1991). Although van den Eijnden et al. (1988)
have shown that linear sugar chains with N-acetyllactosamine residues in their nonreducing termini, such as Galß1-4 GlcNAcß1-6 Man, and Galß1-4 GlcNAc, as well as lactose, were three or four times less effective as acceptors than those containing the Galß1-4 GlcNAcß1-2(Galß1-4 GlcNAcß1-6) Man pentasaccharide sequence as a structural element, the low specific activities found in PC12 and PC12D cells were not merely due to differences in the substrate used (Galß-4 GlcNAcß1-4 GlcNAc-2-aminopyridine) for our assay. The GnT-i activities between PC12 and PC12D cells with or without treatment with NGF correlated well with the amount of high molecular weight glycopeptides containing poly-N-acetyllactosamine; for this reason, we suggest that GnT-i catalyzes a rate-limiting reaction in the expression of poly-N-acetyllactosamine in PC12 and PC12D cells.
Possible role of poly-N-acetyllactosamine
Poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains have been shown to exist on the surface of a variety of animal cells, including rat (Matsumoto et al., 1982), rabbit (Egge et al., 1985
), and human erythrocytes (Koscielak et al., 1976
; Feizi, 1981b
; Fukuda et al., 1984
); human leukocytes (Childs et al., 1983
; Maemura and Fukuda, 1992
); normal and malignant granulocytes (Fukuda et al., 1985a
); malignant human colon (Ito et al., 1996
); PC12 cells; and rat sympathetic neurons (Margolis et al., 1986
). They are present as i-antigens, which are associated with N- and/or O-linked oligosaccharides. They are also carried on ABH and Lewis blood group determinant X (stage-specific embryonic antigen) (Watkins, 1980
; Spooncer et al., 1984
; Feizi, 1985
), and LeY and sialyl LeX haptenic structures at their nonreducing termini (Fukuda et al., 1985b
). It was also shown that the transition of linear (i-active) to branching (I-active) poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains takes place during the development of erythrocytes (Koscielak et al., 1979
) and the differentiation of murine leukemia cells (Kannagi et al., 1983
). The carbohydrate structures constructed from poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains are well known to serve as ligands for cell adhesion molecules, such as selectins in endothelial cells and platelets (Sharon and Lis, 1989
, 1993; Edelman and Crossin, 1991
). The common feature of these ligands originates from the structure of the N-acetyllactosamine backbone, being either type 1 (Galß1-3 GlcNAc) or type 2 (Galß1-4 GlcNAc) chains. Most of the cells that express poly-N-acetyllactosamine on their cell surface appear to undergo dispersion to prevent them from adhering to each other or to other cells. The poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains obtain the ability to serve as recognition and cell adhesion molecules once they are modified once by sugars or some unknown factor.
As far as the development of sympathetic nerve cells is concerned, it has been shown that the cells disperse or migrate from the neural crest and travel along the supporting cell layers to where they differentiate into neurons. Therefore, the changes in poly-N-acetyllactosamine content could exert an influence on these phenomena in the process of nerve cell differentiation. In the case of growing olfactory axions, an endogenous lactosamine-binding lectin in non-neuronal cells may mediate their fasciculation by cross-linking adjacent cell membrane via the lactosamine-containing glycolipids (Mahanthappa et al., 1994). Recently, Puche and Key (1996)
have shown that solidified N-acetyllactosamine on substratum strongly promoted neural outgrowth of primary olfactory neurons.
Poly-N-acetyllactosamine bearing glycoproteins in nerve cells
There are three well-characterized receptor molecules (e.g., neuronal cell adhesion molecule, N-cadherin, and NILE glycoprotein or L1) that exist at the surface of neural cells. These are known recognized to function as adhesion molecules to support neurite outgrowth. It is believed that the homophilic binding of these molecules between nerve cells themselves and between nerve cells and nonneuronal cells, such as muscle cells, astrocytes, and Schwann cells, stimulates the cell migration and neurite formation by activating a second messenger pathway. NGF increased the large external (NILE) glycoprotein in rat neurons and PC12 cells, and the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (L1) in mouse nerve cells, as well as G4 in chicken, which contain several poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains (Stallcup et al., 1985).
Neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells begins with the binding of growth factors to their receptors. The process of differentiation to fully differentiated neural cells is very complex and requires a few days. Poly-N-acetyllactosamine may be involved in the early stages of nerve cell differentiation, such as cell-migration and cellcell interaction, rather than tropic interaction and signal transduction.
The results of fluorography, together with a previous report (Margolis et al., 1986), have revealed that most of the membrane glycoproteins from PC12 and PC12D cells were present as a smear band ranging from 60 kDa to 160 kDa on SDSPAGE. When the membrane glycoproteins were treated with endo-ß-galactosidase, they were converted into several distinct bands with molecular weight of 82, 60, 32, and 29 kDa (unpublished data), suggesting that there were several poly-N-acetyllactosamine-bearing glycoproteins in addition to NILE glycoprotein in PC12 cells.
There is some evidence that NGF may stimulate glycoprotein synthesis immediately after treatment in PC12 cells. For example, McGuire et al. (1978) and Margolis et al. (1986)
showed that a large increase (three- to fivefold) was observed in the synthesis of cell surface glycoproteins with an apparent molecular weight of 230 kDa (NILE glycoprotein). McGuire and Greene (1979)
also found that NGF selectively increased the capacity of PC12 cells to synthesize a minor cell protein with a molecular weight of 80 kDa. However, we could not detect such bands on fluorogram in either the membrane glycoproteins (detergent phase) or aqueous phase of both in NGF-treated PC12 and PC12D cells, although the radioactivity detected close to the top of the gel appeared to be somewhat intensified in case of NGF-treated PC12 cells as shown in Figure 1. This discrepancy may be due to the different conditions for metabolic labeling. McGuire et al. (1978)
and Margolis et al. (1986)
used PC12 cells that had been cultured for 10 or 12 days in the presence of NGF at a concentration of 50 ng/ml, and this was followed by a 72- or 48-h incubation with 3H-glucosamine to label the glycoprotein, respectively. In contrast to theirs, the PC12 and PC12D cells in our experiment were metabolically labeled for 48 h with 3H-glucosamine immediately after the addition of 100 ng/ml of NGF, and thus PC12D cells would have finished their neurite formation within the incubation time. These results indicate that the majority of membrane glycoproteins for which NGF treatment could influence the structure of their carbohydrate chains would be constitutive glycoproteins rather than induced, and also that the decrease in synthesis of the poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains in these glycoproteins occurs prior to the expression of NILE glycoprotein and the 80-kDa molecular weight protein.
It should be noted that most of the glycopeptides with a high molecular weight (peak I) both in PC12 and PC12D cells were susceptible to treatment with endo-ß-galactosidase, and converted into only two fractions, that is, core oligosaccharide and disaccharide. Because highly branched or highly sulfated poly-N-acetyllactosamine, and those that contained only a limit number of N-acetyllactosamine repeats, are relatively resistant to endo-ß-galactosidase digestion (Fukuda et al., 1978; Scudder et al., 1984
), the majority of poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains found in PC12 and PC12D cells may have no such structural features. A recent paper has shown that the oligosaccharides with poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains in PC12 cells had considerable amounts of fucose residues in their chains (Kojima et al., 1993
).
It is well known that the formation of the nervous system during development depends on cell lineage, inductive and trophic interactions between cells, target-derived and target-independent navigational cues, specific cellcell recognition, and ongoing activity-dependent refinement of connections (Nicholls et al., 1992). A number of questions arise about morphogenesis during the formation of the nerve system. How do the neuroblasts migrate to their correct destinations where they are destined to differentiate? How do the cells stay there? How do the cells extend their axons? How do the neurites find their target? Answers to these questions may come from studies on the function of poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains and their glycoproteins.
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Materials and methods |
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Metabolic labeling of membrane glycoproteins
PC12 and PC12D cells were cultured at 37°C in 100-mm plastic dishes (Falcon, Plymouth, UK) with Dulbeccos modified Eagles medium (high glucose) containing with 10% horse serum, 5% fetal bovine serum, and antibiotics (12 units/ml of penicillin and 12 µg/ml of streptomycin). Metabolic labeling was carried out in the presence of either [3H]-glucosamine or [3H]-threonine for 48 h at a concentration of 10 µCi/ml to label the carbohydrate chains or the polypeptide portion of glycoproteins, respectively. Whenever NGF was used, it was added at a concentration of 100 ng/ml at the same time as the metabolic labeling was set up. After the incubation, the cells were scraped out from the dishes with a rubber policeman and then washed with 0.15 M NaCl three times, each time followed by a centrifugation at 200 x g for 5 min. Next, the cells were solubilized by homogenization with a sonicator in a medium comprising 10 mM TrisHCl buffer, pH 7.4, containing 1% Triton X-114, 0.15M NaCl, 1 mM Na2EDTA, 0.02 mM aminophenylmethylsulfonylfluoride and 1 mM benzamidine hydrochloride. After centrifugation of the homogenate at 10,000 x g for 30 min, the supernatants were subjected to phase separation to obtain the plasma membrane proteins according to the method of Bordeir (1981).
Preparation of glycopeptides
The membrane proteins separated in the detergent phase were precipitated by adding four volumes of ethanol. The precipitates were then washed with 80% ethanol twice and 100% ethanol once, before a chloroform:methanol (2:1) mixture added to remove the lipid. For the pronase digestion, the residue was suspended in 0.1 M borate buffer, pH 8.0, containing 10 mM calcium acetate. The pronase P (actinase E) was then added to the suspension at the ratio of 1 part enzyme to 75 parts of membrane protein, and the mixture incubated for 3 days at 37°C (Yamauchi et al., 1968). The glycopeptides derived from the membrane glycoproteins were sequential fractionated on a column of Sephadex G-25 and G-50 as described previously (Fukui et al., 1981
, 1991).
Characterization of oligosaccharide chains
To hydrolyze the glycosidic linkage with terminal sialic acid, the glycopeptides were digested with neuraminidase (A. ureafaciens). After the free sialic acid had been removed by gel filtration on a column of Sephadex G-25 (1 cm x 44 cm) equilibrated with 0.05 M pyridine-acetic acid buffer, pH 5.0, the glycopeptides were then treated with 0.4 units of chondroitinase ABC in 50 mM TrisHCl buffer, pH 8.0, at 37°C for 2 h to degrade proteoglycans that might have contaminated the detergent phase. The digests were subjected to gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 to remove the unsaturated disaccharides derived from chondroitinsulfate and hyauronic acid (Fukui et al., 1981). The residual glycopeptides were then treated with 2.5% nitrous acid to degrade heparansulfate (Lagunoff and Warren, 1962
), and the degraded carbohydrate chains were removed by gel filtration in the manner described above. To release O-linked oligosaccharides, the glycopeptides were subjected to reductive alkaline ß-elimination (0.05 M NaOH and 1 M sodium borohydride at 45°C) according to the method of Carlson (1968)
. After a 16-h incubation, 1 M acetic acid solution was added to terminate the reaction. The reaction mixture was then applied to a column of Sephadex G-50 (1 cm x 61 cm) to separate the O-linked oligosaccharides from the N-linked carbohydrate bearing high molecular weight glycopeptides. To confirm the existence of poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains in these glycopeptides, they were treated with endo-ß-galactosidase (E. freundii) in 0.2 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.8, for 16 h at 37°C in the presence of one drop of toluene. The reaction mixtures were then applied to a column of Sephadex G-50. To identify the radioactive sugars in the separated oligosaccharides, each oligosaccharide was treated with 2.5 M trifluoroacetic acid at 100°C for 6 h. After re-N-acetylation according to the method of Suzuki et al. (1991)
, the monosaccharides were separated by paper chromatography using borate-impregnated paper according to the method of Rajilo and Renkonen (1981)
.
Determination of enzyme activity for GnT-V
GnT-V activity was assayed according to the method of Nishikawa et al. (1990) as follows. To prepare the enzyme source for GnT-V, the PC12 and PC12D cells were homogenized with a sonicator in four volumes of 10 mM TrisHCl buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.25 M sucrose and 1% Triton X-100. The homogenates were centrifuged at 900 x g for 10 min to remove nuclear and cell debris. The supernatants were then used as an enzyme source. The reaction mixture comprised 250 mM MES buffer, pH 6.25, containing 80 mM UDP-GlcNAc, 20 mM EDTA, 400 mM N-acetylglucosamine, and 1% Triton X-100. To 25 µl of this solution we added 10 µl of 400 pM of fluorescence-labeled sugar substrate [(GlcNAcß1-2(GlcNAcß1-4) Man
1-3(GlcNAcß1-2 Man
1-6)-Manß1-4 GlcNAcß1-4 GlcNAc-2-aminopyridine (Gn,Gn-bi-PA for short)], and 15 µl of the enzyme source. The assay mixture was incubated at 37°C for 4 h. After the reaction had been terminated by heating to 100°C for 2 min, the reaction tubes were centrifuged at 10,000 x g for 10 min. The supernatants were applied to a TSKgel ODS-80TM column (4.6 mm x 150 mm) that had been equilibrated with 0.1 M acetate buffer, pH 4.0, containing 0.15 % n-butyl alcohol. The pyridylaminated products of this reaction were separated with a linear concentration gradient from 0.15% to 0.45% n-butyl alcohol for 30 min at 55°C with a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min. Fluorescence of the column eluates was detected with a spectrophotometer using excitation and emission wavelengths of 320 nm and 400 nm, respectively.
Determination of enzyme activity for GnT-i
As a substrate compound that gives an accurate measurement of GnT-i activity, we prepared the fluorescence-labeled oligosaccharide Galß1-4 GlcNAcß1-4 GlcNAc-2-aminopyridine (Gal-Gn-Gn-PA for short) that has the N-acetyllactosamine structure at its nonreducing terminal. To produce Gal-Gn-Gn-PA, we made GlcNAcß1-4 GlcNAc-2-aminopyridine (Gn-Gn-PA) from N-acetylchitobiose using the method of Hase et al. (1984). To provide a N-acetyllactosamine structure in the nonreducing terminal of Gn-Gn-PA, the terminal GlcNAc residue was substituted with galactose using UDP-galactose and ß1-4 galactosyltransferase according to the method of Holt and Hart (1986)
.
To assay the enzyme activity, we used a solution that was made up of 500 mM MES buffer, pH 7.40, containing 160 mM UDP-GlcNAc, 30 mM MnCl2, 800 mM N-acetylglucosamine, and 2% Triton X-100. To 25 µl of this solution we added 10 µl of 400 pM fluorescence-labeled sugar substrate (Gal-Gn-Gn-PA) and 15 µl of the enzyme source prepared as described above. The assay mixture was then incubated at 37°C for 3 h, before being heated at 100°C for 2 min to terminate the reaction. After centrifugation at 10,000 r.p.m. for 5 min, the supernatants were applied to a TSKgel ODS-80TM column (4.6 mm x 150 mm) equilibrated with 0.1 M acetate buffer, pH 4.0, containing 0.025% n-butyl alcohol. The pyridylaminated products of this reaction were separated with a linear concentration gradient of 0.025% to 0.225% n-butyl alcohol for 30 min at 55°C with a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min. Detection and measurement of fluorescence-labeled products were carried out as stated for GnT-V.
FITC-conjugated tomato lectin staining of cells
PC12 and PC12D cells were seeded in a chamber slide that had been coated with 0.01 mg/ml of L-polylysine. After 48 h cultivation, the cells were prefixed in 0.05 M sodium cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2, containing 1% paraformaldehyde, 0.0125% glutaraldehyde, 0.1 M sucrose, 0.05 M CaCl2, and 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone for 1 h at 4°C, and then postfixed with 95% ethanol for 24 h at 4°C. After fixation, the cells were rinsed once with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 10 mM glycine and twice with PBS alone. To block nonspecific binding, the cells were incubated in PBS containing 1% bovine serum albumin and 0.05% Tween 20 for 1 h at room temperature. The cell cultures were divided into halves, and one was treated with 0.1 units/ml of endo-ß-galactosidase for 2 h before FITC-conjugated tomato lectin staining, and the other was treated with buffer alone. The difference in the staining intensity between the two shows the amount of poly-N-acetyllactosamine on the cell surface qualitatively, but not quantitatively. The cells were treated with FITC-conjugated tomato lectin at 5 µg/ml in PBS containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin. After incubation for 1 h in the dark, the cells were washed three times in PBS and mounted in a solution of PBS containing 10% glycerin before being viewed with a Nikon fluorescent microscope.
SDSPAGE
The membrane glycoproteins recovered in the detergent phase fractions were precipitated by adding four volumes of cold ethyl alcohol. After the precipitates had been washed once with 80% ethyl alcohol, they were dissolved in SDSPAGE sample buffer. The SDSPAGE was performed in 10% polyacrylamide gels according to the procedure described by Laemmli (1970). Fluorography to detect radioactive membrane glycoproteins which had been metabolically labeled with [3H]-glucosamine was carried out according to the method of Bonner and Laskey (1974)
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2 To whom correspondence should be addressed
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