Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Gasthuisberg, Herestrat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
Received December 18, 2003; revised May 3, 2004; accepted July 1, 2004 * Corresponding author. Tel.: +32 16 344235; fax: +32 16 344240 (E-mail: werner.budts{at}uz.kuleuven.ac.be).
This paper was guest edited by Prof. M.A. Gatzoulis, Royal Brompton Hospital, UK
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Abstract |
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METHODS: In 21 consecutive patients, total pulmonary vascular resistance (TPR) was measured at baseline, after 5 min iNO (80 ppm), and after NO withdrawal. Patients were considered responders when TPR was reduced by at least 20% during NO inhalation or when TPR increased by more than 10% after NO withdrawal. Responders and non-responders were followed prospectively and the primary endpoint of the study was cardiopulmonary death, the secondary endpoint the combination of death, need for treatment with prostacyclin or heartlung transplantation. KaplanMeier survival curves for both groups were plotted and compared using log rank testing.
RESULTS: Ten patients were considered responders (four male, median age 25 years, Q1 19 and Q3 66 years), while 11 patients did not respond (two male, median age 27 years, Q1 18 and Q3 40 years). The median follow-up time of the total group was 5.0 years (Q1 3.2 and Q3 5.7 years). Four of the non-responders died a cardiovascular death; none of the responders died. The difference in survival between responders and non-responders was statistically significant. For the secondary endpoint, no significant differences were found between both groups.
CONCLUSIONS: The responsiveness to inhaled NO in adult patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and/or the Eisenmenger syndrome is related to mid-term outcome. These findings might be important for risk stratification and the choice of treatment in this specific patient population.
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Introduction |
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Although the main goal in congenital heart disease is to preserve a low pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary arterial hypertension is not uncommon in adult congenital heart disease patients. When irreversible pulmonary arterial hypertension has developed, corrective surgery is no longer a therapeutic option. Therefore, optimal palliation is usually necessary to stabilize the physical status and to bridge heartlung transplantation.24 Selective pulmonary vasodilators, including prostacyclin, endothelin receptor antagonists, and sildenafil may be used to prevent further increase in pulmonary vascular resistance.58 Accurate survival information of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension is important for further optimal therapeutic management.
The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine whether residual pulmonary vascular responsiveness to inhaled nitric oxide is predictive of mid-term survival in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and/or the Eisenmenger syndrome.
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Methods |
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Haemodynamic measurements
The protocols of NO inhalation and the catheterization procedure to obtain the haemodynamic measurements were previously reported.9 Briefly, pulmonary and systemic haemodynamic variables were measured at baseline, at the end of five minutes inhalation of 80 parts per million (ppm) NO and after recovery from 80 ppm NO inhalation. Total pulmonary vascular resistance (TPR) [mean pulmonary artery pressure (mean PAP) divided by cardiac output (CO)], was calculated for each time point. After the procedure the patients were divided into responders and non-responders. A responder was defined as a patient in whom TPR decreased more than 20% after inhalation of 80 ppm NO or increased more than 10% after NO withdrawal compared to baseline TPR.
Cardiac medication was discontinued the day before and immediately restarted after the haemodynamic measurements. Warfarin intake was discontinued for 45 days before the heart catheterization.
Outcome
All 21 patients were followed prospectively until April 2003. The clinical outcome data were based on the most recently available medical records. These data and the basic characteristics were compared between responders and non-responders. Cardiovascular death was defined as the primary endpoint of the study. Secondary endpoints were heartlung transplantation or treatment with any type of a selective pulmonary vascular vasodilator (prostacyclin).
Statistical analysis
An original sample size of 41 subjects was calculated with a power of 80% for a two-sided type I error of 0.05. Follow-up time was scheduled for 10 years. The corresponding survival rates of the non-responder and responder group were estimated at 40% and 90%, respectively. Data analysis was performed halfway through the study (21 patients included, follow-up time of 5 years). Descriptive statistics were used to characterize patients and follow-up characteristics. Continuous variables with normal distribution were presented as mean (standard deviation). Median (first Q1 and third Q3 quartile) was used when normal distribution was absent. Repeated ANOVA was used to evaluate changes in the pulmonary haemodynamic characteristics of the entire study group at different time points (before, during, and after NO inhalation). The baseline characteristics between responders and non-responders were compared using the two-sided Student t-test, the 2 test, and the two-sided MannWhitney U test. Bonferroni correction was applied in case of multiple testing. The patients' outcome was displayed by a KaplanMeier survival curve. Log rank testing was performed to evaluate differences in outcome between responders and non-responders. P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed by using GB Stat software (version 8.0, Dynamic Microsystems, Inc).
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Results |
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The pre-defined primary endpoint of cardiovascular death occurred in four patients, all non-responders. Treatment with prostacyclin was given in six patients, equally split over both groups: three in the responder and another three in the non-responder group. Two patients, one responder and one non-responder, both initially treated with prostacyclin, underwent a heartlung transplantation.
The median event-free time interval between the catheterization and the occurrence of the primary endpoint in the non-responder group was 3.9 years (Q1 1.8 and Q3 5.9 years) and in the responders 5.4 years (Q1 3.5 and Q3 5.7 years). Survival rate was 100% for the responders and 63.6% for the non-responders at 76 months of follow-up (P=0.04) (Fig. 1).
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Finally, we wanted to evaluate the outcome of those patients who received only palliative treatment. There were eight non-responders and seven responders after exclusion of all patients who received prostacyclin or underwent heartlung transplantation. The median survival interval between the catheterization and the occurrence of cardiovascular death was 2.8 years (Q1 0.6 and Q3 5.9 years) for the non-responders and 5.5 years (Q1 5.0 and Q3 6.0 years) for the responders. Survival rates of 50.0% and 100% at 76 months of follow-up for the non-responders and responders, respectively, were recorded (P=0.04).
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Discussion |
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Pulmonary arterial hypertension is characterized by imbalances between vasoconstricting and vasodilating mediators. Impaired production of NO, a potent endothelium-derived vasodilator, is strongly related to pulmonary arterial hypertension.10,11 Despite impaired NO production, residual responsiveness to inhaled NO was documented in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension and simple congenital heart defects.12,13 Moreover, the presence of residual pulmonary vasoreactivity has a proven predictive value for subsequent selective vasodilator therapy.1416 Because risk stratification and accurate survival information of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension are important for optimal therapeutic management, we evaluated pulmonary vascular responsiveness in adult patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and congenital heart defects of varying complexity.
Several methodological issues need careful consideration in this small patient population when evaluating the prognostic information. First, we needed to reliably and reproducibly detect residual pulmonary vasoreactivity in this group of patients. We used a thermistor technique for continuous cardiac output measurement and could demonstrate residual pulmonary vasoreactivity in 29% and 35% of the patients during and after cessation of 80 ppm NO inhalation, respectively.9
Second, we had to define pulmonary vascular responsiveness to acute vasodilator challenges. There is an ongoing debate on the definition of responsiveness in this context. In the present study a greater than 20% reduction of total pulmonary resistance was defined as responsiveness to NO and this was based on previously reported observations.17,18 However, the 10% increase in TPR to describe rebound responsiveness following cessation of inhaled NO was an arbitrarily chosen cut-off point. Unfortunately, there are no "clinical definitions" in the literature that describe rebound responsiveness, although the phenomenon per se reflects residual modulation of pulmonary vascular tone.
Third, the study population was by definition inhomogeneous as both simple and complex defects were included. Yet, in all except one patient the trigger for the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension was the high output across the pulmonary vasculature. In addition, simple and complex heart defects were equally distributed in both responders and non-responders. Therefore, these observations suggest that the responsiveness to inhaled NO, rather than the complexity of the underlying heart defect, was related to mid-term outcome. Moreover, due to the small numbers of patients in each group there was no statistically significant difference in any single characteristic between responders and non-responders. However, responders tended to have a somewhat higher body mass index, a higher systemic blood pressure, and a lower pulmonary artery pressure. Responders also tended to be less hypoxic and have less "heavy" medication at inclusion. Taken together, we therefore suspect that the non-responder group had a more advanced stage of disease with subsequently poorer prognosis, although this was not statistically proven.
Although chronic administration of vasodilators (prostacylin, endothelin receptor antagonists, sildenafil) has been shown to improve functional status, exercise capacity, pulmonary haemodynamics, and even survival in patients with pulmonary hypertension,7,8,19,20 their long-term effect in congenital heart disease remains unknown. The only definitive treatment for patients with irreversible pulmonary hypertension or the Eisenmenger syndrome is lung transplantation with repair of the cardiac defect or combined heartlung transplantation.21,22 The optimal timing for transplantation remains very difficult, as no specific guidelines are available.22 Moreover, clinical experience indicates that even in the absence of criteria for poor prognosis, outcome may be limited. The positive correlation between responsiveness to inhaled NO and mid-term survival in the present study may therefore also suggest that this parameter may be helpful in the decision process of transplantation.
As an important caveat, however, we realize that in addition to the heterogeneous study population and the methodological concerns, inclusion in the study was limited to patients who visited the outpatient clinic or who were hospitalized for cardiac or non-cardiac reasons. The latter may represent a selection bias and prohibit generalization of our findings. Prospective larger trials are required to address these important remaining questions.
In summary, responsiveness to inhaled NO in adult patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and/or the Eisenmenger syndrome is related to mid-term outcome. Residual pulmonary vasoreactivity may be a valuable tool in risk stratification and in choosing specific treatment options for these patients.
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References |
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