Division of Cardiology, Sakurabashi Watanabe Hospital, 2-4-32 Umeda, Kita-ku, Osaka 530-0001, Japan
Received December 6, 2003; revised June 5, 2004; accepted June 10, 2004 * Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-6-6341-8651; fax: +81-6-6341-0785 (E-mail: itomd{at}osk4.3web.ne.jp).
See page 1480 for the editorial comment on this article (doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2004.06.029)
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Abstract |
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METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed intracoronary myocardial contrast echocardiography after successful primary coronary intervention in the 94 patients with first, anterior wall infarction. Coronary blood flow in the left anterior descending artery was detected with transthoracic Doppler echocardiography within 24 h after reperfusion in 83 patients (88.3%). Twenty-two patients with the no-reflow had significantly lower systolic peak velocity (5.1±4.2 vs. 8.1±6.2 cm/s, p=0.04), higher diastolic peak velocity (38.2±10.3 vs. 30.8±15.7 cm/s; p=0.04), and shorter diastolic deceleration time (134±41 vs. 424±202 ms; p<0.0001) than those with good-reflow. Systolic flow reversal was more frequently observed in those with no-reflow (18.2% vs. 3.3%, p=0.02). Diastolic deceleration time <185 ms detected the no-reflow with far higher sensitivity/specificity (95.5%/95.1%) than TIMI frame count (45.5%/91.8%), ST resolution (54.5%/73.8%) and creatinine kinase-MB (54.5%/88.5%).
CONCLUSION: Analysing coronary blood flow pattern can detect the no-reflow after anterior infarction better than other angiographic, electrocardiographic and enzymatic modalities.
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Introduction |
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The Doppler guidewire study demonstrated that the no-reflow is associated with characteristic coronary blood flow velocity pattern;5 systolic flow reversal, reduced systolic antegrade flow and rapid deceleration of diastolic flow velocity. Recent technological advancement has made it possible to measure coronary flow velocity in the left anterior descending artery non-invasively with the transthoracic Doppler technique.69 In the present study, we investigate the ability of measuring coronary blood flow with transthoracic Doppler technique to assess the no-reflow after anterior wall infarction, and compared it to those of other angiographic, electrocardiographic and enzymatic indices.
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Methods |
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Protocol
Just after the admission, we recorded a 12-lead electrocardiogram and two-dimensional echocardiogram using a commercially available echocardiography SONOS 5500 with S3 transducer (image frequency 24 MHz) on harmonic fusion mode (Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA, USA). Each patient received aspirin (243 mg) at least 30 min before coronary intervention. After the intravenous heparin injection (100 U/kg), we performed left and right coronary angiography and left ventriculography using the femoral approach with Judkins' technique. We performed primary coronary intervention to achieve residual diameter stenosis of <25%. Then we performed myocardial contrast echocardiography with intracoronary injection of 2 mL of sonicated Ioxaglate (Hexabrix-320, Tanabe, Tokyo, Japan) using SONOS 100CS (Philips Medical Systems: image frequency 2.5 MHz, frame rate 21 Hz) as previously reported.1,3,10
We recorded coronary flow velocity spectrum in the coronary care unit within 24 h (mean time 18.0±4.9 h) after reperfusion with an ultra-wide band frequency transducer (712 MHz) installed on the SONOS 5500.11 We placed the transducer approximately along the midclavicular line in the fourth to fifth intercostal spaces. At first, we obtained a short axis of the left ventricular apex and of the anterior groove. Then, we searched coronary flow signals in the left anterior descending artery under the guidance of colour Doppler flow mapping (Fig. 1). The transducer was rotated counterclockwise to obtain the best long-axis colour view. When a diastolic flow was recognised in the anterior groove area, it was brought into the centre of the ultrasound field by angling laterally and slightly above the central ray of the scan plane. We placed a sample volume (5x2.5 mm) on the colour signal in the distal portion of coronary artery to record coronary flow velocity using the pulsed Doppler. Only when the Doppler incident angle was greater than 30°, we made an angle correction. We repeated the two-dimensional echocardiographic examination 4 weeks later.
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Analysis of echocardiographic data
An independent observer, blinded to patients' data, evaluated the wall motion of 16 myocardial segments12 in echocardiograms on admission and at the follow-up study. The wall thickening of each myocardial segment was scored as follows: 4=dyskinesia, 3=akinesia, 2=severe hypokinesia, 1=hypokinesia and 0=normokinesia or hyperkinesia. We defined the risk area as myocardial segments showing dyskinesia, akinesia or severe hypokinesia on admission. Wall motion score was calculated as the sum of the scores within the risk area. We calculated left ventricular ejection fraction using the Teicholz method.
Two experienced echocardiographers analysed myocardial contrast echocardiograms to determine the presence of the no-reflow phenomenon. We defined the no-reflow zone as a contrast perfusion defect within the risk area in apical 2- and/or 4-chamber images at end-diastole. We quantified the area of no-reflow as a ratio to the risk area by measuring corresponding endocardial length.1,3 Myocardial reperfusion was considered the no-reflow phenomenon when the ratio exceeded 25%, which is a good cut-off point to assess the patients with poor clinical and functional prognosis1,3,10 although it may be somewhat arbitrary. We have reported the reproducibility of measuring the size of contrast defect previously.1
Analysis of coronary angiography
Two experienced interventional cardiologists, blinded to patients' data, analysed the coronary angiograms to determine the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade and TIMI flow count, the frame count required for dye to first opacify a standard distal landmark,13 in the culprit artery after coronary intervention. Collateral channels were graded according to the report by Rentrop,14 and good collateral was defined as grade 2 or 3.
Analysis of electrocardiography
An experienced cardiologist, blinded to patients' data, analysed electrocardiograms recorded upon hospital admission and 60 min after coronary intervention procedure. The sum of ST-segment elevation 20 ms after the J point was calculated and compared with that on admission. Resolution of more than 70% of ST-elevation was considered as the electrographic sign of successful myocardial perfusion.15
Statistics
All data are expressed as mean±SD. We made multiple comparisons by one-way ANOVA and significance of difference was calculated with Scheffe's F post hoc test. We compared categorical variables by using the 2 test. We analysed the relations between numerical variables with linear regression analysis with Pearson's correlation co-efficient. To analyse the predictive value of variables, we constructed receiver operating characteristic curves with MedCalc 7.2 (MedCalc Software) and determined the suitable cut-off point where sensitivity is nearly equal to specificity as possible. Area under the curve±standard error in the receiver operating characteristic curve was also determined as a scalar measure of performance independent of the decision criterion. Differences were considered significant at p<0.05 (two-sided). We performed multiple imputation of missing data with NORM version 2 (Schafer, JL, 1999, Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University) with the assumption that the missing values were "missing at random" in the sense defined by the statistics. NORM uses the multivariate normal distribution model as a probability model on the complete data. Other statistical analyses were performed with StatView 5.0 (SAS Institute, Heidelberg, Germany).
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Results |
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Twenty five patients (26.6%) showed the no-reflow phenomenon on myocardial contrast echocardiogram, and the remaining 69 patients were classified as good-reflow. The patient with no-reflow had higher peak creatinine kinase-MB (258±139 vs. 149±106, p=0.003), and higher wall motion score on admission (15±6 vs. 11±6, p=0.008) and on follow-up echocardiography (19±4 vs. 15±5, p=0.008) than those with good-reflow. Recovery one score in wall motion score was observed in 58 patients (84%) in those with good-reflow, but only in 15 patients (60%) with no-reflow (p=0.03). The patients with good-reflow also showed better ejection fraction on admission and at the follow-up study than those with no-reflow (Table 1). At the follow-up study, ejection fraction less than 40% was observed in eight (32%) in the no-reflow arm, but only in three (4%) in the good-reflow arm (p=0.0009).
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Coronary flow velocity pattern and the no-reflow phenomenon
We obtained reliable coronary flow velocity spectrums in 83 out of 94 study patients (88.3%) (Fig. 1). Systolic antegrade flow was observed in 15 patients with no-reflow (68.2%) and 46 patients with good-reflow (75.4%, p=0.51). The no-reflow arm showed significantly lower systolic peak velocity (5.1±4.2 vs. 8.1±6.2 cm/s, respectively; p=0.04), higher diastolic peak velocity (38.2±10.3 vs. 30.8±15.7 cm/s; p=0.04) and shorter diastolic deceleration time (133±41 vs. 423±203 ms; p<0.0001) than the good-reflow arm (Table 2). Systolic flow reversal was observed in four patients with no-reflow (18.2%) and two with good-reflow (3.3%; p=0.02).
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Assessment of the no-reflow phenomenon
The ability of coronary flow velocity parameters to predict the no-reflow phenomenon was assessed with the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis (Table 3). The area under the curve of deceleration time was 0.96±0.02 (Fig. 2). Using 185 ms as the suitable cut-off point determined with the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, deceleration time could detect the no-reflow phenomenon with 95.5% sensitivity and 95.1% specificity. The areas under the curve of systolic and diastolic peak velocity were only 0.63±0.07 and 0.70±0.07, respectively, and they were smaller than that of deceleration time (p<0.0001). Using 6.7cm/s as the cut-off point, systolic peak velocity detected the no-reflow with only 72.7% sensitivity and 57.4% specificity. Also 28.5 cm/s of diastolic peak velocity detected it with 81.8% sensitivity and 55.7% specificity. The appearance of systolic flow reversal detected it only with 18.2% sensitivity but 96.7% specificity.
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Among the 83 patients in whom coronary flow pattern was recorded, ST resolution was observed at 60 min after reperfusion in 45 patients with good-reflow and in 10 patients with no-reflow (p=0.02). Absence of ST resolution detected the no-reflow with only 54.5% sensitivity and 73.8% specificity. Peak creatinine kinase-MB value detected the no-reflow with 54.5% sensitivity and 88.5% specificity when 243 IU/L was used as the cut-off point. The area under the curve of peak creatinine kinase-MB was 0.75±0.06, which was significantly smaller than that of diastolic deceleration time (p=0.001) (Table 3). A peak creatinine kinase-MB was observed within 15 h after coronary reperfusion in 56 patients (92%) with good-reflow, and in 19 patients (86%) with no-reflow (p=0.74).
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Discussion |
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The ability of coronary flow pattern to detect the no-reflow phenomenon
Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography has a limited ability to detect systolic coronary flow velocity even with contrast enhancement.5,7 Antegrade systolic flow was detected in only 61 out of 83 patients (73.4%) in the present study. We could not determine whether the absence of systolic flow in each case was due to systolic flow reduction related with the no-reflow5 or due to technical limitations. Systolic flow reversal would be more difficult to detect than antegrade systolic flow, because it transiently appears in the pre-systole or in the early systole.5 These technical limitations mean that, with systolic peak velocity and the systolic flow reversal, transthoracic Doppler echocardiography fails to detect the no-reflow with sufficient accuracy.
A Doppler guidewire study demonstrated that coronary flow reserve, measured 24 h after coronary intervention, assessed no-reflow after infarction.17 Although the transthoracic Doppler technique can measure coronary flow reserve reliably,7 the present study has demonstrated that it could assess no-reflow with excellent accuracy even without unnecessary pharmacological stress.
Prior Doppler echocardiography studies demonstrated that the patients showing TIMI 3 flow at the early stage of myocardial infarction had higher peak diastolic velocity than those with TIMI 2 flow or worse infarction.18,19 In these reports, coronary blood flow was measured before coronary angiography and intervention,19 or coronary intervention was performed only in a small fraction of the subjects.18 In these cases, significant stenosis might remain at the culprit lesion in those showing TIMI flow 2 and it would attenuate diastolic peak velocity more than systolic peak velocity.20 Diastolic coronary flow did not show attenuation in the patients with no-reflow in the present study because of the absence of significant residual stenosis.
The myocardial contrast echocardiography studies revealed that the no-reflow occurs in about 30% of the patients showing TIMI-3 flow after coronary intervention.2,10,21,22 TIMI flow grade was low sensitivity and high specificity for assessing the no-reflow phenomenon, indicating that improved epicardial coronary flow is essential but not sufficient for good tissue perfusion. TIMI frame count is a quantitative method to assess epicardial coronary flow, and it too failed to assess the no-reflow with sufficient accuracy in the present study. Several reports demonstrated that frame count does not predict mortality after infarction as well as TIMI myocardial perfusion grade,2123 which also suggests that the frame count might not be a reliable index for assessment of the no-reflow.
Persistent ST-elevation after reperfusion is associated with impaired microvascular reperfusion,2426 with large infarct size26,27 and with poor clinical outcomes.25 ST resolution was observed even in some with the no-reflow, which resulted in its low sensitivity for assessing the no-reflow in the present study. Santoro et al.,28 reported ST resolution, recorded 30 min after successful coronary intervention, predicted no-reflow on the contrast echocardiogram with 77% sensitivity and 91% specificity; these values were higher than those of ST resolution in the present report but still did not match those of deceleration time. ST-elevation gradually reduces after reperfusion even in the patients with the no-reflow,28 and the delayed ECG recording (60 min after coronary intervention) might lower the accuracy of ST resolution in the present study.
Gibson et al.,29 reported that creatinine kinase-MB elevation after coronary intervention is associated with TIMI perfusion grade but not with TIMI flow grade or TIMI frame count, indicating that creatinine kinase-MB elevation could instead be related more with tissue reperfusion than with epicardial coronary flow. In the present study, creatinine kinase-MB detected the no-reflow better than frame count or ST resolution, though its ability did not match that of deceleration time.
Multiple imputation consists of a three-step process. First, sets of plausible values for missing observations are created that reflect uncertainty about the non-response model. Each of these sets of plausible values can be used to "fill-in" the missing values and create a "completed" dataset. Then, each of these datasets can be analysed using complete-data methods. Finally, the results are combined, which allows for the uncertainty regarding the imputation to be taken into account. These processes are performed under the assumption of "missing at random". This assumption is mathematically convenient because it allows one to eschew an explicit probability model for non-response. When this assumption is violated, imputation based methods would be biased.16 Also NORM uses assumption of multivariate normality, but there is some evidence that the inferences tend to be robust to minor departures from this assumption.16
Study limitations
We did not investigate the ability of TIMI myocardial perfusion grade to assess the no-reflow, because coronary angiography in some of the present cases did not have the quality suitable for determining TIMI perfusion grade. Further prospective studies may be required to determine the relation between TIMI perfusion grade and the perfusion pattern on contrast echocardiogram.
Myocardial reflow after myocardial infarction could be a complex and dynamic phenomenon to show temporal change after coronary reperfusion.30 We performed myocardial contrast echocardiography just once because contrast echocardiogram recorded 15 min after reperfusion, as in this report, could predict myocardial infarct size more precisely than those performed later.30 Repeated contrast echocardiography or coronary blood flow measurement would provide some new insight into the changes in microvascular function.
Though 88% of the success rate of recording coronary flow in the present study was comparable to those in the prior studies58, we still could not record coronary flow in some of the patients. We examined the patients in the supine position because they had undergone coronary angiography and coronary intervention using the femoral approach before coronary flow measurement. If patients were placed in the left lateral decubitus position, the success rate could be improved.
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