a Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Jean-Minjoz, Boulevard Fleming, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
b Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
* Corresponding author: Nicolas Meneveau, MD, FESC, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Jean-Minjoz, Boulevard Fleming, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France. Tel.: +33-381-66-85-39; fax: +33-381-66-85-82
E-mail address: jean-pierre.bassand{at}ufc-chu.univ-fcomte.fr
Received 10 March 2003; revised 15 May 2003; accepted 21 May 2003
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Abstract |
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Methods and results The combined clinical end point of in-hospital course associated death, recurrent PE, repeat thrombolysis, surgical embolectomy or bleeding complications. The long-term follow-up included analysis of survival, and occurrence of PE-related events, defined as recurrent deep vein thrombosis, recurrent PE, occurrence of congestive heart failure or change of New York Heart Association functional class to class III or IV in patients who survived the acute phase.
In-hospital clinical course was uneventful in 165 (66.3%) patients. Initial right ventricular (RV) dysfunction was reversible in 80% within 48h following TT. Initial pulmonary vascular obstruction >70% (RR=5.3 [2.1; 13.6]); haemodynamic instability at presentation (RR=2.6 [1.1; 6]); persistence of septal paradoxical motion after TT (RR=5.9 [1.4; 25.9]); and insertion of intracaval filter (RR=3.7 [1.4; 9.4]) were independent predictors of poor in-hospital course. Mean follow-up was 5.3±2.6 years. Of the 227 patients alive after the hospital stay, the probability of survival was 92% at 1 year, 79% at 3 years and 56% at 10 years. Multivariate predictors of long-term mortality were age >75 years (RR=2.73 [2.18; 3.21]; P=0.0002), persistence of vascular pulmonary obstruction >30% after thrombolytic treatment (RR=2.22 [1.69; 2.74]; P=0.003), and cancer (RR=2.03 [1.40; 2.65]; P=0.04).
Conclusion The recovery of RV function should be considered as a marker of thrombolysis efficacy, while residual pulmonary vascular obstruction and cancer are independent predictors of long-term mortality. These results advocate the identification of high-risk patients by means of systematic lung-scan and echocardiography pre- and post-thrombolysis, and raise the question of the need for thromboendarterectomy in patients with residual pulmonary vascular obstruction.
Key Words: Embolism Thrombolysis Hypertension Pulmonary
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1. Introduction |
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This early improvement might be of importance, since persistence of PH/RV dysfunction weeks after diagnosis of PE has been associated with increased long-term mortality rates.4,12To date however, the identification of predictive factors of short-term clinical outcome in patients with massive PE submitted to thrombolytic therapy has not been specifically undertaken. In addition, the impact of these early haemodynamic and clinical benefits on long-term evolution have not yet been investigated.
Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the in-hospital course and long-term evolution of patients with massive PE submitted to thrombolytic therapy, and to determine the independent predictors of short and long-term prognosis in these patients.
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2. Methods |
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The initial assessment included clinical history, routine physical examination, chest X-ray, 12-lead ECG, arterial blood gas analysis and lower limb venous ultrasonography. The diagnosis of PE was based on pulmonary angiogram, ventilation/perfusion scan, or spiral CT scan. From May 1993 onwards, transthoracic echocardiography was systematically performed as soon as PE was diagnosed.
Patients with proven recent PE (symptom onset <15 days) and no contraindication of thrombolytic therapy were included in the registry if they met at least one of the following criteria: (1) cardiogenic shock defined as systolic blood pressure 90mmHg associated with clinical signs of organ hypoperfusion and hypoxia, (2) syncope, (3) pulmonary vascular obstruction >50%, (4) mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) >20mmHg by right heart catheterization, (5)
1 echocardiographic findings indicating RV dysfunction (RV dilatation, i.e., RV/left ventricular end-diastolic diameter ratio
1 in the 4-chamber view, paradoxical septal systolic motion and/or PH defined as a RV/atrial gradient >30mmHg).
2.2. Management strategies and medication
The therapeutic approach was left to the discretion of the attending physician. Three thrombolytic agents were utilized using a total of six different regimens, as previously described elsewhere.6,1317Intravenous unfractionated heparin was started at the end of thrombolytic infusion, maintained at a dose of 1000IU/h and adapted to achieve an activated partial thromboplastin time ratio of two to three times the control value. Until 1992, intracaval devices were implanted in case of contraindication to oral anticoagulant, extensive proximal venous thrombosis or surgical embolectomy. From 1992 onwards, indications for intracaval devices were restricted to patients with absolute contraindication to oral anticoagulant, due to the increased risk of bleeding linked to the insertion of thesedevices.18Oral anticoagulant therapy was introduced within 35 days and was continued for 6 months, adjusted to maintain the international normalized ratio between 2 and 3.
2.3. In hospital Course
Adverse events such as death, recurrent PE, repeat thrombolysis, surgical embolectomy and bleeding complications were noted throughout the hospital stay. From 1993, repeat echocardiographic examination was systematically performed 48h after thrombolytic therapy and RV dysfunction criteria were recorded. Similarly, perfusion lung scans were taken within 6 to 8 days after the onset of treatment. Six-view ventilation and perfusion lung scans were obtained in a single session with a high resolution, low energy, large-field camera (Sophy Camera DS7). Perfusion impairment was graded as to the proportion of lung not perfused, according to a segmental method that account for all views.19
2.4. Long-term follow-up
Follow-up data were obtained either during hospital readmission, or during patient visits to the department, or from a standardized questionnaire sent to the attending physicians and/or cardiologists. During data collection, particular emphasis was paid to clinical events including death, cause of death, recurrent phlebitis, recurrent PE, development of congestive heart failure or change of New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class to class III or IV. Hospital records, and death certificates of patients who died during the follow-up period were also reviewed. Follow-up was concluded in October 1999, and patients were considered lost to follow-up if their last contact was before October 1998.
2.5. Definition of clinical end-points
The clinical end-point of in-hospital course was a combined end-point including death, recurrent PE, repeat thrombolysis, surgical embolectomy or bleeding complications. Major bleeding complications were prospectively defined as any bleeding event that required blood transfusion, surgical control, discontinuation of thrombolytic or anticoagulant treatment; haemorrhagic stroke confirmed by computed tomography or autopsy; or any bleeding causing death or a fall of 15% in haematocrit. Other important bleedings, defined as a fall of 10% in haematocrit were also recorded.16,17,20Patients with symptoms suggesting PE and with new perfusion defects on the lung scan or pulmonary angiogram were interpreted as having recurrent PE.
The long-term follow-up included analysis of survival, and occurrence of PE-related events, defined as recurrent deep vein thrombosis, recurrent pulmonary embolism, occurrence of congestive heart failure or change of NYHA functional class to class III or IV.
2.6. Statistical analysis
Continuous variables are expressed as mean±SD; categorical variables, as percent. Students t-test and [chi]2analysis were carried out for comparison of continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Pairwise t test was used to compare baseline results with those obtained 2448h after thrombolysis. A P value <0.05 was considered significant. Analysis was performed with BMDP statistical software package (BMDP Statistical Software, Inc. Los Angeles, California).
In the uni- and multivariate analysis carried out to identify predictive factors of in-hospital course and long-term follow-up, the statistical analysis took into account only those patients who were consecutively included in the registry from 1993 onwards, as they were subject to the new management strategy of systematic echocardiography and lung scan pre- and post thrombolysis (n=183 patients). In-hospital and late follow-up outcomes were independently analysed. Continuous variables were divided into subgroups with clinically chosen cutoff points. Predictors of in-hospital course were determined by uni- and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Twenty-two variables listed in Table 4were tested to determine significant univariate correlates of combined major adverse events. Univariate correlates with a P value <0.10 were considered significant and were included in the multiple stepwise logistic regression analysis to determine independent predictors of combined in-hospital major adverse events.
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3. Results |
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3.1. Clinical findings on admission
The study population was made up of 140 females (56%) and 109 males (44%), with a mean age of 66±14 years (range 1792 years). PE was diagnosed by pulmonary angiograms in 178 (72%) patients, high probability lung scans in 66 (27%) patients, and spiral computed tomography scans in 38 (15%) patients. Of these, all but three patients who underwent spiral CT scan were systematically submitted to perfusion lung scan. The clinical characteristics of patients at admission are reported in Table 1.
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3.2. Initial severity of PE (Table 2)
Theseverity of pulmonary vascular obstruction, available in 98% of patients, was 64±14%. Furthermore, mean pulmonary artery pressure was 35±12mmHg in the 62% of patients who underwent right heart catheterisation. Transthoracic echocardiographic examination revealed the presence of RV dysfunction in 157 out of 183 patients (86%). RV dilatation was the most common sign of RV overload. Pulmonary hypertension was diagnosed in 136 (74%) patients in which the mean systolic pressure was 56±13mmHg, corresponding to a tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity of 3.6±1.2ms-1.
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The in-hospital clinical course was uneventful in 165 (66%) patients. Twenty-two (8.8%) patients died, of whom six died from major bleeding, one from cancer, and 15 from the pulmonary embolism process (four patients from refractory shock and 11 patients from recurrent PE). A total of 19 (7.6%) had fatal or non-fatal recurrent PE. Over the first 48h, heart rate dropped from 101±20 to 79±14 beats/min while partial arterial oxygen pressure increased from 56±11 to 72±13mmHg. Right ventricular dysfunction and vascular pulmonary obstruction improved significantly following thrombolytic therapy (Table 3). Mean systolic pulmonary pressure assessed by echocardiography decreased by 34% over the first 2 days (56±13mmHg vs 37±10mmHg; P=103). In patients who had echocardiography both pre- and post-thrombolysis, initial RV dysfunction was reversible in 125 (80%) within 48h following thrombolytic therapy. Repeat lung scan performed at 68 days showed a significant 45% improvement in vascular pulmonary perfusion.
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Forty three (17.3%) patients suffered from bleeding complications. Major bleedings occurred in 24 (9.6%) patients (six fatal, of which three hemorrhagic strokes) and important bleedings occurred in 19 (7.7%). The majority of major bleedings were related to an early invasive procedure (pulmonary angiography (11 patients), insertion of intracaval device (five patients)). Surgical control of haematoma and blood transfusion were needed in respectively six and 18 patients. Other important bleedings were related to haematoma at puncture sites (13 patients), haematuria (3 patients), and gastrointestinal bleeding (three patients).
By univariate analysis, seven variables associated with short-term clinical adverse outcome were identified (Table 4). Cancer, haemodynamic instability (shock or low blood pressure at admission, syncope), presence of deep vein thrombosis, and vascular pulmonary obstruction >70% were pre-treatment characteristics associated with adverse events. Heart rate >100bpm, paradoxical septal systolic motion and insertion of intracaval device were post-treatment characteristics related to adverse clinical events. Deep vein thrombosis was inversely associated with in-hospital adverse events. Initial haemodynamic instability, pulmonary vascular obstruction >70% and insertion of intracaval device wereindependent predictors of poor in-hospital evolution in multivariate analysis (Table 4).
3.4. Long-term evolution
Patients who died during the in-hospital phase were excluded from the long-term analysis. Mean follow-up was 5.3±2.6 years (range [2.610.5]) and follow-up was complete for 98% of patients. Of the 227 patients alive after the hospital stay, 70 (31%) died during the follow-up. The cause of death were cancer (22 (31%)), heart failure (13 (18%)) recurrent PE (13 (18%)), stroke (5 (7%)), postoperative complications (5 (7%)), acute myocardial infarction (3 (4%)), pneumonia ((1 (2%)), Alzheimers disease (1 (2%)), renal failure (1 (2%)), bleeding events (1 (2%)) and uncertain (5 (7%)). In the entire population of 227 patients the probability of survival was 95% at 3 months, 92% at 1 year, 79% at 3 years and 56% at10 years (Fig. 1).
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4. Discussion |
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4.1. Early clinical course
The overall in-hospital mortality rate observed in this study (8.8%) is comparable to that reported by Carson et al. and by the ICOPER investigators (9.5% and 11.4% at 2 weeks; respectively)21,22but higher than that reported in the thrombolytic arm of the MAPPET registry (4.7% at 30 days).23Most deaths in our study were PE-related. These results confirm previous reports, in that almost a third of the deaths were caused by recurrent pulmonary embolism, thus indicating that the thrombo-embolic process may be responsible for a higher degree of early mortality than previously believed.22In-hospital prognosis was related to the initial severity of PE as defined by clinical presentation, in particular haemodynamic instability, but also to the magnitude of vascular pulmonary obstruction Initial RV dysfunction, a known indicator of functional severity of PE22,2426and predictor of mortality rate, was not found in this study to be predictive of early outcome. RV dysfunction has been shown in previous studies to regress after thrombolytic therapy, and rapid recovery of right ventricular function is associated with reduced morbidity and mortality.2729Early reversal of RV dysfunction observed in 80% of the patients in this study probably explains why RV dysfunction was not predictive of early outcome. Furthermore, persistent RV dysfunction (as defined by persistent paradoxical septal motion) after thrombolytic therapy, was a strong predictor of early in-hospital unfavourable evolution. All in all, recovery of RV function after thrombolytic therapy is a marker of lysis efficacy and a predictor of in-hospital course.
Percutaneous insertion of an intracaval device for partial interruption of the inferior vena cava was strongly correlated to in-hospital major adverse events, confirming the increased risk of bleeding complications linked to this procedure.18
4.2. Late results of thrombolytic therapy in massive PE
Thrombolysis was found to improve pulmonary capillary blood flow volume at 1 year and to induce a better pulmonary vascular response to exercise at 7 years when compared with heparin in a small ancillary study.30,31To date, no study has specifically assessed the clinical evolution of massive PE beyond one year after thrombolytic therapy. The mortality rate over the first year following PE usually ranged between 17 and 24% and was related to underlying diseases.21,32In patients who survived an episode of acute PE, Paraskos et al. reported a mortality rate of 32% at 29 months, which was mainly linked to the presence of pre-existing cardiac disease.33In our study, the main cause of death was cancer (31%), whereas heart failure and recurrent PE were each responsible for 18% of deaths.
This study is the first report of long-term mortality in patients with massive and submassive PE submitted to thrombolysis and who survived the acute phase. Our findings made it possible to identify clearly the patients who were most likely to die during the years following the thrombo-embolic event; namely older patients, and those with persistent pulmonary obstruction after thrombolytic therapy, as well as patients with severe underlying disease such as cancer. Previous studies have shown that approximately 15 to 25% of patients show only partial resolution of pulmonary vascular obstruction6,34,35and that the persistence of PH after embolization is associated with increased mortality rates.12In addition, long-term survival is markedly related to persistent PH/RV dysfunction several weeks after diagnosis of acute PE.4One of the independent prognostic factors of long-term evolution that we identified was related to the residual clot burden due to incomplete pulmonary revascularization after thrombolytic therapy. These data are in agreement with those recently reported by Ribeiro et al.26Whether patients with persistent pulmonary vascular obstruction later develop chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is still unclear and would require additional investigation. It has previously been hypothesized that chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is rare among patients with prior pulmonary embolism.3639However, our findings suggest that these figures could be underestimated, and would encourage careful follow-up of patients with residual pulmonary vascular obstruction in order to identify suitable candidates for pulmonary thromboendarterectomy.
Our results advocate the identification of high risk patients by means of systematic lung-scan and echocardiography before discharge from the hospital.
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5. Study limitations |
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The evaluation of prognostic factors for short and long-term outcome only concerned the 183 consecutive patients included in the register from 1993 onwards, and who had been submitted to systematic repeat lung scan and echocardiography. Nonetheless, the incidence of major adverse events in this sub-group did not significantly differ from that of the total population (P=0.88).
Furthermore, the fact that six different thrombolysis regimens were used is another limitation of the study, because the clinical and haemodynamic benefits of the various thrombolytic agents and regimens are not strictly identical.
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6. Conclusion |
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References |
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