a Department of Cardiology, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
b Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK B15 2TH
c MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College of Science and Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, DuCane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Received February 14, 2003;
revised January 12, 2004;
accepted January 22, 2004
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +44-121-4243737; fax: +44-121-4241074
E-mail address: michael.pitt{at}heartsol.wmids.nhs.uk
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Abstract |
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Methods and results In 21 patients with CAD and LV dysfunction, myocardial glucose utilisation (MGU) and blood flow (MBF) were measured with positron emission tomography using F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose and oxygen-15-labelled water. Left ventricular function, MGU, and MBF were re-assessed after one year, immediately prior to CABG. At baseline, dysfunctional myocardium displayed a reduction in MGU, hyperaemic MBF, and coronary vasodilator reserve (CVR) compared to normally functioning muscle. In the year preceding CABG, the overall wall motion score index increased (2.09±0.65 vs. 2.3±0.7, ) and the LV ejection fraction decreased (30.6±11.1% vs. 27.3±11.5%,
). LVEF fell in 14 patients (28.7±9.4 vs. 23.8,
). Aggregate regional wall motion worsened in 15 patients. In contrast to myocardium displaying stable function at echocardiography, myocardium with evidence of deterioration showed a parallel decrease in hyperaemic MBF and CVR (1.57±0.67 vs. 1.19±0.7 ml/min/g, [
] and 1.9±0.75 vs. 1.33±0.6, [
], respectively). Such myocardium displayed attenuated recovery postoperatively (21/68 [31%] LV segments) versus `waiting-time' stable myocardium (98/169 [58%],
).
Conclusion Delayed revascularisation in ischaemic left ventricular impairment results in declining function and a reduced likelihood of contractile improvement.
Key Words: Coronary disease Blood flow Metabolism Revascularisation
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Introduction |
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Experimental work has demonstrated a temporal progression from myocardial stunning to a state of hibernation in which the myocyte displays reduced contractility, despite near-normal resting blood flow and maintained metabolism.3 Delay in revascularisation of such myocardium may be detrimental due to progressive myocyte loss and attenuation of functional recovery.4,5
Previous under-provision of surgical coronary revascularisation and subsequent waiting times of a year or more in the United Kingdom provided a unique opportunity to investigate the temporal nature of myocardial function, metabolism, and perfusion in patients with left ventricular dysfunction awaiting coronary artery surgery. The aim of this study was to follow changes in myocardial function, blood flow, and metabolism in patients with chronic ischaemic LV dysfunction awaiting coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).
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Methods |
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At study entry, baseline myocardial blood flow (MBF), hyperaemic MBF, and coronary vasodilator reserve (CVR) were measured by positron emission tomography (PET) using oxygen-15-labelled water (H215O). Myocardial glucose uptake (MGU) was measured with PET using 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG). The PET studies were repeated after one year, in the 2-week period prior to CABG. Global and regional LV function was assessed by TTE at baseline as well as immediately before and 6 months after CABG. All medications remained unchanged over the preoperative and postoperative period. A schematic diagram of the study time points is presented (Diagram 1). The local Research Ethics Committees of both the surgical and PET centres approved the protocol. All patients gave fully informed written consent.
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Positron emission tomography
All PET (ECAT 931-08/12, Siemens/CTI Inc, USA) studies were performed during euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamp.7 After transmission scanning, the blood pool was imaged (oxygen-15 labelled carbon monoxide). Resting MBF was measured using intravenous H215O. Hyperaemic MBF was measured following intravenous adenosine administration (140 µg/kg/min). The coronary vasodilator reserve (CVR) was calculated as hyperaemic/resting MBF.8 Once stable glycaemia was achieved, 185 MBq of FDG was administered followed by a multislice dynamic emission scan. Continuous blood sampling allowed for the estimation of plasma-to-whole blood ratios of radioactivity, thus facilitating subsequent kinetic modelling.
PET data analysis
PET data were reconstructed employing standard algorithms. Subsequent images were analysed with MATLAB (The MathWorks Inc., MA, USA) software. Sixteen myocardial regions of interest (ROIs) corresponding with TTE segmentation9 were drawn within the left ventricular myocardium and projected onto the dynamic H215O images to obtain tissue activity curves. Regional MBF (ml/min/g) and tissue fraction (TF, the fraction of tissue within a ROI that exchanges water rapidly and is therefore viable) were calculated using single-tissue-compartment tracer kinetic models.
Basal MBF data were corrected for rate pressure product (MBFcorr = (MBF/RPPx104). Tissue FDG time-activity curves were analysed by linearised approach using the same 16 myocardial ROIs defined on the H215O.7,10 MGU data (µmol/g/min) were corrected for partial volume effect using the extravascular volume measurement obtained from the C15O and transmission scans.9
Surgical technique
Coronary artery surgery was performed in a standard manner using cardiopulmonary bypass. Cold-blood cardioplegia was used in all cases. Cardiopulmonary bypass (56 [16] min) and aortic clamp (29 [15] min) times did not vary significantly between patients. The median number of grafts applied was three (range 2-4). All patients received a pedicled left internal mammary artery graft (LIMA) to the LAD. Strenuous efforts were made to reinstitute all preoperative medications prior to hospital discharge. No patient was commenced on new vasoactive medication prior to follow-up TTE at 6 months.
Statistical analysis
All data are expressed as means±SD. was used to compare dichotomous outcomes related to TTE change over the preoperative period. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare baseline and repeat PET data, with log transformation of data if not normally distributed. Unpaired data were compared using Student's unpaired t test. A value of
was considered significant.
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Results |
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Myocardial function (echocardiography)
Overall, in the year prior to CABG the wall motion score index (WMSI) increased (2.09±0.65 vs. 2.3±0.7, ) and LVEF decreased (30.6±11.1% vs. 27.3±11.5%,
). WMSI (1.76±0.7,
vs. baseline) and LVEF (38.215%,
vs. baseline) improved following revascularisation (Fig. 1). LVEF fell in 14 patients (28.7±9.4 vs. 23.8±8.3,
) and remained stable in 7. When comparing baseline to postoperative LVEF, patients with a fall in LVEF over the waiting period displayed a trend towards reduced absolute improvement in function compared to those with stable LVEF (delta LVEF 6.3% vs.10%). On a per-patient basis, aggregate regional wall motion was unchanged in 6 patients but worsened in the remaining 15 (Fig. 2).
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Segmental analysis according to baseline functional parameters
We analysed differences between the initial and repeat PET data according to baseline echocardiographic function. Dysfunctional myocardium displayed a fall in MGU over the preoperative waiting period (0.43±0.21 vs. 0.40±0.20 µ mol/min/g, [p=0.02]), although hyperaemic MBF did not change (1.31±0.70 vs. 1.23±0.70 ml/min/g, [p=0.145]). Normally functioning myocardium displayed deterioration in hyperaemic MBF (1.63±0.63 vs. 1.46±0.8 µmol/min/g, ) along with a fall in CVR (2.30±0.79 vs. 1.77±0.80,
), but no change in MGU. There was no change in tissue fraction or resting MBF over the preoperative waiting time in all dysfunctional, normal, and hibernating myocardium.
Subgroup analysis showed that MGU decreased over the preoperative waiting period in myocardial segments later displaying improved function postoperatively (hibernating) (0.43±0.22 vs. 0.38±0.16 µmol/min/g, ). Segments failing to improve postoperatively showed a trend towards falling MGU over the preoperative waiting period (0.42±0.21 vs. 0.38±0.21 µmol/min/g,
).
In dysfunctional segments with worsening contractile function over the preoperative wait and failure to improve postoperatively, hyperaemic MBF fell (1.67±0.71 vs. 1.09±0.79 µmol/min/g, ). In contrast, hyperaemic MBF did not change in segments that worsened over the preoperative wait and improved postoperatively (1.48±0.76 vs. 1.34±0.66 µmol/min/g,
). Dysfunctional segments with stable contractile function over the preoperative wait showed no change in hyperaemic MBF, irrespective of their response to CABG (Fig. 5(b)). Similarly, CVR fell in dysfunctional segments with worsening contractile function over the preoperative wait and failure to improve postoperatively (1.68±0.54 vs. 1.22±0.66,
).
Resting MBF remained unchanged in the subgroup of dysfunctional segments with deteriorating contractile function over the preoperative wait (0.79±0.22 vs. 0.80±0.21, ).
PET-derived parameters vs. baseline and postoperative function
Dysfunctional myocardium displayed reduced MGU, hyperaemic MBF, CVR and tissue fraction compared to myocardium with normal baseline function. Confirmed hibernating segments revealed a similar pattern, as did dysfunctional myocardium that did not improve post-CABG. Tissue fraction was significantly higher in hibernating compared to non-recovering, dysfunctional myocardium. Resting MBF was no different between groups (Table 3).
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Discussion |
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During the year preceding CABG, two thirds of our patients experienced a fall in LVEF and approximately one quarter of LV segments in these patients showed either new-onset contractile dysfunction or further deterioration in established wall motion abnormality. All but 6 patients had one or more LV segments with contractile deterioration over this period.
Reduced LVEF is an indicator of poor prognosis in patients with CAD.12 The deterioration in regional wall motion seen in our patients translated into a significant fall in LVEF prior to surgery, thus potentially increasing operative risk.13 Furthermore, there was a reduced chance of improvement in LV function following surgery in such patients, which might adversely influence long-term survival. However, only a small proportion of the LV segments that displayed contractile deterioration over the preoperative waiting period failed to improve at all following surgery, thus suggesting a low rate of silent infarction in such myocardium. The prevailing contractile deterioration is thus more likely to have been due to worsening stunning/hibernation.
The onset of new myocardial dysfunction and the deterioration in prevailing wall motion abnormalities was associated with a decline in hyperaemic MBF but stable resting MBF. One may hypothesise that the progression of CAD at the epicardial and microvascular level resulting in repetitive stunning may have played a significant role in such worsening function. Early investigation of such patients is thus mandatory in order to avoid progressive, untreated myocyte decline and the potential associated increased risk of major cardiac events.14
At variance with other studies,15,16 in our patient cohort there was no mortality during the preoperative waiting period. However, our population was a medically treated, surgically eligible group with viable myocardium rather than a non-randomised group undergoing surgical revascularisation or medical therapy depending upon physician preference with its potential selection biases.
Chronically dysfunctional, ischaemic myocardium can improve function following revascularisation. Such myocardium has been termed `hibernating'.17 Previous studies have demonstrated that the quantum of dysfunctional, but viable myocardium prior to revascularisation determines the magnitude of recovery in LV function and symptomatic improvement.2,18 In our study, hibernating LV segments exhibited a decrease in glucose uptake during the waiting time for CABG. This phenomenon may be due to a fall in myocyte mass and/or altered myocardial glucose handling. Baseline hyperaemic MBF in hibernating myocardium was reduced compared to normally functioning myocardium but did not fall further over the preoperative waiting time. This suggests that the response to microvascular dilatation in hibernating myocardium is exhausted. Worsening dysfunction in myocardium with such blunted vasodilator reserve is most likely associated with advancing ultrastructural change and loss of myocyte contractile elements.19
Our data suggest that in hibernating myocardium the myocardial tissue fraction (an index of the balance between structurally intact myocytes and fibrosis) lies in an intermediate range between normally functioning and non-recovering tissue. Relatively preserved tissue fraction appears to act as a discriminator in the identification of hibernating and irrecoverably dysfunctional myocardium.
At variance with previous data, our study shows that MGU in hibernating myocardium is similar to that in non-recovering dysfunctional myocardium.11 Potential recovery of function may be more accurately identified if the residual myocardial metabolic activity and degree of myocardial degeneration/fibrosis are considered in tandem. Residual viable myocytes may subsequently display increased affinity for glucose, thus preserving total regional MGU. Moreover, such myocardium may not easily be defined as either `viable' or `non-viable' but may be an admixture of stunned yet viable myocytes within a matrix of fibrosis. In order to decrease partial volume effects, MGU data are presented following correction for extravascular volume and this can in itself correct partially for intrinsic myocardial scarring. We are currently assimilating the PET data presented with the addition of 35 further patients with CAD and LV dysfunction that underwent PET viability examination (not paired studies) and subsequent CABG, in order to review viability threshold criteria.
In accordance with other studies, we suggest that resting MBF measured with H215O is similar in normally functioning, confirmed hibernating and dysfunctional, but non-recovering myocardium.8,20 However, the heterogeneity of resting MBF in both normal humans and animals makes assumptions about blood flow that are difficult to clarify.21 Nevertheless, hibernation is associated with a profound limitation in flow reserve.22 Data from animal models suggest that in the absence of fibrosis the phenomena of myocardial stunning and hibernation represent a continuum.23 In patients with multivessel disease and prior myocardial infarction, it is less clear-cut. Hibernating myocardium may show normal resting MBF measured with PET and H215O due to a complex interaction between myocardial microinfarction and chronic hypoperfusion admixed with chronically stunned myocytes.19,24
Study limitations
One year is a short period in the overall natural history of CAD and postischaemic myocardial dysfunction, but our study is the first to document changes in myocardial physiology over such a clinically relevant period.
PET-FDG reproducibility remains undefined, however rigorous attention to standardisation of glycaemia and suppression of free fatty acids (glucose clamp) has reduced the heterogeneity in MGU seen during PET under fasting conditions.25 The reproducibility of MBF measurements using H215O is good (reproducibility coefficient 0.17 ml/min/g).8
One cardiologist initially performed and analysed the echocardiograms, however, both intra and interobserver agreement was good at post hoc analysis. Graft attrition cannot be excluded, as postoperative angiography was not performed. We chose the 6-month postoperative echocardiography as the investigation time point but recognise that further recovery of function may occur later.26,27 Other studies with similarly timed postoperative assessment have demonstrated a prevalence of hibernating myocardium equivalent to ours.28,29 The time course of segmental functional recovery is progressive and follows a monoexponential time course with a median time constant of 23 days (range 678).30 We accept that there may be a possible interdependency of both function and physiology in adjacent myocardial segments due to the existence of a similar blood supply.
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Conclusions |
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Footnotes |
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References |
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