University of Liverpool, UK
Correspondence: Professor K.C. M.Wilson, EMI Academic Unit, St Catherine's Hospital, Derby Road, Birkenhead CH42 0LQ,UK. Fax: 0151 653 3441; e-mail: kw500505{at}liverpool.ac.uk
Declaration of interest The study was sponsored by Pfizer Ltd.
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ABSTRACT |
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Aims To examine the efficacy of sertraline in preventing the recurrence of depression in older people living in the community.
Method Participants were openly treated with sertraline and then randomised into a double-blind, placebo-controlled continuation/maintenance study of about 2 years duration. Drug dosage was maintained at levels that achieved remission.
Results No significant difference between the sertraline and placebo groups was found in the proportion of recurrences (7.9%; 95% CI 28.06 to 12.23). Increased age and minor residual symptoms during the continuation phase were associated with recurrence.
Conclusions Sertraline attherapeutic dosage does not provide significant protection against recurrence.
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INTRODUCTION |
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METHOD |
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Power analyses
The power of the study was initially based on recruiting 300 persons to
each group. This was recalculated as the results from a similar study became
available (Doogan & Caillard,
1992). This informed a new power calculation, indicating that a
group size of 60 would detect a 26% difference between groups with 95%
confidence and 80% power, assuming a 50% relapse/recurrence rate in the
placebo group. This would also enable detection of relative risk for relapse
of 0.5 for sertraline compared with placebo.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
All participants were aged 65 years or more. Psychiatric diagnoses were
established by a trained psychiatrist using criteria including Geriatric
Mental State AGECAT depression level 3 or over
(Copeland et al,
1988), DSMIIIR diagnoses of major depressive
disorder (American Psychiatric Association,
1987) and a Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) 17-item
score of 18 or over (Bech et al,
1981). Exclusion criteria were a Mini-Mental State Examination
(MMSE) score (Folstein et al,
1975) of 11 or under to exclude people with severe cognitive
dysfunction; severe and unstable physical illness; clinically significant
alcohol misuse; significant suicidal or delusional experiences; and
concomitant drug treatment, including other psychotropic drugs, warfarin and
anticonvulsants.
Randomisation, allocation concealment and compliance
A company independent of the sponsor and trialist was responsible for
packaging the trial drugs and randomisation. A computer-generated
randomisation list was provided by Pfizer Ltd. The list was stratified by
dosage and used to produce numbered containers for the identical capsules of
either sertraline or placebo. Participants eligible for the maintenance phase
were allocated to the next number at their dose level. Codes were maintained
in opaque, sealed envelopes. They were broken on trial completion, after
locking the study database. External research auditors maintained the security
of the codes, and verified data collection and cleaning. Drug compliance was
monitored through tablet counting at each assessment and asking the patient if
any doses were missed.
Sample recruitment
Participants were recruited from the screening of all patients over 65
years of age at a multi-partner general practice, and referrals from: a
community survey conducted at the same time as the trial; twenty general
practices in Liverpool; and four old age psychiatry teams.
Assessments and interviews
A trained psychiatrist conducted the initial, end-of-phase and final
assessments, including DSMIIIR criteria and final HRSD scores.
Initial assessment included research diagnostic and entry criteria, a physical
examination and laboratory investigations, comprising blood count, vitamin
B12 and folate measurements, and thyroid and liver function tests.
Research staff conducted follow-up assessments. Staff undertook regular
training and instrument standardisation throughout the study. Subsidiary
instruments included the Montgomery and Åsberg Depression Rating Scale
(MADRS; Montgomery & Åsberg,
1979) and the Burvill Physical Health Scale
(Burvill et al, 1990).
Domiciliary interviews were conducted fortnightly during the first two phases
of the study, monthly for the first 6 months of the maintenance phase and
subsequently every 2 months. All participants entered into the maintenance
phase were followed up, including those subsequently withdrawn from the
trial.
Outcomes
Entry into the continuation phase required a 50% reduction in baseline HRSD
score by 8 weeks. An HRSD score of 10 or less had to be maintained for a
period of 4 weeks during the continuation phase prior to randomisation into
the double-blind, placebo-controlled maintenance phase of the study. The
continuation phase could be extended up to 20 weeks, depending on assessment
scores. Recurrence during the maintenance phase was defined as an HRSD score
of 13 or over as well as meeting DSMIIIR criteria for major
depressive disorder as determined by a trained psychiatrist.
Analysis
Analysis was carried out independently of the funding body. The initial
analysis compared clinical and demographic characteristics of the experimental
sample with individuals withdrawn or excluded from the study before the
maintenance phase. Follow-up data are provided for participants subsequently
excluded because of recurrence during the maintenance phase. In the main
analysis, primary outcome variables were subjected to survival analyses using
KaplanMeier and hazard ratio calculations. The distribution of rate of
recurrence across the maintenance phase is described. A Cox proportional
hazards regression model was used to explore the potential influence of
baseline and experimental variables in determining outcome.
Ethical approval
The study was granted ethical approval by the local ethics committee. Each
participant was provided with written and verbal information. Informed consent
was required prior to trial inclusion. Primary care physicians were informed
of the trial and provided with a full psychiatric assessment, care programme
and regular updates concerning clinical progress, for each participant.
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RESULTS |
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Of those who were withdrawn during the maintenance phase, 84 consented to open follow-up. These included people experiencing recurrence and protocol violations. Two-thirds of this group (n=57) accepted subsequent antidepressant therapy of at least 8 weeks duration: 12 (21%) achieved remission (MADRS score of 6 or less), 19 (33%) remained depressed, and the remaining 26 (46%) had varying levels of improvement. Seventeen (20%) of the 84 died prior to the end of the follow-up period of 2 years.
Trial drug dosage and medication compliance
Tablets were delivered to the participants' homes, and tablet counts were
conducted at each assessment. Participants were maintained on the dosage that
achieved remission of presenting episode: 73% of the sertraline group and 75%
of the placebo group received 50 mg daily, while the others received 100 mg
daily. None received 150 mg (or placebo equivalent) during the maintenance
phase.
Analysis of recurrence
KaplanMeier survival analyses showed no significant difference (log
rank test 1.55, d.f.=1, P=0.21) between sertraline and placebo in prevention
of recurrence. The sertraline group had a cumulative survival function of 39%
with a median survival of 92 weeks. The placebo group had a cumulative
survival function of 31% with a median survival of 48 weeks
(Table 2). There was a
reduction in risk of recurrence of 8.4% over 100 weeks for people taking
sertraline compared with those taking placebo during the maintenance
phase.
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Over half of those experiencing recurrence did so during the first 26 weeks of the maintenance phase: 15 (60%) in the placebo group, 16 (57%) in the sertraline group. Approximately a quarter (32% placebo and 16% sertraline) experienced recurrence between 27 weeks and 52 weeks. The remainder experienced recurrence during the second year of follow-up. We examined the relative rate of recurrence across time, and compared the proportion of eligible participants experiencing a recurrence at each assessment. Three main peaks were identified (at 15 weeks, 30 weeks and 50 weeks) at which 8% or more of eligible participants experienced recurrence. However, at least three other peaks (at 8 weeks, 64 weeks and 72 weeks) were identified at which 56% of eligible participants experienced a recurrence.
Cox's regression analysis
Clinical and demographic variables were entered into a stepwise analysis
(backwards elimination) to investigate models of recurrence prediction. Eleven
items were entered into the first stage of the regression. Of these,
sertraline v. placebo, MMSE score, length of presenting episode,
previous number of episodes, Burvill scores (of which there are four separate
sub-scores) and gender were dropped. Dosage of maintenance medication was
associated with baseline severity of depression: high dosage did not protect
against recurrence. Age (in 5-year increments) and pre-randomisation MADRS
score were predictive of recurrence (Table
3). Each 5-year increase in age has a hazard ratio of 1.30 (95% CI
1.041.61). A one-point increase in pre-randomisation (end of
continuation phase) MADRS score has a hazard ratio of 1.11 (95% CI
1.021.20) for recurrence.
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DISCUSSION |
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Limitations of the study
Studies of a similar nature (Ardern
et al, 1993) have been criticised for selection bias,
excluding a large percentage of the eligible sample and not supplying
information about those who were excluded or follow-up of those who
experienced recurrence during the trial. We recruited participants from four
different sources, reducing the likelihood of selection bias. Recruitment
source did not influence eligibility to enter the maintenance phase and was
not associated with outcome. In this study, relatively few people were
excluded because of concomitant physical illness (n=9). However, analysis
demonstrates that those with more severe depression were excluded from entry
into the maintenance phase. Consequently, our findings reflect the
prophylactic efficacy of therapeutic doses of sertraline in older people in
the community who are suffering from mild to moderate severity of
DSMIIIR major depressive disorder. Of those who did experience
recurrence, two-thirds accepted a second antidepressant or increased dose of
sertraline, of whom under a quarter had a good outcome, while the remainder
showed some improvement. However, the mortality rate over 2 years was high in
this group.
The design of this study may be criticised because of its relatively short continuation phase. Guidelines suggest that the continuation phase should be up to 6 months' duration, based on the assumption that a depressive episode lasts 69 months in those treated as out-patients (Kupfer & Frank, 1992). However, as in the study by Klysner et al (2002), there was no significant peak of recurrence within the first few months of the maintenance phase in the placebo group, as would be expected if participants were experiencing relapse as opposed to recurrence.
The study may also be criticised on the grounds of potential type II error. The power analysis indicated that 60 participants should be recruited into each arm of the post-randomisation phase. Owing to protocol violations identified after recruitment was closed, 6 persons (0.05% of the study sample) were subsequently excluded from the analyses. Statistical modelling indicated that the inclusion of these individuals in the appropriate experimental arms and allocating them to the outcome that favours drug efficacy compared with placebo did not significantly influence the results. Our study is comparable in size to that of Klysner et al (2002), which was of a similar design, evaluating an antidepressant from the same class. Other studies in this age group that are of similar design are approximately half the size of our study. Ardern et al (1993) studied 58 persons, 25 of whom received dothiepin and 35 received placebo; Reynolds et al (1999) studied 53 persons (excluding those receiving psychotherapy), of whom 24 received nortriptyline and the remainder received placebo. Despite being of similar size to our study or smaller, all three studies (Ardern et al, 1993; Reynolds et al, 1999; Klysner et al, 2002) found in favour of antidepressant treatment compared with placebo.
Other potential criticisms lie in the possibility of poor compliance and the use of relatively low dosages of sertraline in a proportion of participants. Reynolds et al (1999) demonstrated the prophylactic efficacy of therapeutic levels of nortriptyline. Poor compliance and sub-therapeutic blood levels are thought to explain up to 50% of the recurrence in that study. The authors also suggest that sub-therapeutic blood levels explain the negative findings of other, smaller studies (Georgotas et al, 1989) examining the prophylactic efficacy of the same drug. In a small study examining the efficacy of lithium and cognitivebehavioural therapy in the prevention of recurrence and relapse, Wilson et al (1995) noted that poor drug compliance resulting in low serum lithium levels confounded the findings.
We believe that low dosage is unlikely to be responsible for the findings of our study. Participants were maintained on the dosage of sertraline at which they achieved remission; three-quarters took 50 mg daily, which is recognised as the optimum dose for treatment (Preskorn & Lane, 1995), and about a quarter were treated with 100 mg. High dosage was associated with increased severity of index depression and did not have an increased protective effect in terms of outcome. Compliance is more difficult to monitor. Compliance was enhanced through domiciliary delivery of medication and supportive, ongoing counselling, emphasising the importance of medication, with tablet counting at each assessment. Analysis failed to demonstrate any difference between tablet returns in those experiencing recurrence compared with those who remained asymptomatic in the sertraline group. There was no difference between those who received sertraline and those who received placebo in terms of compliance monitoring. Blanchard et al (1999) demonstrated the importance of generic nurse support in the longer-term management of depression in older community residents. The follow-up in this study was intense, with regular home visits augmented by telephone contact. Members of both placebo and experimental groups received similar support in terms of nature and number of contacts during the experimental period. It is unlikely that differential support influenced the findings.
Our findings in context
We have found two studies that have examined the prophylactic efficacy of
sertraline. Doogan & Caillard
(1992) found that sertraline
was more effective than placebo in preventing recurrence in 144 subjects over
44 weeks. Keller (1998) found
similar results in a younger population over 76 weeks. However, the design of
both these studies included a facility to increase maintenance dosage
(preserving masking integrity) in people who were thought to be showing early
evidence of recurrence during the double-blind, placebo-controlled phase. An
analysis of presented data suggests that a significant proportion of those
experiencing potential recurrence benefited from a subsequent dosage increase
in each study. These findings are reflected in the treatment of
recurrence study by Franchini et al
(2000), who found that
increasing the dosage of sertraline had a therapeutic role in the management
of recurrence in people with depression who were already taking the drug. Our
study design did not have the facility of increasing maintenance dosage when
early signs of recurrence became obvious; participants were maintained at the
dosage of sertraline that achieved remission of the presenting episode. A
subsequent search of the Cochrane Database of randomised, controlled trials
failed to generate any evidence that the dosage of sertraline required to
achieve remission has prophylactic efficacy and that enhanced dosage is
probably required for maintenance treatment.
Predictive variables
As in our study, Reynolds et al
(1999) found an association
between increased age and recurrence. Notably, these observations are
independent of the number of preceding episodes experienced by the individual.
Follow-up studies of patients referred to secondary services have demonstrated
a mixed association between acute and chronic physical illness and handicap
(Burvill et al, 1991).
We were unable to demonstrate any significant correlation between these
variables and outcome. Again, our findings concur with those of Reynolds
et al (1999), who
examined these issues in the context of a randomised, controlled trial. Our
finding that following remission, residual depressive symptoms predict poor
outcome in terms of recurrence has been found in other treatment-controlled
studies (Faravelli et al,
1986).
Clinical and research implications
A number of research issues are generated by these findings. First, there
is no doubt that sertraline is a relatively safe and therapeutically active
drug (Finkel et al,
2000) which has been examined in the context of prophylactic
treatment. Despite these later studies
(Keller, 1998;
Finkel et al, 2000)
being positive, our negative findings are consistent when study design is
taken into account. In this study we specifically examined the prophylactic
efficacy of sertraline prescribed at the dosage required to achieve remission.
This differs from other studies, which clearly demonstrate the prophylactic
efficacy of sertraline provided that the dosage is increased over and above
that required to achieve remission of the presenting episode. These negative
findings are important. It is apparent that in the absence of evidence, it
cannot be assumed that the dosage of antidepressant required to achieve
remission offers protection against recurrence or relapse: in the case of
sertraline, the effective prophylactic dosage is likely to be greater than the
therapeutic dosage. Second, in comparing this study with other studies
conducted on similar populations it is evident that antidepressants differ in
terms of maintenance efficacy. A review of the literature indicates that this
is not a class-specific phenomenon and emphasises the importance of
randomised, controlled trials in establishing prophylactic efficacy (and
dosage) before new antidepressants are routinely employed in this fashion.
Third, it is evident that extreme age is associated with an increased risk of
recurrence of depression over 2 years in the study by Reynolds et
al (1999), 3 years. It is
important in future that maintenance trials are developed to accommodate these
issues, bearing in mind the relatively high levels of morbidity and suicide in
this age group.
From a clinical perspective, three specific recommendations can be drawn from our findings. First, this study draws attention to the particular vulnerability of very old people with depression living in the community. It is evident that emphasis must be placed on maximising symptom control during the treatment phase. Even minor (sub-syndromal) residual symptoms are predictive of poor outcome in terms of recurrence. This warrants an aggressive and closely observed treatment plan. Second, it is also apparent that the very old are particularly vulnerable to recurrence. This is independent of the number of previous episodes experienced by the individual. Consequently, these people should be encouraged to take long-term maintenance medication, irrespective of the number of previous episodes. Third, it is not safe to assume (in the absence of evidence) that the therapeutically active dose of an antidepressant that promoted remission has prophylactic efficacy. Increased dosage may be required in the context of long-term, closely followed-up therapy, with counselling and compliance monitoring.
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Clinical Implications and Limitations |
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LIMITATIONS
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REFERENCES |
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Received for publication August 6, 2002. Revision received January 3, 2003. Accepted for publication February 5, 2003.
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