Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
DrMedSc, National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus
Department of Statistics, University of Southern Denmark
Ageing Research Centre and Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
Correspondence: Annette Erlangsen, National Centre for Register-based Research, University of Aarhus, Taasingegade 1, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. E-mail: aer{at}ncrr.dk
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ABSTRACT |
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Aims To analyse the analyse the suicide risk associated with
psychiatric hospitalisation among the very old (80 years) compared with
the middle-aged (50-64 years) and old (65-79 years) populations.
Method Individual-level data on the entire Danish population aged 50 years or over were analysed for the period 1994-1998. Relative suicide risks were calculated using event-history analysis.
Results Among 1978 527 persons, 2323 died by suicide. Although the very old group exhibited a four-fold to five-fold increase in risk of suicide for those previously hospitalised, we noted an inverse interaction effect: the increase is distinctly smaller compared with that in the middle-aged and old groups.
Conclusions The association between suicide and psychiatric hospitalisation is much weaker for the very old than for the old. Psychiatric disorders among very old people may be interacting with other disorders, may be underdiagnosed or treated in other healthcare settings.
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INTRODUCTION |
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The aim of our study was to investigate the suicide risk associated with psychiatric hospitalisation and whether it varies with regard to age among elderly people.
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METHOD |
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The observation period was 1 January 1994 to 31 December 1998. People who reached the age of 50 years or migrated to Denmark during this period entered the study population at the time of these events. Emigrants were right-censored at the date of leaving the country. The event of interest was completed suicide, which was defined according to ICD-10 criteria (World Health Organization, 1992). Deaths due to other causes during the study period were censored at date of death.
Time-varying covariates
Four time-varying covariates were included in the analyses. The variable on
current age of each person included in the study was grouped into three
categories: middle-aged (50-64 years), old (65-79 years) and very old (80
years). This variable was updated whenever someone changed age group. Another
covariate denoted the current hospitalisation status of each individual,
categorised as not hospitalised, previously hospitalised and currently
hospitalised. This variable was updated on the date when an individual was
hospitalised or discharged. Information on previous hospitalisation prior to
the start of the study was limited to the coverage of the Danish Psychiatric
Central Register, which dates back to 1969. Similar to hospitalisation status,
a third variable was created, which reflected whether the patient had been
diagnosed with an affective disorder or another type of psychiatric disorder
during hospitalisation. Last, a covariate covered the time since last
admission or discharge at any given point during the study period.
Event-history analysis
We applied event-history analysis by fitting proportional hazard models.
This method allows us to calculate the relative risk for the different levels
of the analysed factors and at the same time control for compositional
changes. In the case of two covariates x and y, the
proportional hazard models can be written as:
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where mi(t) is the risk that individual i will complete suicide at time t and g(t) is the baseline, where t represents the time since entry into study. Since current age was included as a time-varying covariate, the baseline was fixed to the value of zero throughout the observation time. The coefficient ajk is estimated for specific combinations of level j of variable x and level k of variable y. For instance, variable x could denote current age while variable y could be current hospitalisation status of individual i at time t. A 54-year-old person who at time t is in a psychiatric hospital would be included in the analysis with covariate x having the value 'middle-aged' and covariate y having the value 'currently hospitalised'. Whenever an individual experienced a change of status the value of the respective covariate was updated. In the above example there are 6 (3x2) possible combinations of the covariates' values, which are all logically sound. One of these combinations is set as the reference group and the suicide risk of each of the other combinations is calculated relative to this reference group. The risks are based on estimates of ajk. For further details on the method, see Hoem (1993, 1997). The differences in suicide risks were analysed in separate models for men and women and we calculated the 95% confidence intervals of the estimates.
Data management was carried out using the SAS system package (SAS Institute, 2001) and proportional hazard estimates were obtained using the AML software program (see Lillard & Panis, 2000). Both programs were operated on a UNIX platform at Statistics Denmark (Sun Microsystems, 1999).
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RESULTS |
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As shown in Table 2, the percentage of very old people who died by suicide was higher than would be expected from the percentage of people in this age group in the study population (see Table 1), especially for men. However, only a small proportion of very old people who completed suicide had at some point been hospitalised. Although approximately 37% and 61% respectively of the middle-aged men and women who took their own lives had been in a psychiatric hospital at some point since 1969, only 12% and 22% of very old men and women had been hospitalised.
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Table 3 sets out the relative suicide risk with regard to hospitalisation status. The suicide risks were calculated relative to middle-aged people who had never been admitted to hospital with a psychiatric diagnosis (since 1969). People with a history of psychiatric hospital admission have - regardless of age and gender - significantly higher suicide risks than people with no such history. The highest risks are found among people currently admitted to psychiatric hospital. Middle-aged women who were currently hospitalised had an almost 200-fold higher suicide risk than those never hospitalised. People who had never been hospitalised experienced an increasing risk relative to increasing age; however, this trend was reversed in those who had been in psychiatric hospital. This opposing trend was particularly pronounced among women. Consequently, when the distribution of risks was compared within each age group, the increase in risk associated with hospitalisation was smaller among the very old than among the younger age groups. Being previously hospitalised increased the suicide risk by a factor of 4 (12.3/3.3) and 5 (12.6/2.8) among very old men and women, respectively, compared with a factor of 9 (9.2/1) and 18 (18.2/1) among middle-aged men and women. Very old people currently hospitalised experienced a 19-fold (62.5/3.3) and 32-fold (90.1/2.8) higher risk compared with never-hospitalised men and women respectively. The corresponding risk among the middle-aged group increased by a factor of 82 and 199 for men and women, respectively. It should be taken into account that very few of those aged 80 years or over completed suicide while they were in hospital. Nevertheless, the interaction effect between age and psychiatric hospitalisation was highly significant (P50.0001).
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Among those with a history of psychiatric hospitalisation, the highest relative suicide risk was found among those who at least once had been diagnosed with an affective disorder (Table 4). This seemed to be more pronounced among women than men. Again, the highest risk was found among those currently in hospital with a diagnosis of affective disorder, although the estimates are based on few suicides among the very old.
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Figure 1 displays the risks of suicide, logarithm of the hazard, at different lengths of time following hospital admission or discharge. During the first week following an admission to or a discharge from a psychiatric hospital, significantly higher risks are found compared with people not in hospital or people who had been discharged for a long period, respectively. In the first week after discharge the suicide risk is significantly higher than during the subsequent weeks, for all age groups. Nonetheless, any time after a discharge is associated with a higher risk than for people never hospitalised. We found no significant difference in the risk pattern with regard to age.
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DISCUSSION |
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The elevated suicide risk after psychiatric hospitalisation among older people is in accordance with previous studies based on psychological autopsy studies (Henriksson et al, 1996; Conwell et al, 2000; Waern et al, 2002). Whereas those studies mainly employed cross-sectional data, our study adds further substance to the interpretation by using longitudinal data. Furthermore, our study is the first to distinguish between previously and currently hospitalised patients among the examined age groups. Although people currently hospitalised had significantly higher suicide risks than those previously hospitalised, the difference diminished with increasing age. A marked increase in suicide risk was found for the time shortly after discharge compared with the following weeks. Our findings confirm that this period is associated with elevated risks in late life, as has been found in studies on all age groups (Qin, 2003; Hoyer et al, 2004). Clearly, this finding is very important in terms of preventive work.
The prevalence of depression is reported to increase with age among the elderly (Blazer, 2000). It therefore seems surprising that only a small proportion of very old people who completed suicide had at some point been admitted to a psychiatric hospital. Also, the inverse interaction between psychiatric hospitalisation and age is unexpected. There may be several explanations for these findings. First, it might be that very old people in general are less affected by psychiatric disorders or that they may to a larger extent suffer from psychiatric disorders that are associated with lower suicide risk. An example of this is dementia. When assessing all patients aged over 50 years with dementia in psychiatric hospitals, we found that this group actually had a lower suicide risk than the general hospitalised population (a future research project aims to address this). Additional support for this finding is mentioned by Harris & Barraclough (1997) as well by Schneider et al (2001). As dementia is expected to be more prevalent among very old people, this could explain the lower suicide risks among those hospitalised. Furthermore, it is likely that more cases of mood disorders are related to dementia among the very old, leading to a lower suicide risk. Second, it might be that affective disorders (including those leading to suicide) are more complicated to diagnose in very old people. Studies show that psychiatric disorders in elderly people are to some extent not identified or treated (Purcell et al, 1999; Sørensen, 2001). In these age groups a depressed mood may be viewed as a part of the ageing process. Additionally, mood disorders at older ages may interact with organic disorders and thus complicate diagnostic interpretation (Blazer, 2000). If depression among the very old is not identified and treated to the same extent as in younger age groups, this could lead to a higher suicidality among very old people who are not hospitalised. Third, the majority of very old people in Denmark are already living with some kind of healthcare assistance or in nursing homes (Andersen-Ranberg et al, 2001). The very old population may thus to a larger extent be treated in other healthcare settings and not admitted to psychiatric hospitals. The increased frailty and proportion of severe somatic disorders among the very old (Manton & Gu, 2001; Nybo et al, 2001) may also prevent a psychiatric admission. Very old people with both somatic and psychiatric disorders are probably more likely to be admitted to general hospitals for treatment.
Limitations
A limitation of our study is that the analyses were based on admissions to
psychiatric hospitals, which serve as a proxy for severe psychiatric disorder.
Our analyses do not include data on elderly people who might be treated by
general practitioners at home or in nursing homes, nor data on people with
unidentified or untreated psychiatric disorders. The proportion of psychiatric
disorders in those who die by suicide may thus be even larger. However, it
seems probable that elderly people with severe psychiatric disorders would be
admitted to a psychiatric hospital.
Additionally, the data only cover psychiatric hospitalisation since 1969, not the entire life span of the study population. For immigrants to Denmark, no history of psychiatric hospitalisation was available for the time prior to immigration. Nevertheless, the number of immigrants among the elderly was small, so we do not expect this misclassification to influence the results substantially (less than 1% of the study population migrated to Denmark during the observation period).
Validity of suicide registration
In this study we solely include deaths registered as suicides. It is
therefore imperative to consider the validity of the suicide registration.
Schmidtke & Weinacker
(1991) have proposed that the
'dark number' of suicides, i.e. suicides that are not registered as such, is
likely to be higher among elderly people than it is in younger age groups. It
might be that other causes of death, such as those classified as
'undetermined', conceal actual suicides of older adults. If there is a
misclassification problem we would expect suicides occurring during
psychiatric hospitalisation and also among people previously hospitalised to
be less frequently misclassified than suicides among people who had never been
hospitalised. This would mean that the suicides among never-hospitalised
persons might be slightly underrepresented. However, we assume that the
effects are similar among all age groups and therefore this would not have any
influence on the documented interaction. The risk patterns we observed seem
realistic.
Strengths of the study
One strength of our study is that we investigated risks of suicide using
very complete and detailed individual-level data covering an entire nation.
This allowed us to calculate estimates of suicide risks for smaller population
groups such as the very old. Furthermore, the prospective data collection
implies that the data are gathered on an identical basis for people who die by
suicide and those who do not. The availability of longitudinal data allowed us
to model the event history of each individual by taking into account changes
within the individual with respect to risk status, as well as changes in the
composition of the population. The applied method is hence a step further
towards an optimal approach for analysing the association between
hospitalisation and subsequent suicide.
As data for the entire Danish population aged 50 years and over were analysed, the findings are 100% representative for all older adults in Denmark during 1994-1998. The results are to some extent limited to the context of Danish society or a society with similar healthcare facilities.
Implications
We found a clear increase in the suicide risks of very old people
hospitalised with psychiatric diagnoses. However, only a small proportion of
very old people who complete suicide have at some point been hospitalised.
Also, the increase in risk experienced by this age group in association with
psychiatric hospitalisation is lower than for younger age groups. An inverse
interaction effect between age and admission to psychiatric hospital is noted.
Further research is needed to determine if this is because the disorders in
the very old population are of another type, not identified or treated in
other healthcare settings (e.g. interacting with somatic disorders).
An important implication of our study, which should be taken into account when identifying target populations for new preventive measures, is that psychiatric hospitals are in contact with a relatively small proportion of very old people who die by suicide. However, for those who are admitted to a psychiatric hospital, a vital time for potential interventions is the weeks shortly after an admission or a discharge.
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Clinical Implications and Limitations |
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LIMITATIONS
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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Received for publication November 17, 2003. Revision received November 25, 2004. Accepted for publication November 30, 2004.