UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute and Hospital, Los Angeles, California
Clinical Laboratory, UCLA Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California
UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute and Hospital and West L.A. Veterans Administration Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute and Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA
Correspondence: Dr Victoria Hendrick, Department of Psychiatry, UCLA, 300 Medical Plaza, Suite 2345, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Declaration of interest This study was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health, Smith Kline Beecham and Pfizer.
![]() |
ABSTRACT |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Aims To examine serum concentrations of antidepressants in infants exposed to these medications through breast-feeding.
Method Maternal and infant serum concentrations of sertraline, paroxetine and fluvoxamine were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography (limit of detection=1 ng/ml).
Results No detectable medication was present in any infant exposed to paroxetine (n=16) or fluvoxamine (n=4). Among infants exposed to sertraline (n=30), detectable medication was present in 24% of serum samples. A significant negative correlation was found between infant age and infant serum concentration. Sertraline was significantly more likely to be detected in an infant if the mother's daily dose was 100 mg or higher. No adverse sequelae occurred in any infant.
Conclusions This study shows that paroxetine, fluvoxamine and sertraline produce minimal exposure to infants when taken by nursing mothers.
![]() |
INTRODUCTION |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
![]() |
METHOD |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Sample collection
Maternal and infant serum samples were obtained at a minimum of 2 weeks
following a fixed dose of antidepressant. For women who took the
antidepressant during pregnancy, maternal and infant serum samples were
obtained a minimum of 2 weeks following delivery. Serum samples were obtained
from a total of 50 infants and 48 mothers.
Detection of antidepressant concentrations in serum
The detection of sertraline, desmethylsertraline, paroxetine and
fluvoxamine in serum was accomplished via an isocratic high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) separation followed by ultraviolet detection at 225 nm.
The concentration of each drug (sertraline, desmethylsertraline, paroxetine or
fluvoxamine) in the samples was calculated from its peak area ratios by using
the slope and intercept of the appropriate calibration curve. The assays had a
lower limit of sensitivity of 1 ng/ml, defined by a signal-to-noise ratio of 7
for each drug.
Statistical analysis
The LIFEREG Procedure using SAS software was used to perform a Tobit
analysis on the data. The Tobit model is a regression model for left-censored
data, assuming a normal distributed error term. The model parameters are
estimated by maximum likelihood. A 2 test was used to explore
whether nursing infants whose mothers took higher daily doses of sertraline
(100 mg or more) were more likely to have detectable serum concentrations of
medication, as compared with infants of women who took lower doses.
![]() |
RESULTS |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
|
No detectable medication was present in any infant exposed to paroxetine or fluvoxamine. Detectable medication (parent and/or metabolite) was present in 24% (8/33) of the serum samples obtained from infants exposed to sertraline. Concentrations of sertraline and desmethylsertraline, when present, were 2-8 and 2-12 ng/ml, respectively.
Four mothers (nos 5, 16, 24 and 49) titrated their dose of the antidepressant upwards to help their mood and obtained repeat serum samples on themselves and their infants after being on the higher medication dosage for at least 1 week.
Maternal dosage of sertraline correlated highly with infant serum concentration of desmethylsertraline after controlling for infant age, gestational exposure and breast-feeding exposure (parameter estimate=0.09, d.f.=1, P=0.03). Maternal serum concentrations of sertraline and desmethylsertraline correlated highly with infant serum concentration of desmethylsertraline (parameter estimate=0.20, d.f.=1, P<0.001 and parameter estimate=0.07, d.f.=1, P=0.008, respectively) after controlling for infant age, gestational exposure and breast-feeding exposure. This analysis used all the available maternal and infant serum samples shown in Table 1.
A significant negative correlation was found between infant age and infant
serum concentration of desmethylsertraline after controlling for maternal
dosage, gestational exposure and breast-feeding exposure (parameter
estimate=-1.46, d.f.=1, P=0.002). Among women who breast-fed fully,
the likelihood of their infants having a detectable level of medication
(sertraline or desmethylsertraline) was significantly higher if their dose was
100 mg or more (2=6.81, d.f.=1, P=0.009).
Mothers were questioned about potential adverse sequelae to their infants and did not report any such findings. Specific enquiries were made regarding gastro-intestinal symptoms (e.g. vomiting, watery stool), lethargy, changes in sleep patterns and easy bruising. None of the women in the study was on other medications and the infants were in good health.
![]() |
DISCUSSION |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
This study's findings suggests that paroxetine, fluvoxamine and sertraline are reasonable choices for nursing women requiring treatment for depression. In comparison with fluoxetine, these medications appear to produce less exposure to nursing infants and have not been linked with the adverse events of neonatal irritability, sleep disturbance and poor feeding that have been reported in association with fluoxetine exposure through breast-feeding (Lester et al, 1993; Brent & Wisner, 1998; Chambers et al, 1999; Kristensen et al, 1999). For infants that are healthy and full-term, these findings provide no reason to discourage nursing among women taking paroxetine, fluvoxamine or sertraline at standard therapeutic dosages. The use of additional medications that are commonly taken in the post-partum period (e.g. antihistamines, decongestants, pain medications) should be kept to a minimum until more is known about whether such combinations are safe for the nursing infant (Mitchell, 1999).
![]() |
Clinical Implications and Limitations |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
LIMITATIONS
![]() |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
![]() |
REFERENCES |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Begg, E. J., Duffull, S. B., Saunders, D. A., et al (1999) Paroxetine in human milk. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 48, 142-147.[CrossRef][Medline]
Birnbaum, C. S., Cohen, L. S., Baily, J. W., et al (1999) Serum concentrations of antidepressants and benzodiazepines in nursing infants: a case series. Pediatrics, 104, e11.[Medline]
Brent, N. B. & Wisner, K. L. (1998) Fluoxetine and carbamazepine concentrations in a nursing mother/infant pair. Clinical Pediatrics, 37, 41-44.[Medline]
Chambers, C. D., Anderson, P. O., Thomas, R. G., et al (1999) Weight gain in infants breastfed by mothers who take fluoxetine. Pediatrics, 104, e61.[Medline]
Kristensen, J. H., Ilett, K. F., Hackett, L. P., et al (1999) Distribution and excretion of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in human milk. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 48, 521-527.[CrossRef][Medline]
Lester, B. M., Cucca, J., Andreozzi, B. A., et al (1993) Possible association between fluoxetine hydrochloride and colic in an infant. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1253-1255.[Medline]
Mammen, O. K., Perel, J. M., Rudolph, G., et al (1997) Sertraline and norsertraline levels in three breast-fed infants. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58, 100-103.[Medline]
Mitchell, J. L. (1999) Use of cough and cold preparations during breastfeeding. Journal of Human Lactation, 15, 347-349.[Medline]
Ohman, R., Hagg, S., Carleborg, L., et al (1999) Excretion of paroxetine into breast milk. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 519-523.[Medline]
Stowe, Z. N., Owens, M. J., Landry, J. C., et al (1997) Sertraline and desmethylsertraline in human breast milk and nursing infants. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1255-1260.[Abstract]
Stowe, Z. N., Cohen, L. S., Hostetter, A., et al
(2000) Paroxetine in human breast milk and nursing infants.
American Journal of Psychiatry,
157,
185-189.
Taddio, A., Ito, S. & Koren, G. (1996)
Excretion of fluoxetine and its metabolite, norfluoxetine, in human breast
milk. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology,
36, 42-47.
Wisner, K. L., Perel, J. M. & Blumer, J. F.
(1998) Serum sertraline and N-desmethylsertraline
levels in breast-feeding motherinfant pairs. American
Journal of Psychiatry, 155,
690-692.
Yoshida, K., Smith, B. & Kumar, R. C. (1997) Fluvoxamine in breast milk and infant development. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 44, 210-211.[Medline]
Yoshida, K., Smith, B. & Kumar, R. C. (1999) Psychotropic drugs in mothers' milk: a comprehensive review of assay methods, pharmacokinetics and of safety of breast-feeding. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 13, 64-80.[Medline]
Received for publication November 22, 2000. Revision received March 15, 2001. Accepted for publication March 15, 2001.
Related articles in BJP: