Royal College of Psychiatrists' Research Unit, London, UK
Correspondence: Dr Paul Lelliott, Royal College of Psychiatrists' Research Unit, 6th Floor, 83 Victoria Street, London SWIH 0HW, UK. Tel: 020 7227 0820
Declaration of interest None. This study was funded by a National Health Service Research and Development Grant.
![]() |
ABSTRACT |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Aims To establish whether the increase in formal detentions is uniform across subgroups of the population.
Method Data related to use of Part II of the Act between 1991 and 1997 collected by seven English local authorities were examined. Rates of compulsory admission were standardised to age, gender and ethnicity-specific populations.
Results Over the 8-year period the overall rate of detention under Part II increased by 32%. It increased in all three major ethnic groupings; the rate of increase was greater for men than for women (38%v. 26%) and, in particular, for younger men compared with younger women (43% v. 28%).
Conclusions A combination of factors probably accounts for these findings, including service factors (particularly reduction in bed numbers), a culture of risk aversion, and changes in the effect of substance misuse on the presentation of mental illness.
![]() |
INTRODUCTION |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
![]() |
METHOD |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Census data were used to standardise the rates of formal admission under the Mental Health Act for specific subgroups of the population defined by age, gender and ethnicity. Data were analysed using SPSS version 8 (SPSS, 1997) and STATA version 5 (StataCorp, 1997). For most analyses, incidents of admission under Sections 2, 3 and 4 were combined to give rates of use of admission sections under Part II of the Act.
![]() |
RESULTS |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Characteristics of those detained
The combined data-set contained 10 926 incidents of detention over 7 years.
It is not known how many people this comprises because the data-sets obtained
from local authorities do not include unique personal identifiers. It is
inevitable that some people would have been detained on more than one
occasion. Fifty-three per cent of detentions were of women; 87% were of White
people, 7% of Black, 4.5% of Asian and 1.5% of people from other ethnic
minority groups. The other category for ethnic minority group
contained only 158 cases and was considered too small for analyses of trends
over the 7-year period. The mean age of those detained was 44.9 years (95% CI
44.6-45.3) and the median age was 40 years. Only three of the broad diagnostic
categories contained more than 2% of the cases (psychosis 71%; neurotic and
mood disorders 13%; dementia 6.6%). Detentions under Section 2 accounted for
55% of the cases (n=6024), Section 4 for 4% (n=431) and
Section 3 for 41% (n=4471).
Overall change in rate of use of Part II
Between 1991 and 1997 the annual rate of use of Part II in the seven local
authority areas increased by 32%, from 57 to 75 per 100 000 total population.
All of this increase was accounted for by a steep rise in the rate of use of
the Act after 1993 (Fig. 1).
The rate of detentions under the treatment section of the Act (Section 3)
increased by 44% during this period. This was about twice the rate of increase
of detentions for assessment (24% for Section 2 and 21% for Section 4).
|
Differences between subgroups
Gender
When standardised for gender-specific populations, the rate of increase in
the use of Part II of the Act was greater for men than for women. For men it
increased by 38%, from 55 to 76 per 100 000, and for women by 26%, from 58 to
73 per 100 000. The difference between genders was most marked for the younger
age group. The increase for men aged 20-45 years was 43%, from 88 to 126 per
100 000, and for women of this age it was 28%, from 72 to 92 per 100 000.
Ethnicity
The rate of use of the Act increased for all three of the main ethnic
subgroups. There was a 31% increase for White people (from 51 to 67 per 100
000 of the White population), a 38% increase for Black people (from 288 to 397
per 100 000 of the Black population) and a 48% increase for Asian people (from
80 to 118 per 100 000 of the Asian population).
Diagnostic categories
The rate of increase of admissions of people from different diagnostic
categories mirrored that of the overall increase in use of Part II, with the
notable exception of admissions for dementia. Although these were few in
absolute terms, the rate of admissions of people with dementia trebled, from
2.0 to 5.6 per 100 000 total population.
![]() |
DISCUSSION |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
When interpreting the findings, it is important to remember that the data-sets did not allow for the identification of individuals who might have been detained more than once during the period under review. It is possible that some groups of the population might be more likely to be admitted repeatedly under the Mental Health Act. If this is the case, then they would be overrepresented in the sample.
Why are formal admission rates increasing?
Assuming that it reflects a real trend, the increase in formal admissions
during the 1990s has occurred despite a continuous process of reduction in the
numbers of psychiatric beds (Lelliott,
1996; Sainsbury Centre for
Mental Health, 1998). This apparent paradox is perhaps a result of
the shortage of psychiatric beds (Audini
et al, 1999). This creates two types of pressure: first,
pressure not to admit patients, perhaps leading to deterioration to the point
where admission is required under the Mental Health Act; and second, pressure
to discharge patients early, perhaps resulting in a greater likelihood of
readmission, and perhaps of readmission under a section of the Mental Health
Act. Furthermore, the conditions on acute psychiatric wards have deteriorated
(Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health,
1998) perhaps to the point where coercion is more likely to be
required to persuade patients to reside there. It is likely that
this deterioration is in part due to the increased threshold for admission.
This creates a concentrating effect, resulting in a case-mix of patients with
more severe disability and disturbance on acute psychiatric wards
(Lelliott et al,
1995).
A further paradox is that as bed numbers have reduced, so mental health practitioners have become more safety conscious. The level of awareness of risk management has increased over the past decade. This has been driven by a spate of inquiries into homicides committed by people with a mental illness (Sheppard, 1996) and the preoccupation of successive governments with protection of members of the public from attacks by people with a mental illness. This preoccupation is demonstrated by the issuing of guidance such as the Care Programme Approach and by proposed new mental health legislation, designed to increase the intensity of care and surveillance of people in the community who are deemed to pose a risk. Thus, although the overall threshold for admission might have increased, it might also have been skewed towards those who are perceived as being more at risk of acting violently and of being non-compliant. It is likely that admissions of such people are more likely to require the use of the Mental Health Act.
The data provide some circumstantial support for this hypothesis. First, the rate of increase in Part II admissions in these seven local authority areas accelerated from 1994 onwards. This was the year when the most highly publicised inquiry into a homicide by a person with a mental illness published its report. The report into the case of Christopher Clunis (Ritchie et al, 1994), perhaps more than any other factor, led to a greater awareness of risk management by mental health services. Second, there has been a greater increase in the admission under section of men than women and, in particular, of young men. Most of the subjects of homicide inquiries have been men in the age range 20-45 years and it is this group of people with a mental illness who are perhaps most at risk of acting violently, or are perceived to be. It should be noted, however, that data collected routinely by the Department of Health does not show a greater increase in the rate of formal admissions after 1993 (Hotopf et al, 2000).
Why do so many more formal admissions involve young men?
The total number of people occupying a psychiatric bed fell steadily
between 1982 and 1992. This was consistent with a great reduction in bed
numbers. However, after slowly falling between 1982 and 1986, the number of
people aged 15-44 years who were in a psychiatric hospital actually increased
steadily over the subsequent 6 years. Most of the increase in numbers of young
people in hospital was accounted for by young men
(Lelliott, 1996).
Changes in society have had a different impact on men from that on women in some important respects that might have a bearing on how mental illness presents. For example, the Office for National Statistics of England and Wales (Office for National Statistics, 2002) has reported that the recession of the 1980s had a much greater effect on unemployment among men than among women and also that the largest increase in one-person households [over the past 30 years] has been among men under the age of 65. The great increase in suicide rates among young men over the past 30 years, which has not occurred in the female population, might be another indicator of these changes (Office for National Statistics, 2002).
Are most people with dementia being admitted?
The nearly three-fold increase in the rate of admission under Part II of
people diagnosed as having dementia is interesting but should be interpreted
cautiously. The absolute number of cases was small and the assignment of
diagnosis was made by approved social workers and not by psychiatrists. If the
finding is replicated, it might herald the early stages of an effect on the
prevalence of dementia as the proportion of older people in the population
increases.
The value for service-planning of data about trends
The trends identified in these seven local authority areas, if they reflect
changes across the country, support the need for services tailored for and
targeted at the population of young men with mental illness, who seem
increasingly at risk of compulsory admission and treatment. This small-scale,
opportunistic study illustrates the value of trends data for this type of
long-term planning and service development, both locally and nationally. The
enactment of the proposed new mental health legislation in different parts of
the UK will perhaps be an opportunity to develop national systems for the
collection of better-quality and more-detailed information about the use of
the Mental Health Act.
![]() |
Clinical Implications and Limitations |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
LIMITATIONS
![]() |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
![]() |
REFERENCES |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Audini, B., Duffett, R. & Lelliott, P. (1999) Over-occupancy in London's acute psychiatric units fact or fiction? Psychiatric Bulletin, 23, 590-594.
Department of Health (1999) In-patients Formally Detained in Hospitals under the Mental Health Act 1983 and other Legislation, England: 1988-89 to 1998-99. London: Government Statistical Service.
Glover, G. R., Robin, E., Emami, J., et al (1998) A needs index for mental health care. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 33, 89-96.[CrossRef][Medline]
Hotopf, M., Wall, S., Buchanan, A., et al
(2000) Changing patterns in the use of the Mental Health Act
1983 in England, 1984-1996. British Journal of
Psychiatry, 176,
479-484.
Jarman, B. (1983) Identification of underprivileged areas. BMJ, 286, 1705-1709.[Medline]
Lelliott, P. (1996) Meeting the accommodation needs of the most severely mentally ill. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 10, 241-247.
Lelliott, P. Audini, B. & Darroch, N. (1995) Resolving London's bed crisis: there might be a way, is there a will? Psychiatric Bulletin, 19, 273-275.
Office for National Statistics (2002) National Statistics Statbase. www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/xdataset.asp.
Ritchie, J. H., Dick, D. & Lingham, R. (1994) The Report of the Inquiry into the Care and Treatment of Christopher Clunis. London: HMSO.
Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health (1998) Acute Problems: A Survey of the Quality of Care in Acute Psychiatric Wards. London: Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health.
Sheppard, D. (1996) Learning the Lesson. Mental Health Inquiry Reports Published in England and Wales between 1969-1994 and their Recommendations for Improving Practice (2nd edn). London: Zito Trust.
SPSS (1997) SPSS for Windows Base Systems User's Guide, Release 8. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.
StataCorp (1997) STATA Statistical Software: Release 5.9. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation.
Received for publication March 25, 2002. Revision received August 21, 2002. Accepted for publication August 30, 2002.
HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
Psychiatric Bulletin | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | All RCPsych Journals |