Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Zentrum operative Medizin, Oberdürrbacher Strasse 6, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
*Corresponding author. E-mail: kerstinbauerle{at}gmx.de
Accepted for publication: December 17, 2003
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Abstract |
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Methods. In 23 ASA III patients, aged 1865 yr, about to have general anaesthesia, we induced anaesthesia in steps using a target-controlled infusion of propofol. After equilibration for 8 min at each predicted propofol concentration (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 µg ml1), sedation was assessed clinically with the modified Observers Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale and the NarcotrendTM stage was noted. The prediction performance of the NarcotrendTM was assessed with the prediction probability PK. A PK value of 1.0 means an exact prediction on every occasion, while a PK of 0.5 is no better than a 50:50 chance of being correct.
Results. In 12 women and 11 men (age 42 (SD 11) yr), a total of 138 measurements were made; 129 were analysed and nine were of poor signal quality. The prediction probability for the corresponding level of sedation was PK=0.92 (SE 0.01); for the different target concentrations of propofol it was PK = 0.91 (SE 0.01).
Conclusions. The NarcotrendTM can monitor sedation with propofol. Other sedatives, anaesthetics and opioids should be used to test this monitor.
Br J Anaesth 2004; 92: 8415
Keywords: anaesthesia, depth; anaesthetics i.v., propofol; monitoring, EEG; monitoring, responsiveness
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Introduction |
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The NarcotrendTM (Monitor Technik, Bad Bramstedt, Germany) is an EEG monitor. It was developed by a research group at the Hannover University Medical School (Germany) and uses algorithms for automatic assessment of the raw EEG during anaesthesia and sedation.2 3 Two EEG channels are recorded comparing signals from the two hemispheres of the brain. After artefact detection, the EEG signals are automatically classified, using multivariate statistical procedures, using a scale with six stages from A (awake) to F (general anaesthesia/coma) and 14 substages.4 The stages are displayed on a computer monitor that also shows the raw signal EEG, the median frequency, the spectral edge frequency and a trend analysis.
We set out to test the ability of the NarcotrendTM to assess sedation obtained with different propofol doses.
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Materials and methods |
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In the induction room we applied blood pressure, ECG and pulse oximeter monitors. The three EEG electrodes for the NarcotrendTM (Version 2.0 AF; Monitor Technik) were applied to the forehead as recommended by the manufacturer. A full description of the NarcotrendTM algorithm has been published.5 Impedance was automatically checked and the electrodes repositioned if the value was greater than 6 k. The range of the NarcotrendTM stages and substages shown by the monitor are given in Table 1. After recording the heart rate and blood pressure and the NarcotrendTM stage, we set up a propofol infusion using a target-controlled infusion system (BD Pilot Anaesthesia; Becton Dickinson and Fresenius VIAL Medical, Brezins, France), with an initial target concentration of 0.5 µg ml1. Considering the plasma effectsite equilibration half-time for propofol,68 we took measurements 8 min after the target level of propofol had been set. The NarcotrendTM stage was then recorded by one person and a clinical assessment of sedation, using the modified Observers Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (OAA/S) (Table 2), was made by another person who was not aware of the monitor output. Of the four components of the OAA/S score, responsiveness was the chief characteristic used for assessing the sedation level.9 10 The set concentration of propofol was increased incrementally to 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 µg ml1 and the sedation score and cardiovascular measurements were recorded at each stage.
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Statistics
Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 11.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The prediction probability PK was calculated to show the relationship between the anaesthetic depth indicator value (NarcotrendTM stages) and the observed anaesthetic depth (OAA/S levels). The prediction probability PK is independent of scale units, it does not require knowledge of underlying distributions or efforts to linearize or transform scales, and is recommended as an appropriate measure for evaluating and comparing the performance of anaesthetic depth indicators.12 We determined the PK and compared PK values with special software (PK/PKD MACROTM; California State University, Sacramento, CA, USA) based on a standard calculation program (ExcelTM, Microsoft). To describe the precision of the estimated prediction probability PK, the standard deviation of the estimate of PK was calculated, which in this statistical approach is called the standard error (SE) of the estimate of PK (personal communication, W. Smith, California State University, Sacramento, CA, USA). Spearman rank correlation analysis was performed with SPSS.
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Results |
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Greater diversion of the OAA/S levels was seen at the NarcotrendTM levels C (C0 to C2), indicating the light sleep phase that corresponded to target propofol concentrations 2.0 and 3.0 µg ml1. In this range the prediction probability was fair, with a PK of 0.79 (SE 0.04) and a Spearman correlation coefficient of =0.66.
Table 4 compares the NarcotrendTM levels and the corresponding OAA/S levels. Considering patients with an OAA/S score of 1 or less as unconscious, 44 out of 129 observations indicated deep sedation or unconsciousness. Of these, 37 measurements matched the NarcotrendTM levels D or E. Only in two measurements, a NarcotrendTM level of D or E did not correspond with OAA/S scores of 1 or 0.
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Sedation scales and target concentration of propofol
The prediction probability (PK) values of the NarcotrendTM levels for the target propofol concentration in each patient ranged from 0.80 to 1.00 with a mean PK of 0.92 (SE 0.01) and a Spearman correlation coefficient of =0.92. Figure 2 shows the NarcotrendTM levels and the corresponding values of the target propofol concentration for each patient and the median response.
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Target propofol concentration = 0.38[NarcotrendTM level]+0.10
The PK calculated to reflect the predictive performance of target propofol concentrations for the OAA/S levels was PK=0.93 (SE 0.01). The Spearman correlation coefficient was =0.91.
Figure 3 shows the percentage of patients who were unconscious (OAA/S score <2) at given target concentrations of propofol. When the mean target concentration of propofol exceeded 3 µg ml1, 86% of the patients were unconscious, while at 4 µg ml1 all patients were unconscious. Figure 3 shows that at target concentrations of propofol between 1 and 4 µg ml1, the NarcotrendTM identifies fewer patients as unconscious than the OAA/S score.
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Discussion |
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We tested if the NarcotrendTM could correctly assess the depth of propofol sedation and anaesthesia. Depth of anaesthesia can be assessed clinically using measures such as heart rate, blood pressure, sweating, tear formation and pupil size,17 but these do not indicate the level of consciousness directly. Because measures of anaesthetic depth such as the BIS lack the required validity to be used as a gold standard, we used clinical judgement as a measure, with the OAA/S scale, which is reliable and valid.9
We found that the NarcotrendTM level was a good predictor of the patients state of clinical sedation and correlated well with the responsiveness score. NarcotrendTM levels also predicted specific target concentrations of propofol (PK=0.916) and correlated well with these. There was no difference in the ability of the NarcotrendTM levels and the target concentrations of propofol to predict the clinical sedation. This was not found in other studies,10 18 in which the responsiveness score correlated significantly better with the BIS score (r=0.883) than the targeted or measured concentration of propofol (r=0.778).
Ordinal values from a responsiveness rating scale may not give a linear relation between the observed effect and other measures of anaesthetic depth.12 To account for this difficulty, prediction probability has been proposed as a measure of the performance of such depth measurements. The good correlation between the NarcotrendTM levels and the responsiveness score and the excellent prediction probability values indicate that the NarcotrendTM is a good measure of sedation and loss of consciousness. The NarcotrendTM predicted the responsiveness of the patient with a mean probability of 92%.
Some studies have already compared the predictive performance of the NarcotrendTM and BIS monitoring. Liu and colleagues reported good correlation between BIS and clinical criteria of sedation.19 NarcotrendTM and BIS monitoring corresponded well during increasing depth of anaesthesia with propofol and remifentanil.14 Both NarcotrendTM and BIS monitoring can reduce recovery times and propofol dosage during general anaesthesia.5 During emergence from anaesthesia, both NarcotrendTM and BIS monitoring correlated significantly with a target concentration of propofol, but failed to assess the level of consciousness when a remifentanil infusion was given simultaneously.15
Because monitoring devices for anaesthetic depth may not always be available, we also analysed the relationship between traditional markers for the responsiveness of anaesthetized patients. PK values for mean arterial pressure and heart rate were less than 0.70 and failed to predict the level of sedation. As well as anaesthetic depth, other factors, such as blood volume and cardiac contractility, will affect the autonomic responses to stimuli,1 so the autonomic effects of propofol are likely to vary widely during sedation.
We found that a target propofol concentration of 4 µg ml1 is needed to obtain unconsciousness reliably in all patients. At given concentrations of propofol, the NarcotrendTM identified fewer patients as unconscious than the responsiveness score. This suggests high specificity for adequate depth of anaesthesia, but our data do not allow such an analysis. Assessment of the level of sedation by the OAAS/S score and the NarcotrendTM levels diverges at low target concentrations of propofol, because at 2.0 and 3.0 µg ml1 we observed the greatest differences in the prediction probability values. In this range, the averaged predictive performance was only 79%. Clinically unrecognizable excitation during initial sedation by propofol could cause these differences, and these could vary between patients depending on age, weight and other factors. More studies of EEG-derived measures, such as BIS and NarcotrendTM levels, are needed for the lighter levels of anaesthesia.
By reducing anaesthetic dosage to the minimum required to provide adequate anaesthetic depth, overdosage can be prevented and a decrease in cost is possible. By monitoring the depth of remifentanil-supplemented propofol anaesthesia with BIS or NarcotrendTM, emergence from anaesthesia was speeded up by 60% and consumption of propofol was reduced by 30%.5 In a multicentre comparison of 4630 patients with and without the NarcotrendTM, the NarcotrendTM speeded emergence from total i.v. anaesthesia when compared with patients managed without NarcotrendTM analysis.16
The NarcotrendTM can reliably distinguish between wakefulness and anaesthesia but lacks accuracy in assessing the intermediate stages. Possible advantages compared with other devices, such as the BIS, remain to be demonstrated. Better understanding of EEG patterns in relation to anaesthetic agents and the effects of opioids and other anaesthetics may indicate the value of the NarcotrendTM monitor.
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References |
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