1 Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, and 4 Yonsei Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. 2 Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. 3 Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Korea
* Corresponding author. E-mail: yjoh{at}yumc.yonsei.ac.kr
Accepted for publication June 21, 2004.
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Abstract |
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Methods. Thirty patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) were studied prospectively. After sternotomy, normoventilation (at T1; =4.75.0 kPa) and hyperventilation (at T2;
=3.33.7 kPa) were induced and the changes in
(
) and
(
), and
(CCO2R) were measured. After normoventilation was re-established (at T3), milrinone 50 µg kg1 was given (at T4), followed by hyperventilation (at T5), and
,
and CCO2R were measured.
Results. After milrinone administration at normoventilation (T3 and T4), cardiac index and mixed venous oxygen saturation increased, while mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance index decreased, without a significant change in . Before milrinone administration (T1 and T2), hyperventilation decreased
and
, and
showed positive linear correlation with
. After milrinone administration (T4 and T5), hyperventilation decreased
and
, and
showed positive linear correlation with
. There was no significant difference in CCO2R before and after milrinone administration (13.3 (5.7)% kPa1 and 12.3 (3.9)% kPa1, respectively).
Conclusions. Although milrinone induced significant haemodynamic changes, and CCO2R were unchanged during its administration.
Keywords: anaesthesia, cardiac ; carbon dioxide, hypocarbia ; monitoring, jugular bulb oxygen saturation ; pharmacology, milrinone
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Introduction |
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Milrinone is known to affect the central nervous system by increasing cerebral blood flow (CBF)58 and preventing chronic cerebral vasospasm after intracranial haemorrhages.9 10 However, most previous studies have been performed in animals58 or in patients with a central nervous system deficit.11
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of milrinone on jugular bulb oxygen saturation () and the cerebrovascular carbon dioxide reactivity (CCO2R) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG).
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Methods |
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All patients were premedicated with morphine 0.050.1 mg kg1 i.m. Five ECG leads were attached, and leads II and V5 were monitored continuously after the patients arrived in the operating room. A 20-G radial artery catheter was inserted to measure arterial blood pressure and arterial blood gases. A thermodilutional pulmonary artery catheter (Swan-Ganz CCOmbo/ Model 744HF75, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Irvine, CA) for monitoring continuous cardiac output (CO) and mixed venous oxygen saturation (
) was inserted in the right internal jugular vein via a 9.0-Fr introducer (AVA HF, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Irvine, CA). Anaesthesia was induced with midazolam 2.03.0 mg, sufentanil 1.01.5 µg kg1 and rocuronium 50 mg, and maintained with a continuous infusion of sufentanil 0.20.3 µg kg1 h1, rocuronium 2030 mg h1 and inhalation of low-dose isoflurane (under 0.5%) in oxygen (50%) with air. For
measurement, an 18-G central venous catheter was inserted into the left internal jugular vein in a cephalad direction via a modified Seldinger technique and, when resistance was sensed, the catheter was withdrawn about 12 mm. The positioning of the jugular bulb catheter tip was confirmed radiographically in the operating room. The correct position for the catheter tip was cranial to a line extending from the atlanto-occipital joint space and caudal to the lower margin of the orbit. Samples of jugular bulb blood were drawn at a rate of 1 ml min1 to reduce the chance of extracerebral blood contamination. After the induction of anaesthesia, the concordance between arterial carbon dioxide pressure (
) and end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (
) was measured, and the mechanical ventilation was controlled to maintain normocarbia (
=4.75.0 kPa). Arterial oxygen saturation (
), end-expiratory isoflurane concenturation (ET-Isof) and nasopharyngeal temperature (Temp) were monitored during the study. The depth of anaesthesia was monitored by a bispectral index score (BIS) monitor (A-200 BIS monitor, Aspect Medical System Inc., Newton, MA). A transoesophageal echocardiographic probe was inserted to monitor ventricular wall motion from the transgastric short-axis view at the mid-papillary level. The operating room temperature was kept above 23°C, infused fluids were warmed, a warm humidifier was used and a warm air forced blanket was applied during the operation.
After sternotomy, , arterial oxygen saturation (
),
and haemoglobin (Hb) were measured by blood sampling at normocarbia (time T1). At the same time,
, ET-Isof, BIS, Temp and the haemodynamic variables cardiac index (CI),
, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) were recorded. Thereafter, hyperventilation was induced until
was reduced by about 1.3 kPa from its value at T1 and maintained for 10 min; the measurements were then repeated (time T2).
The difference between and
was re-evaluated and ventilation was adjusted to achieve normocarbia. When the measured
indicated normocarbia, ventilation was maintained for 10 min and all measurements were repeated (time T3). A loading dose of milrinone 50 µg kg1 was given over 10 min, and it was then continuously infused at 0.5 µg kg1 min1 until the end of the study. All the measurements were repeated 20 min after the loading dose of milrinone (time T4). Thereafter, hyperventilation was induced until
was reduced by about 1.3 kPa from its value at T4 and maintained constant for 10 min, and then all the measurements were repeated (time T5).
The changes and
were measured between T1 and T2, and between T4 and T5. Then CCO2R, expressed as the percentage change in
for a 1 kPa change in
(
), and the correlation between
and
were calculated.
If MAP decreased below 60 mm Hg at any time during the study, norepinephrine was administered and the patient was excluded. All measurements were performed during harvesting of the internal mammary artery (IMA) and creating the Y-graft between the IMA and the harvested radial artery.
Data were analyzed using SPSS version 10.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) and expressed as mean (standard deviation). The paired t-test was used to compare changes between the parameters measured at T1 and T2, T3 and T4, and T4 and T5, and between CCO2R values calculated before and after milrinone administration. The bivariate correlation test and the linear regression test were used to analyze the relationship between and
. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
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Results |
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Discussion |
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Cerebral oxygenation is determined by the coupling between CBF and cerebral metabolic rate (CMR). It is recognized that , as a surrogate marker of the global cerebral oxygenation,1214 reflects the change in CBF, provided that CMR is kept constant. It can be used to calculate CCO2R.15 16 A limitation of
monitoring is that small areas of ischaemia may not be detected. The normal range of
is 6075%. At
>75% CBF is in excess for CMR.
<50% has been associated with increased cerebral oxygen extraction due to insufficient CBF for CMR, and has been described after traumatic head injury or intracranial surgery1214 and during the rewarming period of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). It has been related to postoperative cognitive decline after cardiac surgery.17 18
In this study, milrinone increased CI by 33%, decreased SVRI by 35% and MAP by 15%, and significantly increased ; however, it did not significantly change
at the same level of
. There are two possible explanations for the unchanged
after the administration of milrinone. Milrinone may not affect CBF and CMR. Although milrinone induces cerebral artery dilatation and increases CBF in animal studies,6 7 its effect on
in humans with an intact bloodbrain barrier (BBB) is unknown. There are several studies of the effects of other PDE inhibitors on CBF. Kruuse and colleagues19 reported that although pentoxiflylline, a non-selective PDE inhibitor that increases cAMP, dilated the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and temporal artery, it did not increase regional and global CBF in healthy subjects. Sildenafil, a PDE5 inhibitor that increases cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), did not increase regional CBF.20 On the other hand, as milrinone is an inodilator producing an increase in CO and vasodilation, it might have proportionally increased both CBF and CMR. Milrinone has been used to reverse cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage.9 10 Yu and colleagues21 reported that olprinone, another PDE3 inhibitor, increased CO and CBF through its direct vasodilator effect on the cerebral artery in patients with an intact BBB. Some animal studies68 suggest that the vasodilatory action of milrinone induces cerebral artery dilatation regardless of the integrity of the endothelium. In a human study, the administration of milrinone increased CBF and the blood flow velocity of MCA by 20%, most likely as a result of cerebral vasodilation.11 However, as the blood flow velocity of MCA was measured with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, which does not directly measure the quantitative change in CBF, the effect of milrinone on CBF is unclear. Although milrinone preserved the coupling between CBF and CMR, its separate effects on CBF and CMR were not clarified in this study and further investigation is needed.
CCO2R is a marker of the ability of the cerebral vasculature to respond to cerebral metabolic demands. Normally independent of perfusion pressure, CCO2R is influenced by the cerebrovascular resistance (CVR),22 23 decreasing as CVR increases. It is known that carbon dioxide freely diffuses across the bloodbrain barrier and that changes in have a positive linear correlation with the changes in CBF, without affecting CMR, under both awake and anaesthetized conditions.24 25 In this study,
showed a significant positive linear correlation with
and CCO2R was unchanged after milrinone administration. Therefore it is suggested that milrinone preserves CCO2R. In particular, since
decreased to 53.6% when
decreased to 3.6 kPa, careful monitoring and maintenance of the
level within the normocarbia range is necessary during milrinone administration to prevent cerebral hypoperfusion, regardless of the changes in haemodynamics.
In this study, MAP decreased by a mean of 13 mm Hg after milrinone administration but was maintained above 60 mm Hg, thus preserving pressure-flow cerebral autoregulation.25 Since other variables that affect , such as
,
, Hb, ET-Isof and Temp, were constant throughout the study, they would not have affected the result. In this study, high-dose sufentanil and isoflurane <0.4% were used for anaesthesia. It is known that high-dose sufentanil preserves not only the coupling between CBF and CMR, owing to the proportional decrease in both CBF and CMR, but also CCO2R.26 27 Although all inhalation anaesthetics above 1.0 MAC, including isoflurane, are known to impair the coupling between CBF and CMR, the dose of isoflurane used in this study is known to have a relatively small effect on the coupling between CBF and CMR.28 29 The BIS value, indicating the degree of anaesthetic depth, was kept between 50 and 60 during this study. Patients with neurological abnormalities, a history of carotid artery stenosis or severely impaired left ventricular function were excluded. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of milrinone on
and CCO2R in these patients.
In conclusion, although milrinone induced significant haemodynamic changes, and CCO2R were unchanged. Consequently, maintenance of
within the normal range is important to prevent cerebral hypoperfusion.
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References |
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