1 Department of Anesthesiology, The Ottawa HospitalCivic Campus and 2 The Adult Congenital Heart Clinic, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
Corresponding author: Department of Anesthesiology, The Ottawa HospitalCivic Campus, University of Ottawa, 1053 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9, Canada. E-mail: norse@cyberus.ca
Accepted for publication: September 27, 2002
![]() |
Abstract |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Br J Anaesth 2003; 90: 2413
Keywords: anaesthesia, obstetric; anaesthetic techniques, epidural; heart, congenital defects
![]() |
Introduction |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
![]() |
Case report |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
However, at 28 weeks gestation, she again experienced shortness of breath on exertion, NYHA class II. There was no chest pain, dizziness or palpitations. On examination, she was comfortable and not cyanosed. She had a heart rate of 80 beats min1 and her arterial pressure was 118/62 mm Hg. Jugular venous pressure was not elevated. There was a palpable right ventricular heave with a systolic murmur (grade 4/6) at the right sternal edge, and an early diastolic murmur (grade 2/4) heard at the left sternal edge. There was no evidence of pulmonary oedema, hepatomegaly, or peripheral oedema.
An echocardiogram at that time demonstrated severe aortic regurgitation, pulmonary stenosis (mean gradient 40 mm Hg), a right ventricular systolic pressure of 95 mm Hg, and increased left ventricular size with normal systolic function. Haematological and biochemical investigations were within normal limits. The electrocardiogram (ECG) showed sinus rhythm of 82 min1 with a normal axis, borderline left ventricular hypertrophy and non-specific intra-ventricular conduction delay. During the admission, she experienced several episodes of atypical chest pain. She received subcutaneous, unfractionated heparin 7 500 IU twice daily for deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis, furosemide 20 mg and atenolol 25 mg p.o. once daily, and i.m. dexamethasone. She remained stable in hospital, and serial ultrasound examinations confirmed that fetal growth was normal. It was determined that she should undergo elective Caesarean section at 32 weeks gestation. The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) was normal before epidural catheter insertion. In the operating room, non-invasive arterial pressure monitoring, 5-lead ECG with ST-segment analysis, and pulse oximetry were applied. Her oxygen saturation, breathing room air, was 96%. I.v. access was secured. Her arterial pressure was 104/58 mm Hg and heart rate was 110 beats min1 before insertion of invasive arterial pressure monitoring and an epidural catheter. The patient was anxious and required fentanyl 25 µg and midazolam 2 mg i.v. to facilitate the invasive procedures. She received an i.v. infusion of Ringers lactate solution 300 ml. A 20G polyurethane epidural catheter was inserted at L3L4 using a 16G Tuohy needle and loss of resistance to saline technique. The patient was placed in the supine position with left uterine displacement and given supplemental oxygen.
A test dose of lidocaine 2%, 3 ml with epinephrine 1: 200 000 was administered to exclude i.v. or intrathecal placement of the epidural catheter. Epidural anaesthesia was initiated with lidocaine 2%, 12 ml with epinephrine 1:200 000, given in 4 ml aliquots at 5 min intervals, with epidural fentanyl 100 µg. A total of 15 ml of the anaesthetic solution resulted in a loss of sensation to pinprick to T10. A further 5 ml of solution was given, resulting in an extension of the block to T4. At this time, the patient experienced chest discomfort and dyspnoea. The arterial pressure decreased abruptly to 78/40 mm Hg, with a junctional rhythm of 80 min1. A bolus of ephedrine 5 mg i.v. was given immediately, followed by pentastarch 10%, 250 ml. Her arterial pressure increased to 140/76 mm Hg after administration of ephedrine, the chest pain resolved and normal sinus rhythm returned. There were no ST-segment changes associated with this episode. Surgery proceeded uneventfully, and a healthy infant was delivered with an Apgar score of 9, at 1 and 5 min. An i.v. infusion of oxytocin 3.0 IU h1 was started. Her arterial pressure increased to 160/62 mm Hg with a heart rate of 120 beats min1 after delivery of the infant. Metoprolol 2 mg i.v. was given to decrease the heart rate and reduce the arterial pressure. Furosemide 10 mg i.v. was given after delivery of the placenta, to promote diuresis and reduce the increase in preload induced by auto-transfusion from uterine contraction and relief of inferior vena cava obstruction. The heart rate decreased to 100 beats min1 and the arterial pressure to 130/72 mm Hg after administration of i.v. metoprolol. The remaining intraoperative course was uneventful. Estimated blood loss was 500 ml. Preservative-free morphine 3 mg was given via the epidural catheter for postoperative analgesia and ondansetron 4 mg i.v. was given for antiemetic and antipruritic prophylaxis.
She remained in the post-anaesthesia care unit for observation overnight. Creatine kinase was elevated after surgery, but troponin concentrations were normal and there were no new ECG changes. She was discharged home, in good condition, on the fourth day after operation.
The patient returned to hospital for cardiac surgery 2 months after the Caesarean section. She underwent a Bentall procedure, where the stenotic pulmonary homograft was replaced by a new one, in addition to insertion of a mechanical aortic valve. The entire old pulmonary homograft was found to be contracted and very stenotic (1.0 cm2), and the aortic valve incompetence was largely because of aortic root dilation. There were no postoperative complications, and the patient was discharged home on coumadin and acetylsalicylic acid on the fifth day after operation.
![]() |
Discussion |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
The Ross procedure uses the patients own pulmonary valve to replace the stenotic aortic valve, and a cadaveric valve to replace the pulmonary valve. This allows the patient to avoid anticoagulation after surgery. This operative procedure is suitable for women of child-bearing age as the pulmonary autograft has the potential to grow. The autograft also has greater longevity than a bioprosthetic (e.g. porcine) valve, which deteriorates more rapidly than an autograft.4
Pulmonary artery stenosis increases the intraventricular pressure and work of the right ventricle. Severe pulmonary stenosis can reduce left ventricular output because of reduced forward flow. It is important to maintain preload to optimize myocardial contractility; however, excessive preload can precipitate right heart failure and atrial arrhythmias.5 6 During pregnancy, preload may be reduced by aortocaval compression, and at delivery by the vasodilatation associated with neuraxial sympathetic block.
Regurgitation of blood flow through an incompetent aortic valve reduces cardiac output and coronary artery blood flow. Reducing afterload improves forward flow, and maintaining a high-normal heart rate reduces the time for regurgitant flow. The reduction in afterload and increase in heart rate associated with pregnancy may improve symptoms in patients with aortic regurgitation. In patients with severe aortic incompetence, coronary arterial flow occurs predominantly during systole; diastolic coronary blood flow is markedly reduced.7
Maternal cardiac morbidity and mortality (and fetal outcome) during pregnancy correlate strongly with maternal functional status.1 Although this primigravid woman was acyanotic and NYHA class II, she had significant pulmonary artery stenosis with pulmonary hypertension, in addition to severe aortic regurgitation. Elective Caesarean delivery was planned at 32 weeks gestation to maximize fetal lung maturation and to avoid deterioration in maternal cardiac status. The cardiovascular changes associated with labour and vaginal delivery, including a further increase in cardiac output and oxygen consumption and Valsalva manoeuvres, were thought to be too hazardous to attempt induction of labour.
As a compromise, the haemodynamic objectives for this patient were to maintain a normal heart rate. Ideally a low-normal heart rate is preferable for patients with pulmonary stenosis, whereas patients with aortic regurgitation require a high-normal heart rate. Also, to maintain cardiac output we would aim to maintain preload, but tolerate a moderate reduction in afterload which would favour forward flow through the incompetent aortic valve. We chose to slowly induce epidural anaesthesia with incremental injections of small aliquots of lidocaine and fentanyl to provide effective anaesthesia, while minimizing haemodynamic changes during surgery. Regional anaesthesia also avoided the need for general anaesthesia with its well-known risks of aspiration, difficult tracheal intubation, and a hypertensive response to intubation. Invasive arterial pressure monitoring facilitated early recognition and treatment of deleterious intraoperative changes in arterial pressure. The brief hypotensive episode with junctional rhythm was likely attributable to a combination of reduced preload, and epidural local anaesthetic block of the sympathetic cardioaccelerator nerves to the heart. Ephedrine, which stimulates cardiac beta receptors to a greater degree than peripheral alpha receptors, was the preferred sympathomimetic drug in this situation; administration of a pure alpha agonist (e.g. phenylephrine) would have increased afterload considerably, and therefore reduced forward flow across the regurgitant aortic valve. We elected not to attempt to insert a central venous catheter because we anticipated that this procedure would be too stressful for this anxious patient, and likely result in a further increase in heart rate. Also, central venous catheterization is associated with several well-known complications. Although right-sided pressures would not have reflected left-sided filling pressures in this patient, some information regarding the intraoperative trend in central venous pressure might have been obtained. Insertion of a central venous catheter via an antecubital vein might have been a feasible alternative, and would probably have been acceptable to the patient.
There are few data in the literature to guide the anaesthetic management of parturients with severe pulmonary or aortic valve disease. Epidural anaesthesia, using incremental injections of bupivacaine 0.5%, has been successfully used for Caesarean delivery in a woman with Watsons syndrome who had pulmonary stenosis.8 Analgesia for labour and delivery has been provided with an intrathecal sufentanil infusion, and a 15 mg bolus of lidocaine 1% for vacuum extraction, in another parturient with isolated severe pulmonary stenosis.9 A precipitous and marked decrease in afterload can, however, result in profound hypotension and myocardial ischaemia in patients with severe aortic insufficiency. Cardiovascular collapse and death has been described in a woman with aortic regurgitation and pre-eclampsia who received a single bolus of 18 ml of epidural bupivacaine 0.5% (after a 2 ml test-dose of the same solution) for Caesarean delivery.10
Patients with significant multivalvular heart disease require careful pre-operative, multi-disciplinary assessment and anaesthetic planning before delivery, to optimize cardiac function during the peripartum period and make informed decisions regarding mode of delivery and anaesthetic technique. Preconceptual consultation with a cardiologist specializing in congenital heart disease is also advisable for women with complex cardiac valvular disease.
![]() |
References |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
2 Perloff JK. Residuae and sequelae: a perspective. In: Perloff JK, Child JS, eds. Congenital Heart Disease in Adults, 2nd Edn. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1998; 30315
3 Colman JM, Sermer M, Seaward PGR, Siu SC. Congenital heart disease in pregnancy. Cardiol Rev 2000; 8: 16573[CrossRef]
4 Shabrouni E, Oakley CM. Outcome of pregnancy in women with valve prosthesis. Br Heart J 1994; 71: 196201
5 Siu SC, Colman JM. Heart disease and pregnancy. Heart 2001; 85: 71015
6 Siu SC, Sermer M, Harrison D. Risk and predictors for pregnancy-related complications in women with heart disease. Circulation 1997; 96: 278994
7 Ardehali A, Segal J, Cheitlin MD. Coronary blood flow reserve in acute aortic regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 138792[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
8 Conway JB, Posner M. Anaesthesia for Caesarean section in a patient with Watsons syndrome. Can J Anaesth 1994; 41: 111316[Abstract]
9 Ransom DM, Leicht CH. Analgesia with sufentanil for labor and delivery in a parturient with severe pulmonary stenosis. Anesth Analg 1995; 80: 41821[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
10 Alderson JD. Cardiovascular collapse following epidural anaesthesia for Caesarean section in a patient with aortic incompetence. Anaesthesia 1987; 42: 6435[ISI][Medline]