Department of Anesthesia, Toronto Western Hospital and Nursing Information Systems, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada
* Corresponding author: Department of Anesthesia, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8. E-mail: frances.chung{at}uhn.on.ca
Accepted for publication July 12, 2004.
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Abstract |
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Methods. Two hundred and seven consenting outpatients undergoing day surgery procedures were enrolled. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with a standardized technique and the electroencephalographic bispectral index was monitored and maintained at 4060 during anaesthetic maintenance. At the end of surgery, patients were randomly assigned to either a routine or fast-tracking (FT) group. Patients in the FT group were transferred from the operating room to the DSU (i.e. bypassing the PACU) if they achieved the FT criteria. All other patients were transferred to the PACU and then to the DSU. Nursing workload was evaluated using a patient care hour chart based on the type and frequency of nursing interventions in the PACU and DSU. A cost associated with the nursing workload was calculated.
Results. The overall time from end of anaesthesia to discharge home was significantly decreased in the fast-tracking group. However, overall patient care hours and costs were similar in the two recovery groups.
Conclusion. Bypassing the PACU after these short outpatient procedures significantly decreases recovery time without compromising patient satisfaction. However, the overall nursing workload and the associated cost were not significantly affected.
Keywords: anaesthesia, ambulatory ; recovery, fast tracking ; surgery, day-case
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Introduction |
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Nursing workload is an important factor, which can be used to predict nursing costs.8 In Ontario, the Ministry of Health has mandated that hospitals report nursing workload based on management information systems guidelines.9 Approximately 70% of hospitals reporting the workload in Ontario use the validated GRASP® (GRASP System, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada) method to measure nursing workload. Nursing workload data are used to help in quantifying nursing care requirements into hours of care and for system planning decisions related to nursing.
A feature of the GRASP system that allows the nursing workload to be measured is the patient care hour chart (Appendix 1). Using this chart in the PACU and day surgery unit (DSU), the nursing workload can be estimated for each patient undergoing day surgery. We hypothesized that a reduced hospital stay that results from a fast-tracking recovery process can lead to a decreased nursing workload by using GRASP patient care hour data for patients undergoing day surgery. A randomized, prospective clinical study was therefore designed to compare the discharge time, differences in patient care hour, and its estimated costs between patients undergoing fast-tracking recovery and routine recovery processes.
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Methods |
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All patients received naproxen 500 mg orally 3060 min before induction of anaesthesia. Upon arrival in the operating room, routine monitors were applied to record heart rate, mean arterial pressure and oxygen saturation. In addition, the one-channel electroencephalographic bispectral index (BIS) monitor (A-2000 BIS monitor system XP, Aspect Medical System, Natick, MA, USA) was used for monitoring patients' intraoperative hypnotic levels.
Anaesthesia was induced with i.v. fentanyl 0.51.5 µg kg1 and propofol 1.02.5 mg kg1. A laryngeal mask airway was inserted to maintain a patent airway for spontaneously breathing patients undergoing hysteroscopy and arthroscopy. Patients undergoing laparoscopy received rocuronium 0.6 mg kg1 and mechanical ventilation via a tracheal tube. Granisetron 1 mg and droperidol 0.625 mg were administered i.v. to all patients immediately after induction for anti-emetic prophylaxis. Anaesthesia was maintained with desflurane 15% or sevoflurane 0.52% in combination with nitrous oxide 5060% in oxygen. Supplementary fentanyl 50 µg i.v. boluses were administered to treat persistent elevations in heart rate (>100 beats min1) or rises in mean arterial pressure (>30% of the pre-anaesthesia baseline). Patients' hypnotic levels were titrated with desflurane or sevoflurane to BIS values of 4060. During anaesthesia, patients were kept hydrated with normal saline 20 ml kg1 h1. According to a computer-generated random number table, patients were randomly assigned to either the fast-tracking group or the routine recovery group before discontinuation of the general anaesthetic. The maintenance anaesthetics were discontinued upon completion of surgery. Neostigmine 2.5 mg and glycopyrrolate 0.4 mg were given i.v. to patients who had received rocuronium at this time.
Patients in the fast-tracking group were transferred directly to the DSU (bypassing PACU) if they achieved a fast-tracking score of 12 within 10 min of discontinuation of general anaesthesia (Appendix 2).10 If they failed to achieve these criteria, they were considered unsuitable for the fast-track pathway and were transferred to the PACU. The data collected from these failed patients were still included in the fast-tracking group. Patients in the routine recovery groups were all transferred to the PACU whether or not they would achieve certain fast-tracking criteria. As is the standard practice in our institution, however, patients after general anaesthesia would not be transferred to the PACU until they awakened initially (i.e. open eyes on verbal command). Patients transferred to the PACU from either of the groups were discharged to the DSU when PACU discharge criteria were fulfilled.11 In the DSU, the postanaesthetic discharge score (Appendix 3)12 was used to assess patients' ability to be discharged home. Once patients had achieved a postanaesthetic discharge score of 9 or greater, they were discharged from the hospital.
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Postoperative nursing workload was determined from data recorded directly into a computer database by nursing staff in the PACU or DSU. The GRASP data were used to determine total direct patient care hours required at each location. Details of nursing care interventions and their associated standard times are given in Appendix 1. At our institution, Mistro® (GRASP System, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada) software is used; thus, documentation in the patient care hour chart is completely automated. Each intervention performed directly with patients can be recorded on the patient care hour chart and has a specific standard time attached. A consensus method was used to calculate the standard times and was arrived at with input from the DSU nursing staff. A total time, expressed as hours, was calculated for each patient. Nursing staff are fully trained in the use of the patient care hour chart.
The nursing costs associated with each patient were calculated according to nursing interventions recorded in the patient care hour chart. This information was based on costing data provided by the case costing group within our institution. These costs are expressed in Canadian dollars (C$). All patients were contacted 24 h after their surgery to enquire about their postdischarge side-effects, the need for therapeutic interventions, and their satisfaction with the recovery (rated as poor, fair, good or excellent).
Statistical analyses
Before initiation of the study, a power analysis was performed based on the total patient care hours of patients undergoing outpatient gynaecological procedures in our institution. The mean total patient care hours was 2.5 with a standard deviation of 0.8. In order to detect a 20-min difference in patient care hour time between fast tracking and routine recovery, 92 study subjects were required in each group (=0.05 and ß=0.2, two-sided test).
Data were analysed on an intention-to-treat basis; i.e. data from those patients randomized to fast-tracking but who failed to meet the fast-tracking criteria were still included in the fast-tracking group analysis.
The physical characteristics of the patient, recovery times and patient care hours were analysed using the unpaired t test. Postoperative pain and nausea scores were analysed using the KruskalWallis test. Other non-parametric variables were analysed using the 2 test (with Fisher's exact test). A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant for all tests.
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Results |
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There were very few significant differences in patient care hours or associated costs between fast-tracking and routine groups when compared directly (Table 3). A reduction in the time spent measuring vital signs was the only time saving which achieved statistical significance (P<0.05), but this did not translate into a statistically significant cost saving. For arthroscopic surgery, savings of C$ 50 and 24 patient care minutes (P<0.05) were made per procedure. For hysteroscopy, equivalent savings were C$ 10 and 6 min (P>0.05). For laparoscopic surgery, savings were C$ 6 and 6 min (P>0.05). Most of the savings made in the fast track groups were due to a reduction in time spent measuring vital signs.
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Discussion |
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In this study, the fast-track process reduced time from awakening to discharge by an average of 17 min. This result is skewed by the performance of the gynaecological laparoscopy subgroup, which did not show any significant time saving. For the hysteroscopy and arthroscopic surgery subgroups, time savings were 43 and 35 min respectively. Early discharge was not associated with any adverse outcome in terms of pain management or problems with nausea. Reductions in time to discharge of this magnitude can be considered clinically significant for both the patient and the DSU.
Although we had hypothesized that bypassing the PACU could lead to a decreased total nursing workload in the postoperative care units, this assumption was not confirmed by the results of this study. Neither reduced time to discharge nor bypassing the PACU appeared to reduce the nursing workload significantly. In this study, we focus on active nursing interventions and patient care hours that nurses spent with patients. Although the time to discharge was shorter in the fast-track group, the total numbers of nursing interventions and nursing hours were not different between the two recovery groups. This suggests that the extra postoperative monitoring received by PACU patients in the early phase of recovery represents only a tiny proportion of the overall nursing input. Other nursing inputs, such as i.v. therapy, medication treatments, hygiene, education, ambulation and emotional support make up most of the workload. It is perhaps not surprising that no cost savings were made using the fast-track approach. Another possible explanation could be that patients undergoing the routine recovery process in our study also had decreased postoperative nursing interventions as a result of receiving an effective fast-track anaesthetic technique.
It should be noted that in our hospital the PACU and DSU are separated by a distance of 200 feet and are staffed separately. It is possible that savings of nursing input and/or money might occur if the PACU and DSU were one and the same place. These savings could be a result of reduced paperwork, handover time, transport time and duplicated interventions.
Interestingly, when we looked at the subgroups of patients undergoing the three different types of procedure, we found that patients following arthroscopy had both significantly decreased patient care hours (24 min) and decreased costs associated with bypassing the PACU (CAD 50). In contrast, patients following gynaecological laparoscopy seemed to require a longer stay in the DSU after bypassing the PACU, which resulted in a total recovery time comparable to that of those not bypassing the PACU after the same procedure. Clearly, the type of day surgery has a significant influence on the outcomes of a fast-tracking process. Certain types of surgery may be more suited to fast-tracking than others. It seems that, from our study, fast-tracking those undergoing minor procedures requiring no muscle relaxants might be associated with reduced postoperative nursing workload. Further studies with a larger sample size in this population may be required to clarify this benefit.
The overall nursing costs for the three day procedures in our study were similar in the two recovery groups because there were few significant differences in nursing workload. Even though the overall recovery times in the DSU were reduced, these time savings may not result in significant cost savings unless the fast-tracking process leads to savings in personnel costs. In a previous study, Dexter and Tinker examined interventions that could decrease the costs of running a PACU.14 They concluded that anaesthetists might not be able to decrease postoperative care cost to a great extent, and that the most expensive factor was staffing, which accounted for 98% of the costs. Significant cost savings can be achieved by decreasing PACU staffing levels, but clearly this must be matched with a significant decrease in nursing workload. However, it is difficult to reduce PACU staff as its staffing is very dependent on the number of patients present at peak times. Williams and colleagues showed that PACU-bypass patients were three times more likely to require at least one nursing intervention in the DSU when compared with patients not bypassing the PACU.3 In this study, we were also not able to show a significant overall decrease in nursing workload following three common day procedures.
Dexter and colleagues examined the effect of PACU bypass rate on nursing staffing in postoperative care using a computer simulation.15 The authors concluded that decreases in labour costs by faster emergence and bypassing PACU depend on how the operating room and PACU are scheduled, how nurses or technicians are paid, and how many patients per day pass through the unit. In the traditional hospital settings, postoperative personnel costs are fixed rather than variable. Changes in staffing of postoperative care units to take account of a fast-track recovery process may be difficult when there is no decrease in nursing workload. Significant cost savings may be difficult to realize.
Fast-track pathways are associated with a reduction in monitoring of postoperative vital signs. The rationale for such a reduction is that patients' recovery is so rapid that prolonged monitoring is unnecessary. Although Apfelbaum and colleagues2 did not find any increase in adverse events in the PACU, it is difficult to say with any certainty that the fast-track pathways are not associated with any increased risk to the patient. Our study demonstrated a statistically significant difference of 17 min in hospital stay between routine and fast-track groups. The question must be Is this difference clinically significant?, given that there is no significant financial saving or reduction of nursing workload.
Our results indicate that there is very little clinically significant benefit to patients in bypassing the PACU and very little financial benefit. This may be due to the fixed costs of nursing care. Also, day-case patients in the routine recovery group had a shortened duration of stay in the PACU, thus making the effect of bypassing the PACU less significant.
In summary, fast-tracking outpatients after gynaecological laparoscopy, hysteroscopy and arthroscopy procedures led to an overall shortened length of patient stay in the postoperative care units without increasing postoperative side-effects. However, the overall average nursing workload and cost per patient care were not significantly reduced. The value of bypassing the PACU needs to be further evaluated.
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Acknowledgments |
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Footnotes |
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References |
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