1 Department of Neurosurgery and 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Technical University (RWTH) Aachen, Germany
Corresponding author. E-mail: vrohde@ukaachen.de
Accepted for publication: May 13, 2003
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Abstract |
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Methods. We applied rTCMS (four stimuli; inter-stimulus intervals of 3, 4, 5 ms (333, 250, 200 Hz), output 2.5 Tesla) in 27 patients and recorded CMAP from the hypothenar and anterior tibial muscle. Anaesthesia was maintained with fentanyl 0.51 µg kg1 h1 and either isoflurane 1.2% (10 patients) or propofol 5 mg kg1 h1 with nitrous oxide 60% in oxygen (17 patients).
Results. No CMAP were detected during isoflurane anaesthesia. During propofol anaesthesia 333 Hz, four-pulse magnetic stimulation evoked CMAP in the hypothenar muscle in 75%, and in the anterior tibial muscle in 65% of the patients. Less response was obtained with 250 and 200 Hz stimulation.
Conclusions. In most patients, rTCMS can overcome suppression of CMAP during propofol/nitrous oxide anaesthesia, but not during isoflurane anaesthesia. A train of four magnetic stimuli at a frequency of 333 Hz is most effective in evoking potentials from the upper and lower limb muscles. The authors conclude that rTCMS can be used for evaluation of the descending motor pathways during anaesthesia.
Br J Anaesth 2003; 91: 48792
Keywords: brain, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; equipment, monitors; monitoring, motor evoked potentials
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Introduction |
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Methods |
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Premedication and anaesthesia
Premedication with midazolam 7.5 mg orally was given 60 min before anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol 2 mg kg1, fentanyl 12 µg kg1 and mivacurium 0.10.2 mg1 kg1 to facilitate tracheal intubation and positioning for operation. In 17 patients, anaesthesia was maintained with propofol 5 mg kg1 h1, nitrous oxide 60% in oxygen and fentanyl 0.51 µg kg1 h1. In 10 patients, anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane 1.2% and fentanyl 0.51 µg kg1 h1, and nitrous oxide was not used. These two methods of anaesthesia were routine anaesthetic regimens during the study period and were not changed for the study. Neuromuscular transmission was monitored by train of four stimulation of the ulnar nerve and electrophysiological testing was not started before the mivacurium had stopped working. The time between giving mivacurium and first magnetic motor cortex stimulation was at least 30 min. Arterial pressure, heart frequency, oxygen saturation, and body temperature were measured during anaesthesia and were kept constant.
Repetitive TCMS of the motor cortex and recording of muscle action potential
Stimulation was applied with the flat coil (outer coil diameter 9 cm). The centre of the coil was placed on the head over the motor cortex of the arm and leg. During the entire investigation, the orientation of the coil (tangential to skull, the handle pointing strictly dorsally) was kept unchanged. Stimulation was always performed with the maximum condenser capacity (Magstim QuadroPulse Model 500, The Magstim Company, Spring Gardens, Whitland, Dyfed, UK). Train of four stimuli were used for motor cortex activation with inter-stimulus intervals (ISI) of 3, 4, and 5 ms. This corresponds to stimulation frequencies of 333, 250, and 200 Hz. Each recording was repeated at least once.
CMAP were recorded from the contralateral abductor pollicis brevis and the anterior tibial muscle, using subdermal needle electrodes in a tendon-belly arrangement. The signal was filtered between 30 and 3000 Hz, and amplified to show either 200 or 500 µV per division. For each patient, recordings were superimposed to identify the shortest latency and the greatest amplitude (baseline-to-peak) of the evoked potentials. The maximum amplitude of the potential complex was measured.
Statistical analysis
The individual CMAP latencies and amplitudes for each stimulation setting were used to calculate the mean (SD). Data were compared with a paired t-test. Significance was taken if P<0.05. The percentage of CMAP, which allowed clear identification of the potential offset and measurement of the latency and the baseline-to-peak amplitude in relation to the number of stimuli and frequency were determined. Positive CMAP identification was based on at least two recordings with amplitudes, which were at least twice the amplitude of the baseline noise. If in two successive trials, one CMAP was significant and the other not, stimulation was repeated. If the third CMAP was clearly seen, CMAP identification was considered positive. The amplitude of the baseline noise was measured from peak-to-peak with the sensitivity set to 50 µV per division.
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Discussion |
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To improve measurements after sTCMS, different anaesthetic regimens have been used. Nitrous oxide/opioid anaesthesia with or without ketamine, barbiturates, and etomidate can allow sTCMS and CMAP recording.1519
Rationale for rTCMS
We attempted to obtain MEP by changing the stimulation. In non-anaesthesized humans, sTCMS can cause up to five I waves, which pass down the pyramidal tract and produces a series of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) at the -motoneuron. The temporal summation of EPSPs brings the
-motoneuron to a firing threshold and causes a recordable muscle action potential in the target muscle.7 The critical number of descending waves needed to cause a muscle response seems to be at least 3.20 In the cortex, volatile anaesthestics and propofol impair synaptic transmission by increasing the concentration of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and reducing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters.21 22 This reduces the number of trans-synaptically generated I waves and impairs
-motoneuron activation during anaesthesia.23 24 We thought that if the number of the descending I waves could be increased again, then magnetic stimulation would allow MEP recording without altering the anaesthetic regimen. We stimulated the motor cortex four times with frequencies from 200 to 333 Hz. We could not show successful activation of the
-motoneuron if isoflurane 1.2% was used for anaesthesia. This suggests that isoflurane 1.2% inhibits the synapses, so that less than one I wave per stimulus is generated. A reduction of the isoflurane concentration might increase I wave generation and CMAP recordability. We found that the inhibition by propofol was less. Repetitive TCMS with four stimuli generated EMG responses in the muscles of the arm and leg. We conclude that propofol at a dose of 5 mg kg1 h1 reduces the number of I waves to one or two per stimulus.
Propofol was used together with nitrous oxide, which has no suppressive effect at the cortical level, but modulates the function of spinal inhibitory interneurons and -motoneurons.25 In addition to cortical inhibition, isoflurane at 1.2% reduces the excitability of
-motoneurons.26 The present study did not allow the effect of spinal inhibition on CMAP generation to be measured, using four-pulse magnetic stimulation in anaesthesized patients. However, the spinal inhibitory effects of nitrous oxide and isoflurane at these dosages are probably small in comparison with the effects of propofol and isoflurane on the cortex.
Stimulation characteristics
We cannot infer how rTCMS generates sufficient I waves to activate the -motoneuron during propofol anaesthesia. The initial stimulus could serve as a conditioning stimulus and lower the excitation threshold of the corticomotoneuron (intracortical excitation), so that subsequent stimuli generate a sufficient number of descending waves.20 27 It is also possible that the excitation threshold of the corticomotoneuron remains constant, and that each stimulus generates a small number of descending waves which are ineffective.28 By repetitive stimuli with summation of the waves, a descending volley is formed which depolarizes the
-motoneuron. Summation of activity is supported by the effect of the inter-stimulus interval on the evoked muscle action potentials. With an ISI of 3 ms CMAP were found in 75%, but they were only found in 50% with an ISI of 5 ms. After single motor cortex stimulation, the latency of the first I wave is 2.9 ms. The subsequent I waves follow in intervals of 1.4 ms.29 If we assume that one to two waves are generated per stimulus during propofol anaesthesia, the physiological I wave volley would be almost exactly imitated, if four stimuli with an ISI of 3 ms are applied.
Other studies of rTCMS
Gugino and coworkers30 used rTCMS in three patients anaesthesized with propofol and fentanyl. EMG responses were found when stimulating the motor cortex with three and four pulses (ISI of 2.5 ms). Others used double-pulse and quadruple-pulse stimulation at 500 Hz (ISI of 2 ms) in 40 patients giving increasing doses of propofol and remifentanil,31 which was stopped when intubation became possible. Increasing doses of propfol and, to a lesser extent, remifentanil incompletely suppressed the EMG-response after single and multiple stimuli. Our study supports these observations that anaesthesia with propofol allows recording MEP after repetitive TCMS. However, the previous studies did not indicate the best settings and pulse numbers to allow MEP to be recorded during surgery.
Clinical aspects
We cannot assess EMG-responses during anaesthesia in healthy volunteers. We studied neurologically intact patients with prolapsed lumbar discs requiring surgery. In spite of the encouraging results of the present study, we would not use rTCMS for routine monitoring during lumbar disc surgery because the risk of postoperative motor deficits is small. In addition, the hypothenar and anterior tibial muscles are supplied by different nerve roots, so that MEP could continue despite root damage during disc surgery. Postoperative deficits are more likely during cervical and thoracic spinal surgery, so we will study the role of rTCMS for motor tract monitoring during these operations. The device for rTCMS is bulky, but we found that it can be placed beside the patients head without interfering with the neurosurgeons and anaesthesiologists working space, using a specially designed clamp. To assess the practicability of this approach, we are comparing rTCMS with repetitive transcranial electric stimulation, the routine method for intraoperative monitoring of the descending motor pathways.32 33
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Acknowledgement |
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References |
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