Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospitals, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, U. Z. Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium*Corresponding author
Accepted for publication: February 5, 2001
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Abstract |
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Br J Anaesth 2001; 86: 7947
Keywords: measurement techniques, cardiac output; measurement techniques, oesophageal Doppler; anaesthetic techniques, epidural
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Introduction |
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The ODM II machine (Abbot Laboratories, North Chicago, IL, USA) uses a nomogram to estimate CO from Doppler flow measurements in the descending aorta. To calculate CO, the oesophageal Doppler machine has to take into account the blood flow that it does not measure (i.e. flow to the upper body), and assumes that 30% of CO goes to the upper body. Variations in blood flow distribution may, therefore, lead to errors in CO estimates. Situations involving blood flow redistribution where ODM is inaccurate include haemorrhage13 14 and aortic cross-clamping.12 Lumbar epidural anaesthesia (LEA) increases blood flow to the lower body by sympathetic nerve block, and reduces flow to the upper body by compensatory vasoconstriction caused by increased sympathetic nerve activity.1519 The ODM II machine could overestimate CO in these circumstances.
We measured the accuracy of CO estimation using ODM during LEA as an example of a clinical setting involving redistribution of blood flow between the upper and lower body.
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Methods |
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Fourteen male patients (mean age 65 yr (range 5873), mean weight 80 kg (range 61110), mean height 176 cm (range 172184), ASA class I or II), all undergoing radical prostatectomy under general anaesthesia, were included in the study. A history of severe cardiac disease, respiratory or oesophageal pathology were exclusion criteria. The oesophageal Doppler monitor used for this study (ODM II) emits a continuous 4 MHz ultrasound signal, which is received through a 300 Hz high-pass filter. The blood flow velocity curve is displayed continuously and an on-line display of CO, heart rate and stroke volume is provided.
For the purpose of intra- and post-operative analgesia, a lumbar epidural catheter was inserted at the level of intervertebral space L2L3 before induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol 1.52 mg kg1, vecuronium 0.1 mg kg1 and sufentanil 0.20.3 µg kg1, and maintained by means of isoflurane 1.21.5 MAC and 65% nitrous oxide with supplemental sufentanil. Following orotracheal intubation, the lungs were mechanically ventilated with a mixture of 35% oxygen and nitrous oxide. A 20-gauge catheter was inserted in the radial artery and a TD catheter was introduced via the right internal jugular vein.
The oesophageal probe was inserted in the standard manner by experienced personnel; optimal positioning was obtained from the appearance and sound of the Doppler signal. Patient age and weight were entered into the ODM console nomogram.
Coupled measurements of CO by TD (triplicate measurements with ice-cold saline) and ODM techniques were performed three times at fixed intervals during the general anaesthetic and then 20, 25 and 30 min after injection of 10 ml bupivacaine 0.25%. Arterial pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, central venous pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were recorded immediately after each CO determination. An i.v. infusion of 500 ml of a colloid solution (Geloplasma®) was then administered over 30 min in order to prevent severe arterial hypotension.
CO measurements with ODM and TD were compared using Bland-Altman analysis.20 Paired t-tests were used to test the significance of changes in haemodynamic parameters after epidural anaesthesia. A probability of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant to reject the null hypothesis.
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Results |
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The epidural anaesthesia reduced arterial pressure (mean arterial pressure from (mean (SD) 74 (12) (range 6197) to 63 (10) (range 5079) mm Hg) and central venous filling pressure (from 11 (3) (range 617) to 10 (4) (range 417) mm Hg) as measured at the moment of peak CO (TD method). Heart rate, pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure did not change (Table 1).
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Before LEA, TD and ODM techniques showed acceptable agreement (mean difference 0.89 litre min1, limits of agreement 2.67 and +0.88 litre min1; SE of the mean difference=0.95, SE of the limits of agreement=0.23 (Figs 1 and 2A)). Both ODM and TD CO increased after LEA. However, the increase measured by ODM (from 4.84 (1.26) to 6.54 (1.99) litre min1; =+1.71 (1.19) litre min1) was greater than that measured using the TD technique (from 5.60 (1.16) to 6.11 (1.10) litre min1;
=+0.51 (0.70) litre min1; P<0.05). During LEA, in contrast to baseline circumstances, ODM overestimated CO (mean difference +0.55 litre min1, SE of the mean difference=0.29) and displayed unacceptably wide limits of agreement (limits of agreement 3.21 and +4.30 litre min1, SE of the limits of agreement=0.50) (Figs 1 and 2B).
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Discussion |
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LEA increased CO as measured by both TD and ODM, explained by a reduction in systemic vascular resistance and maintenance of an adequate preload by volume infusion.21
The main result of this study is that ODM overestimates CO during LEA. There is no theoretical reason to believe that lack of agreement between ODM and TD measurements during epidural anaesthesia should be caused by an underestimation of CO by TD. LEA causes blood pooling in the capacitance vessels of the lower limbs,16 but this should not affect the accuracy of the TD method which measures blood flow in the pulmonary circulation.
Movement artefacts are unlikely to cause error considering the type of surgery involved. Variation in cross-sectional area of the aorta has been suggested as an important potential cause of inaccuracy of ODM.12 13 Considering our patient characteristics, errors caused by aortic compliance are unlikely. A decrease in area of the descending aorta could theoretically overestimate CO. The decrease in arterial pressure which we observed could have caused a small decrease in aortic area, but it is very unlikely that it should have caused a 4-fold decrease needed if this were to be the sole cause of error.
Overestimation by ODM is probably caused by the redistribution of blood to the lower body, at the expense of the upper body segment. The fixed distribution assumed by the ODM II suggests that the machine cannot compensate for such variations in blood flow distribution. ODM has been found inaccurate in haemorrhage13 14 and aortic cross-clamping where redistribution is likely. Klotz and co-workers observed an increase in bias between TD and ODM from 0.96 to 1.51 litre min1 during aortic cross-clamping in six patients.12 Underestimation of CO by ODM during aortic cross-clamping can be explained by blood flow redistribution from the lower to the upper body.
The new generation of ODM devices (such as the Hemosonic 100, Arrow22) measure aortic diameter. Although this may assess any possible inaccuracy of ODM caused by variations in aortic CSA, it will not solve the problem of blood flow redistribution between the upper and lower body.
We propose that the blood flow redistribution in circumstances like LEA, aortic cross-clamping, haemorrhagic and distributive shock can partially explain the inaccuracy of ODM CO measurements, and caution is necessary when using ODM to estimate CO.
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References |
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