1Department of Anaesthesia (D06) and 2Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney,NSW 2006 Australia*Corresponding author
This article is accompanied by Editorial II.
Declaration of interest. The authors thank Organon Teknika for supplying authentic standards of the internal standard and 17-desacetylrocuronium. We also thank the Australian Government for granting an Overseas Postgraduate Research Scholarship to L. Gao.
Accepted for publication: January 25, 2002
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Abstract |
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Methods. A constant-rate infusion of rocuronium was administered to 17 adult patients undergoing liver transplantation. Blood samples were taken at 30-min intervals throughout the procedure, which was divided into three phases: paleo-, an-, and neohepatic. Assay of plasma concentrations of rocuronium was by a gas chromatographicmass spectrometry technique. Postoperative liver function was followed for up to five days by measuring plasma aminotransferases.
Results. In 14 of the 15 patients who survived the transplantation procedure, there was a 750% decrease in rocuronium concentration during the neohepatic phase compared with the anhepatic phase. In contrast, rocuronium concentrations increased in the two patients who died after surgery, one as a result of primary non-function and one from massive bleeding. In one patient who survived there was no change in rocuronium concentration. The increase in plasma rocuronium concentration during the neohepatic phase in the two patients who died was consistent with high levels of plasma aminotransferases.
Conclusions. Comparison of changes in plasma rocuronium concentration during the neohepatic phase with early postoperative liver function tests suggests the potential use of rocuronium as a pharmacokinetic probe for predicting liver function during liver transplantation. Further study of rocuroniums potential as an intraoperative pharmacodynamic probe of liver function by measuring neuromuscular paralysis is suggested.
Br J Anaesth 2002; 88: 76470
Keywords: neuromuscular block, rocuronium; liver, transplantation; liver, function; pharmacokinetics, rocuronium
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Introduction |
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The pharmacokinetics of rocuronium are not significantly altered during renal transplantation,6 which is consistent with the kidney being a minor organ of elimination, although in patients with chronic renal failure there is a decrease in clearance.7 In cirrhotic patients, rocuronium clearance is reduced, with a consequent prolongation of paralysis.8 For these reasons, rocuronium has been used as a probe of liver function during orthotopic liver transplantation in humans, and a strong correlation was observed between rocuronium recovery time and liver function following surgery.9 Another quaternary aminosteroidal neuromuscular blocking agent, vecuronium, has also been studied for the same purpose in animals and humans.1012 The results were very similar to those with rocuronium. A pharmacokinetic study of rocuronium during the three phases of liver transplantation indicated that during the neohepatic period, clearance of rocuronium varied with the duration of warm ischaemia (the time from when the liver was removed from hypothermic storage and placed in the surgical field until its reperfusion). Increased duration of warm ischaemia was associated with decreased clearance of rocuronium.13
The aim of this study was to examine changes in plasma rocuronium concentration during various phases of liver transplantation and to assess if alterations in concentration were correlated with graft liver function tests. Specifically, patients were given a constant infusion of rocuronium, and the relationship between changes in plasma rocuronium concentration during different phases of the operation and graft liver function soon after surgery was examined.
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Materials and methods |
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Rocuronium infusion strategy
Infusion of rocuronium in each patient was commenced after full recovery of the twitch response in the adductor pollicis muscle to train-of-four stimulation following intubation with succinylcholine. A bolus of rocuronium 0.45 mg kg1 i.v. was given followed by an infusion started 30 min later. Rocuronium bromide 10 mg ml1 was diluted with 0.9% saline to a final concentration of 1 mg ml1 so that an accurate infusion rate was delivered. The initial infusion rate was 0.5 mg kg1 h1; this was maintained for 20 min, then a 1020% increment or decrement in the rate was introduced according to clinical need. Clinical management demanded complete relaxation of the limbs and ablation of spontaneous respiratory effort. Any movement of the patients limbs or recovery of spontaneous breathing was taken as indication of insufficient muscle paralysis and the infusion rate was increased and kept constant for 20 min. Once optimal paralysis had been achieved and maintained for 20 min, the infusion rate was decreased by 10% and maintained for another 20 min. This was repeated until the reappearance of any signs indicating insufficient paralysis, such as diaphragm or limb movement, or coughing. The rate of rocuronium infusion was then increased by 10%, and this rate was maintained for another 20 min. This was repeated until the signs of insufficient paralysis disappeared. This infusion rate was then determined as the final one for that patient throughout the operation. All pharmacokinetic measurements were made during the final unvarying rocuronium infusion.
Neuromuscular function monitoring
Neuromuscular paralysis was assessed by clinical methods during the period of cannulation. Paralysis induced by the constant infusion of rocuronium was measured by accelerometry (TOF-GUARD®, Organon Teknika, Belgium) once the cannulation period was completed. A 0.1 Hz single stimulus was delivered to the ulnar nerve at the wrist and the response of the adductor pollicis muscle recorded. The response of the adductor pollicis muscle to this stimulus after full recovery from succinylcholine, which was used for intubation, was taken as the baseline (control) value. Intensity of paralysis was monitored throughout the operation.
Blood sampling
Liver transplantation can be divided into three phases. The first paleohepatic phase consists of the dissection procedure, which usually lasts 24 h. The second anhepatic phase begins when the hepatic artery, portal vein and inferior vena cava above and below the liver are cross-clamped. This phase lasts up to 2 h, during which the recipients liver is removed and the inferior vena cava and portal vein are anastomosed to the donor liver. The final neohepatic phase starts when the inferior vena cava and portal vein are unclamped and the hepatic artery and biliary duct anastomoses are performed.
Arterial blood samples (5 ml) were taken from the left radial artery cannula before administration of rocuronium and at 30-min intervals from the start of the procedure to the end of surgery (n=36 during each phase). Blood samples were collected in lithium heparinized tubes and kept at 4°C before harvesting plasma within 2 h of collection. Plasma was acidified to pH 5.5 with 1 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution (0.2 ml per ml plasma) to prevent rocuronium degradation and the samples were stored at 20°C until analysis. These plasma samples were assayed for rocuronium. Plasma enzymes were also measured in other blood samples collected on days 15 after surgery; these included plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, and -glutamyl transpeptidase assays.
Rocuronium assay
Plasma concentrations of rocuronium and its putative metabolite, 17-desacetylrocuronium, were analysed using a gas chromatographicmass spectrometry (GCMS) technique with 3-desacetylvecuronium as the internal standard.15 This involved using a chemically bonded silica capillary column for separation of rocuronium, its metabolite and the internal standard, and use of an electron impact ionization mass spectrometer as a detector. Selective ion monitoring using the most abundant (base) peak was employed for quantifying rocuronium (m/z: 413) and the internal standard (m/z: 425); 17-desacetylrocuronium was quantified using the fragment peaks at m/z: 236 and m/z: 447. The analytes were extracted from plasma by liquid liquid extraction with dichloromethane using potassium iodide as the ion-pairing agent. Mean (SD) extraction efficiency was 75 (5)% for rocuronium and 50 (10)% for 17-desacetylrocuronium.15 The lower limit of quantification by this method was 26 ng ml1 for rocuronium and 870 ng ml1 for 17-desacetylrocuronium. Assay accuracy varied from 18% to +10% over the concentration range 500 ng ml1 to 50 µg ml1 for both analytes, and assay precision, as indicated by the intra- and inter-assay variability was <10% and <15% for rocuronium and 17-desacetylrocuronium, respectively.15
Statistical analysis
All data are presented as mean (SD). Plasma rocuronium concentrations during the three phases of transplantation were compared by one-way analysis of variance for repeated measurements, followed by Tukeys multiple comparisons test. Linear regression analysis was performed to verify the relationship between change in plasma rocuronium concentration after revascularization and blood infusion volume, and changes in concentration and postoperative liver function tests. For all statistical comparisons, differences were considered significant at P<0.05. All estimations were two tailed.
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Results |
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Plasma rocuronium concentrations: anhepatic vs neohepatic phase
Mean plasma rocuronium concentrations during the neohepatic phase are presented as percentages of the mean concentrations during the anhepatic phase in Table 4 and Figure 1. Of the 15 surviving patients, plasma concentrations during the neohepatic phase were 2050% lower than those during the anhepatic phase in six patients. In another eight patients, the concentrations decreased by 720%. In the remaining one patient, the concentration remained almost the same as during the anhepatic phase. In contrast, in the two patients who died within a week of surgery, the concentrations increased by 6 and 22%.
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Intensity of neuromuscular paralysis
Quantitative data on neuromuscular block were not available until cannulae had been inserted in all four limbs of the patient. Thus, during the approximately 2 h period during which the cannulae were being inserted, the intensity of paralysis was assessed on the basis of clinical judgement. Usually, the rocuronium infusion rate was adjusted during this period to produce complete paralysis of the limbs and ablation of respiratory effort. Quantitative monitoring of paralysis in the right arm by accelerometry started once the cannulae were in place but before the start of transplantation. In most patients, no adductor pollicis muscle twitch response was detected using the TOF-GUARD® until the end of the surgery.
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Discussion |
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Plasma rocuronium concentrations decreased during the neohepatic phase in 14 patients who had normal liver function after surgery. Only three of these patients showed statistically significant changes, although several showed greater numerical deviation without significance, which was probably a reflection of the small number of samples taken during each phase in these patients. This decrease in plasma rocuronium concentration may be the result of several factors. First, as noted with vecuronium, rocuronium is probably taken up by the liver and excreted into bile by the newly grafted liver.5 Therefore, it is expected that reperfusion of the graft liver will lead to the initiation of rocuronium excretion via hepatic pathways and results in a reduction in plasma concentration, provided the liver is functioning properly. Second, rocuronium is also partly eliminated via the kidney.6 7 Therefore, the patients renal function may also influence plasma rocuronium concentration. However, of the 17 patients, all except one (no. 8) had normal renal function before the operation. Urine outputs were measured every hour and maintained above 1 ml kg1 h1 during the operation. No significant differences in urine output were observed during the different phases of liver transplantation. Third, volumes of blood infused during the three phases of the operation may also influence rocuronium plasma concentration. Transfusion of large volumes of blood may be expected to reduce rocuronium concentration by dilution. However, of all the patients in whom rocuronium concentrations decreased during the neohepatic phase, mean blood infusion volume during the anhepatic phase was significantly higher than during the paleohepatic and neohepatic phases (P<0.05). This excludes the possibility that decreases in the plasma rocuronium concentration during the neohepatic phase were the result of dilution following blood infusion. Of the two patients in whom plasma rocuronium concentrations increased during the neohepatic phase, infusion volumes during that phase were higher than during the anhepatic phase. This lends further support to the conclusion that alterations in rocuronium concentrations are not related to the volume of blood infused during transplantation. Finally, infusion of salvaged blood during the operation could contribute to increases in rocuronium concentrations if any residual rocuronium is present in the blood that is re-infused into the patient. However, blood salvaged during the operation was routinely washed by the cell saver before re-infusion and no rocuronium was detected after washing.
Mean plasma rocuronium concentrations did not change significantly during the anhepatic phase when compared with the paleohepatic phase, suggesting that absence of liver function during this phase did not have a significant impact on the clearance of rocuronium. Fisher and colleagues13 also failed to observe significant differences in rocuronium clearance during the paleohepatic and the anhepatic periods in a pharmacokinetic study of the three phases of liver transplantation. In their study, 20 patients were given two doses of rocuronium 0.6 mg kg1 after induction of anaesthesia and after re-perfusion of the transplanted liver. Their results suggested that rocuronium clearance is maintained, and is minimally affected by the anhepatic period. This would seem inconsistent with the concept that the liver has an important role in the elimination of rocuronium. It should be remembered, however, that all transplant patients have a severely diseased liver before transplantation. Thus, removal of a severely dysfunctional liver might be expected to cause minimal perturbation in rocuronium concentration. Multiple physiological factors and events during the anhepatic phase, such as blood loss, alteration in cardiac output, hypothermia and loss of rocuronium to the venovenous bypass circuit,13 may have contributed to a lack of change in rocuronium clearance.
Our rocuronium assay using GCMS15 can also detect the putative metabolite, 17-desacetylrocuronium, but the sensitivity for the metabolite is substantially less than that for the parent (unchanged) drug. That this metabolite was not detected in any plasma samples may reflect the low assay sensitivity for the metabolite or negligible plasma concentrations of it, caused by negligible conversion of rocuronium to the metabolite or its rapid plasma clearance. Previous studies also did not detect rocuronium metabolites using either HPLC or GC methods.5 13 Only minimal amounts of 17-desacetylrocuronium were detected in plasma even after a large dose of rocuronium (0.9 mg kg1);5 similar results were also found in animals.2 These studies suggest that rocuronium is eliminated mainly unchanged, presumably in bile.
Previously a close relationship between recovery time from rocuronium-induced paralysis and early postoperative liver function after liver transplantation has been observed.9 This study produces further evidence that changes in rocuronium pharmacokinetics, as reflected by perturbations in plasma rocuronium concentration during different phases of liver transplantation, appear to be correlated with early postoperative graft liver function and patient prognosis. Thus, rocuronium may have potential as an on-line pharmacokinetic probe of liver function following re-perfusion of the graft liver. Although assay methods for rocuronium are not available on-line in most transplantation centres, rocuronium may still prove a useful clinical indicator if its infusion rate is not kept constant, but allowed to vary according to clinical requirement during the three phases of transplantation.
Fisher and colleagues13 observed a correlation between duration of warm ischaemia of the donor liver and rocuronium clearance during the neohepatic phase. Increased duration of warm ischaemia was associated with decreased clearance. In our study, the duration of warm ischaemia of the donor livers for the two patients who died (and who had increased rocuronium plasma concentrations during the neohepatic phase) were 52 and 110 min respectively, while mean duration of warm ischaemia was 73 (29) min (range 40154 min). There was no correlation between the duration of warm ischaemia and individual changes in plasma rocuronium concentration during the neohepatic phase. Total duration of ischaemia in the donor livers for the two patients who died were 656 and 1010 min, respectively, compared with an average of 617 (171) min (range 3251010 min) in the survivors (Table 2). Again, no association could be detected between the change in rocuronium concentration and the duration of ischaemia. However, the longest duration of ischaemia (1010 min) was observed in one of the two patients who died and who had an increased rocuronium concentration during the neohepatic phase.
Neuromuscular blocking agents have the advantage that their pharmacodynamic effects can be quantified clinically.16 We tried to quantify the intensity of paralysis during transplantation in this study. However, because the present study focused on the investigation of plasma rocuronium concentrations during three phases of liver transplantation, the patients were paralysed to an extent which guaranteed that no changes were made to the rocuronium infusion rate during the procedure. Thus, no extensive pharmacodynamic data were available from this study.
In conclusion, reperfusion of the graft liver during liver transplantation (neohepatic phase) resulted in a decrease in plasma rocuronium concentration compared with that during the anhepatic phase, indicating an important role of the liver in the elimination of rocuronium. The increase in rocuronium concentration during the neohepatic phase in the two patients who died after surgery correlated with their early postoperative liver function tests, which were abnormal. This is in agreement with a previous study which observed a close relationship between intensity of rocuronium-induced paralysis and postoperative graft liver function.9 Our study gives further encouraging information about the value of using rocuronium as a pharmacokinetic probe of liver function. Meanwhile, use of rocuronium as an on-line pharmacodynamic probe of graft liver function during transplantation by measuring neuromuscular block and infusion dose requirements is worthy of and is the subject of future studies by us.
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