Department of Clinical Anaesthesia, Royal Victoria Hospital, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK*Corresponding author
Accepted for publication: June 28, 2000
![]() |
Abstract |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Br J Anaesth 2001; 86: 1358
Keywords: anaesthesia, obstetric; complications, cardiomyopathy; analgesics opioid, remifentanil
![]() |
Introduction |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
![]() |
Case report |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Over the next few hours, the patients shortness of breath became worse and she developed a dry cough. An electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed left bundle branch block (LBBB) and a transthoracic echocardiogram demonstrated a markedly dilated left ventricle with an end-systolic diameter of 68 mm (normal=1840 mm), global left ventricular dysfunction with an ejection fraction of 15%, mild functional mitral regurgitation and an enlarged left atrium. A chest x-ray showed cardiomegaly and signs of pulmonary oedema.
In view of the acute onset of symptoms over only a 2 week period with no previous history of heart disease and the echocardiographic findings of impaired left ventricular function without evidence of right ventricular strain, an initial diagnosis of peripartum cardiomyopathy with heart failure was made. It was felt unlikely that embolic disease or pre-existing heart disease was an aetiological factor in her deterioration. The patient was transferred to the regional cardiology unit (30 h after initial admission) for management of her congestive cardiac failure. Here, initial treatment consisted of oxygen, diuretics and digoxin as well as infusions of glyceryl trinitrate, dopamine and hydralazine. However, shortly after transfer, the patient began to experience contractions and vaginal examination showed that her cervix was 2 cm dilated. Early active labour was diagnosed and the patient was commenced on oral ranitidine 150 mg every 8 h.
Both the cardiac and obstetric anaesthetic on-call teams were contacted. A multidisciplinary decision was made that urgent Caesarean section under general anaesthetic would be the most appropriate method of delivery in view of the patients haemodynamic status. Continuous fetal cardiotocograph monitoring demonstrated no fetal distress.
Preoperative monitoring was instituted, including invasive monitoring of arterial pressure via a radial arterial cannula, as well as measurement of pulmonary artery pressures, continuous cardiac output, mixed venous saturation and central venous pressure (CVP) via a pulmonary artery flotation catheter (PAFC). During PAFC placement, the patient developed complete heart block with a ventricular rate of 70 beats min1. This change in heart rhythm did not significantly alter the patients haemodynamic parameters or symptoms. The PAFC was removed and several attempts at transvenous pacing were made unsuccessfully. The patient spontaneously reverted to sinus tachycardia with LBBB within 35 min. Before PAFC removal, right ventricular pressures of 50/16 mm Hg and pulmonary artery pressures of 48/24 mm Hg were recorded.
After oral administration of 30 ml of 0.3 M sodium citrate for antacid prophylaxis, preoxygenation and application of cricoid pressure, anaesthesia was induced in a semi-erect position using a target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol (target blood concentration 1.5 µg ml1), and an infusion of remifentanil at 2 µg kg1 min1. Rocuronium 70 mg was administered after loss of verbal response to achieve muscle relaxation. The patient was intubated 90 s later with a 7.5 mm internal diameter endotracheal tube following grade 1 view on laryngoscopy.
Maintenance of anaesthesia was achieved by continuation of the TCI propofol (target plasma concentration range 1.02.5 µg ml1) and remifentanil infusions. After 5 min the remifentanil infusion rate was reduced to 1.2 µg kg1 min1 for 28 min before being reduced again to 0.8 µg kg1 min1. The patient was ventilated with an air/oxygen mixture (FIO2 0.5). Once the airway had been secured, a transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) probe was passed in order to assess valvular and chamber function. There was no significant change from the preoperative transthoracic echocardiogram findings, revealing a dilated left atrium and ventricle in association with poor left ventricular systolic function and moderate mitral regurgitation.
During the perioperative period, the patient remained haemodynamically stable, her heart rate varying between 120 and 140 beats min1 and her systolic and diastolic arterial pressures varying between 120 and 140 and between 57 and 80 mm Hg, respectively. Infusions of glyceryl trinitrate (0.7 µg kg1 min1) and dopamine (10 µg kg1 min1) were continued intraoperatively. A live female infant was delivered 8 min after induction of anaesthesia with Apgar scores of 6 and 8 at 1 and 5 min, respectively, and received intramuscular naloxone (20 µg). Oxytocin was administered by slow intravenous infusion following manual massage of the uterus. The patient demonstrated remarkable haemodynamic stability during delivery and for the remainder of the case.
Postoperatively, the patient was transferred to the cardiac intensive care unit, still intubated, for continuous haemodynamic monitoring. Sedation was continued with an intravenous propofol infusion and a remifentanil infusion at 0.8 µg kg1 min1 to maintain a Ramsay sedation score of 3. A morphine infusion at 3 mg h1 was also commenced on return to the intensive care unit. The remifentanil infusion was discontinued after 3 h and the patient was extubated uneventfully 2 h later when all sedation had been weaned. Due to the high risk of thromboembolism, prophylaxis with the low molecular weight heparin enoxaparin (40 mg subcutaneously every 24 h) was commenced. After a period of observation the patient was returned to the cardiology high dependency unit. Her subsequent post-operative course was uncomplicated.
Further investigations carried out before discharge 2 weeks later included a myocardial biopsy revealing a non-specific inflammatory picture and echocardiography which demonstrated no improvement in ventricular function. When reviewed at 6 months, the patient felt symptomatically much improved but continued to have a reduced exercise tolerance and on echocardiographic examination showed global impairment of left ventricular function associated with moderate mitral regurgitation and a calculated left ventricular ejection fraction of 16%. The female infant remained healthy.
![]() |
Discussion |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Our patient presented at 39+6 weeks gestation describing a 2 week history of increasing shortness of breath. Before this presentation she was in good health with no suggestion of previous cardiac disease. Cardiotocograph and fetal assessment were unremarkable and there was no suggestion of pre-eclampsia or other obstetric aetiology for her deteriorating condition.
The delay in our patients diagnosis after initial presentation may reflect the rarity of this condition. Incidence is reported to range from one in 1300 to one in 15 000 pregnancies.3 Peripartum cardiomyopathy is thought to be more prevalent in women over 30 years of age, multiparous women, those of African descent2 3 and in women receiving tocolytic therapy. Other possible risk factors including toxaemia of pregnancy,4 cocaine abuse5 and nutritional deficiencies6 have also been reported. The aetiology of peripartum cardiomyopathy is not known, raising the question that it may not in fact be a separate entity. Various theories include hormonal and immunological imbalance as well as myocarditis7 as possible aetiological factors, but to date no study has been conclusive in this regard.
Our patient presented with symptoms that made initial diagnosis of this condition difficult. The symptoms of fatigue, cough, dyspnoea and abdominal pain are characteristic of peripartum cardiomyopathy but also of many of the differential diagnoses. Our diagnosis was one of exclusion based on the absence of any previous history of cardiac disease in a young, normally healthy female presenting acutely in the last month of pregnancy in association with the absence of clinical or echocardiographic findings suggestive of embolic disease. As our patient was already in active labour and beginning to experience discomfort associated with uterine contractions, we were faced with the dilemma of deciding which method of delivery and which forms of anaesthesia and analgesia were most appropriate. In view of the patients haemodynamic status and the possible effects of a vaginal delivery on her systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and cardiac workload, it was decided that a Caesarean section would be the safest method of delivery.
With a recorded ejection fraction of 15% and the possible effects of haemodynamic compromise associated with sympathetic blockade, a general anaesthesia technique was felt to be the best method of providing stable analgesia and anaesthesia for delivery. Regional anaesthesia may have provided an advantageous reduction in afterload but its effects on haemodynamic status were felt to be less predictable than that of a general anaesthetic using suitable agents.
Remifentanil, a synthetic opioid, has several distinctive pharmacokinetic properties, which include a unique metabolism by plasma and tissue esterases and a context-sensitive half-life of 34 min, independent of the duration of infusion.8 Remifentanils opioid properties allow control of the intraoperative stress response and allow a more rapid recovery than other commonly used opioids. As our patient had significant haemodynamic instability, we felt that remifentanil could provide us with an agent which could significantly reduce the stress response and subsequent possible detrimental effect on SVR. The dose regimen chosen for the propofol and remifentanil infusions were based on the authors experience and practice in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
The transfer of conventional opioids across the placenta may risk resultant neonatal depression. The use of remifentanil would, in theory, through its metabolism and short duration of action, avoid this problem. Data on the pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in the neonate suggest a similar pattern of metabolism to older children and adults.9 10
In this case the infant was born with Apgar scores of 6 and 8 at 1 and 5 min, respectively. The decision to administer naloxone was taken by the paediatrician in attendance, who before the start of the procedure had been informed of the nature of the anaesthetic agents to be given. It is our opinion that the use of remifentanil minimized CNS and respiratory depression in the infant, a feeling supported by the experience of others.11
The decision to insert a PAFC in the presence of LBBB may be controversial in view of the risk of inducing complete heart block, but was taken as it was felt that the information obtained, such as pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output, with the ability to derive parameters such as stroke volume and SVR, would be very helpful in the perioperative management of the patient. Various arrhythmias have been described during cardiac catheterization, but as the right bundle branch lies below the tricuspid valve, a pulmonary artery catheter may interfere with the normal conduction and result, as in our case, in complete heart block in those patients with pre-existing LBBB.12 13
Treatment of peripartum cardiomyopathy follows the same principles as that for other causes of cardiac failure, including diuretics, inotropic support, vasodilators and, more controversially, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors.2 Thromboembolic complications are not uncommon and the use of anticoagulants is often recommended.14
The use of immunosuppressives is controversial in that the vast majority of patients, like our patient, show only non-specific inflammatory changes on myocardial biopsy. However, cardiac transplantation has been successful in some patients.2 The mortality rate in the USA has been reported to range from 25% to 50%, the majority of deaths occurring within 3 months after delivery as a result of either progression of cardiac failure or sudden death associated with arrhythmias or thromboembolic phenomenon.2 15 Data on recovery of myocardial function, assessed by both symptoms and echocardiography, suggest that some patients who survive will continue to have impaired cardiac function. The recurrence of peripartum cardiomyopathy in a further pregnancy in a patient previously diagnosed with the condition, whether or not cardiac function has recovered, is widely reported and most experts would discourage future conception in view of the extremely high risk of increased morbidity and mortality associated with both gestation and delivery.16 17
![]() |
References |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
2 Lampert MB, Lang RM. Peripartum cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 1995; 130: 86070[ISI][Medline]
3 Witlin AG, Mabie WC, Sibai BM. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: an ominous diagnosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 176: 1828[ISI][Medline]
4 Homans DC. Peripartum cardiomyopathy. New Engl J Med 1985; 312: 14327[ISI][Medline]
5 Mendelson MA, Chandler J. Postpartum cardiomyopathy associated with maternal cocaine abuse. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 10924[ISI][Medline]
6 Cenac A, Simonoff M, Moretto P, Djibo A. A low plasma selenium is a risk factor for peripartum cardiomyopathy: a comparative study in Sahelian Africa. Int J Cardiol 1992; 36: 579[ISI][Medline]
7 Melvin KR, Richardson PJ, Olsen EGJ, Daly K, Jackson G. Peripartum cardiomyopathy due to myocarditis. New Engl J Med 1982; 307: 7314[ISI][Medline]
8 Michelsen LG, Hug CC Jr. The pharmacokinetics of remifentanil. J Clin Anesth 1996; 8: 67982[ISI][Medline]
9 Hughes SC, Kan RE, Rosen MA et al. Remifentanil: ultra-short acting opioid for obstetric anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1996; 85: A894[ISI]
10 Davis PJ, Ross AK, Henson LG, Muir KT. Remifentanil pharmacokinetics in neonates. Anesthesiology 1997; 87: A1064[ISI]
11 Scott H, Bateman C, Price M. The use of remifentanil in general anaesthesia for Caesarean section in a patient with mitral valve disease. Anaesthesia 1998; 53: 6957[ISI][Medline]
12 Gupta PK, Haft JI. Complete heart block complicating cardiac catheterization. Chest 1972; 61: 1857[ISI][Medline]
13 Abernathy WS. Complete heart block caused by the SwanGanz catheter. Chest 1974; 65: 349[ISI][Medline]
14 Walsh JJ, Burch GE, Black WC, Ferrans VJ, Hibbs RG. Idiopathic myocardiopathy of the puerperium (postpartal heart disease). Circulation 1965; 32: 1931
15 Demakis JG, Rahimtoola SH, Sutton GC et al. Natural course of peripartum cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1971; 44: 105361[ISI][Medline]
16 Lampert MB, Weinert L, Hibbard J, Korcarz C, Lindheimer M, Lang RM. Contractile reserve in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy and recovered left ventricular function. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 176: 18995[ISI][Medline]
17 Witlin AG, Mabie WC, Sibai BM. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: a longitudinal echocardiographic study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177: 112932[ISI][Medline]