1 Department of Anaesthesia, Kanagawa Children's Medical Centre, 2-138-4 Mutsukawa, Minami-ku, Yokohama 232-8555, Japan. 2 Trauma and Critical Care Center, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8606 Japan
* Corresponding author. Present address: Department of Anaesthesia, Fujisawa City Hospital, 2-6-1 Fujisawa, Fujisawa City 251-8550, Japan. E-mail: epi{at}yk.rim.or.jp
Accepted for publication June 15, 2004.
![]() |
Abstract |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Methods. Sixty ASA III children undergoing herniorrhaphy, orchiopexy or myringotomy were included. The patients were randomly assigned to size 2 LMA-ClassicTM or size 2 LMA-ProSeal groups for airway management. We assessed success rates at first attempt of insertion, airway sealing pressure, fibre-optic position, success rates of gastric tube placement and postoperative blood staining of the device, tonguelipdental trauma and hoarseness.
Results. There was no statistical difference between the two groups for the success rates at first attempt of insertion, airway sealing pressure and fibre-optic position. Gastric tube insertion was successful in 90% of cases in the LMA-ProSeal group. The LMA-Classic had a higher rate of postoperative blood staining, but there was no tonguelipdental trauma or hoarseness in either group.
Conclusion. We conclude that ease of insertion and airway sealing pressure are similar between the LMA-ProSeal and the LMA-Classic in children.
Keywords: anaesthesia, paediatric ; equipment, laryngeal mask airway
![]() |
Introduction |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
An LMA-ProSeal specially designed for children (size 1.5, 2, 2.5) is now available. One of its features is the lack of a rear cuff, which is different from the adult ones. We hypothesized that the absence of the rear cuff in the LMA-ProSeal for children may not produce a superior seal pressure or more difficult insertion compared with the LMA-Classic. We therefore compared the LMA-ProSeal and the LMA-Classic in children concerning ease of insertion, airway sealing pressure and fibre-optic visualization.
![]() |
Methods |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
All patients were premedicated with oral diazepam 0.5 mg kg1 or midazolam 0.3 mg kg1, 1 h before induction of anaesthesia. After standard monitoring devices had been applied, anaesthesia was induced by inhalation of nitrous oxide (N2O), oxygen and sevoflurane. Once an adequate depth of anaesthesia had been achieved, each device was inserted by experienced anaesthesiologists who had used the LMA-Classic more than 100 times and the LMA-ProSeal more than 20 times, with the index finger insertion technique as per manufacturer's instructions. Both devices were fixed by taping the tube over the chin and the cuff was inflated with air to 60 cm H2O using an ergonomic pressure gauge (Hi-Lo Hand Pressure Gauge; Mallinckrodt Medical, Germany). An effective airway was judged by a square-wave capnograph trace, normal thoraco-abdominal movement and inaudibility of stridor. If an effective airway could not be achieved, the device was removed and three attempts were permitted before failure of insertion was recorded. If the three attempts were unsuccessful, either an alternative device was inserted or the trachea was intubated. The number of insertion attempts were recorded. Five minutes after establishment of a patent airway with the LMAs, intracuff pressure was set at exactly 60 cm H2O using the pressure gauge again. The airway sealing pressure was determined, as described previously, by closing the expiratory valve of the circle system at a fixed gas flow of 3 litre min1, noting the airway pressure (maximum allowed was 40 cm H2O) at which equilibrium was reached.7 At this time, gas leakage was determined at the mouth (audible), the stomach (epigastric auscultation) or the drainage tube (bubbling of lubricant placed on the proximal end of the drainage tube). The fibre-optic position of the airway tube was determined by passing a fibre-optic scope through the airway tube to a position 1 cm proximal to the end of the tube. The airway view was scored using an established scoring system8 (1=vocal cords not seen; 2=vocal cords and anterior epiglottis visible; 3=vocal cords and posterior epiglottis visible; 4=only vocal cords visible). In the LMA-ProSeal group only, a lubricated 10-French gastric tube was inserted through the drainage tube. Successful placement (aspiration of gastric contents or detection of injected air by epigastric auscultation) or failure (failure to advance the gastric tube within two attempts) was recorded. At the end of the surgical procedure, anaesthesia was discontinued and the device was removed. Postoperative blood staining of the LMA, tonguelipdental trauma and hoarseness were recorded after removal of the device.
Sample size was based on a crossover pilot study of 10 patients and was selected to detect a projected difference of 30% between the groups for airway sealing pressure for a type 1 error of 0.05 and a power of 0.8. Parametric data were analysed with the unpaired t-test and non-parametric data were analysed with the 2-test. Unless otherwise stated, data are presented as mean (SD). Significance was taken as P<0.05.
![]() |
Results |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
|
|
![]() |
Discussion |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Several reports suggest that insertion of the LMA-Classic is easier and quicker than that of the LMA-ProSeal in adults. Brimacombe and colleagues presumed that the difficulties were caused by the larger cuff impeding digital intra-oral positioning and propulsion into the pharynx, the lack of a backplate making the cuff more likely to fold over at the back of the mouth, and the need for more precise tip positioning to prevent air leaks up the drainage tube.4 6 In our study, there was no difference in ease of insertion. Several factors may have contributed to these findings. The main factor is probably the lack of a rear cuff. In practice, when we deflate the cuff of the LMA-ProSeal completely, a fold occurs and this fold may prevent smooth insertion of the device. The size 2 LMA-ProSeal does not have a rear cuff; therefore no fold occurs. Another factor may be due to the airway tube and the drainage tube linings being side by side. This prevents rotation of the airway tube during insertion, especially in the narrow oral space in children, impeding digital positioning.
On the other hand, we must also consider the possibility that our lower success rates at the first insertion attempt for the LMA-Classic contribute no difference between the two devices in ease of insertion. Previous studies have reported success rates of LMA insertion in children of 6799%,913 which are comparable with our result of 75%. The difference in the rates may result from the different definitions of successful insertion and insertion technique.
Although it has been reported that the LMA-ProSeal provides a better airway seal than the LMA-Classic in adults, there was no difference between the two devices in our study. Several reports suggest that the better sealing pressure in the LMA-ProSeal is mainly due to the back cuff.46 The lack of a back cuff in size 2 LMA-ProSeal means that it could not form a better seal than the LMA-Classic. In 1999, Lopez-Gil and colleagues studied a prototype of the LMA-ProSeal for children, which had a rear cuff.14 They stated that sealing pressure was over 40 cm H2O in all cases. This confirms the importance of a rear cuff in airway seal pressure.
In our study, the sealing pressure was measured by closing the expiratory valve of the circle system at a fixed fresh gas flow of 3 litre min1 until airway pressure reached a steady value. Lopez-Gil and colleagues compared four kinds of measurements of the airway sealing pressure,15 which involved detection of an audible noise by listening over the mouth, detection of exhaled carbon dioxide by placing a gas sampling line for the capnograph inside the mouth, detection of a steady value airway pressure while occluding the expiratory valve of the circle system, and detection of an audible noise using a stethoscope placed just lateral to the thyroid cartilage. They concluded that all four tests were excellent.
Gastric tube insertion was successful in most cases, which is similar to the situation in adults. Whether routine gastric tube placement is needed may be controversial, but it is useful when gastric insufflation occurs after face mask ventilation.
In our study, the fibre-optically determined anatomical positions of the two devices did not differ. Brimacombe and Keller reported that fibre-optically determined anatomical position was better with the LMA-Classic, and they considered that this may be related to the larger cuff catching the epiglottis during insertion with the LMA-ProSeal.4 Given that the pharynx structures in adults and children vary, it is not surprising that LMA positions in our study differ from those in adult studies. This fibre-optic scoring system, originally designed for adults, may also be a factor.
A limitation of our study is that the data were collected by an unblinded observer.
We conclude that there is no difference between the LMA-Classic and the LMA-ProSeal concerning ease of insertion and seal pressure in children.
![]() |
References |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
2 Lu PP, Brimacombe J, Yang C, Shyr M. ProSeal versus the Classic laryngeal mask airway for positive pressure ventilation during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Anaesth 2002; 8: 8247[CrossRef]
3 Maltby JR, Beriault MT, Watson NC, Liepert D, Fick GH. The LMA-ProSeal is an effective alternative to tracheal intubation for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Can J Anaesth 2002; 49: 85762
4 Brimacombe J, Keller C. The ProSeal laryngeal mask airway: a randomized, crossover study with the standard laryngeal mask airway in paralyzed, anesthetized patients. Anesthesiology 2000; 93: 1049[ISI][Medline]
5 Cook TM, Nolan JP, Verghese C, et al. Randomized crossover comparison of the Proseal with the classic laryngeal mask airway in unparalyzed anaesthetized patients. Br J Anaesth 2002; 88: 52733
6 Brimacombe J, Keller C, Fullekrug B, et al. A multicenter study comparing the ProSeal and Classic laryngeal mask airway in anesthetized, nonparalyzed patients. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 28995[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
7 Keller C, Brimacombe JR, Keller K, Morris R. Comparison of four methods for assessing airway sealing pressure with the laryngeal mask airway in adult patients. Br J Anaesth 1999; 82: 2867
8 Keller C, Brimacombe J, Puhringer F. A fibre-optic scoring system to assess the position of laryngeal mask airway devices. Interobserver variability and a comparison between the standard, flexible and intubating laryngeal mask airways. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2000; 35: 6924[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
9 Efrat R, Kadari A, Katz S. The laryngeal mask airway in pediatric anesthesia: experience with 120 patients undergoing elective groin surgery. J Pediatr Surg 1994; 29: 2068[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
10 Nakayama S, Osaka Y, Yamashita M. The rotational technique with a partially inflated laryngeal mask airway improves the ease of insertion in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12: 4169[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
11 O'Neill B, Templeton JJ, Caramico L, Schreiner MS. The laryngeal mask airway in pediatric patients: factors affecting ease of use during insertion and emergence. Anesth Analg 1994; 78: 65962[Abstract]
12 Lopez-Gil M, Brimacombe J, Alvarez M. Safety and efficacy of the laryngeal mask airway. A prospective survey of 1400 children. Anaesthesia 1996; 51: 96972[ISI][Medline]
13 Johnston DF, Wrigley SR, Robb PJ, Jones HE. The laryngeal mask airway in paediatric anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 9247[ISI][Medline]
14 Lopez-Gil M, Brimacombe J, Brain AI. Preliminary evaluation of a new prototype laryngeal mask in children. Br J Anaesth 1999; 82: 1324
15 Lopez-Gil M, Brimacombe J, Keller C. A comparison of four methods for assessing oropharyngeal leak pressure with the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in paediatric patients. Paediatr Anaesth 2001; 11: 31921[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]