1 Department of Anaesthesia, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland. 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland*Corresponding author: Leo G. Kevin, Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
No financial support was received for this work.
Accepted for publication: May 22, 2002
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Abstract |
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Methods. OMT was measured using the closed-eye piezoelectric strain-gauge technique. OMT and BIS were measured at specific times during the anaesthetic, including at loss of consciousness, at end-tidal sevoflurane 1 and 2%, and at emergence.
Results. OMT decreased significantly after induction, did not decrease as end-tidal sevoflurane was increased from 1 to 2%, and increased at emergence in all patients. By logistic regression, OMT was more sensitive and specific than BIS in distinguishing the awake from the anaesthetized state (OMT, 84.9 and 93.1% respectively; BIS, 75.7 and 69.0%).
Conclusions. OMT is suppressed by sevoflurane and accurately predicts response to verbal command. OMT may be a useful monitor of depth of hypnosis.
Br J Anaesth 2002; 89; 5515
Keywords: anaesthesia, depth; anaesthetics volatile, sevoflurane; eye, ocular microtremor; monitoring, bispectral index
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Introduction |
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High-frequency eye tremor, or ocular microtremor (OMT), is a physiological tremor of the eye present in all subjects and is related to tonic activity in brainstem oculomotor neurones.7 First described by Alder and Fliegelman in 1934,8 this phenomenon attracted scant attention for several decades. More recently it has been shown that the frequency of OMT in patients with head injury correlates with the level of consciousness.9 Coakley and colleagues studied the effects of anaesthesia on OMT, which was suppressed by thiopentone.10 In a recent study11 propofol caused dose-dependent suppression of OMT, suggesting that OMT may indicate the cerebral effect of propofol.
We set out to study the effect of sevoflurane anaesthesia on OMT and to compare OMT with BIS as a predictor of response to verbal command.
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Methods |
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Baseline BIS and OMT measurements were made before induction of anaesthesia. The A-2000® BIS monitoring system (software 4.0) (Aspect Medical Systems, Natick, MA, USA) was used, and Zipprep® electrodes (Aspect Medical Systems) were applied to the skin in the frontotemporal montage as recommended by the manufacturer.12 OMT was measured using the piezoelectric strain gauge technique (EyeTect, Belleville, IL, USA), described previously.13 Briefly, the sensor consists of a probe composed of a surface-mounted amplifier and a piezoelectric transducer which is coated in silicone rubber, and can detect eye movements corresponding to displacement of the sclera ranging from 12 to more than 3000 nm. The probe is applied gently to the closed eyelid for approximately 1 min. The signal from the sensor was amplified, low-pass filtered at 150 Hz and displayed on an oscilloscope (Fluke 123 Industrial Scopemeter; Fluke Industrial, Almelo, The Netherlands). Measurements were made in real time at specific times, using an averaged 3 s segment of OMT waves. We kept a hard copy of each measurement for later examination to ensure readings were free from possible interference from signals such as facial muscle activity and electrocautery.
Patients received a standardized anaesthetic that included premedication with temazepam 20 mg 1 h before surgery. Anaesthesia was induced with i.v. fentanyl 1 µg kg1 and propofol 22.5 mg kg1. End-tidal anaesthetic agent concentration was measured routinely by anaesthetic machine monitors (Dräger Cato, Lübeck, Germany). Muscle relaxation was assessed visually by train-of-four ratio (TOFR) using a peripheral nerve stimulator (Ministim IIIA; Life-Tech, Stafford, TX, USA). OMT and BIS readings were recorded manually at the following times, taking a single figure read off each monitor: (1) before induction; (2) at loss of consciousness (first failure to respond to verbal command); (3) immediately before incision; (4) at end-tidal sevoflurane 1% after 10 min of equilibration; (5) at end-tidal sevoflurane 2% after 10 min of equilibration; and (6) at emergence (first response to verbal command). Values at time-points 1, 2, 3 and 6 were made without reference to end-tidal sevoflurane. Every 20 s patients were asked to squeeze an independent observers hand until failure to respond (at induction) or first unequivocal response to command (at emergence). The study plan did not specify the choice of analgesic agent but most patients received supplementary fentanyl in response to changes in heart rate and arterial pressure. OMT and BIS data were not used to guide patient management. Patients were interviewed 1 day after surgery to identify cases of explicit recall.
Data analysis
Data are expressed as medians and interquartile values. Comparison of the variables at each time was with the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test. The abilities of OMT and BIS to distinguish the awake state (defined by response to verbal command) from the asleep state (loss of response after induction) and the steady-state asleep state (end-tidal 2% sevoflurane) from the awake state (first response at emergence) were compared using logistic regression models; sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values and negative predictive values of the indices for the data set were determined, and receiver operating characteristic curves were derived. Analyses were performed using Stata 3.1 (College Station, TX, USA). After Bonferroni correction, P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
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Results |
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Discussion |
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The piezoelectric strain-gauge technique to measure OMT was first described in 1968.14 Measurements are relatively easy to obtain and to date records have been obtained from more than 250 normal subjects and patients. In previous reports, OMT readings were obtained by placing a piezoelectric probe on the anaesthetized sclera.911 14 In our study the probe was placed over the closed eyelid. This is comfortable for the patient and reproducible results can be obtained. No cases of scleral or other eye damage have been noted during use of the open-eye technique and we expect that the closed-eye technique will give even greater safety.
We chose i.v. induction with propofol and the opioid fentanyl to assess the monitoring techniques under conditions reflecting routine clinical practice. It is difficult to quantify the effects of propofol and fentanyl (and other administered opioids) on OMT, although the duration of surgery in most of our patients and the reported effect on OMT of stopping propofol11 suggest that sevoflurane was predominantly responsible for the continued suppression of OMT during surgery. An increase in end-tidal sevoflurane from 1 to 2% did not further decrease OMT. The lack of effect may reflect the number or variety of patients studied or other confounding factors, such as choice of analgesic agent and intensity of surgical stimulus. It may be a real effect, indicating either that the increase in end-tidal concentration was insufficient to cause a change in OMT or that sevoflurane, when administered in sufficient concentrations to achieve unconsciousness, produces an all-or-none type response in OMT.
We excluded patients less than 18 and greater than 60 yr old. In adults, normal OMT frequency is known to be 84 (SD 6) Hz,15 and in subjects more than 70 yr of age the mean peak count frequency is approximately 7 Hz lower than in younger subjects.15 There are no published OMT data in children. Thresholds to define unconsciousness may require adjustment for age which cannot be defined by the present data. Parkinsons disease,16 multiple sclerosis17 and head injury9 alter OMT. As suggested previously,11 a more useful threshold to define unconsciousness may be a percentage reduction from the patients baseline OMT.
We chose to compare OMT with the BIS, an EEG-derived measure of the hypnotic component of anaesthesia. In bispectral analysis, EEG waves are initially subjected to a Fourier transform and the phase correlation of the resulting sine waves is then analysed.18 Other EEG features are then combined using an algorithm that gives a single measurement, the BIS. The BIS is on a scale of dimensionless units in which 100 represents the awake state, 70 deep sedation and 60 general anaesthesia, continuing to 0, which indicates isoelectric EEG. In several studies (as in our study), BIS predicted the ability of patients undergoing anaesthesia to respond to command.19 20 Furthermore, BIS correlates with end-tidal sevoflurane concentration20 and measured blood propofol concentration.21 However, the BIS value required to ensure unresponsiveness and suppression of memory formation varies greatly between studies,22 and a recent report highlights the possibility of explicit awareness at BIS values generally taken to indicate unconsciousness reliably.6 A further difficulty in the determination of specific BIS thresholds is the marked hysteresis effect.2 23 In other words, BIS values associated with unconsciousness at induction of anaesthesia commonly occur with consciousness during emergence. This effect leads to risk of awareness if anaesthetic drug doses are titrated using a specific value. We noted this effect, which also occurred to some extent with OMT, as demonstrated by logistic regression analysis. As reported elsewhere,2 BIS tended to rise gradually as anaesthesia was lightened at the end of surgery. In contrast, OMT tended to remain depressed until just before the first response to verbal command. These results suggest that BIS can provide a graded measure of impending emergence. However, OMT may exclude the aware patient more accurately. In the only other controlled study of anaesthetic effects on OMT,11 OMT readings at emergence are not reported.
We did not observe a statistically significant effect on BIS of increasing end-tidal sevoflurane from 1 to 2%, although there was a trend towards decreased BIS. We may not have studied a sufficient number of patients to find this effect as it is likely to be small. Katoh and co-workers report that BIS does not show further decreases when end-tidal sevoflurane concentration exceeds 1.4%.20
In summary, both OMT and BIS decreased at induction and remained depressed during sevoflurane anaesthesia. When using response to verbal command to indicate consciousness, OMT showed less overlap between the conscious and unconscious states and more accurately identified patients regaining consciousness after anaesthesia. OMT is depressed by i.v. and inhalational anaesthetic agents and recordings can be obtained from a probe placed over the closed eyelid. Further studies are needed of this technique at extremes of age, in patients with pre-existing central nervous system pathology and during different surgical procedures.
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Acknowledgement |
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References |
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