1 Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hospital of Livorno and University of Pisa; 2 Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, S. Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy
* Correspondence to: Dr A. Falcone, U. O. Oncologia Medica, Ospedale Civile, Viale Alfieri 36, 57124 Livorno, Italy. Tel: +39-0586-223458; Fax: +39-0586-223457; Email: a.falcone{at}med.unipi.it
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Abstract |
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Patients and methods: A total of 32 patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer received irinotecan 165 mg/m2 day 1, oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 day 1, l-LV 200 mg/m2 day 1 and 5-FU 3200 mg/m2 as a 48-h continuous (not chronomodulated) infusion starting on day 1, repeated every 2 weeks.
Results: All 32 patients were evaluated for safety and the incidence of grade 34 toxic effects, and the use of G-CSF seemed to be lower than with the previous FOLFOXIRI regimen: grade 4 neutropenia (34%), grade 3 diarrhea (16%), grade 3 stomatitis (6%) and grade 23 peripheral neurotoxicity (37%) were reported, and G-CSF was used in 23% of cycles. Delivered dose intensity was 88% of that planned, and no toxic deaths occurred. The intention-to-treat analysis for activity showed four complete responses, 19 partial responses, seven stable disease and two progressive disease, for an overall response rate of 72% (95% confidence interval 53% to 86%). Eight (25%) patients with residual liver or lung metastases were radically resected after chemotherapy. After a median follow-up of 18.1 months, the median progression-free survival is 10.8 months and median survival is 28.4 months.
Conclusions: This simplified FOLFOXIRI combination can be delivered easily in outpatient settings, with manageable toxic effects, and has very promising antitumor activity. While the safety profile seems to be improved in comparison with our previous FOLFOXIRI regimen, antitumor activity and efficacy appear to be maintained.
Key words: colorectal cancer, 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan, oxaliplatin
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Introduction |
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More recently, a randomized study by the GERCOR [16] assigned 220 untreated metastatic colorectal cancer patients to receive first-line FOLFIRI [irinotecan 180 mg/m2 90-min intravenously (i.v.) and l-LV 200 mg/m2 2-h i.v. on day 1, followed by 5-FU 400 mg/m2 i.v. bolus and 5-FU 24003000 mg/m2 48-h i.v. continuous infusion, repeated every 2 weeks] followed by FOLFOX-6 (oxaliplatin 100 mg/m2 2-h i.v. on day 1 and l-LV 200 mg/m2 2-h i.v. on day 1, followed by 5-FU 400 mg/m2 i.v. bolus and 5-FU 24003000 mg/m2 48-h i.v. continuous infusion, repeated every 2 weeks) at progression (arm A), or the reverse (arm B). Both sequences achieved similar activity and efficacy, and, of interest, median survival was 21.5 months in arm A and 20.6 months in arm B, which are the highest survival times reported up to now in any randomized study of metastatic colorectal cancer. This study suggests that the exposure of metastatic colorectal cancer patients to all three most active agents, 5-FU/LV, irinotecan and oxaliplatin, is associated with promising survival. In addition, the recent study by Goldberg et al. [17
], which demonstrates the superiority of the FOLFOX-4 regimen to IFL, suggests the importance of the exposure to all these three agents to achieve prolonged survival, because in the IFL arm only 24% of patients could receive oxaliplatin as second-line treatment, while in the FOLFOX-4 arm 60% of patients were able to receive salvage treatment with irinotecan. Furthermore, in a sequential strategy, not all patients who progress after first-line chemotherapy are able to receive second-line treatment, and therefore not all are exposed to these three active agents. In fact, clinical trials suggest that approximately 20% to 40% of patients, mainly because of deterioration of their performance status and liver function, will not be fit enough to undergo further chemotherapy and will receive only supportive care [9
, 10
, 12
, 17
, 18
]. Moreover, a recent pooled analysis of seven phase III trials in metastatic colorectal cancer demonstrates that survival is correlated with the proportion of patients who received all the three active drugs in the course of their disease, but not with the proportion of patients who received any second-line therapy [18
]. Therefore, if feasible and tolerable, the best way to expose 100% of patients to all these three active agents might be to administer them upfront. However, it has yet to be determined whether a combination of these three agents is better than giving them sequentially as two lines, and whether a regimen combining these three agents allows their administration at optimal doses. In addition, no data so far support the hypothesis that patients progressing rapidly on a two-drug combination (FOLFIRI, FOLFOX) will respond to a triple combination (FOLFOXIRI) or to any currently available chemotherapy.
On the basis of these considerations, we attempted to develop a new and potentially more active and efficacious chemotherapy regimen combining irinotecan, oxaliplatin and 5-FU/LV in the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. We conducted a phase III study in 42 metastatic colorectal cancer patients [19], who received irinotecan 125175 mg/m2 1-h i.v. infusion on day 1, oxaliplatin 100 mg/m2 2-h i.v. infusion on day 1, l-LV 200 mg/m2 2-h i.v. infusion on day 1 and 5-FU 3800 mg/m2 as a 48-h i.v. chronomodulated continuous infusion starting on day 1, repeated every 2 weeks (FOLFOXIRI), demonstrating a high antitumor activity (overall response rate 71.4%) and a promising efficacy (median progression-free survival 10.4 months, median overall survival 26.5 months) of this new combination. However, this regimen required a chronomodulated infusion of 5-FU, and because of neutropenia, the main toxicity observed, 32% of cycles required granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) support in order to be able to recycle within 2 weeks. Furthermore, 35% of cycles required dose reductions of at least one drug and 16% of cycles were delayed by at least 1 week because of toxicity. Hence, the delivered dose intensity was only
78% of planned. Therefore, we conducted the present phase II study to evaluate the safety and the activity of a simplified biweekly FOLFOXIRI regimen with slightly reduced doses of irinotecan and oxaliplatin and a continuous, rather than chronomodulated, infusion of 5-FU. This was in the attempt to develop a new three-drug combination that is less myelotoxic and more easily administered in a multicenter setting in comparison with the initial FOLFOXIRI regimen, while maintaining its promising activity and efficacy.
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Patients and methods |
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Treatment
The treatment planned consisted of: irinotecan 165 mg/m2 in 250 ml of NaCl 0.9% over 1 h, followed immediately by oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 in 250 ml dextrose 5% and l-LV 200 mg/m2 in 250 ml dextrose 5%, infused concomitantly over 2 h via a Y-connector, followed immediately by 5-FU 3200 mg/m2 infused as a 48-h continuous infusion. Administration of the regimen required the implant of a central venous catheter and the use of an external volumetric programmable pump (Deltec CADD-1; Deltec Inc., St Paul, MN, USA) or of a portable elastomeric infusion system (Baxter INFUSOR LV; Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL, USA). Treatment was repeated every 2 weeks (Figure 1). Treatment was administered biweekly until evidence of progression, unacceptable toxicity, patient refusal or for a maximum of 12 cycles. Treatment was delayed when, on the planned day of treatment, neutrophils <1000 mm3, platelets <100 000 mm3 or persistent diarrhea or stomatitis grade >1 were present. In the case of peripheral neurotoxicity grade >2 [National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI CTC)], oxaliplatin was interrupted. In the case of previous dose-limiting toxic effects, treatment was continued after resolution with doses of irinotecan, oxaliplatin and 5-FU reduced by 25%, except in the case of grade 34 diarrhea, when only irinotecan and 5-FU doses were reduced by 25%. In the case of life-threatening toxic effects, treatment was definitively interrupted or continued at doses reduced by 50%.
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Assessability, toxicity and response criteria
Pretreatment evaluation included history and physical examination, performance status assessment, complete blood cell with differential and platelet counts, complete blood profile, carcinoembryonic antigen, urine analysis, electrocardiogram, chest X-ray or computed tomography (CT) scan, abdominal CT scan and/or sonogram, and any other appropriate diagnostic procedure to evaluate metastatic sites. During treatment, a physical examination was performed every 2 weeks, a complete blood cell count every week, and blood profile and urine analysis every 2 weeks. Sites of metastatic disease were re-evaluated every 8 weeks. For the evaluation of liver or abdominal metastases an abdominal CT scan or MRI was required. A chest X-ray and/or an abdominal sonogram or CT scan were repeated at least every 6 months if there was no evidence of lung or abdominal disease, respectively. Toxic effects were monitored weekly and were scored according to standard NCI CTC criteria. Responses were evaluated every 8 weeks according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria [20]. Tumor measurements were reviewed by an independent radiologist. Duration of response was calculated from the first day of treatment to the date of first observation of progressive disease or last examination.
Statistical analysis
The minimax two-stage sequential design described by Simon [21] was used to determine the number of patients to be included. Because responses with standard reference combinations of irinotecan + 5-FU/LV or oxaliplatin + 5-FU/LV are observed in
40% of patients, a response rate of
60% for a new regimen that has acceptable toxic effects would be considered promising. Therefore, the design parameters p0 (response rate in null hypothesis) and p1 (response rate in alternative hypothesis) selected were 0.40 and 0.60, respectively. Considering in addition an
and ß error probability of 0.10 and 0.20, the first stage of the study required 16 patients, and if at least six objective responses were observed, the second stage required a total of 28 patients. If at least 14 patients responded after the second accrual stage, treatment was considered promising unless other considerations indicated otherwise. The distribution of time to progression and time to death were calculated from the date of treatment start using the KaplanMeier method.
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Results |
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Discussion |
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In our initial phase III study [19] we demonstrated that biweekly irinotecan, oxaliplatin and infusional 5-FU modulated by LV could be combined at significant doses of each single agent with acceptable toxic effects. Of interest, this combination was associated with a high degree of antitumor activity, with a response rate of 71.4% and a complete response rate of 11.9%. This allowed the performance of radical surgery on residual metastases in 11 patients (26%) who were initially unresectable. Median progression-free and overall survival (10.4 and 26.5 months, respectively) were also very promising.
On the basis of these results, we designed this study in the attempt to develop a simplified and better-tolerated FOLFOXIRI regimen that could be administered more easily in clinical practice as well as in multicenter settings. To obtain this we planned the administration of slightly reduced doses of irinotecan, oxaliplatin and 5-FU, and the delivery of 5-FU by a continuous, rather than chronomodulated, 48-h infusion. This simplified regimen produced a lower incidence of both hematological and non-hematological toxic effects. In particular, the incidences of grade 3 diarrhea and grade 3 stomatitis were reduced from 21% to 16% and from 10% to 6% of patients, respectively. Grade 4 neutropenia was observed in 34% of patients and in 4% of cycles, compared with 55% and 7%, respectively, in the previous study. Also, the use of G-CSF was reduced by about one-third (23% of cycles compared with 32%). The median delivered dose intensity was increased from 78% up to 88% of that planned. Of interest, results in terms of antitumor activity (overall response rate of 72% and a post-chemotherapy R0 surgical resection rate of 25%) and efficacy (median progression-free survival 10.8 months, median survival of 28.4 months) were similar to those previously reported, and remained very promising.
Other groups have evaluated similar three-drug combinations in colorectal and non-colorectal cancer patients, associating irinotecan and oxaliplatin with different schedules of 5-FU/LV. All these studies have confirmed the feasibility of these combinations, with neutropenia and diarrhea being the dose-limiting toxic effects, and showed a promising antitumor activity in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. In particular, Souglakos et al. [24] treated 31 metastatic colorectal cancer patients with first-line irinotecan 150 mg/m2 on day 1, oxaliplatin 65 mg/m2 on day 2, followed by standard de Gramont schedule LV-modulated bolus plus infusional 5-FU on days 2 and 3, repeated every 2 weeks, and achieved an overall response rate of 58%, and reported grade 34 diarrhea and neutropenia in 32% and 45% of patients, respectively. Ychou et al. [25
] associated escalating doses of irinotecan and oxaliplatin given at day 1 with the standard de Gramont regimen (LV5FU2) or with the simplified LV5FU schedule given at days 1 and 2, repeated every 2 weeks, in patients with advanced solid tumors. The recommend doses of irinotecan and oxaliplatin are 180 mg/m2 and 85 mg/m2, respectively; grade 34 diarrhea affected 27% of patients, 78% of whom had grade 34 neutropenia. Calvo et al. [26
] reported a 69% response rate on 26 patients treated with irinotecan 250 mg/m2 on day 1, oxaliplatin 120 mg/m2 on day 1 and LV 500 mg/m2 plus 5-FU 2600 mg/m2 over 24 h on days 1 and 15, repeated every 4 weeks. The authors observed grade 34 diarrhea in 34% and grade 34 neutropenia in 38% of patients. Moreover, Garufi et al. [27
] demonstrated the feasibility of this triple-drug combination using a chronomodulated infusion of 5-FU and oxaliplatin, and Comella et al. [28
] and Goetz et al. [29
] using bolus 5-FU.
Compared with these previously reported regimens, our schedule seems to be particularly convenient for the patient and for the health-care facility, requiring only one or two admissions to the outpatient facility every 2 weeks. Moreover, in our regimen we omit the administration of 5-FU by i.v. bolus and are able to deliver elevated dose intensities of irinotecan, oxaliplatin and 5-FU continuous infusion (approaching their recommended doses when used as single agent), producing a high response rate and promising progression-free and overall survival, coupled with a relatively low occurrence of non-hematological toxic effects (the incidence of grade 34 diarrhea being the lowest reported with this combination). Finally, neutropenia, which is still relatively frequent, is usually short lasting and rarely complicated. Therefore, prophylactic therapy with G-CSF does not seem to be justified in all patients. However, prophylactic G-CSF should be considered in patients with a previous episode of grade 4 neutropenia or with persistent neutropenia on the day of recycle.
In conclusion, this simplified FOLFOXIRI combination has manageable toxic effects and very promising antitumor activity. While the safety profile seems to be improved in comparison with our previous FOLFOXIRI regimen, the antitumor activity and efficacy seem to be maintained. Therefore, this simplified FOLFOXIRI regimen represents the experimental arm in the randomized multicenter study currently being conducted by the Gruppo Oncologico Nord Ovest (GONO) in Italy, comparing a standard irinotecan + 5-FU/LV combination (FOLFIRI) with FOLFOXIRI.
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Acknowledgements |
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Received for publication June 22, 2004. Revision received July 11, 2004. Accepted for publication July 12, 2004.
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References |
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