1 Unit of Medical Oncology A, 2 Maxillofacial Surgery Department, 3 Pathology Department and 4 Operations Office, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan; 5 Second Division of Neurosurgery, Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
Received 26 March 2002; revised 10 October 2002; accepted 22 November 2002
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Abstract |
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To study prospectively the activity of primary chemotherapy with cisplatin, fluorouracil and leucovorin (PFL) in patients with paranasal cancer receiving surgery and postoperative radiotherapy.
Patients and methods:
Forty-nine patients, previously untreated, with resectable paranasal carcinoma were enrolled. PFL (leucovorin 250 mg/m2/day for 5 days as a 120 h continuous infusion (c.i.), 5-fluorouracil 800 mg/m2/day from day 2 as a 96 h c.i. and cisplatin 100 mg/m2 day 2 q 3 weeks) was planned for five courses.
Results:
Thirty-two patients (65%) completed three or more chemotherapy courses. Two deaths from thrombotic events were observed after the first cycle. Eight cardiac toxicities were recorded during chemotherapy causing treatment discontinuation. Objective response to PFL was observed in 21 patients [43%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 29% to 58%], including four complete responses (CRs) (8%; 95% CI 2% to 20%) and 17 partial responses (PRs) (35%). Pathological complete remission (pCR) was achieved in eight of 49 patients (16%). At 3 years, overall survival was 69% and event-free survival 57%. Overall and event-free survival in patients achieving pCR is 100%.
Conclusions:
PFL is active in paranasal cancer. Patients who attain a pathological complete remission have a favorable prognosis. Cardiovascular complications represent the limiting toxicity. Primary chemotherapy combined with surgery-sparing treatment approaches deserves further investigation.
Key words: anterior craniofacial resection, paranasal cancer, primary chemotherapy
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Introduction |
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Until the 1980s, surgical treatment of paranasal sinus carcinoma varied greatly, and combined therapies often consisted of external beam radiotherapy before or after surgical resection [15]. Specific information regarding ethmoidal cancer is difficult to extrapolate since many reports do not distinguish paranasal sinus carcinomas in specific sub-sites and histology. In addition, no standard surgical approach has been available for a long time. Recently, en bloc resection via a combined neurosurgical and transfacial approach, that sometimes includes orbital clearance, has greatly improved the results of surgical intervention. This approach, followed by radiotherapy, produces the highest rate of local control and is now considered by many investigators as the standard treatment [4, 69]. However, local disease recurrence still remains the main cause of treatment failure and death [2, 3, 6].
There are very few reports on the use of chemotherapy in paranasal sinus carcinoma and in many instances the studies are retrospective and dealing with a small number of patients with different histotypes, who were enrolled over a prolonged period of time. Different chemotherapies have been studied, but platinum-based regimens were most often applied and afforded an objective response rate ranging from 36% to 84% [1013]. Some investigators suggested that chemotherapy associated with surgery and radiotherapy could improve the overall treatment outcome, and patients achieving a good clinical, and especially a pathological, response appeared to obtain the largest benefit [12]. Based on these indications from the literature and on the established role of induction chemotherapy in achieving a high response rate for the treatment of head and neck cancer in general, we conducted a prospective phase II study in patients with paranasal cancer to investigate the role of primary chemotherapy within the multidisciplinary approach to these rare tumors.
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Patients and methods |
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Evaluation
Pre-treatment work-up included complete physical examination, assessment of performance status, complete blood cell count (CBC), liver and kidney function tests, urinalysis, electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, nasal examination with biopsy and computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of paranasal sinuses and skull base. Physical examination, performance status, CBC, routine serum chemistries, urinalysis and chemotherapy toxicity evaluations were assessed before each cycle. Starting from patient number 13, cases with increased cardiovascular risk, such as history of smoking, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, were screened with ECG-Holter and monitored during 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) continuous infusion.
Response to chemotherapy was evaluated based on clinical examination before every other planned course of therapy, and with CT or MRI after the third and fifth course, and in all cases before surgery. Complete remission (CR) was defined as the disappearance of any evidence of tumor. Partial response (PR) was defined as a reduction of >50% of the measurable lesions two greatest perpendicular diameters. No response was defined as any response that was less than a PR, stable disease, progression of disease or death while receiving chemotherapy. Overall response and survival rates were analysed with the purpose of intention-to-treat.
Pathological evaluation of surgically treated patients
After surgery, all gross specimens were carefully evaluated and surface labeled sections were taken. The response to chemotherapy was determined by a thorough examination that included 2025 tumor sections. A complete pathological remission was defined as the absence of any viable tumor cells.
Study design
This is a single institution phase II study. The primary objective was to estimate the activity and toxicity of the PFL combination in patients with paranasal cancer. The treatment plan consisted of primary PFL chemotherapy for five courses followed by anterior craniofacial resection and postoperative external portal beam radiotherapy.
The PFL regimen included leucovorin (LV) 250 mg/m2/day, given for the first 5 days as a 120 h continuous infusion (c.i.), 5-FU 800 mg/m2/day delivered as a 96 h c.i. from day 2 to day 5, and cisplatin (cDDP) 100 mg/m2 administered on day 2. Each cycle was repeated every 21 days for five courses. Leucovorin and 5-FU were mixed together in 2 l of 5% dextrose solution supplied daily with ranitidine 200 mg and KCl 30 mEq, shielded from light and were given by c.i. infusion. Cisplatin was dissolved in 500 ml of 0.9% saline and given over 30 min. Before and after the completion of cDDP administration the patients received 1 l of 0.9% saline, containing KCl 30 mEq. Appropriate antiemetics were used before and after administering cDDP. The dose of 5-FU and LV was reduced by 1 day in cases of mucositis grade 34, and/or diarrhea grade 34 during the previous cycle. If on the planned day of re-treatment, the WBC and granulocyte count was <1.200/µl or 800/µl, respectively, the course was postponed 1 week. No cisplatin dose reduction was planned.
In cases of a progressive disease, stable disease or minimal response after three courses, chemotherapy was discontinued and the patient was referred to surgical treatment. Four weeks after the last chemotherapy cycle, all patients were candidates for anterior craniofacial resection with double approach and to postoperative radiation therapy. En bloc resection and surgical reconstruction were performed as already reported elsewhere [9]. Postoperative radiation at dosages ranging between 50 and 60 Gy was planned with no interruption. The daily fraction was of 2 Gy, five fractions per week, over a period of 57 weeks.
The follow-up planned after local-regional treatment consisted of head and neck examination every 3 months for the first year, every 6 months for the second year and on a yearly basis thereafter. Skull base or paranasal MRI or CT and chest X-ray were performed every 6 months for the first 2 years, and on a yearly basis thereafter.
Statistical analysis
Event-free survival (EFS) was calculated from the date at which chemotherapy began to the first evidence of treatment failure, defined as documented disease progression or death, with evidence of disease for non-responding patients. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the beginning of chemotherapy to death from any cause. The KaplanMeier productlimit method was adopted to estimate survival [14]. Differences in EFS and OS according to type of response at surgery (pCR or not pCR) were assessed in all patients who underwent surgery and were tested by means of the log-rank test [15] with two-tailed P values.
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Results |
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At a median follow-up of 26 months (range 159 months) 31 patients (63%) were alive without evidence of disease. The 3-year OS rate for the entire series was 69%, while the 3-year EFS rate was 57% (Figure 1). As displayed in Figures 2 and 3, patients achieving pCR had a better outcome than patients not achieving pCR (3-year OS: pCR 100%, no pCR 65%, P = 0.09; 3-year EFS: pCR 100%, no pCR 43%, P = 0.03).
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Toxicity
All 49 patients treated with PFL were assessable for toxicity. The incidence of toxicities is reported in Table 3.
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The most frequent toxicity of the PFL regimen was grade 23 stomatitis, occurring in 76% of patients. Grade 3 and 4 neutropenia occurred in 37% of patients. No significant renal toxicity was recorded. There was one case of reversible toxic hepatitis in a patient without liver infectious disease or prior liver impairment.
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Discussion |
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Several considerations were taken into account in the design and the conduct of the trial. To improve the activity of induction regimens containing cisplatin and fluorouracil in head and neck cancer, many strategies have been adopted, including the administration of more than three cycles of chemotherapy and biochemical modulation of 5-FU with LV [16]. Selection of the PFL regimen was based on its established antitumor activity in head and neck cancers [1720]. In advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck the administration of two to three cycles of PFL can obtain an overall response rate of 80% and a complete response rate of 66%, with a high proportion of patients reaching a pathological remission [21]. Other investigators reported lower antitumor activity and described substantial bone marrow toxicity, stomatitis and toxic deaths [22, 23]. Little is known about the ideal duration of preoperative chemotherapy for maximizing the likelihood of a complete pathological remission. However, it has consistently been observed that, regardless of the subsequent surgery and/or radiotherapy, patients achieving a clinical complete response with induction chemotherapy have a better prognosis than the less responsive or unresponsive patients, and that patients with a good response to primary chemotherapy may be successfully treated with radiotherapy alone [24]. A favourable outcome has been reported particularly in patients with complete pathological remission at surgery [25]. In addition, it has been shown that the administration of three cycles of PFL chemotherapy instead of two increases the percentage of clinical complete responses, implying that the number of courses may be important in multimodality treatment programs aimed at increasing the rate of pathological remission [26]. Based on all of the above evidence, we empirically selected to administer five cycles of preoperative PFL in our study to maximize the likelihood of achieving pCR.
In agreement with such an empiric rationale, our experience has shown that after three treatment cycles one patient only was in radiological CR, while three additional patients reached radiological CR after five cycles. Such data suggest that patients can benefit from a prolonged treatment duration.
Of note, and unlike other trials, our study included mostly patients with adenocarcinoma. In this respect, our experience shows that sinonasal adenocarcinoma is a chemosensitive tumor, and that chemotherapy may accomplish a high rate of complete pathological remissions. Furthermore, a complete pathological response was observed in every stage subgroup, suggesting that sensitivity to PFL was not related to tumor extension. This observation is different from what is described in the literature dealing with head and neck squamous cell cancer [24]. In this type of histology, the response rate is reported as inversely related to stage. Our findings may therefore lead to the consideration that all patients with sinonasal carcinoma, independent of histological type and tumor extension, could be candidates for primary chemotherapy.
The results of our study indicate that there was a substantial lack of concordance between the radiological findings of response and the pathological findings of complete remission at surgery. Indeed, only half of the patients with complete pathological remission were correctly classified on imaging as having a complete response. The inability of defining at which treatment cycle tumor shrinkage can be an indication of complete pathological remission limits the possibility of tailoring treatment duration in individual patients, and undermines the possibility of reliably identifying those patients in whom surgery could be avoided, as well as those for whom PFL will bring little benefit. There maybe many reasons for the discordance between radiological and surgical findings. One resides in the apparently low specificity of CT and MRI. As far as sinonasal cancers are concerned, there is some indication that MRI is superior to CT in discriminating between the extent of the tumor and other pathological changes (such as inflammation or secretion), but no data are available concerning the role of MRI in assessing the response after chemotherapy [27]. Little is known concerning the accuracy of FDG-PET in correctly classifying pathological tumor response to chemotherapy in the head and neck cancer patient, and no experience has been reported in paranasal sinus tumors [28].
The need for a sensitive and dependable measure of response for appropriate decision making in individual patients during treatment is further supported by the consideration that the toxicity of PFL was not minor. Our study showed that toxicity could be severe even if cisplatin was administered on a single day at the dose of 100 mg/m2, and even when the dosages of 5-FU and LV were reduced by 1 day after a prior course with mucosal/bone marrow toxicity. The severity and frequency of stomatitis and neutropenia were similar to those reported by others [18, 19, 21], even if the dosages of cDDP and/or 5-FU are not completely comparable. As expected from the addition of LV both toxicities seem to be less severe than those reported for standard cDDP and 5-FU treatment.
As in the study reported by Pfister et al. [23], all serious adverse events occurred after the first treatment cycle. We did not observe any toxic deaths due to infection, suggesting that planned dose modifications and dose reductions were adequate in preventing major problems due to bone marrow suppression and stomatitis. Unexpectedly, cardiovascular toxicity was substantial causing two toxic deaths and thus it represented the limiting toxicity. Fatal events (including sudden deaths), vascular accidents and sepsis have been reported at different rates ranging from 0% to 18% in different series [23, 29]. The occurrence of an excessive rate of unpredictable cardiovascular events early during the present study prompted us, based on the experience of Rezkalla et al. [30], to screen and monitor patients at high risk for heart function by ECG-Holter during therapy. The endpoint was to discontinue chemotherapy if asymptomatic cardiac alterations were detected early during infusion. Importantly, after adopting this policy, no additional fatal cardiovascular events were recorded.
In conclusion, this study shows that prolonged primary chemotherapy with PFL is active in paranasal cancer, and toxicity is manageable provided that an adequate cardiovascular evaluation before chemotherapy is performed.
Due to the fact that paranasal cancer is a rare disease, a prospective randomized study of the impact of chemotherapy on local tumor control, disease-free survival and overall survival is not feasible. However, the results of this study suggest that primary chemotherapy may play a role in surgery-sparing treatment approaches. Such a potential role should be explored prospectively by using new agents and investigating the ability of diagnostic tools (e.g. with serial positron emission tomography) and molecular phenotyping of the primary tumor in reliably predicting pathological complete response and, eventually, avoiding surgery. Such studies are in progress at our institution.
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Acknowledgements |
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Footnotes |
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References |
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