Unidad de Conductas Adictivas Area 9, Generalitat Valenciana Conselleria De Sanitat, Centro de Salud de San Marcelino, San Pio X, 33, 46017 Valencia, Spain and
1 National Addiction Centre (Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London and The Maudsley Hospital), 4 Windsor Walk, London SE5 8AF, UK
Received 25 June 2001; in revised form 30 October 2001; accepted 26 November 2001
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ABSTRACT |
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INTRODUCTION |
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Previous studies have found that substance-dependent patients who leave in-patient treatment prematurely tend to be younger (Armenian et al., 1999), single (De los Cobos et al., 1997
), intoxicated on admission (Beck et al., 1983
), as well as being more likely to have a history of leaving against medical advice (Cook et al., 1994
). To date, no European studies have been published comparing alcohol-dependent subjects who leave in-patient treatment prematurely with those who complete the programme. The topic has added importance if in-patient facilities are scarce.
We report data from a UK in-patient specialist treatment unit for alcohol use disorders. Patients with a planned discharge (PD) from the multidisciplinary treatment programme were compared with patients who had unplanned discharges (UPD), in order to identify factors associated with premature discharges.
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PATIENTS AND METHODS |
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No differences were found in a preliminary analysis of the study variables between subjects who self-discharged against medical advice and subjects who had other forms of UPD. Consequently, in contrast to some other recent studies that only considered subjects who self-discharged against medical advice (De los Cobos et al., 1997; Armenian et al., 1999
), our UPD group included all prematurely discharged patients.
Setting
The ward is a 16-bed self-contained unit offering assessment, medically assisted withdrawal, and a relapse prevention treatment package to individuals with severe alcohol dependence. The ward is located in the grounds of the Bethlem Royal Hospital (South and Maudsley NHS Trust), in a large parkland estate in a leafy middle-class residential suburb in the South London/Kent area. It is staffed by a team of psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, nursing assistants and occupational therapists. Patients are requested to stay on the ward during the period they receive medication for their detoxification and are only allowed off the ward during this period with a nurse escort. Patients are allowed visitors after the third day of their admission. Unit policies allow nurses discretion to search all visitors as well as patients returning unescorted to the ward.
Admissions were voluntary, and planned. There were no emergency admissions. Patients are admitted for either 14, 28 or 42 days. This is decided in advance by the referring agency, and related to the clinical needs of the patient. For our study, patients who left before the planned date, but having negotiated the prior agreement of the staff, were still included in the PD group.
During admission, patients underwent a comprehensive assessment of physical, neuropsychological and psychiatric complications of alcohol dependence, including mental state examination and a cognitive assessment. Chlordiazepoxide was used in the 59-day withdrawal regime (oxazepam for patients with known liver disease). Patients were expected to attend the programme, which included one-to-one and group sessions, conducted by the ward staff. Breath-alcohol level and urine toxicology were assessed on admission and then randomly repeated.
Data collection
Admission information was extracted from the medical records by J.M.-R. He was not blind to the discharge method. This included socio-demographic data; alcohol and other substance use histories, and information on co-morbid psychiatric disorders (Russell, 1987).
Diagnosis of alcohol dependence and co-morbid psychiatric disorders recorded in the records was based on assessment by two independent psychiatrists using ICD-10 (World Health Organization, 1992) and DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994
) criteria, discussed and recorded at the weekly multidisciplinary ward round. Patients received a psychiatric diagnosis in conjunction with an alcohol or substance use disorder only if they were currently ill or had previously fulfilled ICD-10/DSM-IV criteria for that diagnosis while alcohol-free. Based on the particular difficulties involved in distinguishing between addiction-related symptoms and enduring personality traits (Gerstley et al., 1990
), antisocial and borderline personality disorder were the only personality disorder diagnoses made.
The Alcohol Problems Questionnaire (APQ) (Drummond, 1990) and the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ) (Stockwell et al., 1983
) were routinely administered.
Data analysis
Analysis used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows (Norussis, 1993). Statistical significance was established by the 2-test for categorical data; Fisher's exact test was employed when sample size was insufficient to calculate
2. The two-tailed Student's t-test was used for comparison of means with interval data. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Finally, in order to identify variables that were significantly and independently associated with UPD, a stepwise logistic regression was also conducted using PD versus UPD status as dependent variables.
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RESULTS |
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Socio-demographic characteristics
UPD were younger on admission than PD (t = 3.0, P < 0.005). There were no significant differences between the two groups with regards to gender, marital status, ethnic background or living arrangements (Table 1).
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APQ and SADQ scores are also shown Table 1. These two parameters were available from 281 (205 PD and 76 UPD) and 292 (212 PD and 80 UPD) subjects, respectively. While there were no differences in SADQ scores between the two groups, UPD had significantly higher APQ scores (t = 3.2, P < 0.005).
Reported drug use and concurrent substance use disorders
Information on cannabis use in the 30 days prior to admission was available from 444 subjects (305 PD and 139 UPD). Similarly, information on lifetime cocaine use, lifetime amphetamine use and lifetime heroin use was obtained from 431 (295 PD and 136 UPD), 446 (307 PD and 139 UPD) and from 447 (306 PD and 141 UPD) subjects, respectively. As shown in Table 2, UPD were more likely to have smoked cannabis in the 30 days prior to admission (
2 = 14.7, df = 1, P < 0.001); whilst PD were more likely never to have used cocaine (
2 = 24.4, df = 1, P < 0.001), amphetamines (
2 = 16.0, df = 1, P < 0.001) or heroin (
2 = 17.8, df = 1, P < 0.001) during their lifetimes. Diagnoses of other co-morbid substance use disorders were available from all 316 PD subjects (except n = 315 for opiate dependence), and from all 154 UPD subjects (Table 2
). UPD were more likely to fulfil criteria for co-morbid opiate dependence (
2 = 9.8, df = 1, P < 0.005), as well as co-morbid benzodiazepine dependence (
2 = 4.6, df = 1, P < 0.05), but not for concurrent cocaine dependence.
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Psychiatric diagnoses
As shown in Table 3, PD were significantly more likely to have a co-morbid depressive disorder (
2 = 6.5, df = 2, P < 0.05), although there were no significant differences between the two groups in the rates of coexistent post-traumatic stress disorder or in lifetime rates of anxiety disorders. However, UPD were significantly more likely to have a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (
2 = 10.2, df = 1, P < 0.005) and of antisocial personality disorder (
2 = 24.8, df = 1, P < 0.001).
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DISCUSSION |
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The rate of UPD in this report is similar to rates reported in some previous publications (Stark, 1992; Armenian et al., 1999
). Our results are consistent with other studies showing that substance-dependent individuals discharged against medical advice or through other forms of premature discharge are likely to be younger (Beck et al., 1983
; Armenian et al., 1999
). In addition, previous reports have shown that a history of alcohol-related problems, the use of at least one illicit drug (Leigh et al., 1984
), and higher scores on alcohol screening instruments (Noel et al., 1987
) led to a higher drop-out rate in alcohol-dependent patients. Similarly, in our sample, having a UPD was associated with higher APQ scores, having used cocaine, amphetamines and heroin, as well as with having a concurrent heroin and benzodiazepine dependence. Moreover, drug use prior to admission has also been related to poorer treatment retention (Beck et al., 1983
; De los Cobos et al., 1997
), while in our study UPD was higher among patients who had smoked cannabis in the 30 days prior to admission.
The association between psychopathology and treatment retention has only rarely been examined in this population. Early work from Beck et al. (1983) found that a diagnosis of personality disorder was associated with discharges against medical advice from alcohol and drug in-patient treatment. Elsewhere, high Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) psychopathic deviant scores and sociopathic diagnoses have been reported as more common among drop-outs from alcohol treatment (Pekarik et al., 1986). Similarly, in the present study, having a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder or antisocial personality disorder was significantly and independently associated with a UPD.
Patients who completed the planned treatment were more likely to have a depressive disorder. It is possible that the unit staff may find it easier to empathize with, and therefore to engage, depressed patients, in contrast with patients with a personality disorder.
Those patients who failed to complete treatment were more likely to be infected with the hepatitis C virus. Alcohol use increases the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients positive for hepatitis C (Regev and Jeffers, 1999). It is therefore advisable to link these patients with a specialist liver service. Moreover, as hepatitis C seropositivity was diagnosed for the first time in the course of the admission, patients may require added support. By dropping out of treatment prematurely, some of these patients may also disengage from further out-patient care and fail to attend any appointments with specialist liver services.
As with any retrospective study, the present report has limitations. It depended on review of medical records, and so information was not complete in some cases. Lack of consistency in the way in which information was entered in the records could have influenced the validity of some of the data collected, although this was minimized partly by the standardized way clinical information is collected on the unit and partly by choosing variables which could be least affected by a collector's bias. The reliance largely on self-report data for alcohol and substance use histories is also a potential limitation of our study. However, self-report information is the most widely used approach to assessment in the substance use field and has been found to be broadly valid (Babor et al., 1990; Carroll, 1995
; Darke, 1998
). In addition, urine drug screens were performed on all patients on admission, which help to corroborate reports of cannabis use prior to admission. A possible additional limitation is the fact that standardized instruments were not used to reach diagnoses of co-morbid psychiatric disorders. Instead, these were based on assessment by two psychiatrists along with longitudinal clinical observation. However, diagnoses were only made when symptoms had previously been present while drug-free. A strength of this method is that it allowed us to avoid false positives, but it may have caused under-diagnosis of some disorders and increased the number of false negatives. In addition, an extended evaluation period in combination with multiple sources of information have been found specifically to increase validity in research (Helzer et al., 1985
; Weiss et al., 1988
).
Our study may have clinical implications. Thus, the period of alcohol withdrawal is a time when patients should start to receive support for the next phase of their recovery, because they are vulnerable to relapse (Mattson et al., 1998; Shaw et al., 1998
). Simply making the staff aware of the level of treatment drop-out rate may help to reduce this (Craig, 1985
). Identifying a sub-group liable to drop-out, as we have done in this study, may help to focus attention. However, there should be further development of more individualized interventions to help these patients remain in treatment.
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FOOTNOTES |
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