1 Department of Biochemistry, University Hospital, Tours, 2 Department of Psychiatry B, University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, 3 Ambulatory Alcohol Treatment Centre, Tours, 4 Department of Biochemistry, University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, 5 Department of Psychiatry, University Medical School, Villejuif, France
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed at: F. Schellenberg, Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Trousseau, F-37044 TOURS, France. Tel.: +33 2 47 47 46 84; Fax: +33 2 47 47 46 88; E-mail: f.schellenberg{at}chu-tours.fr
(Received 14 February 2005; first review notified 7 April 2005; in final revised form 16 July 2005; accepted 17 July 2005)
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ABSTRACT |
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INTRODUCTION |
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Recently, Axis Shield [Oslo, Norway, distributed by BioRad (Hercules, USA)] proposed a second generation of the %CDT immunoassay (TIA) kit. Using this kit, a CDT increase has been reported in patients with daily ethanol intake of over 60 g (Anttila et al., 2003). Of note, alcohol intake in the range of 2060 g has not been investigated. In the kit, the cut-off has been set by the manufacturer at 2.6%. This cut-off corresponds to the 90th percentile of CDT values obtained in a population of 199 healthy subjects with a daily ethanol intake <20 g. However, for this assay, other cut-off values have been proposed (Helander et al., 2001
; Fleming and Mundt, 2004
).
The two objectives of our study were to assess the manufacturer's cut-off value using the diagnostic value of %CDT at various levels of alcohol intake, and to check for a correlation between alcohol intake and %CDT values in a population with a continuous distribution of alcohol intake in the range 070 g/day.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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Population
The study included 183 healthy subjects (143 men, 40 women) undergoing a routine medical check-up at their workplace. There were no exclusion criteria concerning any particular health disorder or biological abnormalities. The presence of the subjects at their workplace at the time of the clinical examination and blood collection excluded patients with acute or serious chronic diseases. Alcohol consumption was calculated using a self-declared frequency/quantity questionnaire with multiple choice items covering the 4 weeks preceding the blood collection. This system makes the questionnaire independent from the examiner. Patients were informed that their questionnaire and sample residues, after routine determinations, could be used for anonymous epidemiological studies, in conformity with the relevant legislation. Seven sub-groups were made up from this population, according to daily ethanol intake and by increments of 10 g from 0 to 70 g/day. These groups were used to assess the relationship between the amount of alcohol intake and %CDT value.
In accordance with the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendations setting the limit of hazardous alcohol consumption to two drinks per day for women and three per day for men, we constituted a normal consumers group (NC) with men consuming <45 g/day and women consuming <30 g/day. These values were chosen assuming that one standard drink is, in France, 1214 g (7 doses in 0.75 l of 12% alcoholic wine or 14 g in 0.25 l of 5.5% alcoholic beer).
In the same way, a hazardous consumers group (HC) was formed with men and women whose alcohol intake exceeded the aforementioned limits. One additional sub-group of abstinent alcoholics (AA) was made up from 37 (26 men, 11 women), previously heavy drinkers who had stopped drinking for >2 months. A reference group (RG) consisted of 133 healthy teetotallers (74 men, 59 women) was recruited by occupational medicine in the same conditions as the 183 subjects of the study. This group was used to validate the absence of sex difference in %CDT values with this method.
Blood sampling and analytical methods
The subjects were sampled after an overnight fast. The samples were centrifuged within the 4 h following blood collection, and sera were stored for at the most 1 month at 20°C until CDT was measured. CDT concentration was measured by a nephelometric immunoassay after ion exchange chromatography using the kit recently developed by Axis Shield, %CDT TIA (Oslo, Norway) and distributed by Biorad (Hercules, USA). This modified assay, unlike the former one from Axis, measures all the transferrin variants with 02 sialic acid residues, but not the trisialotransferrin fraction. Concentration of %CDT is expressed as a percentage of the total transferrin. Measurements of %CDT and transferrin were carried out on an Immage nephelometer (Beckman Coulter, Brea, USA). Cut-off value of %CDT was set at 2.6% of the total transferrin, as proposed by the manufacturer. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation of this method are, respectively, 4.3 and 8.2%.
Using an ADVIA 1650 (Bayer, Tarrytown, USA) GGT (gamma glutamyl transferase) activity was measured. The upper limit of reference values was 45 IU/l. The intra- and inter-assays coefficient of variation of this method are, respectively, 2.8 and 5.4%.
Statistics
Given the distribution of the variables, the results of the related statistical analysis are expressed as mean and 95% confidence limits. Maximum and minimum values are given in the tables. The group comparisons were tested using the Fisher's PLSD test (ANOVA). P-values <0.05 were considered as statistically significant.
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RESULTS |
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We next performed a group analysis. According to their alcohol intake and following the WHO recommendations, 125 subjects (97 men, 28 women) constituted the NC group, and 58 (46 men, 12 women) the HC (High Consumers) group. NC and HC subjects did not differ in age (P = 0.407), and HC subjects had a sex ratio slightly higher than those from NC. Both %CDT and GGT values were significantly higher in HC as compared to NC (P < 0.01) (Table 3). However, the 95% confidence limit of GGT mean in HC subjects overlapped the upper limit for the reference (45 IU/L). In addition, at 45 g/day (men) and 30 g/day (women), respectively, of alcohol intake, %CDT appears much more selective than GGT, combining higher sensitivity and specificity (Table 3).
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DISCUSSION |
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Few studies have been dedicated to this aspect since it has been released on the market. Previous studies confirmed its diagnostic relevancy by comparing alcohol-dependent patients to social drinkers or abstinent subjects (Anton et al., 2001; Helander et al., 2001
; Anttila et al., 2003
; Schwan et al., 2004
). Two other studies correlated %CDT turbidimetric immunoassay (TIA) values obtained using different analytical systems (Helander, 2002
; Schwarz et al., 2003). These studies demonstrated the homogeneity of the results, with r values ranging from 0.960 to 0.985, and slopes ranging from 0.98 to 1.11. Using the previous %CDT technique, from the same manufacturer, and studying a population divided in three groups (019, 2029,
30 g/day) Carlsson et al. (2003)
observed a correlation between %CDT and alcohol consumption. In our study, the progressive rise of %CDT in parallel to alcohol intake is reported, for the first time, using a wider distribution of alcohol intakes. This observation highlights the clinical relevance of the technique that allows a follow-up of unselected populations.
The second objective of this study was to validate the cut-off proposed by the manufacturer. Previous studies had proposed to set the cut-off at 2.5% (Fleming and Mundt, 2004) or 3% (Helander et al., 2001
). Our results confirm that the manufacturer's cut-off is suitable for a diagnostic use, based on the WHO definition for at-risk alcohol consumption. We observed a significant threshold in %CDT values corresponding to alcohol intake at the limit between accepted consumption and at-risk consumption. Figure 1 shows the evolution of %CDT and GGT with alcohol consumption. The narrow distribution of %CDT values compared to GGT in each group may be attributed to the higher specificity of %CDT, whereas GGT can be increased by a number of other factors. This can explain the overlapping of GGT values observed in Figure 1. The question of sex differences for CDT reference values remains unclear. So far, no study had checked whether or not the same sex difference was observed for %CDT values as was the case with the CDTect method. As shown in Table 1, we observed the absence of sex difference in teetotallers (RG). This result is in agreement with results obtained using a very similar method (Schellenberg et al., 1996
) for CDT measurement, and more recent data (Schwan et al., 2004
) obtained with this %CDT method. This finding confirms the validity of one unique cut-off value for men and women, as proposed by the manufacturer.
The sensitivity we obtained for heavy drinkers is higher than those previously published (Anttila et al., 2003). Lastly, the specificity that we report here for groups NC and AA (Table 2) is slightly lower than in other studies (Anton et al., 2001
). This might result from the inclusion of subjects who stated an alcohol intake at 40 g/day, whereas usual control populations are frequently based on alcohol intake <20 g/day.
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CONCLUSION |
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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REFERENCES |
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Anttila, P., Järvi, K., Latvala, J. et al. (2003). A new modified gamma-%CDT method improves the detection of problem drinking: studies in alcoholics with or without liver disease. Clinica Chimica Acta 338, 4551.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
Carlsson, S., Hammar, N., Hakala, P. et al. (2003) Assessment of alcohol consumption by mailed questionnaire in epidemiological studies: evaluation of misclassification using a dietary history interview and biochemical markers. European Journal of Epidemiology 18, 493501.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
Fleming, M. and Mundt, M. (2004) Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin: validity of a new alcohol biomarker in a sample of patients with diabetes and hypertension. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice 17, 247255.[ISI][Medline]
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Poikolainen, K., Podkletnova, I. and Alho, H. (2002) Accuracy of quantity-frequency and graduated frequency questionnaires in measuring alcohol intake: comparison with daily diary and commonly used laboratory markers. Alcohol Alcohol 37, 573576.
Schellenberg, F., Martin, M., Caces, E. et al. (1996). Nephelometric determination of carbohydrate deficient transferrin. Clinical Chemistry 42, 551557.
Schwan, R., Loiseaux, M. N., Schellenberg, F. et al. (2004). Multicenter validation study of the %CDT TIA kit in alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 28, 13311337.[ISI][Medline]
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