1 Institute of Anatomy of the Bayerische Julius-Maximilians-Universität, 97070 Würzburg; 2 Institute of Anatomy, Charité, 10098 Berlin, Germany; and 3 Institute of Anatomy, 8051 Zürich, Switzerland
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ABSTRACT |
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Renal excretion and reabsorption of organic cations are mediated by electrogenic and electroneutral organic cation transporters, which belong to a recently discovered family of polyspecific transporters. These transporters are electrogenic and exhibit differences in substrate specificity. In rat, the renal expression of the polyspecific cation transporters rOCT1 and rOCT2 was investigated. By in situ hybridization, significant amounts of both rOCT1 and rOCT2 mRNA were detected in S1, S2, and S3 segments of proximal tubules. By immunohistochemistry, expression of the rOCT1 protein was mainly observed in S1 and S2 segments of proximal tubules, with lower expression levels in the S3 segments. At variance, rOCT2 protein was mainly expressed in the S2 and S3 segments. Both transporters were localized to the basolateral cell membrane. Neither rOCT1 nor rOCT2 was detected in the vasculature, the glomeruli, and nephron segments other than proximal tubules. The data suggest that rOCT1 and rOCT2 are responsible for basolateral cation uptake in the proximal tubule, which represents the first step in cation secretion.
polyspecific cation transporter; organic cation transporter family; gene expression; kidney; immunohistochemisty; in situ hybridization
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INTRODUCTION |
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POLYSPECIFIC TRANSPORTERS in the kidney are responsible for the secretion and reabsorption of drugs, xenobiotics, and organic endogenous compounds (for review, see Ref. 26). Organic drugs and some endogenous cations are mainly secreted in the proximal tubule by a two-step procedure: electrogenic uptake at the basolateral membrane and cation release at the luminal membrane that is mediated by an electroneutral proton cation antiporter. Some cations like choline may be also reabsorbed at low plasma concentrations (1). This process involves a potential dependent cation transporter at the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule (31). The first polyspecific organic cation transporter (rOCT1) was cloned in 1994 from rat kidney (13). rOCT1 was the first member of a large family of polyspecific transporters that includes organic cation transporters, organic anion transporters, and transporters for zwitterionic compounds (for reviews, see Refs. 18 and 19). To date, three subtypes of polyspecific cation transporters named OCT1, OCT2, and OCT3 have been cloned from different species (11-13, 15, 17, 24, 28, 32). These transporters are transcribed in the kidney and in other organs such as liver and brain. They mediate electrogenic uptake of various relatively small organic cations, including choline, tetraethylammonium, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, N1-methylnicotinamide, and monoamine neurotransmitters. They are inhibited by a variety of larger, more hydrophobic cations that are not transported by the OCTs (23). In contrast, these cations may be translocated by polyspecific transporters of the OATP family and by multidrug resistance proteins of the MDR and MRP families (for review, see Ref. 22). Transport properties of the three OCT subtypes that are preserved in all species are electrogenicity, uniport activity, reversibility of transport direction, and independence from Na+. The precise substrate specificity profiles, however, are subtype and species specific (11, 13, 17, 19). Whereas the basolateral localization and function of OCT1 in proximal renal tubules are generally accepted, there is controversy concerning the membrane localization and functional role of OCT2 (for review, see Ref. 19). On the basis of a comparison of Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) values of low-affinity substrates observed in our in vitro studies with in vivo data, we first suggested the localization of rOCT1 at the basolateral membrane of renal proximal tubules (13). Later, we showed that rOCT1 is localized at the sinusoidal membrane in hepatocytes (20), and Inui and collaborators (30) reported that rOCT1 was associated with basolateral membranes that had been isolated from rat kidney cortex (30). rOCT2 has been discussed as a luminal transporter on the basis of functional data comparing the substrate specificity of porcine OCT2 expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells with luminal uptake of cultivated renal epithelial cells (LLC-PK1) from pig (12, 14). After expression in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, however, both rOCT1 and rOCT2 have been localized to the basolateral membrane (30). In the present paper we demonstrate that both rOCT1 and rOCT2 are localized at the basolateral membrane of renal proximal tubules, showing different levels of expression in different segments of the proximal tubule.
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METHODS |
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Synthesis of digoxigenin-labeled cRNA. cDNA fragments of rOCT1 and rOCT2 were amplified by using the following primers: for rOCT1 (13), 5'CCT GGG GAG GAG GAA ATC 3' nucleotides 1630-1647 (forward) and 5'GGT AGT TCA TTT GGA ACC TG 3' nucleotides 1812-1831 (reverse); for rOCT2 (9), 5'GAA AGG GCA TCA TTG CTG 3' nucleotides 1710-1727 (forward) and 5'ATG TTG TGG TGG AGA AGG 3' nucleotides 1992-2009 (reverse). The PCR products were cloned into Sma I site of pBluescript SKII. The plasmid with the rOCT1 insert was linearized with BamH 1 (sense) or EcoR I (antisense), and digoxigenin-labeled cRNA was synthesized by using T7 or T3 RNA polymerase for sense and antisense transcripts, respectively. The plasmid carrying the rOCT2 fragment was linearized with EcoR I (sense) or BamH I (antisense), and digoxigenin-labeled cRNA was produced by using T3 or T7 RNA polymerase for sense and antisense transcripts, respectively.
Tissue preparation and in situ hybridization. Sprague-Dawley rats (body wt 300-350 g), which had free access to standard laboratory diet and tap water, were anesthetized with 30 mg pentobarbital sodium/kg body wt. The kidneys were removed directly or after retrograde perfusion. The retrograde perfusion was performed with buffered solutions containing 3% (wt/vol) paraformaldehyde, followed in some cases by PBS that was adjusted to 800 mosmol/kgH2O with sucrose (16). The removed kidneys were rapidly frozen in isopentane or propane, which were cooled by liquid nitrogen and sectioned in a cryostat. Cryosections (5-8 µm thick) from perfusion-fixed (rOCT1) or unfixed kidneys (rOCT2) were thawed on silanized glass slides, postfixed (rOCT1) or fixed (rOCT2) by 5-min incubation with PBS containing 4% (wt/vol) paraformaldehyde, and stored for 1 day in 70 (rOCT1) or 100% ethanol (rOCT2). After rehydration in PBS, the slides were either acetylated with 0.1 M triethanolamine HCl, pH 8.0, containing 0.25% acetic anhydride (rOCT1) or incubated for 5 min in 20 mM HCl and washed for 10 min with 2× standard sodium citrate (SSC; 150 mM NaCl, 15 mM sodium citrate; rOCT2).
Different protocols were followed to optimize the hybridrization of rOCT1 (3) and rOCT2 (27). For rOCT1, the hybridization was performed with 10 µg/ml of the antisense or sense riboprobe for 18 h at 40°C in 20 mM Tris · HCl, pH 7.6, containing 0.3 M NaCl, 10% (vol/vol) Denhardt's solution, 0.1 mg/ml salmon sperm DNA, and 10% (wt/vol) dextransulfate. The slides were washed several times for 30 min, each at 47°C, with 2× SSC, 1× SSC plus 50% formamide (FA), 0.4× SSC plus 50% FA, and 0.2× SSC plus 50% FA. Then they were washed at room temperature for 20 min with 0.5× SSC, 10 min with 0.2× SSC, and 5 min with 100 mM Tris · HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl. For rOCT2, hybridization was performed with 0.1 mg/ml of the antisense or sense riboprobe for 18 h at 55°C in 4× SSC containing 10% (vol/vol) Denhardt's solution, 50% FA, and 0.9 g/ml yeast tRNA. In this case, washing was performed for 30 min at room temperature with 2× SSC and for 30 min at 55°C with 2× SSC containing 50% FA. Thereafter, nonhybridized RNA was digested by 30-min incubation at 37°C with 40 µg/ml of RNase A in 1 M Tris · HCl, pH 7.5, 0.4 M NaCl, and 50 mM EDTA, and the section was incubated for 1 h at 60°C with 1 M Tris · HCl, pH 7.5, 0.4 M NaCl, and 50 mM EDTA. After hybridization of rOCT1 and rOCT2, nonspecific antibody binding sites were blocked by 30-min incubation at room temperature with 100 mM Tris · HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl containing 2% (vol/vol) sheep serum, 0.5% (wt/vol) bovine serum albumin, and 0.1% (wt/vol) Triton X-100. The sections were incubated with alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-digoxigenin antibody from goat (Boehringer Mannheim), and the alkaline phosphatase reaction was visualized as described earlier (3). Specificity of the detection protocol was tested with the respective sense RNA probes, and by reactions of the rOCT1 antisense probe with rOCT2 expressed in HEK-293 cells and of the rOCT2 antisense probe with rOCT1 expressed in HEK-293 cells (8).Antibodies and cell lines. The generation, affinity purification, and characterization of the antibodies directed against rOCT1 or rOCT2 that were used in this study have been described earlier (20). Ab1 is a polyclonal antibody raised in rabbits against amino acids 524-542 of rOCT1 and does not cross-react with rOCT2 in Western blots. Ab2 is a polyclonal antibody raised in rabbits against amino acids 319-334 of rOCT2 and does not cross-react with rOCT1 in Western blots. For affinity purification the antigenic peptides of ab1 and ab2 were immobilized on EPOXY-activated 6B-Sepharose (Sigma, Munich, Germany) or on SulfoLink coupling gel from Pierce (Rockford, IL), respectively. The preparation and characterization of HEK-293 cells stably expressing rOCT1 and hOCT2 have been described earlier (7, 8). By using the same transfection procedure and selection protocol, HEK-293 cells were generated that stably express rOCT2. Tracer uptake measurements showed that these cells express highly active uptake of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, which was inhibited by 50 µM cyanine-863.
Membrane preparations. Brush-border membranes from rat kidney cortex were isolated by the Ca2+ precipitation method (10) and the basolateral membranes by differential centrifugation and fractionation on a Percoll gradient (6). The purity of the preparations was tested by measuring alkaline phosphatase and Na+-K+-ATPase activity as marker enzymes for apical and basolateral membranes, respectively (6). Compared with the homogenate, the specific activity of alkaline phosphatase in our brush-border membrane preparations was increased more than 10-fold, whereas the specific Na+-K+-ATPase activity in the preparation of basolateral membranes was increased more than 7-fold.
Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. For Western blotting, brush-border membranes or basolateral membranes from rat kidney were resolved on discontinuous, denaturing, and reducing SDS polyacrylamide gels and transferred by semidry blotting to nitrocellulose membranes (20). The membranes were blocked for 1 h at 22°C with PBS containing 1% (wt/vol) Tween 20 and 2% (wt/vol) skim-milk powder (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie, Steinheim, Germany). Incubation with the affinity-purified antibodies dissolved in PBS containing 1% Tween 20 and 0.5% skim-milk powder was performed for 1 h at room temperature. The concentrations of the affinity-purified antibodies corresponded to a 1:5,000 (ab1) or 1:1,000 (ab2) dilution of the antiserum. Antibody binding was detected with peroxidase-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody (DAKO Diagnostika, Hamburg, Germany) and with chemiluminescence (Amersham Buchler, Braunschweig, Germany) (20). The molecular weights were estimated by using a prestained protein ladder from GIBCO-BRL (Karlsruhe, Germany).
Immunohistochemistry was performed on 2- to 5-µm-thick cryosections. The sections were prepared from perfusion-fixed kidneys as described above. For control reactions, cryosections were taken from pellets of HEK-293 cells that stably expressed rOCT1, rOCT2, or hOCT2 and were fixed with 3% paraformaldehyde. Incubation with primary antibodies was performed for 1 h at room temperature in the presence of PBS containing 2% (wt/vol) skim-milk powder and 0.5% (vol/vol) Triton X-100. Compared with Western blotting, 5-10 times higher antibody concentrations were used. To test the immunohistochemical reactions for specificity, 100 µg/ml of the respective antigenic peptides or of nonrelated peptides were added to the antibody solutions and incubated for 30 min at room temperature, before they were applied to the sections. In some experiments, antigen retrieval was attempted by incubating the sections for 5 min with 1% (wt/vol) SDS as described by Brown and coworkers (2, 5), by a 10-min incubation of the sections with 1 N HCl, 1 N NaOH, 1% (wt/vol) Triton X-100, 0.1% (wt/vol) saponin, 0.5 mg/ml trypsin, or by microwave treatment (29). After incubation with the primary antibodies, the sections were washed three times with PBS, and bound antibody was detected by incubation in the same buffers containing goat anti-rabbit IgG antibodies labeled with indocarbocyanin (Dianova, Hamburg, Germany). The secondary antibodies were diluted 1:250. After washing, the sections were embedded in an aqueous embedding solution (DAKO) containing 3% (wt/vol) diazobicyclooctane. The specificity of the antibody reactions was verified as follows: 1) labeling was abolished when the antibodies were preabsorbed with their respective antigenic peptides but not with nonrelated peptides; 2) in Western blots ab1 did not react with plasma membrane proteins from Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing rOCT 2 but reacted readily when rOCT1 was expressed (20); 3) in Western blots ab2 did not react with plasma membrane proteins from oocytes expressing rOCT1 but reacted when rOCT2 was expressed (20); 4) ab1 did not show an immunohistochemical reaction with frozen and fixed pellets of HEK-293 cells expressing rOCT2 but reacted when rOCT1 was expressed; and 5) in rat liver ab2 did not reveal immunohistochemical staining of hepatocytes that express rOCT1 but reacted with proximal tubules in rat kidney .Materials. Diazobicyclooctane was obtained from Sigma and goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody conjugated with peroxidase from DAKO Diagnostika. The other chemicals and antibodies were described earlier (3, 20, 25).
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RESULTS |
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Distribution of rOCT1 mRNA as determined by in situ hybridization.
The cRNA probe used for in situ hybridization of rOCT1 had 47%
nucleotide identity with rOCT2 (24), 40% nucleotide
identity with rOCT3 (17), and 58% identical nucleotides
with human OCT2 (hOCT2) (11). To evaluate the specificity
under the employed hybridization conditions we performed in situ
hybridization on HEK-293 cells that stably express rOCT1
(8), rOCT2, or hOCT2 (7) under the same
conditions used for the kidney sections. The probe did not
cross-hybridize in situ with rOCT2 or hOCT2. Because the cRNA probe has
less overall nucleotide identity to rOCT3 than to rOCT2 and does not
contain stretches of more than five identical nucleotides with rOCT3, a
cross-hybridization with rOCT3 and with the other known, less
homologous members of the OCT1 family (19) is highly
improbable. Figure 1a shows an
overview micrograph of the in situ hybridization with an rOCT1
anti-sense probe on a cryosection of a perfusion-fixed kidney. The
coronary section shows that rOCT1 message is unevenly distributed in
proximal tubules throughout the renal cortex and the outer stripe of
the outer medulla. The strongest hybridization signals were observed in
the pars rectae segments of proximal tubules within the cortical medullary rays and outer stripe of outer medulla, consistent with a
localization in late S2 and S3 segments. Figure
2 shows an in situ hybridization from the
outer cortex at larger magnification. No significant signal
could be detected in glomeruli, interlobular arteries, cortical thick
ascending limbs of Henle's loops, distal convoluted tubules,
connecting tubules, and cortical collecting ducts. However, a strong
reaction was observed in S2 and S3 segments, and a less intense
reaction in the S1 segments of the proximal tubules.
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Immunohistochemical localization of rOCT1 protein.
The affinity-purified antibody ab1 against a COOH-terminal peptide of
19 amino acids was used to determine the distribution and membrane
localization of rOCT1 protein. This antibody does not cross-react with
the known members of the OCT family. By Western blotting
(20) and by immunohistochemistry on sections from pellets of HEK-293 cells that stably express rOCT2, ab1 did not cross-react with rOCT2 although the antigenic peptide contains 11 amino acids that
are identical in rOCT2. The homologous regions of the other family
members (19) contain only six (rOCT3) or fewer than four (rOCTN1, rOCTN2, rOAT1, rOAT2) identical amino acids. The
immunoreactivity (IR) of ab1 is shown in Fig. 1b, and at
higher magnifications in Figs. 3 and
4. The sections in Figs.
1b, 3c, and 4 were treated for 5 min with 1%
(wt/vol) SDS for antigen retrieval (2, 5). Whereas antigen
retrieval with HCl, NaOH, Triton X-100, saponin, trypsin, or microwave
treatment was unsuccessful, the IR of ab1 was significantly increased
by the SDS treatment. IR for rOCT1 was exclusively detected in proximal
tubules. A strong IR was observed in S1 and S2 segments. When the
sections were treated with SDS, a weaker but still significant IR was
also detected in the S3 segments (Figs. 1b and
3c). The expression level of rOCT1 in S1 segments appears to
be higher than in S2 segments because proximal tubules in the cortical
labyrinth showed a stronger IR for rOCT1 than those in the medullary
rays (Fig. 1b). Using the transitions between glomeruli and
proximal tubules as a criterion, rOCT1 IR could be localized to the
early S1 segments of superficial (not shown), midcortical (Fig.
3a), and juxtamedullary nephrons (Fig. 3b). At
the transition between outer stripe and inner stripe of the outer
medulla, rOCT1 IR was localized in the late S3 segment (Fig.
3c). It can be seen that rOCT1 protein has the same
distribution as the message of rOCT1, i.e., segments S1, S2, and S3 of
the proximal tubule, but the relative abundance of rOCT1 mRNA vs. protein within these segments is different. The highest concentration of the mRNA was found in S2 segments and the highest concentration of
the protein in S1 segments (Fig. 1). Figures 3, a and
b, and 4 show that the IR of rOCT1 in the proximal tubules
was localized to the basolateral membrane.
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Distribution of rOCT2 mRNA as determined by in situ hybridization.
For in situ hybridization of rOCT2, a 3' probe with 41% identity to
rOCT1 and <36% identity to rOCT3 or the other family members was
used. Because our in situ hybridization attempts with perfusion-fixed sections were unsuccessful, we used native cryosections that were fixed
with acetone. Similar to rOCT1, the message of rOCT2 was detected in
proximal renal tubules throughout the renal cortex and in the outer
stripe of the outer medulla (Fig. 5). The
hybridization signal of rOCT2 in the proximal tubules was less intense
in the cortex than in the outer stripe. No significant hybridization signal was found in glomeruli, thick ascending limbs of Henle's loops,
distal tubules, and collecting ducts. The specificity of hybridization
was confirmed by the lack of hybridization in liver where rOCT1 is
expressed and gave a positive hybridization signal with our
rOCT1-specific cRNA probe (data not shown). Hybridization with rOCT3
can be excluded because our cRNA probe for rOCT2 hybridization did not
contain stretches with more than five nucleotides identical with rOCT3.
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Immunohistochemical localization of rOCT2 protein.
The distribution of rOCT2 protein was investigated with
affinity-purified antibody ab2. Ab2 is directed against an
intracellular 16-amino acid peptide of rOCT2 (20), which
contains 7 identical amino acids with rOCT1 and 4 (rOCT3) or fewer
identical amino acids with other known members of the OCT family
(19). No cross-reactivity with rOCT1 was detected by
Western blots on plasma membranes of X. laevis oocytes that
express rOCT1 (20) and by immunohistochemistry on rat
liver (data not shown). With ab2, strong IR was detected with proximal
tubules in the medullary rays and the outer stripe (Fig. 6). The IR of
ab2 could not be increased significantly by the procedures for antigen
retrieval described in METHODS, including the incubation
with SDS (compare Figs. 6,
a-c, and 7, a and
b). Similar to rOCT1, rOCT2 was exclusively localized in
proximal tubules. No significant IR of ab2 above background was
detected in glomeruli, limbs of Henle, distal tubules, collecting
ducts, and blood vessels. In the medullary rays, IR of ab2 localized rOCT2 to the straight portions of the S2 segments (Fig. 6, a
and b). The localization of rOCT2 in the S3 segments is
evident from the IR of ab2 with proximal tubules in the outer stripe
(Fig. 6, a and c). Late S3 segments could be
identified at their transitions to the thin descending limbs of
Henle's loop (see Fig. 6c, for example). In the proximal
tubules, rOCT2 protein was clearly localized to the basolateral
membrane (Figs. 6 and 7). In S1 segments of proximal tubules it was
difficult to detect IR of ab2 above background. However, in some S1
segments faint IR of ab2 was detected at the basolateral membrane (see
arrows in Fig. 6b). Thus our data suggest that rOCT2 is
transcribed in all segments of the proximal tubule but that rOCT2
protein is mainly expressed in the S2 and S3 segments.
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Membrane localization of rOCT1 and rOCT2 protein determined by
Western blotting.
To confirm the membrane localization of rOCT1 and rOCT2 by an
additional approach, and to investigate renal plasma membranes for cross-reactive proteins, we isolated brush-border and basolateral membranes from renal cortex and probed them with antibodies ab1 and ab2
(Fig. 8). The rOCT1-specific antibody ab1
and the rOCT2-specific antibody ab2 both labeled proteins at the
basolateral membrane with apparent molecular masses of 60-70 kDa
(Fig. 8). Renal brush-border membranes showed no IR for ab1 and ab2.
The data confirm the basolateral localization of rOCT1 and rOCT2 and
show the absence of cross-reactive proteins in renal plasma membranes.
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DISCUSSION |
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To understand the function of organic cation transporters in the kidney it is necessary to localize the different transporters within the nephron and to determine their localization at the luminal or basolateral plasma membrane. The present study investigates the mRNA and protein distribution of the two electrogenic cation transporters rOCT1 and rOCT2 in adult rat kidney. We show that both rOCT1 and rOCT2 are mainly expressed in proximal tubules and that both transporters have an overlapping but quantitatively different protein distribution. High levels of rOCT1 protein were detected in S1 and S2 segments, and lower levels in the S3 segment. In contrast, rOCT2 protein was mainly localized to the S2 and the S3 segments, and only trace amounts of rOCT2 protein could be detected in the S1 segment. Because in situ hybridization revealed a more even distribution within the various segments of the proximal tubule of mRNAs of rOCT1 and rOCT2, these transporters may undergo differential posttranscriptional regulation, which has been discussed for rOCT1 in the liver (20). The distribution of rOCT2 mRNA observed in our in situ hybridization experiments conflicts with an earlier report, in which rOCT2 mRNA was exclusively assigned to the S3 segment of the proximal tubule by in situ hybridization using an RNase-digested 1.6-kb mRNA fragment of rOCT2 (14). Because the specificity of this probe was not documented, but rOCT1 and rOCT2 contain an NH2-terminal, 260-nucleotide stretch with 97% identity plus several 100 nucleotide stretches with ~80% identity, this probe may not have been specific for rOCT2.
An important finding of the present paper is that both rOCT1 and rOCT2 protein were localized to the basolateral membrane of proximal tubules. The basolateral localization of rOCT1 in the proximal tubule was previously hypothesized (13) and parallels with the immunohistochemical localization of rOCT1 to the sinusoidal membranes in the liver (20). The basolateral localization is also supported by transport measurements after expression of rOCT1 in polarized MDCK cells and by Western blots on isolated luminal and basolateral renal plasma membranes (30). The membrane localization of rOCT2 has been a matter of controversy (14, 19, 30). Urakami and co-workers (30) proposed a basolateral localization because they observed an increased basal-to-luminal cation flux in MDCK cells that were transfected with rOCT2. In contrast, Gründmann et al. (14) speculated that rOCT2 may be a luminal transporter because they had observed some similarity between the affinity of cationic inhibitors of luminal cation uptake into LLC-PK1 cells and cation uptake mediated by the cloned porcine organic cation transporter, pOCT2 (12). The present study clearly shows that rOCT2 protein is located exclusively at basolateral membranes of rat renal proximal tubules. We cannot exclude species differences in the nephron distribution and membrane localization, but at present, no direct evidence for such differences has been reported. There is also a hypothetical possibility that rOCT2 may be redistributed to the luminal membrane when the proximal tubule changes from cation secretion to cation reabsorption (1, 4), but this has not been demonstrated experimentally.
Employing in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in human kidneys, we previously obtained data that suggested that hOCT2 was expressed in distal tubules and located at the luminal membrane (11). Because in rats rOCT2 protein could not be detected in any nephron segment outside the proximal tubule, more detailed studies with human kidney are required to exclude the possibility that our previous localization of hOCT2 in the distal tubule represents cross-reactivity with a closely related transporter subtype or a splice variant in the distal tubule that has not been identified. It should be emphasized that we cannot exclude from our previous experiments that also in human kidney OCT2 is localized in basolateral membranes of proximal tubules. In our previous study with the human kidney we used sections where the proximal tubules were collapsed, and recent experiments with rat kidneys showed that the basolateral localization of rOCT1 or rOCT2 was not detected by using immersion-fixed sections with collapsed proximal tubules (unpublished observations). Discussing the apparent differences in the distribution of OCT2 in rats and humans, one must keep in mind that only relatively high levels of message and protein are detected by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry so that negative results with these methods do not exclude low levels of expression. For example, employing PCRs with reverse transcribed mRNAs from microdissected nephron segments, we detected rOCT2 mRNA in distal tubules that were microdissected from rat kidneys (data not shown). Thus we must consider the possibility that under certain physiological conditions higher levels of rOCT2 may be expressed in distal tubules from the rat. In this context we would like to state that even a simultaneous basolateral location of OCT2 in the proximal tubule and a luminal location in the distal tubule are not necessarily contradictory. Transcellular cation movement is determined by specificities and rates of the engaged transporters on both cell sides. For cation secretion in the proximal tubule, OCT2 in the basolateral membrane may cooperate with a luminal transporter that may determine the effective selectivity for secretion. rOCT2 in the luminal membrane of the distal tubule may mediate the first step in the reabsorption of some cations. For example dopamine, which is produced in the proximal tubule and released into the tubular fluid, may be reabsorbed by rOCT2 in the distal tubule (21). The presence of different competing cations on the cis-sides and of different stimulatory or inhibitory cations on the trans-sides may differentially determine the in vivo selectivity of OCT2 in the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubule and in the luminal membrane of the distal tubule.
It is a challenge for future experiments to investigate the combined action of basolateral and luminal cation transporters during transcellular cation movements. In the present study the basolateral localization of OCT1 and OCT2 in renal proximal tubules from adult rats has been clearly demonstrated. The localization of these transporters in other species and after treatment with cationic drugs is considered an interesting matter for further investigation.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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The authors thank Michael Christof for preparing the figures, Eva Engel and Irina Schatz for technical assistance, and Aida Akhoundova for preparing HEK-293 cells that stably express rOCT2.
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FOOTNOTES |
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* U. Karbach and J. Kricke contributed equally to this work.
These studies were supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, SFB 487, Grant A4.
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: H. Koepsell, Anatomisches Institut der Universität, Koellikerstr. 6, 97070 Würzburg, Germany (E-mail: Hermann{at}Koepsell.de).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Received 20 September 1999; accepted in final form 8 June 2000.
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