1 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 356, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 58; 2 Université Paris VI, Hôpital Broussais, Assistance Publique; and 3 Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire de Différenciation Cellulaire, Paris, France
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ABSTRACT |
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The present study was addressed to define the contribution of cytoskeleton elements in the kidney proximal tubule Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) activity under basal conditions. We used luminal membrane vesicles (LMV) isolated from suspensions of rat cortical tubules pretreated with either colchicine (Colch) or cytochalasin D (Cyto D). Colch pretreatment of suspensions (200 µM for 60 min) moderately decreased LMV NHE3 activity. Cyto D pretreatment (1 µM for 60 min) elicited an increase in LMV NHE3 transport activity but did not increase Na-glucose cotransport activity. Cyto D pretreatment of suspensions did not change the apparent affinity of NHE3 for internal H+. In contrast, after Cyto D pretreatment of the suspensions, NHE3 protein abundance was increased in LMV and remained unchanged in cortical cell homogenates. The effect of Cyto D on NHE3 was further assessed with cultures of murine cortical cells. The amount of surface biotinylated NHE3 increased on Cyto D treatment, whereas NHE3 protein abundance was unchanged in cell homogenates. In conclusion, under basal conditions NHE3 activity depends on the state of actin organization possibly involved in trafficking processes between luminal membrane and intracellular compartment.
kidney; sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 antiporter; protein trafficking
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INTRODUCTION |
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MODULATION OF TRANSPORTER traffic between plasma membrane and internal compartments contributes to the regulation of vectorial transport across epithelia. In kidney proximal tubule, several apical transporters appear to be regulated, at least in part, by trafficking processes. Rats fed an acutely low-Pi diet exhibit a higher Na-Pi cotransport rate associated with an increase in type 2 Na-Pi cotransporter protein abundance in brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) and no change in cortical homogenate (20, 21). Colchicine (Colch), which disrupts the microtubule network, prevents this adaptation (21). Colch also prevents acute exocytic insertion of endosomal H+-ATPases in the apical membrane of straight rat proximal tubule perfused in vitro with high-PCO2 medium (25). Metabolic acidosis in rats is associated with an increase in enzymatic and transport activity of H+-ATPases in BBMV, without modification of the enzyme activity in cortical homogenates (8). Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3), which mediates 100% of NaCl absorption and two-thirds of HCO3 absorption in the proximal tubule, has been recently shown to be located in both apical membranes and intracellular vesicular compartments (3). Variations of NHE3 activity related to changes in the cellular location of the transport protein have recently been reported in experimental animal and in vitro models. After parathyroid hormone infusion in parathyroidectomized rats, a decrease in NHE3 activity and protein is observed in BBMV without modification of total cortical NHE3 protein abundance, and the decrease in BBMV NHE3 protein abundance is prevented by pretreatment of rats with Colch (11). A redistribution of NHE3 protein from cortex BBM into subapical compartments has been observed on natriuresis-induced acute hypertension in rats (31, 33). In the human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2, expressing endogenous NHE3, confocal morphometric analysis complemented by cell surface protein biotinylation shows that the phorbol ester-induced decrease in NHE3 activity is partly due to redistribution of NHE3 protein from brush-border membrane to subapical cytoplasmic compartment (14).
The present study was addressed to define the contribution of cytoskeleton elements in the control of NHE3 activity present in the luminal membrane of rat kidney cortical tubules, under basal conditions. We used Colch to disrupt microtubule network and cytochalasin D (Cyto D) to depolymerize the actin cytoskeleton. Present data suggest that the state of actin organization plays a role in NHE3 activity and trafficking between intracellular sites and the luminal membrane.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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Preparation of partially purified luminal membrane vesicles.
A suspension of cortical tubules free of glomeruli was prepared as
previously described (24). Five-milliliter samples of tubule suspension in a Ringer medium [(in mM) 116 NaCl, 3 KCl, 1 MgSO4, 0.2 KH2PO4, 0.8 K2HPO4, 10 HEPES, 1 CaCl2, 25 NaHCO3, 5 glucose, 5 alanine, and 10 Na pyruvate, as well
as 0.1% bovine serum albumin] were equilibrated at 37°C under an
atmosphere of 95% O2-5% CO2 for 15 min before
the addition of the agent that had to be tested. The incubation was
carried out for 60 min and stopped by adding 10 ml of ice-cold Ringer.
After centrifugation, the tubules were resuspended in hypoosmotic
homogenization medium [(in mM) 125 mannitol, 2 dithiothreitol (DTT), 5 trizma, pH 7.4, 10 EGTA-Tris, pH 7.4, 10 benzamidine, and 0.2 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochlorine with 0.1 µg/ml aprotinin and 12.5 µg/ml leupeptin]. Purified LMV
were prepared by Mg2+ precipitation as described
(2). LMV were suspended in a Na-free medium [(in mM) 200 mannitol, 3 EGTA, 50 tetramethylammonium-nitrate, and 50 Tris-Mes, pH
6], pelleted (30,000 g × 30 min, 4°C), resuspended in the same acidic medium, and used immediately or kept at 80°C until use. When 22Na uptake was measured as a function of
intravesicular pH, the final pellet was resuspended in a medium
containing (in mM) 200 mannitol, 6 EGTA, 120 N-methyl-D-glucamine nitrate, 80 N-methyl-D-glucamine gluconate, and 5 Tris-HEPES, pH 7. Each pellet (from control tubules and from Cyto
D-treated tubules) was split into six fractions that were diluted two
times to obtain pH values of 5.5, 5.83, 6.1, 6.5, 7.03, and 7.53, respectively, in the resuspended medium. Diluted LMV were kept at
80°C until the day for 22Na uptake experiments. The
purity and yield of the LMV preparation were routinely followed by
measuring the activity of enzyme markers maltase (9) and
Na+-K+-ATPase (12). There was no
difference between the membranes prepared from control tubules and
those pretreated with Cyto D or Colch regarding the specific activity
of the markers, yield, and enrichment. It is worth noting that Cyto D
did not directly affect the protein yield in LMV and the activity of
maltase as presented in Table 1.
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Immunoblot analysis.
Aliquots of 90 µl of LMV fractions were mixed with 30 µl of Laemmli
buffer, heated at 90°C for 10 min and stored at 20°C until use.
Samples were subjected to SDS-PAGE (7.5%) as described by Laemmli
(19), and equivalent amounts of protein from controls or
experimental media were run in parallel. Each sample was run in
duplicate. Proteins on the gel were electrophoretically transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes (0.45 mm, Schleicher & Schuell) by using
a Bio-Rad apparatus. The blots were rinsed and incubated overnight at
4°C with anti-NHE3 antiserum 1568 (generous gift of Dr. R. Alpern and
Dr. O. Moe, Southwestern Medical Ctr., Dallas, TX, dilution 1:3,000).
The nitrocellulose membranes were washed and probed with horseradish
peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit antibody and then developed with
an enhanced chemiluminescence kit (ECL) from Amersham. Polaroid
pictures were taken with an Amersham apparatus. Apparent molecular
masses were calculated on the basis of the mobility of a panel of
molecular mass markers from Sigma. Quantitative data were obtained by
scanning the photos (Scanjet, Hewlett Packard, using Deskan) and
analyzed with National Institutes of Health Image sofware. Data were
normalized to protein loading on the gel as described in
(17).
Na and glucose uptake measurements. Na/H activity was assessed by proton gradient-stimulated initial rate of 22Na uptake using the rapid filtration method (pHin = 6.0, pHout = 8.0). Reaction was initiated by adding 20 µl of LMV (2-4 mg protein/ml in the Na-free acidic resuspension medium described above) to 80 µl of uptake medium [(in mM) 1 22NaCl (1.5 µCi/ml), 200 mannitol, 3 EGTA, 50 tetramethylammonium-nitrate, and 50 Tris-HEPES, pH 8] with or without ethylisopropyl amiloride (EIPA; 100 µM). It was stopped 10 s later by adding 2.5 ml of ice-cold washing solution [(in mM) 280 mannitol, 20 Tris-HEPES, pH 7.4, and 0.5 amiloride], and the mixture was filtered onto nitrocellulose filters (Millipore). The filters were rinsed three times with 5 ml of washing solution and counted by liquid scintillation. Each sample was assayed in triplicate at room temperature. 22Na uptake was linear with time until 30 s (not shown).
Na-glucose activity was assessed by Na gradient-stimulated initial rate of 14C-labeledCell surface biotinylation. Cell surface biotinylation was performed on mouse kidney cortical cells [MKCCs; (7)] as described (14). MKCCs were grown on 6-cm petri dishes at 5-6 days postconfluency. Cells were incubated in serum-free medium without hormones or growth factors for 24 h before the test. Cells were incubated in culture medium at 37°C under 5% CO2-95% air (pH 7.4) for 45 min in the presence of 3 µM Cyto D or its vehicle (0.1% dimethylsulfoxide, vol/vol) for controls. Cells were then washed three times with PBS at 4°C. The surface plasma membrane proteins were then biotinylated for 1 h at 4°C [500 µl/dish of sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin (0.5 mg/ml)] in borate buffer [(in mM) 154 NaCl, 10 boric acid, 7.2 KCl, and 1.8 CaCl2, pH 9]. The biotinylation solution was then discarded, and the cells were washed three times with PBS at 4°C. Five hundred microliters of solubilization medium were added on the monolayer for 45 min at 4°C [(in mM) 150 NaCl, 3 KCl, 5 EDTA, and 60 HEPES-Tris, pH 7.4, containing 3 µM aprotinin, 20 µM phosphoramidon, 200 µM 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochlorine, and 10 µM leupeptin, as well as 1% Triton X-100 (vol/vol)]. After that, the cells were sonicated and the resulting homogenate was centrifuged (15 min at 16,000 g, 4°C). The supernatant was incubated with streptavidin-agarose to separate the biotinylated proteins from nonbiotinylated proteins by binding the former to streptavidin-agarose. After washes, biotinylated proteins were processed as described above for Western blot analysis.
Immunocytochemistry. Cells were fixed with 3% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 30 min at room temperature, washed for 5 min with 50 mM NH4Cl, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 1 min, and incubated with Dako antibody diluent for 10 min to block nonspecific binding. Actin filaments were labeled with phalloidin-tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (0.1 µg/ml, Sigma). The cells were washed with PBS and mounted with Vectashield. The relative distributions of actin in cortex cells were observed with a Zeiss LSM 510 confocal microscope using a ×63 objective.
Materials. Collagenase was obtained from Boeringher, Mannheim, Germany. BSA, Cyto D, Colch, EIPA, and streptavidin-agarose were from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin was from Pierce (Rockford, IL). Nitrocellulose filters were from Millipore (Bedford, MA). Vectashield was from Vector Laboratories (Burlingame, CA), and Dako diluent was from Dako (Carpinteria, CA). 22Na and [14C]AMG were from Amersham (Buckinghamshire, UK).
Statistics. Results are expressed as means ± SE. Statistical significance was assessed by paired t-test.
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RESULTS |
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Microtubule disruption by colchicine moderately reduced NHE3
activity in LMV isolated from the cortical tubule suspension.
Na/H exchange activity in the apical membrane of rat proximal tubule is
due to NHE3, as previously shown (15, 30). Na/H exchange
activity in LMV was assessed by the initial rate of 22Na
uptake in the presence of an outward H+ gradient. We used
100 µM EIPA to completely inhibit the NHE3 activity as previously
documented (15, 30). After pretreatment of the tubule
suspension with Colch (200 µM for 60 min), which disrupted
microtubule network, LVM total 22Na uptake was reduced by
10.8 ± 4.6% (3.09 ± 0.15 vs. 3.51 ± 0.14 nmol · mg protein1 · 10 s
1,
n = 11, P < 0.02), and the residual
EIPA-resistant component of 22Na uptake did not change.
EIPA-sensitive 22Na uptake decreased by 11.8 ± 4.7%
(2.76 ± 0.14 vs. 3.18 ± 0.15 nmol · mg
protein
1 · 10 s
1, n = 11, P < 0.02; Fig.
1A). Colch pretreatment of the
tubule suspension did not modify LMV 22Na uptake at
equilibrium (1.57 ± 0.15 vs. 1.59 ± 0.13 nmol/mg protein
for controls, n = 7).
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Actin cytoskeleton disruption by Cyto D increased NHE3 activity in
LMV isolated from the cortical tubule suspension.
After pretreatment of the tubule suspension with Cyto D, which
depolymerizes actin filaments (1 µM for 60 min), LMV total 22Na uptake was increased by 39.4 ± 10.5% (4.99 ± 0.13 vs. 3.66 ± 0.27 nmol · mg
protein1 · 10 s
1, n = 5, P < 0.001), and the residual EIPA-resistant
component of 22Na uptake did not change. EIPA-sensitive
22Na uptake increased by 41.9 ± 10.6% (4.55 ± 0.13 vs. 3.27 ± 0.23 nmol · mg
protein
1 · 10 s
1, n = 5, P < 0.001; Fig. 2).
Cyto D pretreatment of the tubule suspension did not modify LMV
22Na uptake at equilibrium (2.58 ± 0.12 vs. 2.41 ± 0.13 nmol/mg protein for controls, n = 11). It was
verified that a direct application of Cyto D to LMV (1 µM Cyto D at
room temperature for 60 min before 22Na uptake
measurements) had no effect on NHE3 activity. Neither total (3.12 ± 0.26 vs. 3.13 ± 0.29 nmol · mg
protein
1 · 10 s
1 for controls,
n = 3), EIPA-sensitive (2.69 ± 0.4 vs. 2.61 ± 0.5 nmol · mg protein
1 · 10 s
1 for controls, n = 3), nor
EIPA-resistant uptake (0.43 ± 0.02 vs. 0.51 ± 0.04 nmol · mg protein
1 · 10 s
1
for controls, n = 3) was stimulated by direct addition
of Cyto D to LMV. Thus actin microfilament disruption by Cyto D
stimulated NHE3 activity.
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Actin cytoskeleton disruption by Cyto D did not increase Na-glucose cotransporter activity in LMV isolated from the cortical tubule suspension. To address whether the effect of actin cytoskeleton disruption on NHE3 activity was specific for this transporter, experiments were performed to study the effect of Cyto D pretreatment on the activity of another luminal transport protein, namely, the Na-glucose cotransporter.
Na-glucose cotransport activity was assessed by the initial rate of [14C]AMG uptake in the presence of an inward Na+ gradient, with or without 400 µM phlorizin, a specific inhibitor of the cotransporter. After Cyto D pretreatment of the tubule suspension, LMV total AMG uptake was moderately decreased from 54.45 ± 6.31 to 46.04 ± 8.44 pmol · mg protein
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Actin cytoskeleton disruption did not affect the apparent affinity
of NHE3 for internal H+ in LMV isolated
from the cortical tubule suspension.
The activation of NHE3 by Cyto D may be due to increase in apparent
affinity of NHE3 for internal H+. Thus the rate of NHE3
exchange in LMV was studied as a function of intravesicular pH values
ranging from 5.55 to 7.53, the extravesicular medium being
maintained at pH 8. As shown in Fig.
4, Cyto D pretreatment of suspensions did
not significantly change the apparent affinity of NHE3 for internal
H+ (pKHi; 6.44 ± 0.03 vs.
6.47 ± 0.05 for controls, n = 6).
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Actin cytoskeleton disruption modified NHE3 subcellular
distribution between the intracellular compartment and luminal
membrane.
Cyto D may increase NHE3 activity in the luminal membrane by
stimulating movements of NHE3 protein from the internal compartment to
luminal membrane. Two approaches were used to test this possibility. First, the relative distribution of NHE3 protein in homogenate and LMV
was estimated by Western blots. As shown in Fig.
5, NHE3 protein abundance in LMV was
increased on Cyto D treatment (70 ± 12%, n = 6, P < 0.001). The inhibitor did not modify NHE3 protein abundance in cortical tubule homogenates. These data are consistent with a Cyto D-mediated insertion of NHE3 protein in the luminal membrane leading to a rise in luminal NHE3 activity.
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DISCUSSION |
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The present study was designed to define the contribution of cytoskeleton elements in NHE3 activity present in the luminal membrane of proximal tubule, under basal conditions. The main informative points are the following: 1) LMV NHE3 activity was moderately reduced by Colch pretreatment of cortical tubule suspension; 2) Cyto D pretreatment selectively increased NHE3 activity in LMV; 3) Cyto D increased NHE3 protein abundance in LMV but not in cortical tubule homogenates; and 4) in differentiated murine cortical tubule cell cultures (MKCCs), expressing endogenous NHE3 protein, Cyto D increased the abundance of luminal cell surface biotinylated NHE3, without modification of the total amount of NHE3 protein in cell homogenates.
The microtubule network is involved in movements of numerous transporters to or from the plasma membrane of epithelial cells essentially after stimuli (see Ref. 13 for a review). In contrast, under basal conditions, the microtubule network does not play an important role in the regulation of NHE3 exchange activity. Indeed, Colch pretreatment of cortical tubule suspensions had no effect on the apical Na/H exchange activity in rabbits (4). The small inhibitory effect described in the present work is not related to NHE3 trafficking because inhibition was also observed when Colch was added directly to LMV. Whether this results from a pharmacological effect of 200 µM Colch on NHE3 protein or on the lipidic environment is unknown.
The role of the actin cytoskeleton in the regulation of ion channel and
transporter activities has been previously examined in some studies. In
excised inside-out patches of apical membranes of epithelial cells,
Cyto D applied to the cytosolic side affected channel activities. Cyto
D inhibits K+ channel activity in rat cortical collecting
duct (27), Cl channel activity in rabbit
proximal tubule in primary culture (26), and activates
Na+ channels in A6 epithelial cells (6). The
relationship between the state of actin organization and
Na+ channel activity in A6 cells has been the most
extensively studied. Interestingly, only short actin filaments,
generated by acute incubation with Cyto D or by capping actin with
gelsolin, but not monomeric G actin or long F-actin, activate
Na+ channels (1). Altogether, these results
obtained in excised patches suggest an interaction between the state of
actin organization and ion channel activities remaining in the apical
membrane. In Caco-2 cells displaying only basolateral Na/H exchange,
maximal Na/H exchange activity was reduced after deprivation of serum for 4 h, and Cyto D but not Colch prevented this effect
(28). In the Cl
-secreting intestinal cell
line T84, Cyto D activates the basolateral Na-K-2Cl cotransporter
(23), and jasplakinolide or phalloidin, which stabilizes
long F-actin, inhibits activation of the cotransporter by cAMP
(22). In the two latter studies, carried out in entire cells, the role of the drugs on the intrinsic activity of the proteins
or on the protein-trafficking process has not been systematically explored.
The present study shows, for the first time to our knowledge, that Cyto D increases NHE3 activity in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule, at least in part, via movements of NHE3 protein between the intracellular compartment and apical membrane. There is growing evidence supporting the presence of NHE3 recycling. NHE3 protein is present in subapical vesicles in kidney cortex (3) and in early endosomes of NHE3-transfected activator protein-1 fibroblasts (10).
The possibility that the effect of Cyto D on NHE3 reflects a reduction in the content of other proteins present in the apical membrane rather than a selective increase in NHE3 protein content is very unlikely. Indeed, there was no difference in the specific activity of the apical marker maltase between LMV isolated from controls and treated tubules. The specificity of the effect of Cyto D was also supported by the absence of effect of the drug on NHE3 activity when directly applied to LMV. The present results obtained in native cells of rat proximal tubule were also found in MKCCs, a differentiated mouse cortical tubule cell culture expressing endogenous NHE3 protein. Indeed, Cyto D increased abundance of luminal cell surface biotinylated NHE3 and cut F-actin into short actin filaments. Taken together, these results strongly support that Cyto D stimulates NHE3 activity by protein-trafficking processes. However, in a recent study, Cyto D, which disrupts F-actin, but also jasplakinolide, which stabilizes F-actin, has been shown to inhibit NHE3 activity in the transfected NHE-deficient activator protein-1 cell line, which exhibits NHE3 in recycling endosomes. The inhibition of the Na/H exchange rate has been attributed to changes in the intrinsic activity of NHE3, because the number of transporters at the cell surface appeared to be unaltered (18). There is no readily apparent explanation for the different effects observed in the presence of Cyto D on the transport activity and trafficking of NHE3 in that study and the present data. It is possible that the proximal tubule provides a unique environment, leading to a tissue-specific response of NHE3 to Cyto D. Our study has been performed in native and immortalized proximal tubule cells possessing endogenous NHE3, whereas an NHE3-deficient fibroblast cell line transfected with the antiporter was used in the other study.
The mechanisms whereby the state of actin organization influences the activity and trafficking of NHE3 remain largely unsettled, but some possibilities can be considered. Regulatory proteins (NHERF, E3KARP, EBP50) bind to NHE3 and ezrin (32). Ezrin itself is able to bind F-actin and is a link between actin and apical membrane. Bretscher (5) suggested that protein-protein interactions may retain transport proteins within the apical membrane and restrict their trafficking. Regarding NHE3, the increased abundance of the protein in the apical membrane observed in the presence of Cyto D might be related to alterations of protein-protein interactions secondary to disruption of F-actin. In a recent study with PS120 fibroblasts transfected with NHE3, when the normal binding of ezrin to NHERF was suppressed by using a truncated NHERF lacking the COOH-terminal 30 amino acids, NHE3 activity is rather enhanced (29), supporting the role of protein-protein interactions in regulating NHE3 activity.
In summary, the present data suggest strongly that the state of the actin cytoskeleton modulates NHE3 activity and trafficking between subapical intravesicular compartment and the luminal membrane in the proximal tubule.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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We gratefully acknowledge Dr. R. Alpern and Dr. O. Moe for providing us with anti-NHE3 antisera, Dr. M. Froissart for statistical analysis, and C. Klein for confocal microscopy imaging.
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FOOTNOTES |
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Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: J. Poggioli, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U356, 15 rue de l'École de Médecine 75270 Paris Cédex 06 France (E-mail: poggioli{at}ccr.jussieu.fr).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Received 29 November 1999; accepted in final form 23 October 2000.
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