Multidrug resistance protein Mrp2 mediates
ATP-dependent transport of classic renal organic
anion p-aminohippurate
Rémon A. M. H.
Van
Aubel1,
Janny G. P.
Peters1,
Rosalinde
Masereeuw1,
Carel H.
Van
Os2, and
Frans G. M.
Russel1
Departments of 1 Pharmacology and Toxicology and
2 Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University
Medical Centre Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
 |
ABSTRACT |
p-Aminohippurate (PAH) is widely used as a model substrate
to characterize organic anion transport in kidney proximal tubules. The
carrier responsible for uptake of PAH across the basolateral membrane
has been cloned and well characterized, whereas transporters mediating
PAH excretion across the brush-border (apical) membrane are yet
unknown. In this study we investigated whether PAH is a substrate for
the apical multidrug resistance protein 2 (Mrp2). Overexpression of
recombinant rabbit Mrp2 in Sf9 cells significantly increased
ATP-dependent [14C]PAH uptake into isolated membrane
vesicles compared with endogenous ATP-dependent uptake. The
Michaelis-Menten constant and maximal velocity for Mrp2-mediated
ATP-dependent [14C]PAH transport were 1.9 ± 0.8 mM
and 187 ± 29 pmol · mg
1 · min
1,
respectively. On the basis of the inhibitory profile, the endogenous ATP-dependent PAH transporter does not appear to be an ortholog of
Mrp2. Together, our results show that Mrp2 is a low-affinity ATP-dependent PAH transporter, indicating that Mrp2 might contribute to
urinary PAH excretion.
proximal tubule; kidney; p-aminohippurate organic anion
transport; 2
 |
INTRODUCTION |
THE KIDNEY PLAYS AN
IMPORTANT role in the clearance of endogenous compounds and
xenobiotics from the body. The proximal tubule is the primary site at
the nephron where organic anions are taken up from the blood and
excreted into urine. p-Aminohippurate (PAH) is widely used
as a model substrate to investigate renal handling of organic anions
because of its high renal clearance and low susceptibility to
metabolism. Uptake of PAH from the blood across the basolateral
membrane is mediated by the PAH/dicarboxylate exchanger OAT1 (reviewed
in Ref. 20). This is a so-called "tertiary active" process coupled
indirectly via Na+-dicarboxylate cotransport to the
Na+ gradient, which is maintained by the
Na+-K+-ATPase. Studies with isolated membrane
vesicles have shown that excretion of PAH across the brush-border
(apical) membrane into the urine include potential-driven facilitated
transport as well as an anion exchange mechanism (13, 14).
Neither system has yet been identified at the molecular level, whereas
the apical organic anion transporters Oatp1 and Oat-k1 do not appear to
transport PAH (2, 6, 11, 15).
Multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) is an ATP-dependent organic anion
transporter and has been cloned from human, rat, and rabbit (7,
20). In the kidney, MRP2 has been localized to the apical
(brush-border) membrane of cells of the proximal tubule (16,
17). Substrates of rat Mrp2 include conjugated organic anions,
such as leukotriene C4 (LTC4),
estradiol-17
-D-glucuronide (E217
G), and bilirubin-glucuronide, and
unconjugated organic anions, such as bromosulfophthalein and
folates (7, 18). In this study, we investigated whether
MRP2 may also mediate ATP-dependent transport of PAH. Therefore, we
determined uptake of [14C]PAH into membrane vesicles from
Sf9 cells overexpressing recombinant rabbit Mrp2.
 |
METHODS |
Materials.
[14C]PAH (53.1 mCi/mmol) and
[6,7-3H]E217
G (55 Ci/mmol) were
purchased from NEN Life Science Products (Hoofddorp, The Netherlands). Creatine phosphate and creatine kinase were purchased from Boehringer Mannheim (Almere, The Netherlands). Fluorescein-methotrexate (FL-MTX), fura-acetoxymethyl ester (fura-AM), and lucifer yellow (LY) were obtained from Molecular Probes Europe (Leiden, The Netherlands). All
other chemicals were obtained from Sigma (Zwijndrecht, The Netherlands).
Sf9-Mrp2 and control cells.
Sf9 cells expressing rabbit Mrp2 (Sf9-Mrp2) were generated by infection
of cells with a recombinant baculovirus encoding Mrp2 as described
previously (21). Briefly, Sf9 cells (106/ml)
were grown as 100-ml suspension cultures and infected for 3 days at a
multiplicity of infection of one to five with Mrp2-encoding baculovirus. For control experiments, Sf9 cells infected with a
baculovirus encoding the
-subunit of rat
H+-K+-ATPase (Sf9-mock) were used.
Transport studies.
Membrane vesicles from Sf9-Mrp2 and control cells were isolated as
described (21). Uptake of [14C]PAH or
[3H]E217
G into membrane
vesicles was performed as described (21). Briefly,
membrane vesicles were thawed for 1 min at 37°C and added to
prewarmed TS buffer (10 mM Tris-HEPES/250 mM sucrose pH 7.4) supplemented with an ATP-regeneration mix (4 mM ATP, 10 mM
MgCl2, 10 mM creatine phosphate, 100 µg/ml creatine
kinase) and a labeled compound in a final volume of 60 µl. The
reaction mixture was incubated at 37°C and at indicated times samples
were taken from the mixture, diluted in 1 ml ice-cold TS buffer, and
filtered through NC45 filters (Schleicher & Schuell, Dassel, Germany)
by using a filtration device (Millipore, Bedford, MA). Filters were washed twice with 5 ml ice-cold TS buffer and dissolved in liquid scintillation fluid to determine the radioactivity bound. In control experiments, ATP was omitted from the reaction mixtures. Net
ATP-dependent transport was calculated by subtracting values in the
absence of ATP from those in the presence of ATP. Measurements were
corrected for the amount of ligand bound to the filters (usually <2%
of total radioactivity).
Determination of kinetic parameters.
ATP-dependent [14C]PAH uptake into membrane vesicles of
Sf9-Mrp2 and Sf9-mock cells could be described as uptake via a
Michaelis-Menten process in parallel with nonspecific uptake. The
Mrp2-mediated component of uptake was defined as the difference between
ATP-dependent uptake in membrane vesicles of Sf9-Mrp2 and Sf9-mock
cells. Curve fitting was done by least squares nonlinear regression
analysis by using GraphPad software (GraphPad Prism version 3.0 for
Windows, GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA).
Statistics.
Statistical comparison between the effect of various inhibitors on
transport into membrane vesicles from Sf9-Mrp2 and Sf9-mock cells was
done by one-factor ANOVA for repeated measurements. Within-group
differences for inhibitors or inhibitor concentrations were assessed
with a post hoc paired t-test, only when the repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant inhibitor effect. A P
value of <0.05 (2-sided) was considered to indicate statistical significance.
 |
RESULTS |
We investigated uptake of [14C]PAH into membrane
vesicles prepared from Sf9 cells infected with a baculovirus containing
a full-length rabbit mrp2 cDNA (Sf9-Mrp2). We have recently
shown that these membrane vesicles contain functional Mrp2 as assessed
by ATP-dependent uptake of the anionic conjugates
[3H]LTC4 and
[3H]E217
G (21). In
the presence of ATP, membrane vesicles from Sf9-Mrp2 cells exhibited
time-dependent uptake of [14C]PAH at 50 µM with initial
rates of 25 ± 4 pmol · mg
1 · min
1 (Fig
1A). In the absence of ATP,
uptake was independent of time (50 ± 9 pmol/mg) and probably
reflects nonspecific membrane binding (Fig. 1A). The
nonmetabolizable ATP analog 5'-AMP did not stimulate uptake of
[14C]PAH (not shown). Compared with membrane vesicles of
Sf9-mock cells, which exhibited endogenous ATP-dependent
[14C]PAH uptake, initial transport rates in membrane
vesicles of Sf9-Mrp2 cells were increased twofold to 20 ± 1 pmol · mg
1 · min
1 (Fig.
1B). Shrinking of the membrane vesicles by increasing
extravesicular osmolarities resulted in reduced ATP-dependent
[14C]PAH transport, providing evidence for uptake into
the vesicular space (Fig. 2). Binding of
[14C]PAH to the membrane vesicles in the presence of ATP
was decreased by 5-10% compared with binding in the absence of
ATP (not shown).

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Fig. 1.
Time course of multidrug resistance protein 2 (Mrp2)-mediated
ATP-dependent [14C]p-aminohippurate
(PAH) uptake into membrane vesicles. Sf9 cells were mock-infected or
infected with a bacolovirus encoding Mrp2, and membrane vesicles were
prepared. Uptake of [14C]PAH was determined at a
concentration of 50 µM, and samples were taken from the reaction
mixture for the times indicated. Data are means ± SE from 2 experiments performed in triplicate. A: uptake of
[14C]PAH into Sf9-Mrp2 membrane vesicles in the absence
or presence of ATP. B: net ATP-dependent
[14C]PAH uptake into membrane vesicles of Sf9-mock and
Sf9-Mrp2 cells.
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Fig. 2.
Osmolarity dependency of ATP-dependent
[14C]PAH uptake into membrane vesicles of Sf9-Mrp2 and
Sf9-mock cells. Uptake of [14C]PAH (50 µM) into
membrane vesicles was determined for 5 min in the presence of sucrose
concentrations ranging from 250 (isotonic condition) to 1,000 mM.
ATP-dependent transport was plotted against the inverse sucrose
concentration in the reaction mixture. Linear fitting of the obtained
data was performed by using GraphPad Prism version 3.00 for Windows
(GraphPad Software, San Diego CA). Data are means ± SD from 1 experiment performed in triplicate.
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To assess the kinetic parameters for [14C]PAH transport,
uptake into membrane vesicles was performed at various
[14C]PAH concentrations. In the presence of ATP, initial
[14C]PAH uptake rates in Sf9-Mrp2 membrane vesicles
increased with increasing PAH concentrations (Fig.
3A). When corrected for
nonspecific binding, uptake rates in both Sf9-Mrp2 and Sf9-mock
membrane vesicles saturated at increasing [14C]PAH
concentrations (Fig. 3B). Correction for the endogenous transporter revealed a Michaelis-Menten constant
(Km) of 1.9 ± 0.8 mM and a maximal
velocity (Vmax) of 187 ± 29 pmol · mg
1 · min
1 for
Mrp2-mediated ATP-dependent [14C]PAH transport (Fig.
3C).

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Fig. 3.
Concentration dependency of ATP-dependent
[14C]PAH uptake into membrane vesicles of Sf9-Mrp2 and
Sf9-mock cells. A: membrane vesicles from Sf9-Mrp2 cells
were incubated with various concentrations of [14C]PAH
for 10 min in the absence ( ) or presence
( ) of ATP. B: net ATP-dependent transport of
[14C]PAH into membrane vesicles of Sf9-mock
( ) and Sf9-Mrp2 ( ) cells. C:
corrected Mrp2-specific ATP-dependent [14C]PAH transport.
Lines through the data points are the fitted lines according to
Michaelis-Menten kinetics (GraphPad). Data are means ± SE from 3 experiments performed in triplicate.
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To further characterize ATP-dependent [14C]PAH
transport by both Mrp2 and the endogenous transporter, we investigated
the effect of various organic anions (Fig.
4). For all inhibitors a significant difference (P < 0.01) between Sf9-Mrp2 and Sf9-mock
was found, indicating a difference in inhibitor specificity between
Mrp2 and the endogenous transporter. Relatively higher concentrations of both E217
G and LTC4 were
required to inhibit ATP-dependent [14C]PAH uptake by the
endogenous transporter compared with Mrp2, but only for
LTC4 was a significant inhibitory effect found in Sf9-mock.
FL-MTX had no effect on the endogenous PAH transporter but inhibited
Mrp2-mediated ATP-dependent [14C]PAH uptake.
-Naphthyl-
-D-glucuronide had a
stimulatory effect on ATP-dependent [14C]PAH uptake in
Sf9-Mrp2 membrane vesicles, whereas no effect was seen on uptake into
Sf9-mock membrane vesicles. We also compared the effect of organic
anions on ATP-dependent uptake of both [14C]PAH and
[3H]E217
G (Fig.
5). Again a significant difference
(P < 0.01) between Mrp2 and the endogenous transporter
was found. Probenecid, fura-AM, and LY did not inhibit the endogenous
ATP-dependent PAH transporter but inhibited Mrp2-mediated
[14C]PAH transport by ~55, 97, and 95%, respectively.
A similar inhibitory profile for these compounds was found on
Mrp2-mediated ATP-dependent [3H]E217
G uptake.

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Fig. 4.
Inhibitory effect of
estradiol-17 -D-glucuronide (A),
leukotriene C4 (B),
-naphthyl- -D-glucuronide
(C), and fluorescein-methotrexate (D) on
ATP-dependent [14C]PAH transport into membrane vesicles.
ATP-dependent uptake of [14C]PAH (1 mM) into membrane
vesicles from Sf9-Mrp2 (filled bars) and Sf9-mock (hatched bars) cells
was determined for 10 min in the absence (control) or presence of
E217 G, LTC4,
-naphthyl- -D-glucuronide, or
FL-MTX at concentrations as indicated. Data are means ± SD from a
typical experiment performed in triplicate. The P values in
the graphs represent ANOVA for comparison between groups (Mrp2 vs.
mock). * P < 0.05 compared with ATP-dependent
[14C]PAH uptake in Sf9-Mrp2 membrane vesicles in the
absence of inhibitors. P < 0.05 compared with
ATP-dependent [14C]PAH uptake in Sf9-mock membrane
vesicles in the absence of inhibitors (post hoc paired
t-test).
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Fig. 5.
Inhibitory effect of probenecid, fura-acetoxymethyl ester
(fura-AM), and lucifer yellow (LY) on ATP-dependent transport of
[14C]PAH (A) and
[3H]E217 G (B) by
Mrp2. ATP-dependent uptake of [14C]PAH (1 mM) and
[3H]E217 G (50 nM) into membrane
vesicles from Sf9-Mrp2 (filled bars) and Sf9-mock (hatched bars) cells
was determined for 10 and 1 min, respectively, in the absence (control)
or the presence of 0.1 M probenecid, 10 µM fura-AM, or 10 µM LY.
Data are means ± SD from a typical experiment performed in
triplicate. The P values in the figure represent ANOVA for
comparison between groups (Mrp2 vs. mock). * P < 0.05 compared with ATP-dependent uptake in Sf9-Mrp2 membrane vesicles in the
absence of inhibitors (post hoc paired t-test).
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 |
DISCUSSION |
The present study demonstrates that the classic model compound for
renal organic anion secretion, PAH, is a substrate for Mrp2, which is
expressed at the brush-border membrane of renal proximal tubules.
By using membrane vesicles from Sf9 cells expressing rabbit
Mrp2, we demonstrated that [14C]PAH uptake is time,
osmotic, and ATP dependent. Kinetic parameters obtained for
Mrp2-mediated ATP-dependent [14C]PAH transport were a
Km value of 1.9 ± 0.8 mM and a
Vmax value of 187 ± 29 pmol · mg
1 · min
1. Sf9
cells appear to exhibit an endogenous ATP-dependent PAH transporter
with a similar low affinity for PAH (Km of
1.4 ± 0.3 mM) as found for Mrp2. The dependency on ATP suggests
that this endogenous transporter presumably is an MRP-like transporter
with a substrate specificity, but one significantly different from that
for Mrp2. Whereas higher concentrations of
E217
G and LTC4 were needed to
inhibit the endogenous transporter, other compounds such as probenecid,
fura-AM, FL-MTX, and LY did not inhibit at concentrations where
Mrp2-mediated transport was partially or completely inhibited. Finally,
-naphthyl-
-D-glucuronide
stimulated ATP-dependent PAH transport by Mrp2 but not by the
endogenous transporter. A stimulatory effect of compounds on
Mrp2-mediated transport as shown here for
-naphthyl-
-D-glucuronide has also been
observed for reduced glutathione (3, 19), the sulfate conjugates of E3040 and methylumbelliferone (5, 12),
penicillin G, and sulfinpyrazone (1).
Little is known about the molecular identity of the pathways for
organic anion transport at the brush-border membrane. Studies in
brush-border membrane vesicles using PAH as a substrate have indicated
the presence of at least two transport systems, i.e., an anion exchange
mechanism and potential-driven facilitated diffusion (13,
14). ATP-dependent PAH uptake has never been demonstrated in
these vesicles. This may be explained by the inaccessibility of the
ATP-binding site because of the almost complete right-side-out orientation of brush-border membrane vesicles from proximal tubular cells (4). In intact killifish renal proximal tubules, an
energy-dependent efflux pathway has been characterized for the organic
anions FL-MTX and LY (8, 9). Luminal efflux of FL-MTX and
LY was inhibited by the Mrp2 substrates LTC4 and
(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-S-glutathione in a
concentration-dependent manner (8, 9). Furthermore, immunohistochemistry with an antibody directed against rabbit Mrp2
revealed staining of the brush-border membrane (10). This indicates that an ortholog of rabbit Mrp2 is involved in luminal excretion of FL-MTX and LY in killifish proximal tubules. This is
further corroborated by our finding that FL-MTX and LY appeared to be
good inhibitors of Mrp2-mediated ATP-dependent transport of both PAH
and E217
G.
Previous kinetic studies with isolated renal membrane vesicles have
shown that both efflux pathways have a low affinity
(Km 5-7 mM) for PAH (13, 14).
The present results indicate that Mrp2 may be a third low-affinity
pathway mediating the ATP-dependent renal excretion of PAH. In a
preliminary experiment, we found inhibition of PAH efflux from isolated
rat renal proximal tubules by
(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-S-glutathione after preloading with
1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (R. Masereeuw, unpublished results). At
this point, however, it is too soon to conclude from this result that
Mrp2 has a predominant role in the renal excretion of PAH, because we
cannot exclude that renal excretion of PAH involves multiple transport
pathways. In this respect, efflux of FL-MTX from killifish proximal
tubules is marginally inhibited by PAH, whereas efflux of LY is almost completely inhibited by PAH but only partly by LTC4
(8, 9). The involvement of multiple luminal transporters
with overlapping substrate specificity makes it difficult to
distinguish between these transporters just by using inhibitors.
Therefore, more knowledge on the identity of luminal organic anion
transporters and their subsequent knockout in mice is necessary.
Whether Mrp2 contributes significantly to urinary PAH excretion will
depend on its density at the brush-border membrane compared with other systems.
 |
NOTE ADDED IN PROOF |
While this study was under revision, Leier et al. (Kidney
Int 57: 1636-1642, 2000) reported ATP-dependent PAH transport
in membrane vesicles from HEK-293 cells expressing human MRP2.
 |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
We thank J. B. Koenderink (Dept. of Biochemistry, Univ. of
Nijmegen) for expert technical assistance.
 |
FOOTNOTES |
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: F. G. M. Russel, Univ. Medical Centre Nijmegen, Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology 233, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands (E-mail: F.Russel{at}farm.kun.nl).
The costs of publication of this
article were defrayed in part by the
payment of page charges. The article
must therefore be hereby marked
"advertisement"
in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Received 14 July 1999; accepted in final form 15 June 2000.
 |
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