1 Division of Nephrology and 2 Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095; 3 Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612; 4 Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi 329-04, Japan; 5 Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642; and 6 Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Aarhus, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
![]() |
ABSTRACT |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
We have recently cloned and characterized a unique sodium bicarbonate cotransporter, NBC3, which unlike other members of the NBC family, is ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA) inhibitable, DIDS insensitive, and electroneutral (A. Pushkin, N. Abuladze, I. Lee, D. Newman, J. Hwang, and I. Kurtz. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 16569-16575, 1999). In the present study, a specific polyclonal antipeptide COOH-terminal antibody, NBC3-C1, was generated and used to determine the pattern of NBC3 protein expression in rabbit kidney. A major band of ~200 kDa was detected on immunoblots of rabbit kidney. Immunocytochemistry of rabbit kidney frozen sections revealed specific staining of the apical membrane of intercalated cells in both the cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts. The pattern of NBC3 protein expression in the collecting duct was nearly identical to the same sections stained with an antibody against the vacuolar H+-ATPase 31-kDa subunit. In addition, the NBC3-C1 antibody coimmunoprecipitated the vacuolar H+-ATPase 31-kDa subunit. Functional studies in outer medullary collecting ducts (inner stripe) showed that type A intercalated cells have an apical Na+-dependent base transporter that is EIPA inhibitable and DIDS insensitive. The data suggest that NBC3 participates in H+/base transport in the collecting duct. The close association of NBC3 and the vacuolar H+-ATPase in type A intercalated cells suggests a potential structural/functional interaction between the two transporters.
bicarbonate; sodium; transport; kidney
![]() |
INTRODUCTION |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
SINCE ITS INITIAL CHARACTERIZATION in the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum kidney (9), Na(HCO3)n cotransport has been reported in several cell types (1, 2, 4-6, 14, 15, 18, 27, 28, 30, 31, 44). The transport properties and sensitivity to inhibitors have differed from the renal transporter in several tissues. The molecular mechanisms responsible for these differences are partially understood with the recent characterization of several sodium bicarbonate cotransport proteins. Following the initial cloning and functional characterization of an electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (NBC) from salamander kidney (35), sodium bicarbonate cotransporters were cloned and functionally characterized from mammalian kidney (kNBC1) and pancreas (pNBC1) (3, 12, 13, 36). The renal proximal tubule uniquely expresses the kNBC1 isoform, whereas expression of pNBC1 is more widespread (3). An additional NBC-like clone (NBC2), whose function is unknown, has been isolated from a human retina cDNA library (23). A new member of the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter family, NBC3, has been recently cloned from human skeletal muscle and functionally characterized (33, 34). Unlike NBC1, NBC3 is electroneutral, ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA) inhibitable, and DIDS insensitive.
In the present study we demonstrate that NBC3 is expressed in the rabbit kidney. NBC3 was found to colocalize with the vacuolar H+-ATPase in the cortical and outer medullary collecting duct type A intercalated cells. Immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the close association of NBC3 and the vacuolar H+-ATPase. Finally, functional studies of the outer medullary collecting duct type A intercalated cells revealed a novel apical stilbene-insensitive, EIPA-inhibitable sodium bicarbonate cotransporter. The properties of this transporter in the outer medullary collecting duct were indistinguishable from the functional characteristics of NBC3 cRNA, expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes (34).
![]() |
MATERIAL AND METHODS |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Generation of NBC3 polyclonal antibodies and immunoblotting. A synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acids 1197-1214 was used to generate a polyclonal antibody specific for human NBC3 (NBC3-C1) (34). The purified peptide was coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin for immunization in rabbits. Rabbit kidney samples were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The primary antibody (NBC3-C1) was diluted 1:500 in TBS (20 mM Tris · HCl, pH 7.5, 137 NaCl). For peptide blocking, 10 µg/ml of peptide was used. A biotinylated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody and streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate were used at 1:10,000 and 1:2,000 dilutions, respectively. A monoclonal antibody E11 against the 31-kDa subunit of the vacuolar H+-ATPase (gift from Dr. S. Gluck) was used undiluted. An alkaline phosphatase-conjugated sheep anti-mouse secondary antibody was used at a dilution of 1:10,000.
Immunoprecipitation. Five grams of rabbit kidney was disrupted at 0°C in a glass homogenizer with 100 ml of TBS, containing protease inhibitors: 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1 µg/ml pepstatin, 1 µg/ml bestatin, 1 µg/ml leupeptin, and 1 µg/ml aprotinin (buffer A). The homogenate was centrifuged at 300 g for 5 min and then at 4,000 g for 10 min. The supernatant was centrifuged at 110,000 g for 2 h. The pellet was solubilized in buffer A and centrifuged at 110,000 g for 2 h. The final membrane pellet was solubilized in buffer A containing 0.1% Triton X-100 and centrifuged at 110,000 g for 1 h. One milliliter of the supernatant was mixed with 0.15 ml of NBC3-C1 or preimmune sera. After incubation for 1 h, 0.2 ml of protein A Sepharose was added. The mixture was incubated for 1 h and then centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 s. The pellet was washed 10 times with the buffer A containing 0.1% Triton X-100. The protein A Sepharose was mixed with 0.2 ml of 0.2 M glycine (pH 2.5). After 20 min incubation, the mixture was spun at 10,000 g for 10 s and the supernatant was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting.
Immunocytochemistry. The kidney was removed and cut into thin slices. The slices were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. The primary antibody, NBC3-C1 (1:100 dilution) was applied for 1 h at 37°C to cryostat (5 µm) sections attached to ProbeOn Plus slides (Fisher Scientific). Following several washes in PBS, goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated with Alexa 488 (1/500 dilution, Molecular Probes) was applied for 1 h at 37°C. The same sections were labeled for 1 hr at 37°C with a monoclonal antibody against the 31-kDa subunit of the vacuolar H+-ATPase, E11, used undiluted. Following several washes in PBS, goat anti-mouse IgG conjugated with Alexa 594 (1/500 dilution, Molecular Probes) was applied for 1 h at 37°C. The slides were rinsed in PBS and mounted in Cytoseal 60 (Stephens Scientific). A liquid-cooled PXL charge-coupled device camera (model CH1, Photometrics) coupled to a Nikon Microphot-FXA epifluorescence microscope, was used to capture and digitize the fluorescence images. The images were transferred to a Silicon Graphics Indy 5000 computer using ISEE 4.0 software (Inovision), and printed on a Kodak 8650 PS color printer. The confocal images were captured with a Leica TCS SP inverted confocal Microscope (Leitz). Alexa 488 and Alexa 594 were excited simultaneously using an argon laser (model 2014, Cyonics Uniphase) and krypton laser (model 643, Melles Griot).
Measurement of intracellular pH. Outer medullary collecting
ducts from the inner stripe were dissected from male New Zealand White
rabbits. Intracellular pH (pHi) was measured using an
MRC-1000 laser-scanning inverted confocal microscope (Bio-Rad), coupled to the tubule perfusion apparatus (17, 50, 51). The tubules were
dissected in the following Na+- and
Cl-free HEPES-buffered solution:
tetramethylammonium hydroxide (140 mM), gluconic acid lactone (140 mM),
K2HPO4 (2.5 mM), calcium gluconate (7 mM),
magnesium gluconate (2 mM), and HEPES (5 mM) bubbled with 100%
O2, pH 7.4. To measure pHi in single
intercalated cells, the tubule was exposed for 5-10 min to
acetoxymethyl ester of
2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein
(BCECF-AM, 30 µM) or carboxy SNARF-1 acetate ester (10 µM). Only
brightly staining minority (type A) intercalated cells were studied, as previously described by Weiner et al. (47). The tubules were then
perfused in a dye-free solution for at least 15 min before beginning an
experiment. All studies were done in Cl
-free
solutions. The tubules were perfused and bathed following dye loading
in the following bicarbonate-buffered Na+- and
Cl
-free solution: tetramethylammonium hydroxide (115 mM), gluconic acid lactone (115 mM), K2HPO4
(2.5 mM), calcium gluconate (7 mM), magnesium gluconate (2 mM), and
tetramethylammonium bicarbonate (25 mM), bubbled with
6.5% CO2-93.5% O2, pH 7.4. Confocal images were acquired from the bottom of the tubule with a zoom factor of
3.5-4.0. Pairs of images (384 × 256 pixels) were stored
digitally at a rate of 1 Hz for the first 60 s after a luminal switch,
and then the sampling rate was reduced to 0.2 Hz. After a baseline recording of approximately 25 pairs of images, the luminal solution was
switched to the following solution containing 140 mM Na+:
sodium gluconate (115 mM), K2HPO4 (2.5 mM),
calcium gluconate (7 mM), magnesium gluconate (2 mM), and sodium
bicarbonate (25 mM), bubbled with 6.5% CO2-93.5%
O2, pH 7.4. Similar experiments were performed with DIDS (1 mM, lumen) or EIPA (50 µM, lumen). In separate studies, the tubules
were perfused and bathed in a Na+- and
Cl
-free HEPES-buffered solution containing
tetramethylammonium hydroxide (140 mM), gluconic acid lactone (140 mM),
K2HPO4 (2.5 mM), calcium gluconate (7 mM),
magnesium gluconate (2 mM), and HEPES (5 mM), bubbled with 100%
O2, pH 7.4. After a baseline recording of approximately 25 pairs of images, the apical solution was switched to the following solution containing 140 mM Na+: sodium gluconate (140 mM),
K2HPO4 (2.5 mM), calcium gluconate (7 mM),
magnesium gluconate (2 mM), and HEPES (5 mM) bubbled with 100 % O2, pH 7.4. Calibration was performed at the end of each experiment using the high-potassium/nigericin technique (43). Analysis
of the pHi transients was obtained retrospectively from stored image pairs using the TSCM software (Bio-Rad) as previously described (50, 51). Fluorescence ratios from each image pair were
corrected by subtracting the dark current and background from each
image at each wavelength. The fluorescence ratios were converted to
pHi from the calibration parameters, obtained from the same
cell at the end of the experiment. In bicarbonate-containing solutions,
total buffer capacity (
T) of the intercalated cells was
equal to their intrinsic buffer capacity,
i (47), plus the bicarbonate buffer capacity, calculated as 2.3 × [HCO
3]i (37).
Equivalent base flux (EBF) following luminal Na+ addition
was calculated as EBF = dpHi/dt ×
, where dpHi/dt represents the
initial rate of change of pHi measured in the first 15 s
following addition of Na+ to the lumen. The factor
in
the above equation signifies
i when HEPES was used and
signifies
T when
HCO
3-buffered solutions were used.
![]() |
RESULTS |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
NBC3 localization in the collecting duct. As shown in Figs.
1 and 2, NBC3 is expressed
in rabbit cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts. The glomeruli,
proximal tubules, descending thin limbs, thick ascending limbs, distal
convoluted tubules, and vascular structure were consistently unlabeled.
NBC3 was detectable on the apical membrane of intercalated cells in the
cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts. Labeling was blocked
with a specific NBC3 peptide. Double labeling experiments on the same slides with antibodies against the 31-kDa subunit of the vacuolar H+-ATPase (red) revealed that NBC3 (green) colocalizes with
the proton pump. High-magnification confocal microscopic images (Fig. 3), showed that NBC3 and the vacuolar
proton pump are colocalized not only on the apical membrane of type A
intercalated cells but, in addition, in subapical vesicles as well.
Both the NBC3-C1 antibody and the E11 antibody failed to label
principal cells. The results indicate that NBC3 and the vacuolar
H+-ATPase are closely associated in type A intercalated
cells.
|
|
|
Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation. A major band of ~200
kDa was detected using the NBC3-C1 antibody in crude rabbit kidney membranes on immunoblotting (Fig. 4). This
band was not detected with NBC3-C1 preincubated with a specific
peptide. The predicted size of NBC3 based on the cDNA sequence is
~136 kDa, suggesting that NBC3 is postranslationally modified.
|
The finding that in type A intercalated cells, the 31-kDa subunit of the vacuolar H+-ATPase colocalized with NBC3 in both the apical membrane and subapical vesicles suggested that these proteins are closely associated. In immunoprecipitation experiments (Fig. 4), the NBC3-C1 antibody coimmunoprecipitated the 31-kDa subunit of the vacuolar H+-ATPase. Preimmune serum did not precipitate the 31-kDa subunit of the vacuolar H+-ATPase. These results together with the immunocytochemistry findings indicate that the two proteins are closely associated.
Functional studies. In bicarbonate-buffered Na+-
and Cl-free solutions, resting pHi in
type A intercalated cells was 6.78 ± 0.03 (n = 36 cells, 6 tubules). Following luminal Na+ addition, pHi
increased to 6.97 ± 0.04 with an EBF of 4.92 ± 0.49 mM/min (Fig.
5). In similar experiments performed with
EIPA (50 µM, lumen), the luminal Na+-induced EBF was
completely inhibited (0.02 ± 0.003 mM/min; n = 18 cells, 4 tubules; P < 0.001; Fig. 5). DIDS, 1 mM (lumen), was without
effect; steady-state pHi was 6.76 ± 0.03 (18 cells, 4 tubules), and following luminal Na+ addition
pHi increased to 6.95 ± 0.02, with an EBF
of 4.58 ± 0.35 mM/min (not significant vs.
control). In HEPES-buffered Na+- and
Cl
-free solutions, the initial pHi was
6.76 ± 0.02 (n = 33 cells, 5 tubules). Luminal
Na+ addition induced an EBF of 2.60 ± 0.20 mM/min
(n = 33 cells, 5 tubules) (Fig. 5). EIPA (50 µM, lumen)
completely blocked the pHi transients in
HEPES (0.006 ± 0.002 mM/min; n = 16 cells, 4 tubules;
P < 0.001) (Fig. 5). Therefore, the
EIPA- inhibitable, luminal Na+-induced EBF was stimulated
approximately twofold in the presence of bicarbonate. These results are
nearly identical to those previously reported in Xenopus
oocytes expressing NBC3 (34).
|
![]() |
DISCUSSION |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
The results of this study demonstrate that NBC3 is localized to the
apical membrane of type A intercalated cells in rabbit kidney. In both
the cortical and outer medullary collecting duct, NBC3 colocalized with
the vacuolar H+-ATPase. The close association
between these transporters was confirmed by their
coimmunoprecipitation. In separate experiments, type A intercalated
cells in the outer medullary collecting duct (inner stripe segment)
were shown to have functional EIPA-inhibitable, Cl-independent sodium bicarbonate cotransport that
was DIDS insensitive. These properties are nearly
identical to the functional characteristics of NBC3 expressed in
Xenopus oocytes (34).
High-resolution confocal images of type A intercalated cells revealed colocalization of NBC3 and the vacuolar H+-ATPase in subapical vesicles and the apical plasma membrane. Immunoelectron microscopy has confirmed that NBC3 labeling is very abundant in both the apical plasma membrane, in intracellular vesicles, and in tubulocisternal profiles in the subapical domains but is absent in the basolateral plasma membrane of type A intercalated cells (unpublished results). The vesicular localization of NBC3 is significant given the results of previous studies which have demonstrated that vesicular trafficking is an important mechanism regulating type A intercalated cell H+ secretion (21). For example, following NH4Cl acid loading, the vacuolar H+-ATPase is redistributed from the vacuolar compartment to the apical plasma membrane (7, 45). Given the colocalization of NBC3 and the vacuolar proton pump in this cell type, it will be important to determine whether NBC3 is similarly redistributed to the plasma membrane following changes in systemic acid-base balance.
We were unable, as other investigators have previously reported (39, 46), to detect basolateral plasma membrane vacuolar proton pump immunoreactivity in rabbit collecting duct type B intercalated cells on light microscopy. Similarly, the NBC3-C1 antibody failed to label the basolateral membrane of type B intercalated cells in rabbit kidney. As has been suggested, species differences most likely account for the lack of basolateral H+-ATPase immunoreactivity in rabbit type B intercalated cells using identical light microscopic techniques (39, 46), since basolateral proton pump labeling is detectable in rodent kidneys (25). In rat kidney, we have recently demonstrated colabeling of the basolateral membrane of type B intercalated cells with NBC3-C1 and E11 31-kDa H+-ATPase antibodies (unpublished results).
Vacuolar H+-ATPases play an important role not only in bicarbonate transport in the collecting duct, but in addition, in the acidification of several compartments in eukaryotic cells including clathrin-coated vesicles, lysosomes, endosomes, and Golgi vesicles (21, 32, 40). The vacuolar H+-ATPase is highly expressed in the apical membrane of type A intercalated cells in comparison to these intracellular organelles, permitting its detection in this cell type by immunocytochemical methods (11, 25). The widespread low level expression of vacuolar H+-ATPase in intracellular organelles suggests the interesting possibility that NBC3 is also expressed at much lower levels in these organelles. Functional and immunoelectron microscopic studies of purified organelle preparations addressing this interesting question are currently in progress.
The results of this study provide the first documentation of a sodium bicarbonate cotransporter in the apical membrane of type A intercalated cells in cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts. Type A intercalated cells are thought to secrete protons (and absorb bicarbonate) via an apical vacuolar H+-ATPase and H+-K+-ATPase (29, 48). Bicarbonate is then transported across the basolateral membrane via the basolateral AE1 anion exchanger. Type A intercalated cells are not, however, believed to mediate transepithelial Na+ transport. It is of interest that previous studies have demonstrated the presence of a basolateral Na+/H+ exchanger in this cell (28, 48). The finding that net transepithelial bicarbonate transport is Na+ independent in the outer medullary collecting duct (inner stripe) (42) suggests rather that in type A intercalated cells, apical NBC3 and basolateral Na+/H+ exchange may play an important role in mediating H+/base transport across their respective membranes (pHi regulation). It has previously been suggested that because of the Na+ permeability characteristics of the rabbit outer medullary collecting duct, as well as the in vivo transepithelial ion gradients, this segment mediates passive Na+ transport (41). Whether luminal NBC3 contributes to passive transepithelial Na+ transport in this segment is unknown. The potential contribution of apical NBC3 and basolateral Na+/H+ exchange to passive transepithelial Na+ transport in the outer medullary collecting duct will require further study.
The distribution of NBC3 and vacuolar H+-ATPase in rabbit collecting duct, as well as the coimmunoprecipitation of NBC3 and the 31-kDa subunit of the vacuolar H+-ATPase, suggests that the two transporters may be closely associated. There is increasing evidence that functionally unrelated ion channels and transporters may modulate each other's activity via energetically favorable protein-protein interaction (24, 26). In cells expressing high levels of the vacuolar H+-ATPase such as the type A intercalated cells, NBC3 may provide an additional means of regulating net proton secretion and bicarbonate transport. Interestingly, the rat epididymis and vas deferens, like the collecting duct, have specialized cells which express high levels of an apical vacuolar H+-ATPase and are thought to play a role in mediating luminal acidification (10). We have recently found that NBC3 also colocalizes with the vacuolar H+-ATPase 31-kDa subunit on the apical membrane of these cells (unpublished observations). Whether colocalization of the two transporters is a general phenomenon in all tissues expressing high levels of the vacuolar H+-ATPase is currently being investigated.
Electrogenic pumping of protons generates an electric potential that
can limit the pH gradient achievable by ATP hydrolysis (20, 49). In
several preparations, the presence of a parallel Cl
conductance results in net electroneutral transport (20, 21, 40, 49).
Recent evidence suggests that the ClC-5 chloride channel, which also
colocalizes with the vacuolar proton pump in type A intercalated cells,
may provide the conductive pathway required for efficient vesicle
acidification (22). Interestingly, previous studies of rat renal
endocytotic vesicles have shown that bicarbonate, in addition to
chloride, can stimulate H+ pump activity (38). Similar
findings have been reported with the gastric
H+-K+-ATPase and the mitochondrial
H+-ATPase (8, 16). The mechanism of this stimulatory effect is unknown. In vesicles derived from Dictostelium, bicarbonate stimulates vacuolar H+-ATPase activity and can shunt the
electrical potential generated by electrogenic proton pumping (19). In
this regard, NBC3 may modulate the activity of the vacuolar
H+-ATPase by altering the local bicarbonate concentration.
![]() |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
---|
We thank Dr. Paul Boyer for critical review of the manuscript and Dr. S. Gluck for providing the E11 antibody.
![]() |
FOOTNOTES |
---|
This work was supported by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Grants DK-46976 and DK-50603, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Grant HL-59156, the Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Foundation, the Max Factor Family Foundation, the Verna Harrah Foundation, the Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation, the Fredericka Taubitz Foundation, the Karen Elise Jensen Foundation, EU Commission (EU-Biotech and TMR programmes), Danish Medical Research Council, and the Danish Biotechnology Programme. N. Abuladze is supported by National Kidney Foundation of Southern California Training Grant J891002.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: I. Kurtz, UCLA Division of Nephrology, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Room 7-155, Factor Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1689 (E-mail: IKurtz{at}mednet.ucla.edu).
Received 2 July 1999; accepted in final form 15 September 1999.
![]() |
REFERENCES |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
1.
Aalkjaer, C. A.,
and
E. J. Cragoe.
Intracellular pH regulation in resting and contracting segments of rat mesenteric resistance vessels.
J. Physiol. (Lond.)
402:
391-410,
1988[Abstract].
2.
Aalkjaer, C.,
and
A. Hughes.
Chloride and bicarbonate transport in rat resistance arteries.
J. Physiol. (Lond.)
436:
57-73,
1991[Abstract].
3.
Abuladze, N.,
I. Lee,
D. Newman,
J. Hwang,
K. Boorer,
A. Pushkin,
and
I. Kurtz.
Molecular cloning, chromosomal localization, tissue distribution, and functional expression of the human pancreatic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter.
J. Biol. Chem.
273:
17689-17695,
1998
4.
Abuladze, N.,
I. Lee,
D. Newman,
J. Hwang,
A. Pushkin,
and
I. Kurtz.
Axial heterogeneity of sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter expression in the rabbit proximal tubule.
Am. J. Physiol.
274 (Renal Physiol. 43):
F628-F633,
1998
5.
Aickin, C. C.
Regulation of intracellular pH in smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig femoral artery.
J. Physiol. (Lond.)
479:
331-340,
1994[Abstract].
6.
Aickin, C. C.
Regulation of intracellular pH in the smooth muscle of guinea-pig ureter: HCO3 dependence
J. Physiol. (Lond.)
479:
317-329,
1994[Abstract].
7.
Bastani, B.,
H. Purcell,
P. Hemken,
D. Trigg,
and
S. Gluck.
Expression and distribution of renal vacuolar proton-translocating adenosine triphosphatase in response to chronic acid and alkali loads in the rat.
J. Clin. Invest.
88:
126-136,
1991[Medline].
8.
Blum, A. L.,
G. Shah,
T. St. Pierre,
H. F. Helander,
H. F. Sung,
V. D. Wiebelhaus,
and
G. Sachs.
Properties of the soluble ATPase of the gastric mucosa. II. Effect of HCO3.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
249:
101-113,
1971[Medline].
9.
Boron, W. F.,
and
E. L. Boulpeap.
Intracellular pH regulation in the renal proximal tubule of the salamander. Basolateral HCO3 transport.
J. Gen. Physiol.
81:
53-94,
1983[Abstract].
10.
Breton, S.,
P. J. Smith,
B. Lui,
and
D. Brown.
Acidification of the male reproductive tract by a proton pumping H+-ATPase.
Nature Med.
2:
470-472,
1996[Medline].
11.
Brown, D.,
S. Gluck,
and
J. Hartwig.
Structure of the novel membrane-coating material in proton-secreting epithelial cells and identification as an H+ATPase.
J. Cell. Biol.
105:
1637-1648,
1987[Abstract].
12.
Burnham, C. E.,
H. Amlal,
Z. Wang,
G. E. Shull,
and
M. Soleimani.
Cloning and functional expression of a human kidney Na+:HCO3 cotransporter.
J. Biol. Chem.
272:
19111-19114,
1997
13.
Burnham, C. E.,
M. Flagella,
Z. Wang,
H. Amlal,
G. E. Shull,
and
M. Soleimani.
Cloning, renal distribution, and regulation of the rat Na+-HCO3 cotransporter.
Am. J. Physiol.
274 (Renal Physiol. 43):
F1119-F1126,
1998
14.
Dart, C.,
and
R. D. Vaughan-Jones.
Na+-HCO3 symport in the sheep cardiac Purkinje fibre.
J. Physiol. (Lond.)
451:
365-385,
1992[Abstract].
15.
Deitmer, J. W.,
and
W.-R. Schlue.
The regulation of intracellular pH by identified glial cells and neurones in the central nervous system of the leech.
J. Physiol. (Lond.)
388:
261-283,
1987[Abstract].
16.
Ebel, R. E.,
and
H. A. Lardy.
Stimulation of rat liver mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase by anions.
J. Biol. Chem.
251:
934-940,
1976[Abstract].
17.
Emmons, C.,
and
I. Kurtz.
Functional characterization of three intercalated cell subtypes in the rabbit outer cortical collecting duct.
J. Clin. Invest.
93:
417-423,
1994[Medline].
18.
Fitz, J. G.,
M. Persico,
and
B. F. Scharschmidt.
Electrophysiological evidence for Na+-coupled bicarbonate transport in cultured rat hepatocytes.
Am. J. Physiol.
256 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 19):
G491-G500,
1989
19.
Giglione, C.,
and
J. D. Gross.
Anion effects on vesicle acidification in Dictyostelium.
Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int.
36:
1057-1065,
1995[Medline].
20.
Glickman, J.,
K. Croen,
S. Kelly,
and
Q. Al-Awqati.
Golgi membranes contain an electrogenic H+ pump in parallel to a chloride conductance.
J. Cell. Biol.
97:
1303-308,
1983[Abstract].
21.
Gluck, S. L.,
D. M. Underhill,
M. Iyori,
L. S. Holliday,
T. Y. Kostrminova,
and
B. S. Lee.
Physiology and biochemistry of the kidney vacuolar H+-ATPase.
Annu. Rev. Physiol.
58:
427-445,
1996[Medline].
22.
Günther, W.,
A. Luchow,
F. Cluzeaud,
A. Vandewalle,
and
T. J. Jentsch.
ClC-5, the chloride channel mutated in Dent's disease, colocalizes with the proton pump in endocytotically active kidney cells.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
95:
8075-8080,
1998
23.
Ishibashi, K.,
S. Sasaki,
and
F. Marumo.
Molecular cloning of a new sodium bicarbonate cotransporter cDNA from human retina.
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
246:
535-538,
1998[Medline].
24.
Ismailov, I. I.,
M. S. Awayda,
B. Jovov,
B. K. Berdiev,
C. M. Fuller,
J. R. Dedman,
M. A. Kaetzel,
and
D. J. Benos.
Regulation of epithelial sodium channels by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator.
J. Biol. Chem.
271:
4725-4732,
1996
25.
Kim, J.,
Y.-H. Kim,
J.-H. Cha,
C. C. Tisher,
and
K. Madsen.
Intercalated cell subtypes in connecting tubule and cortical collecting duct of rat and mouse.
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.
10:
1-12,
1999
26.
Lee, M. G.,
W. C. Wigley,
W. Zeng,
L. E. Noel,
C. R. Marino,
P. J. Thomas,
and
S. Muallem.
Regulation of Cl/HCO
3 exchange by cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator expressed in NIH 3T3 and HEK 293 cells.
J. Biol. Chem.
274:
3414-3421,
1999
27.
Lubman, R. L.,
D. C. Chao,
and
E. D. Crandall.
Basolateral localization of Na+-HCO3 cotransporter activity in alveolar epithelial cells.
Respir. Physiol.
100:
15-24,
1995[Medline].
28.
Machen, T. E.,
T. E. Townsley,
A. M. Paradiso,
E. Wenzl,
and
P. A. Negulescu.
H and HCO3 transport across the basolateral membrane of the parietal cell.
Ann. NY Acad. Sci.
574:
447-462,
1989[Medline].
29.
Milton, A. E.,
and
I. D. Weiner.
Intracellular pH regulation in the rabbit cortical collecting duct A-type intercalated cell.
Am. J. Physiol.
273 (Renal Physiol. 42):
F340-F347,
1997
30.
Muallem, S.,
and
P. A. Loessberg.
Intracellular pH-regulatory mechanisms in pancreatic acinar cells. I. Characterization of H+ and HCO3 transporters.
J. Biol. Chem.
265:
12806-12812,
1990
31.
Newman, E. A.,
and
M. L. Astion.
Localization and stoichiometry of electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransport in retinal glial cells.
Glia
4:
424-428,
1991[Medline].
32.
Peng, S.-B.,
X. Li,
B. P. Crider,
Z. Zhou,
P. Andersen,
S. J. Tsai,
X.-S. Xie,
and
D. K. Stone.
Identification and reconstitution of an isoform of the 116-kDa subunit of the vacuolar proton translocating ATPase.
J. Biol. Chem.
274:
2549-2555,
1999
33.
Pushkin, A.,
N. Abuladze,
I. Lee,
D. Newman,
J. Hwang,
and
I. Kurtz.
Mapping of the human NBC3 (SLC4A7) gene to chromosome 3p22.
Genomics
57:
321-322,
1999[Medline].
34.
Pushkin, A.,
N. Abuladze,
I. Lee,
D. Newman,
J. Hwang,
and
I. Kurtz.
Cloning, tissue distribution, genomic organization, and functional characterization of NBC3, a new member of the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter family.
J. Biol. Chem.
274:
16569-16575,
1999
35.
Romero, M. F.,
M. A. Hediger,
E. L. Boulpaep,
and
W. F. Boron.
Expression cloning and characterization of a renal electrogenic Na+/HCO3 cotransporter.
Nature
38:
409-413,
1997.
36.
Romero, M. F.,
P. Fong,
U. V. Berger,
M. A. Hediger,
and
W. F. Boron.
Cloning and functional expression of rNBC, an electrogenic Na+-HCO3 cotransporter from rat kidney.
Am. J. Physiol.
274 (Renal Physiol. 43):
F425-F432,
1998
37.
Roos, A,
and
W. F. Boron.
Intracellular pH.
Physiol. Rev.
61:
297-434,
1981.
38.
Sabolic, I.,
and
G. Burckhardt.
Characteristics of the proton pump in rat renal cortical endocytotic vesicles.
Am. J. Physiol.
250 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 19):
F817-F826,
1986
39.
Schuster, V. L.,
G. Fejes-Toth,
A. Narray-Feges-Toth,
and
S. L. Gluck.
Colocalization of H+-ATPase and band 3 anion exchanger in rabbit collecting duct intercalated cells.
Am. J. Physiol.
260 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 29):
F506-F517,
1991
40.
Stevens, T. H.,
and
M. Forgac.
Structure, function and regulation of the vacuolar H+-ATPase.
Annu. Rev. Cell. Dev. Biol.
13:
779-808,
1997[Medline].
41.
Stokes, J. B.
Na and K transport across the cortical and outer medullary collecting tubule of the rabbit: evidence for diffusion across the outer medullary portion.
Am. J. Physiol.
242 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 11):
F514-F520,
1982
42.
Stone, D. K.,
D. W. Seldin,
J. P. Kokko,
and
H. R. Jacobson.
Mineralocorticoid modulation of rabbit medullary collecting duct acidification. A sodium-independent effect.
J. Clin. Invest.
72:
77-83,
1983[Medline].
43.
Thomas, J. A.,
R. N. Buchsbaum,
A. Zimniak,
and
E. Racker.
Intracellular pH measurements in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells utilizing spectroscopic probes generated in situ.
Biochemistry
18:
2210-2218,
1979[Medline].
44.
Vazhaikkurichi, M.,
M. Rajendran,
M. Oesterlin,
and
H. J. Binder.
Sodium uptake across basolateral membrane of rat distal colon. Evidence for Na-H exchange and Na-anion cotransport.
J. Clin. Invest.
88:
1379-1385,
1991[Medline].
45.
Verlander, J. W.,
K. M. Madsen,
J. K. Cannon,
and
C. C. Tisher.
Activation of acid-secreting intercalated cells in rabbit collecting duct with ammonium chloride loading.
Am. J. Physiol.
266 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 35):
F633-F645,
1994
46.
Verlander, J. W.,
K. M. Madsen,
D. K. Stone,
and
C. C. Tisher.
Ultrastructural localization of H+-ATPase in rabbit cortical collecting duct.
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.
4:
1546-1557,
1994[Abstract].
47.
Weiner, I. D.,
C. S. Wingo,
and
L. L. Hamm.
Regulation of intracellular pH in two cell populations of inner stripe of rabbit outer medullary collecting duct.
Am. J. Physiol.
265 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 34):
F406-F415,
1993
48.
Weiner, I. D.,
A. E. Frank,
and
C. S. Wingo.
Apical proton secretion by the inner stripe of the outer medullary collecting duct.
Am. J. Physiol.
276 (Renal Physiol. 45):
F606-F613,
1999
49.
Xie, X. S.,
D. W. Stone,
and
E. Racker.
Determinants of clathrin-coated vesicle acidification.
J. Biol. Chem.
258:
14834-14838,
1983
50.
Yip, K. P.,
and
I. Kurtz.
NH3 permeability of principal cells and intercalated cells measured by confocal fluorescence imaging.
Am. J. Physiol.
269 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 38):
F545-F550,
1995
51.
Yip, K. P.,
and
D. J. Marsh.
[Ca2+]i in rat afferent arteriole during constriction measured with confocal fluorescence microscopy.
Am. J. Physiol.
271 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 40):
F1004-F1011,
1996