1 University of Florida College of Medicine, and 4 North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida 32610; 2 Case Western Reserve University and Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106; and 3 Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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ABSTRACT |
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Ammonia is both produced and transported by renal epithelial cells, and it regulates renal ion transport. Recent studies have identified a family of putative ammonium transporters; mRNA for two members of this family, Rh B-glycoprotein (RhBG) and Rh C-glycoprotein (RhCG), is expressed in the kidney. The purpose of this study was to determine the cellular location of RhBG and RhCG protein in the mouse kidney. We generated RhBG- and RhCG-specific anti-peptide antibodies. Immunoblot analysis confirmed that both proteins were expressed in the mouse kidney. RhBG localization with immunohistochemistry revealed discrete basolateral labeling in the connecting segment (CNT) and in the majority of initial collecting tubule (ICT) and cortical collecting duct (CCD) cells. In the outer medullary collecting duct (OMCD) and inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) only a subpopulation of cells exhibited basolateral immunoreactivity. Colocalization of RhBG with carbonic anhydrase II, the thiazide-sensitive transporter, and the anion exchangers AE1 and pendrin demonstrated RhBG immunoreactivity in all CNT cells and all CCD and ICT principal cells. In the ICT and CCD, basolateral RhBG immunoreactivity is also present in A-type intercalated cells but not in pendrin-positive CCD intercalated cells. In the OMCD and IMCD, only intercalated cells exhibit RhBG immunoreactivity. Immunoreactivity for a second putative ammonium transporter, RhCG, was present in the apical region of cells with almost the same distribution as RhBG. However, RhCG immunoreactivity was present in all CCD cells, and it was present in outer stripe OMCD principal cells, in addition to OMCD and IMCD intercalated cells. Thus the majority of RhBG and RhCG protein expression is present in the same epithelial cell types in the CNT and collecting duct but with opposite polarity. These findings suggest that RhBG and RhCG may play important and cell-specific roles in ammonium transport and signaling in these regions of the kidney.
Rh B-glycoprotein; Rh C-glycoprotein; collecting duct; intercalated cell; principal cell; immunohistochemistry; connecting segment
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INTRODUCTION |
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AMMONIUM TRANSPORT AND SIGNALING are important for the renal regulation of electrolyte homeostasis.1 Briefly, ammonium is produced in the proximal tubule, preferentially secreted into the luminal fluid, reabsorbed via specific membrane proteins in the medullary thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, and then secreted into the luminal fluid by the collecting duct (4, 18). Production and excretion of ammonium result in production of equimolar amounts of new bicarbonate molecules, which is important for replenishing base consumed by endogenous and exogenous acid production (4, 18). In addition to being a metabolic product and transported molecule, ammonia also regulates collecting duct sodium, potassium, and acid-base transport (6, 7, 9, 11, 40). Accordingly, understanding ammonium transport mechanisms and the mechanisms through which ammonia might alter collecting duct ion transport are important.
A novel ammonium (NH
Three mammalian members of this family, Rh A-glycoprotein (RhAG) (26), Rh B-glycoprotein (RhBG) (23), and Rh C-glycoprotein (RhCG) (22, 26), have been identified. They exhibit substantial homology to each other and to the erythrocyte Rh factor, a protein well recognized as an antigen in transfusion medicine but whose function in erythrocyte membranes is not known (12, 14). RhAG protein is expressed in the erythrocyte membrane, where it may contribute to erythrocyte ammonium transport (21). RhBG mRNA is expressed in liver, kidney, and skin (23), and RhCG mRNA is expressed in kidney, testes, and brain (22). Thus both RhBG and RhCG mRNA are expressed in organs where ammonium transport is a critical function.
The purpose of the present studies was to determine whether RhBG and RhCG proteins are expressed in the mammalian kidney and, if so, to identify their specific cellular locations by using light microscopic immunolocalization techniques. Anti-peptide antibodies to cytoplasmic regions of the COOH terminus of mouse RhBG and mouse RhCG were generated and shown to be specific to these proteins. These antibodies were then used to detect the specific cellular locations of RhBG and RhCG in the normal mouse kidney.
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METHODS |
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Antibodies
Synthetic peptides corresponding to a hydrophilic cytoplasmic region near the COOH terminus of RhBG and RhCG were synthesized, purified, and coupled to keyhole limpit hemocyanin through a cysteine link by using standard techniques (Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL). The sequences used were TETQRPLRGGESDTRA for RhBG and EEVNTVYIPEDLAHK for RhCG. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies were then generated by using standard techniques (Cocalico Biologicals, Reamstown, PA). A mouse monoclonal anti-peptide antibody directed against RhBG was generated by using the same peptide sequence and standard techniques (Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research).For immunohistochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), we used a polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against mouse erythrocyte CA II. This antibody has been used in previous studies to identify mouse intercalated cells (36). These antibodies were a gift from Dr. Paul Linser (University of Florida Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Whitney Marine Laboratory, Gainesville, FL), have been characterized previously (16, 20), and have been used previously to identify mouse intercalated cells (36). Separate rabbit anti-pendrin antibodies were kindly supplied by Dr. Søren Nielsen (University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark) and by Dr. Ines Royaux (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD) and were used at a dilution of 1:1,000 unless otherwise detailed. Both have been characterized in detail previously (17, 34, 41). Rabbit anti-thiazide-sensitive transporter (TSC) antibodies were supplied by Dr. Stephen Hebert (Yale University), have been characterized previously (33), and were used at a dilution of 1:1,000. Antibodies against AE1 were kindly provided by Dr. Philip S. Low (Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN), have been characterized previously (36, 37), and were used at a dilution of 1:400.
Membrane Protein Preparation
Normal BALB/c mice were obtained from Harlan Sprague Dawley (Indianapolis, IN) and were maintained on a normal mouse diet and ad libitum water intake until the day of study. The animals were anesthetized intraperitoneally with pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg body wt), and the kidneys were rinsed by in vivo cardiac perfusion with PBS (pH 7.4), rapidly removed, and stored frozen atImmunoblotting Procedure
Five micrograms of the renal membrane protein were electrophoresed on 10% PAGE ReadyGel (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Gels were then transferred electrophoretically to nitrocellulose membranes, blocked with 5 g/dl nonfat dry milk, and incubated for 1 h with primary antibody diluted 1:1,000 in Blotto buffer (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM Na2EDTA, and 0.05% Tween-20, pH 7.5) with 5 g/dl nonfat dry milk. After washing, membranes were exposed to secondary antibody (goat anti-rabbit IgG or goat anti-mouse IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase; Promega, Madison, WI) at a dilution of 1:5,000. Sites of antibody-antigen reaction were visualized by using enhanced chemiluminescence (SuperSignal West Pico Substrate, Pierce, Rockford, IL) and a Kodak Image Station 440CF digital imaging system.Tissue Preparation for Immunohistochemical Localization of RhBG and RhCG
Female BALB/c mice weighing 17-20 g (n = 6) were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (10-30 mg/kg ip). The kidneys were preserved by in vivo cardiac perfusion with PBS (pH 7.4) followed by periodate-lysine-2% paraformaldehyde (PLP) (30) and then cut transversely into several 2- to 4-mm-thick slices and immersed overnight at 4°C in the same fixative. Samples of kidney from each animal were embedded in polyester wax (polyethylene glycol 400 distearate, Polysciences, Warrington, PA), and 5-µm-thick sections were cut and mounted on gelatin-coated glass slides.Immunohistochemistry
Immunolocalization of RhBG and RhCG was accomplished by using immunoperoxidase procedures and a commercially available kit (Vectastain Elite, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). The sections were dewaxed in ethanol and rehydrated, rinsed in PBS, treated for 15 min with 5% normal goat serum (Vector Laboratories) in PBS, and then incubated at 4°C overnight with either the anti-RhBG or anti-RhCG antibody, diluted 1:10,000 in PBS. The sections were then washed in PBS, and endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked by incubating the sections in 0.3% H2O2 for 30 min. The sections were washed in PBS and incubated for 30 min with biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody (Vector Laboratories) diluted 1:200 in PBS and again washed with PBS. The sections were treated for 30 min with the avidin-biotin complex reagent, rinsed with PBS, and then exposed to diaminobenzidine. The sections were washed in distilled water, and in some experiments the sections were counterstained with hematoxylin. The sections were then dehydrated with xylene, mounted with Permount (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ), and observed by light microscopy.In some experiments localizing RhCG, the methods described above were modified by inclusion of an antigen retrieval step. In these experiments, after the slides were dewaxed in ethanol and rehydrated, they were microwaved at medium power in 0.1 M sodium citrate and 0.1 M citric acid, pH 6.0, for 10 min. The slides were then rinsed in PBS before blocking with normal goat serum and incubation with the primary antibody at a 1:8,000 dilution.
Colocalization of RhBG and RhCG with CA II Immunoreactivity
Colocalization was accomplished by using sequential immunoperoxidase procedures and Vectastain Elite. Five-micrometer sections were dewaxed in ethanol, rehydrated, and then rinsed in PBS. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked by incubation of the sections in 0.3% H2O2 for 30 min. The sections were rinsed in PBS, treated for 20 min with 5% goat serum in PBS, and then incubated at 4°C overnight with either the anti-RhBG or the anti-RhCG antibody diluted 1:10,000 in PBS. The sections were washed in PBS for 1 min, in 0.1% SDS in PBS for 10 min, and then again in PBS for 1 min. The sections were then incubated for 30 min with the biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody diluted 1:200 in PBS and then washed with PBS. The sections were treated for 30 min with the avidin-biotin complex reagent, rinsed with PBS, and then exposed to diaminobenzidine. The sections were washed in glass-distilled water and then in PBS and incubated in 0.3% H2O2 for 30 min. The sections were again washed in PBS and incubated for 20 min with 5% normal serum in PBS. The sections were treated for 60 min with the anti-CA II antibody diluted 1:1,600 or 1:2,000 in PBS, washed in PBS, and incubated with the biotinylated anti-rabbit secondary antibody. The sections were washed with PBS, incubated with the avidin-biotin complex reagent, and washed with PBS. For detection of CA II immunoreactivity, Vector SG (Vector Laboratories) was used as the chromogen to produce a blue label. This label was easily distinguishable from the brown label produced by the diaminobenzidine used for detection of RhBG or RhCG immunoreactivity. The sections were washed with glass-distilled water, dehydrated with xylene, mounted with Permount, and observed by light microscopy.Colocalization of RhBG with TSC, RhCG, AE1, and Pendrin
Immunofluorescent localization and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used in some studies to colocalize RhBG with RhCG, TSC, AE1, or pendrin. In these studies, we used our mouse monoclonal RhBG antibody; the other primary antibodies were rabbit polyclonal antibodies, thereby facilitating separate identification of their localization by using species-specific secondary antibodies. Briefly, the sections were dewaxed with ethanol, rehydrated, rinsed in PBS, and then treated for 30 min with 50 mM NH4Cl. They were then rinsed in PBS, blocked for 20 min with 5% normal goat serum (Vector Laboratories) in PBS, and incubated at 4°C overnight with primary antibody, or antibodies, diluted in PBS. The sections were then washed in PBS and incubated for 30 min with a fluorescently tagged species-specific secondary antibody [either FITC-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG, 1:50 dilution (Sigma), or AF488-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG, 1:100 dilution, and tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG, 1:50 dilution (Sigma)] diluted in PBS. The sections were then rinsed with PBS and mounted by using Fluoromount (Southern Biotechnology Associates, Birmingham, AL). We then visualized the tissue by using either an Axiovert 100 M laser scanning confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss, Thornwood, NY) with LSM 510 Software, version 2.8 (Carl Zeiss), or an MRC-1024 laser scanning confocal microscope and LaserSharp software (Bio-Rad Laboratories).Colocalization of RhBG with Pendrin
We performed double labeling both on wax-embedded mouse kidney and on 1-µm sections embedded in Epon 812, as summarized below.Double labeling on wax-embedded mouse kidney. Slices of PLP-fixed kidney tissue were dehydrated and embedded in polyester wax, and sections were cut and mounted on gelatin-coated glass slides. The sections were dewaxed with xylene and ethanol, and after rinsing in tap water, sections were treated with methanolic H2O2 for 30 min. Before incubation with the primary antibody, the sections were permeabilized by incubation for 15 min in 0.5% Triton X-100 in PBS, subsequently blocked with normal goat serum, diluted 1:10 in PBS, for 1 h, and then incubated overnight at 4°C with rabbit antiserum against pendrin (kindly provided by Dr. Søren Nielsen) diluted 1:3,000 in PBS. The sections were rinsed in PBS and incubated for 2 h in peroxidase-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, PA). Sections were then incubated with the peroxidase-substrate solution, a mixture of 0.05% 3,3'-diaminobenzidine and 0.01% H2O2, for 5 min at room temperature. After being rinsed with Tris · HCl buffer, the sections were treated with the same protocol for the second antiserum, polyclonal antibodies directed against RhBG, diluted 1:1,000 in PBS, except for the use of a Vector SG kit (Vector Laboratories) as the chromogen to produce a gray-blue label, which is easily distinguished from the brown label produced by 3,3'-diaminobenzidine in the first immunolocalization procedure for pendrin. The sections were rinsed in tap water and examined with light microscopy.
Double labeling on 1-µm Epon 812-embedded sections. Sections of PLP-fixed tissue were cut transversely on a Vibratome at a thickness of 50 µm and processed for immunohistochemistry by using an indirect immunoperoxidase method as described in detail in a previous study (17). All sections were washed with 50 mM NH4Cl in PBS three times for 15 min. Before incubation with the primary antibodies, all tissue sections were incubated for 3 h with PBS containing 1% bovine serum albumin, 0.05% saponin, and 0.2% gelatin (solution A). The tissue sections were then incubated overnight at 4°C with rabbit antiserum against pendrin, 1:3,000 dilution, in PBS plus 1% bovine serum albumin (solution B). After several washes with solution A, the tissue sections were incubated for 2 h in peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit Fab fragment (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories), diluted 1:100 in solution B. The tissues were then rinsed, first in solution A and subsequently in 0.05 M Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris) buffer, pH 7.6. For the detection of horseradish peroxidase, the sections were incubated in 0.1% 3,3'-diaminobenzidine in 0.05 M Tris buffer for 5 min, after which H2O2 was added to a final concentration of 0.01% and the incubation was continued for 10 min. After washing with 0.05 M Tris buffer three times, the sections were dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol and embedded in Epon 812. From the flat-embedded 50-µm-thick sections, areas from the cortex were excised and glued onto empty blocks of Epon 812, and consecutive 1.5-µm sections were cut for postembedding immunolabeling. The sections were treated for 5 min with a saturated solution of sodium hydroxide to remove the resin. After three brief rinses in absolute ethanol, the sections were hydrated with graded ethanol and rinsed in tap water. The sections were rinsed with PBS, incubated in normal goat serum for 30 min, and subsequently incubated overnight with anti-RhBG antibody (1:3,000) at 4°C. The sections were rinsed with PES and incubated for 2 h in peroxidase-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG, Fab fragment, and washed again with PBS. For detection of RhBG antibody, Vector SG was used as the chromogen, and the sections were washed with distilled water, dehydrated with graded ethanol and xylene, mounted in Canada balsam, and examined by light microscopy.
Controls
For controls in each of the immunolocalization procedures, preimmune serum diluted at the same concentration as the primary antibody in PBS or PBS only was substituted for the primary antibody. In other experiments, the polyclonal RhBG and RhCG antibodies were incubated overnight at 4°C with an excess of the antigenic peptide, and the antigen/antibody mixture was substituted for the primary antibody. For colocalization procedures, in each experiment controls included substitution of buffer only for the first primary antibody, the second primary antibody, and both primary antibodies. ![]() |
RESULTS |
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Immunoblot Analyses
Immunoblot analyses of membrane protein isolated from mouse kidney by using both the anti-RhBG and the anti-RhCG antibodies demonstrated specific immunoreactive proteins at the appropriate molecular masses. The anti-RhBG polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies recognized a native protein of ~52 kDa (Fig. 1, A and B, respectively), consistent with the reported molecular mass of 50-55 kDa for RhBG (23). The monoclonal anti-RhBG antibodies also recognized a faint band at ~40 kDa. This may represent the nonglycosylated form of RhBG (23). Importantly, all immunoreactivity was blocked by coincubation with the immunizing peptide with both the polyclonal and the monoclonal RhBG antibodies. The anti-RhCG antibodies recognized a protein of ~58 kDa (Fig. 1C), consistent with the reported molecular mass of ~58 kDa for RhCG (22). An additional band at ~46 kDa was observed; coincubation with the immunizing peptide did not alter recognition of this band, suggesting that it represents nonspecific cross-reactivity. With all three antibodies, the broad band seen on the immunoblot is consistent with the known glycosylation of these proteins (22, 23). Control immunoblots in which the primary antibody was substituted with the respective preimmune sera were negative (not shown). These results identify that both RhBG and RhCG protein are expressed in normal mouse kidney.
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Immunolocalization of RhBG
Intense basolateral RhBG immunoreactivity was observed in epithelial cells in the connecting segment (CNT) and in the collecting duct throughout the cortex and outer medulla and extending into the inner medulla (cortex, Figs. 2 and 3; medulla, Fig. 4). Proximal tubules and thick ascending limbs of Henle's loop were negative. Parallel studies with a second polyclonal anti-RhBG antiserum and with a monoclonal anti-RhBG antibody yielded identical results (not shown). In sections in which the primary antibody was substituted with either preimmune serum or buffer only, no immunoreactivity was observed (Fig. 2f). Similarly, when we incubated the primary antibody with the immunizing peptide, we observed no immunoreactivity (Fig. 5, A and B).
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In the CNT, nearly all cells exhibited strong basolateral RhBG immunoreactivity (Fig. 2a). Rarely, cells were observed that had diffuse apical label in addition to basolateral label (Fig. 3c). Occasionally, tubule profiles were seen that appeared to include transitions from the CNT to the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) (Fig. 2, a and c). In these, the basolateral label for RhBG disappeared entirely in the DCT.
In the initial collecting tubule (ICT) and in the CCD, most, but not all, cells expressed basolateral RhBG immunoreactivity. The great majority of cells in the ICT and CCD exhibited strong basolateral immunoreactivity; within this group, a small population had more intense immunoreactivity (Fig. 2, b, d, and e). The cells with more intense basolateral immunoreactivity often exhibited a profile that bulged into the tubule lumen, suggesting that they were intercalated cells rather than principal cells. A small minority of cells had no detectable RhBG immunoreactivity (Fig. 2, d and e). Rarely, cells that had no detectable basolateral label appeared to have weak apical immunoreactivity (Fig. 2e).
In the medulla, basolateral RhBG immunoreactivity was present only in a subpopulation of cells in the collecting duct; no other structures in the medulla were positive for RhBG (Fig. 4). In both the outer and the inner stripe of the outer medullary collecting duct (OMCDo and OMCDi, respectively), the RhBG-positive cells represented a minority of the total cells. The incidence of positive cells in the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) was less than in the OMCD and diminished in the more distal portions of the IMCD, until they disappeared entirely at the papillary tip. In both the OMCD and the IMCD, RhBG-positive cells frequently had a rounded outline and bulging apical surface. Throughout the medullary collecting duct, the distribution of the positive cells and their morphology suggested they were intercalated cells.
Colocalization of RhBG and TSC
The DCT is a distinct portion of the nephron. To determine whether RhBG is expressed in the DCT, we examined immunofluorescent colocalization of RhBG with TSC, the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter. TSC is expressed solely in the apical region of DCT cells (33). Using immunofluorescence, cells that expressed apical TSC did not express RhBG, and cells that expressed basolateral RhBG did not express apical TSC (Fig. 6). We observed several tubules with abrupt transitions from TSC-positive to RhBG-positive cells (Fig. 6B). These results show that RhBG immunoreactivity is not identifiable in the DCT by using immunofluorescence microscopy.
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Colocalization of RhBG with CA II
The absence of basolateral RhBG immunoreactivity in a population of ICT and CCD cells suggested that the expression of RhBG protein is cell type specific. To begin identifying the types of cells that were positive or negative for basolateral immunoreactivity, we colocalized RhBG with CA II. CA II is highly expressed by mouse CCD intercalated cells, although low expression levels are also detectable in mouse CCD principal cells (3).In the CNT, essentially all cells exhibited basolateral RhBG immunoreactivity. Colocalization with CA II clearly demonstrated that the RhBG-positive cells included both CNT cells, or principal cells, which are CA II negative, and intercalated cells, which are strongly CA II positive (Fig. 3, a and c). Furthermore, the rare cells that appeared to have diffuse apical RhBG labeling in addition to the basolateral label were CA II positive and thus were intercalated cells (Fig. 3c).
In the CCD, the distinction between intercalated cells and principal cells was less clear, because mouse CCD principal cells express CA II but at a much lower level than intercalated cells (3). However, cells that were strongly positive for CA II were easily identifiable, and within this group there were cells that were intensely positive for basolateral RhBG and other cells that were negative for RhBG (Fig. 2, b, d, and e). The majority of CCD cells were weakly positive for CA II; thus they were principal cells and expressed basolateral RhBG immunoreactivity that was less intense than that observed in the RhBG-positive intercalated cells. Thus all CCD principal cells and a subset of intercalated cells exhibit basolateral RhBG immunoreactivity.
In the medullary collecting duct, CA II immunoreactivity is present only in intercalated cells. In the OMCD, all CA II-positive cells exhibited intense basolateral RhBG immunoreactivity (Fig. 4c). Furthermore, CA II-negative cells did not express identifiable RhBG immunoreactivity. The results of CA II and RhBG colocalization in the IMCD were similar to that in the OMCD. All CA II-positive cells were also RhBG positive. Thus basolateral RhBG immunoreactivity is present in OMCD and IMCD intercalated cells and not in OMCD principal cells or in IMCD cells.
Colocalization of RhBG with AE1
To identify the specific intercalated cell subtypes that exhibit RhBG immunoreactivity, we first colocalized RhBG with AE1. AE1 is present in the basolateral plasma membrane of the intercalated cells in the medulla and the type A intercalated cells in the cortex (1, 36, 38).In RhBG and AE1 colocalization studies, CCD, OMCD, and IMCD cells
with basolateral AE1 immunoreactivity coexpressed basolateral RhBG
immunoreactivity (Fig. 7). OMCD and IMCD
cells that were AE1 negative were also RhBG negative. Thus CCD A-type
intercalated cells and intercalated cells in the OMCD and IMCD express
basolateral RhBG immunoreactivity.
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Colocalization of RhBG with Pendrin
Pendrin is a recently identified apical ClThe colocalization of RhBG with pendrin differed in the CCD, CNT,
and ICT. In the CCD, cells that expressed apical pendrin immunoreactivity did not express basolateral RhBG immunoreactivity (Fig. 8, A and B).
Moreover, CCD cells that lacked basolateral RhBG immunoreactivity
expressed apical pendrin immunoreactivity. Occasionally, there appeared
to be colocalization of apical RhBG immunoreactivity with apical
pendrin immunoreactivity. In contrast, pendrin-positive cells in the
CNT almost always expressed basolateral RhBG immunoreactivity. The ICT
appeared to have both pendrin-positive, RhBG-positive cells and
pendrin-positive, RhBG-negative cells. Identical results were obtained
with the two different pendrin antibodies. Thus, in general,
pendrin-positive CCD cells do not express identifiable basolateral RhBG
immunoreactivity, CNT pendrin-positive cells do express basolateral
RhBG immunoreactivity, and ICT pendrin-positive cells are both RhBG
positive and RhBG negative.
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Localization of RhCG
Next, we examined the localization of RhCG protein, a second putative ammonium transporter expressed in the kidney. RhCG immunoreactivity was present in epithelial cells in CNT and collecting duct segments throughout the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla (Fig. 9). Coincubation of the primary antibody with the immunizing peptide completely prevented immunoreactivity (Fig. 5, C and D). However, in contrast to RhBG, RhCG immunoreactivity was apical rather than primarily basolateral. Identical results were obtained by using a second anti-RhCG antibody developed in our laboratory (data not shown). The labeling pattern was similar in sections subjected to antigen retrieval and those where antigen retrieval was omitted. However, the sections subjected to antigen retrieval exhibited more distinct labeling.
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In the cortex, virtually all cells in the CNT, ICT, and CCD exhibited apical labeling (Fig. 9, a-c). The apical labeling of cells in the CNT was more intense and homogeneous than in the CCD (compare Fig. 9, b and c). In the CCD, the majority of cells exhibited weak apical immunolabeling, whereas a small population of cells had intense apical immunolabeling (Fig. 9c). The intensely labeled cells frequently had a rounded, bulging apical surface, suggesting that they were intercalated cells. RhCG immunoreactivity was not observed in proximal tubule cells or thick ascending limb cells, even in experiments in which higher concentrations of the primary antibody were used.
The OMCDo expressed RhCG immunoreactivity that was apical and present in virtually all cells (Fig. 9d). The pattern was similar to that observed in the CCD, with the majority of cells having weak apical labeling and a minority exhibiting intense apical labeling. However, in the OMCDi, the majority of cells were negative for the RhCG immunolabel, although a minority had intense apical labeling (Fig. 9e). In the IMCD, only a small minority of cells exhibited apical immunolabeling (Fig. 9f).
Colocalization of RhCG with RhBG
The convoluted tubule cells in which RhCG is expressed could be the same cells in which RhBG is expressed, i.e., the CNT, or it could be the DCT or both the DCT and the CNT. To differentiate these possibilities, we examined colocalization of RhBG and RhCG immunoreactivity. In all cases, convoluted tubule cells either expressed apical RhCG and basolateral RhBG or expressed neither (Fig. 10). Thus RhCG is expressed in the same convoluted tubule cells as RhBG, i.e., CNT cells, and not in DCT cells.
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Colocalization of RhCG and CA II
In the CNT, colocalization of RhCG with CA II demonstrated that essentially all CA II-negative cells, that is, CNT cells, expressed apical RhCG immunoreactivity (Fig. 11, a and c). The majority of CA II-positive cells expressed intense RhCG apical immunoreactivity that was much greater than that observed in CA II-negative cells. However, a few CA II-positive cells exhibited only faint or no immunoreactivity (Fig. 11c).
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In the CCD, although the distinction between principal cells and intercalated cells was not as clear as in the CNT, cells identified as intercalated cells by strong CA II immunoreactivity exhibited intense apical RhCG immunoreactivity (Fig. 11, b and d). The majority of cells had weaker CA II immunoreactivity and a thin apical band of RhCG immunoreactivity. Thus principal cells exhibited less abundant apical RhCG compared with intercalated cells.
Although RhCG immunoreactivity was present in all cells in the OMCDo, the immunolabel was more intense in CA II-positive cells than in CA II-negative cells (Fig. 11, e and f). Thus the OMCDo intercalated cell appears to contain more apical RhCG than the OMCDo principal cell.
In the OMCDi and the IMCD, RhCG immunoreactivity was present only in CA II-positive cells (Fig. 11, g and h). Thus in these segments, RhCG is present in intercalated cells and is not detectable in the OMCDi principal cell or in the IMCD cell.
Thus apical RhCG immunoreactivity is present in virtually all cells in the CNT, ICT, CCD, and OMCDo and in intercalated cells in the OMCDi and IMCD. In the cortical segments and the OMCDo, intercalated cells were more intensely labeled than principal cells.
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DISCUSSION |
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The present studies are the first to determine the specific cellular location of the putative ammonium transporter family proteins RhBG and RhCG in the mouse kidney. Our findings demonstrate that the putative ammonium transporters RhBG and RhCG are widely distributed throughout the collecting duct and CNT. However, the intensity of the immunoreactivity and the prevalence of positive cells are markedly greater in the CNT and the CCD than in the medullary collecting duct segments. We find that in the CCD and CNT virtually all epithelial cell subtypes express both basolateral RhBG and apical RhCG, including CNT cells, principal cells, and type A and non-A-non-B intercalated cells but, interestingly, not type B intercalated cells.
In medullary collecting duct segments, the coexistence of basolateral RhBG and apical RhCG persists in the intercalated cells, which are similar in function to type A intercalated cells in the CCD. However, expression of these transporters is largely absent in the majority cell types, principal cells, and IMCD cells and is limited to weak apical RhCG immunoreactivity in OMCDo principal cells.
The coexistence and polarized expression of these transporters in multiple epithelial cell subtypes in collecting duct segments and the marked axial heterogeneity with respect to both the intensity of immunoreactivity and the prevalence of labeled cells, particularly among principal cells, suggest that RhBG and RhCG mediate specific and important roles in the kidney.
The cellular localization of RhBG protein in the present study adds to the reported localization of RhBG. In situ hybridization studies suggested that renal convoluted tubules express RhBG mRNA (23). Whether these were proximal convoluted tubules, DCTs, or CNTs was not determined. The present studies identify no RhBG immunoreactivity in proximal convoluted tubule cells, even in experiments in which we used higher concentrations of the RhBG antibody than was necessary to produce intense immunoreactivity in the CNT and collecting duct. Thus our findings of intense RhBG immunoreactivity in the CNT but not in proximal tubules or DCT suggest that the convoluted tubules that were positive for RhBG mRNA in the in situ hybridization studies (23) represent the CNT. Our observation that RhBG immunoreactivity is substantially less in the CCD than in the CNT suggests that RhBG protein expression is less in the CCD than in the CNT. Thus CCD RhBG mRNA expression may also be lower, potentially below the level of detection by using in situ hybridization. This might explain the failure to detect RhBG mRNA expression by in situ hybridization in a previous study (23).
The present studies demonstrate that a subpopulation of CCD intercalated cells do not express identifiable basolateral RhBG immunoreactivity. Colocalization of RhBG with AE1 demonstrates that the type A intercalated cell in the CCD, as well as intercalated cells throughout the medullary collecting duct, express basolateral RhBG. Colocalization with pendrin, an apical anion exchanger present in type B and non-A-non-B intercalated cells (17, 41), revealed two patterns of RhBG localization in pendrin-positive cells. In the CCD, pendrin-positive cells were negative for RhBG, whereas in the CNT pendrin-positive cells typically exhibited basolateral RhBG immunoreactivity. In the mouse CNT, non-A-non-B intercalated cells are prevalent and type B intercalated cells are rare (36). Thus the pendrin-positive, RhBG-positive cells observed in the CNT likely are non-A-non-B intercalated cells. In the CCD, the identity of non-A intercalated cells is not as clear. Some investigators have reported that in the CCD, type B intercalated cells occur frequently and non-A-non-B intercalated cells are rare or absent (36), whereas other studies have reported that non-A-non-B intercalated cells occur as frequently as type B intercalated cells (15). Thus the pendrin-positive, RhBG-negative cells observed in the CCD likely include type B intercalated cells. It is also possible that non-A-non-B intercalated cells in the CCD, unlike those in the CNT, do not express RhBG. Nevertheless, our findings indicate that the CNT non-A-non-B intercalated cell and type A cells throughout the medullary collecting duct express basolateral RhBG immunoreactivity, whereas the CCD type B cell does not express it at detectable levels.
The cellular localization of RhCG protein that we observed in this study is both consistent with and adds to a previous report examining RhCG mRNA expression in the mouse kidney (22). Using in situ mRNA hybridization, it was suggested that RhCG mRNA was expressed by collecting duct cells (22). The immunohistochemical findings in the present study are consistent with this observation and extend these findings in important ways. First, the present study establishes that RhCG protein is present in the CNT and the collecting duct. In addition, the present study demonstrates that RhCG is located at the apical membrane of mouse renal cells in which it is expressed. We have observed similar findings in the rat (Verlander and Weiner, unpublished observations).
Although our findings of polarized expression of RhBG and RhCG in many
specific epithelial cells in the CNT and collecting duct suggest these
proteins have functional importance, their potential roles in the
kidney presently must be surmised from evidence regarding the functions
of related proteins in other cell types. In 1994, separate independent
groups reported the cloning and expression of ammonium transporters
from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mep1
(29), and from plants, Amt1 (32). Both Mep1
and Amt1 encode proteins of ~54 kDa with 9-12 transmembrane domains that transport both ammonium (NH
A fundamental characteristic of yeast and plant members of this protein
family is ammonium transport (26, 27, 29). RhAG, another
mammalian member of this transport family (26), transports the ammonium analog methylammonium (42). Similarly, a
preliminary report suggests that mouse RhCG, when expressed in the
Xenopus laevis oocyte, mediates electrogenic acid loading in
the presence, but not the absence, of extracellular ammonia, consistent
with RhCG functioning as an electrogenic NH
Another possible function of these proteins is to function as ammonia "sensors." In the mammalian collecting duct, ammonia regulates several aspects of collecting duct ion transport. For example, ammonia stimulates collecting duct net proton secretion (6, 9, 19, 40) and potassium reabsorption (11). Simultaneously, ammonia inhibits CCD unidirectional bicarbonate and potassium secretion and sodium reabsorption (7, 11). The mechanisms through which ammonia alters ion transport are not completely identified. However, the effects of ammonia on CCD acid-base transport can be dissociated from ammonia transport (7-9). Thus ammonia may act through a cellular sensor to regulate collecting duct ion transport. Evidence from other organisms suggests that ammonium transporters related to RhBG and RhCG can serve as ammonia sensors and regulate cell function. Specifically, in yeast, the ammonium transporter Mep2 regulates the cellular response to nutrient depletion through mechanisms that are independent of ammonium transport (25). Thus it is possible that RhBG or RhCG may function as such a sensor and may regulate function in any of the specific epithelial cell types where they are present.
In summary, these studies are the first to identify the cellular localization of the ammonium transporter family of proteins RhBG and RhCG in the mouse kidney. RhBG and RhCG protein exhibit axial heterogeneity and polarized expression in many specific epithelial cell types in the mouse CNT and collecting duct, consistent with an important role for these proteins in either ammonium transport or signaling throughout these segments.
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NOTE ADDED IN PROOF |
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A report describing a similar localization of RhCG in the rat kidney (5) was published while this manuscript was under review.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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The authors thank Gina Cowsert and Lee Ann Day for secretarial support and Melissa A. Lewis and Lauren DeWitt of the University of Florida College of Medicine Electron Microscopy Core Facility who performed the majority of the immunohistochemical experiments. We also thank Dr. Shen-Ling Xia of the North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System confocal microscopy core facility and Timothy Vaught of the University of Florida Brain Institute for assistance with the confocal microscopy.
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FOOTNOTES |
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These studies were supported by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Grant DK-45788 and funds from the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Florida Affiliate of the American Heart Association.
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: I. D. Weiner, Div. of Nephrology, Hypertension and Transplantation, Univ. of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100224, Gainesville, FL 32610 (E-mail: WeineID{at}ufl.edu).
1
Ammonia exists in solution in the molecular forms
of NH3 and NH
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
First published October 8, 2002;10.1152/ajprenal.00050.2002
Received 6 February 2002; accepted in final form 2 October 2002.
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