1 Department of Pharmacology, 2 Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, and 3 Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261; and 4 Endocrine Division, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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ABSTRACT |
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The plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) and the NCX1 Na+/Ca2+ exchanger regulate intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and mediate Ca2+ efflux in absorptive epithelial cells. We characterized the PMCA isoforms and subtypes expressed in mouse distal convoluted tubule (mDCT) cells and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger protein expression in mDCT cells. In lysates of mDCT cells, immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis, performed with a monoclonal antibody to PMCA, revealed a 140-kDa protein consistent with PMCA. Laser-scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy indicated that PMCA and NCX1 expression is restricted to basolateral membranes only in confluent mDCT cells, because subconfluent cultures predominately express intracellular localizations. PMCA isoform-specific PCR primers generated appropriately sized products only for PMCA1 and PMCA4 from DCT cells but PMCA1-4 from whole mouse kidney. Assessment of splice site C within the calmodulin-binding domain demonstrated the presence of PMCA1b and PMCA4b mRNAs in mDCT cells. Northern blot analysis of mDCT cell RNA revealed transcripts of 7.5 and 5.5 kb for PMCA1 and 8.5 and 7.5 kb for PMCA4. We conclude that DCT cells express PMCA transcripts encoding PMCA1b and PMCA4b. Basolateral localization of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and PMCAs support the idea that multiple PMCA isoforms, in concert with the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, mediate basal or hormone-stimulated Ca2+ efflux by distal tubules.
calcium transport; kidney; plasma membrane calcium-adenosine 5'-triphosphatase; sodium-calcium exchange; confocal fluorescence microscopy
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INTRODUCTION |
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RENAL CA2+ absorption occurs primarily in proximal tubules, thick ascending limbs, and distal convoluted tubules (DCTs; and in rabbit connecting tubules) through distinct pathways in each nephron segment. In proximal tubules, Ca2+ movement is primarily mediated by passive, paracellular mechanisms (49). Absorption in DCTs, in contrast, is an active, transcellular process that is stimulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and calcitonin (24). In cortical thick ascending limbs (CALs), Ca2+ transport is a hybrid of resting Ca2+ absorption that is passive and paracellular, whereas active absorption is transcellular (17, 18, 23). Cellular Ca2+ absorption is a two-step process wherein Ca2+ first enters the cell down its electrochemical gradient through apical membrane Ca2+ channels (3, 45) and then exits across the basolateral membrane into the peritubular fluid. This latter step depends on direct or indirect metabolic energy to overcome the thermodynamic barrier opposing Ca2+ efflux and is thought to be mediated by a plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) (5, 19) or an Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (15, 16).
PMCAs regulate intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) by extruding Ca2+ ions across plasma membranes. In the kidney, PMCAs may have a specialized role in Ca2+ transport by participating in net absorptive movement. Although PMCA protein and transcripts are found in proximal tubule cells, they are expressed at higher levels in distal portions of the nephron (57, 61). Compared with other nephron segments, the DCT possesses the highest Ca2+-ATPase activity (19) and exhibits the strongest immunocytochemical reactivity for PMCA protein expression (5, 6, 39). The PMCA isoforms expressed by Ca2+-transporting DCT cells are subject to conflicting reports and contradictory information, and the PMCA subtypes are uncertain.
The PMCA enzymes are P-type ATPases that are encoded by four homologous genes designated PMCA1-4 (54). The isoforms are expressed in a tissue-dependent manner with PMCA1 and PMCA4 present in virtually all organs (51, 52), whereas PMCA2 and PMCA3 are expressed predominantly in brain and striated muscle (54).1 The PMCA transcripts undergo tissue-specific alternative splicing within regulatory sites to generate multiple subtypes of each isoform. Site A is located in the NH2-terminal half of the enzymes in a phospholipid-sensitive region (64). Site C, near the COOH terminus of the enzymes, is present within the calmodulin-binding domain (53), with alternatively spliced subtypes exhibiting functional differences (21).
The NCX1 Na+/Ca2+ exchanger is similarly highly expressed in kidney and may also play a role in mediating Ca2+ absorption. The exchanger has been mapped to basolateral membranes of distal nephron cells in humans (43), rats (43), mice (11, 37), dogs (7), and rabbits (46, 47). Within distal segments, additional molecular and functional evidence supports NCX1 localization in the CAL (18), DCT (60), connecting tubule (CNT) (20), and cortical collecting duct (57).
The goals of the present studies were to characterize the PMCA isoforms present in mouse DCT (mDCT) cells and to assess PMCA and NCX1 Na+/Ca2+ exchanger protein expression. As the establishment of cell polarity is necessary for vectorial transport in renal epithelial cells, we also examined the localization of PMCA and NCX1 in unpolarized and polarized mDCT cells.
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METHODS |
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Cell culture. DCT plus CAL cells were isolated by immunoselection using Tamm-Horsfall protein antiserum (44). Primary cultures of this mixed-cell population, referred to herein as distal tubule cells, were immortalized by exposure to chimeric adenovirus 12-simian virus 40 (AD12/SV40), and DCT cells were subcloned by limiting dilution. These immortalized cells, described here as mDCT cells, express a phenotype that includes increased cAMP in response to treatment with PTH or calcitonin (26), and thiazide-sensitive, but not bumetanide-sensitive, Na+ transport (28). mDCT cells were grown on 100-mm dishes (Corning Glass Works; Corning, NY) in DMEM/Ham's F-12 media (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) supplemented with 5% heat-inactivated FCS (Sigma) and an antibiotic mixture of 50 µg of penicillin, 50 µg of streptomycin, and 100 µg of neomycin/100 ml of media (GIBCO, Gaithersburg, MD) in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air-5% CO2 at 37°C.
Immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis.
mDCT cells (107) were washed three times with 3 ml of
1× PBS. The cells were lysed on ice in 1.0 ml of RIPA buffer [150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris · HCl, pH 8.0, 0.5% deoxycholate, 1% Triton
X-100, 0.1% SDS, 1.0 µg/ml aprotonin, and 75 µg/ml of
4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride] for 5 min. The
suspensions were transferred to 1.5-ml Eppendorf tubes and centrifuged
at 13,000 g for 5 min at 4°C. The supernatant was stored
at 70°C until use. For precipitation, a monoclonal antibody (class
IgG-2a) recognizing all PMCA isoforms (5) (Affinity
BioReagents, Golden, CO) or nonspecific mouse IgG (Sigma) was added to
1.0 ml of mDCT lysate to a final concentration of 0.5 or 0.25 µg/ml
and incubated at 4°C for 2 h on a rocking platform. Twenty
microliters of 1:1 ratio of 1× PBS/protein A Sepharose CL-4B
(Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ) mixture were added to the tube and
incubated at 4°C for an additional hour. The reactants were then
centrifuged for 30 s to pellet the Sepharose. The supernatant was
removed and set aside on ice, and a Lowry protein assay was performed
by using BSA as a standard. The pellet was washed three times with RIPA
buffer. Fifty microliters of 2× SDS sample buffer were added to the
Sepharose, and the mixture was heated for 5 min at 100°C. The
Sepharose and sample buffer were centrifuged for 2 min, and the
supernatant was removed. Twenty-five micrograms of the supernatant and
10 µl of the precipitant were electrophoresed (Hoefer Scientific, San
Francisco, CA) on a 7.5% polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) at 25 mA/gel.
Prestained markers (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) were
electrophoresed in parallel and used for protein mass determination.
The protein was transferred to nitrocellulose (Bio-Rad) in an
electroblotting apparatus (Hoefer Scientific) for 2 h at 400 mA.
Immunofluorescence labeling and laser scanning confocal microscopy. mDCT cells were added to the apical chamber of rat-tail collagen-coated 12-mm-diameter Transwells (Corning-Costar, Cambridge, MA) at 50,000 cells/well. After 48 and 72 h, cells were fixed and processed with the use of a pH-shift protocol (2). Cells were incubated for 1 h at 37°C [with a 1:100 dilution of a mouse monoclonal antibody against PMCA (Affinity BioReagents) and a rabbit polyclonal antibody against NCX1 (Swant, Bellinzona, Switzerland)], washed, and then incubated for 1 h at 37°C [with a 1:200 dilution of Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG and Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-rabbit IgG (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR)]. Imaging was performed on a TCS confocal microscope equipped with krypton-, argon-, and helium-neon lasers (Leica, Dearfield, IL). Images were acquired with the use of a ×100 plan-apochromat objective (1.4 numerical aperature) and the appropriate filter combination. Settings were as follows: photomultipliers set to 600-800 mV, 1.0-µm pinhole, zoom = 1.7-2.5, and Kalman filter (n = 4). The images (1,024 × 1,024 pixels) were saved in TIFF, with the contrast level of the images adjusted in the Photoshop program (Adobe, Mountain View, CA). The contrast-corrected images were imported into FreeHand (Macromedia, San Francisco, CA) and printed with a Kodak 8670PS dye sublimation printer (Rochester, NY). Cross-fluorescence was negligible when cells were labeled with either antibody alone.
RNA isolation.
mDCT cells (1 × 107) were washed three times with 3 ml of 1× PBS. Cells were then solubilized and scraped in the presence
of 1.0 ml of 1 M
2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl--D-glucopyranosyl
isothiocyanate, layered onto a 1.5-ml CsCl gradient in 3-ml TL-100
centrifuge tubes (Beckman; Fullerton, CA), and overlaid with 0.15 ml of
20% sarkosyl. Gradients were centrifuged for 2 h at room
temperature, and pellets were washed with 70% ethanol and resuspended
in 100 µl of sterile water. Quantitation of yield was determined by
absorbance at 260 and 280 nm.
RT-PCR.
Total RNA (1.0 µg) from mDCT cells or 250 ng of mouse kidney mRNA
(Clontech, Palo Alto, CA) was reverse transcribed by using MuMLV RT and
random hexamers (GeneAmp RNA-PCR kit; PerkinElmer, Foster City, CA) for
10 min at room temperature and then for 15 min at 42°C in the
presence of 5 mM MgCl2. As a control for genomic DNA
contamination of the RNA preparations, duplicate samples were not
reverse transcribed. The cDNA was amplified with Taq
polymerase in the presence of 2 mM MgCl2 in the same tube
as the RT reaction. PCR primers were specific for each PMCA gene
product and subtype (Table 1). -Actin
primers (Table 1) were based on the human genomic
-actin sequence
(41). PCR was performed at 94°C for 1 min, annealed at
the specific temperature for each primer pair (Table 1) for 1 min, and
extended for 2 min at 70°C for 35 cycles, with a final extension of 7 min. The individual reactions were performed on at least two
independent RNA samples, and the results were identical for each primer
pair. The products were electrophoresed on a 1% agarose gel (FMC,
Rockland, ME) and stained with ethidium bromide.
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DNA sequencing. DNA sequencing was performed with the PRISM DyeDeoxy Sequencing Kit (ABI, Foster City, CA) as described by the manufacturer. The cDNA products were sequenced with the Applied Biosystems model 373A DNA sequencing system. Briefly, products were cut from a low-melting-temperature agarose gel (FMC), the cDNA was isolated (Wizard Prep; Promega, Madison, WI), and then 100 ng were sequenced with 3.2 pM of the top or bottom oligodeoxynucleotide PCR primer. At least two independent PCR experiments were sequenced in both directions to control for Taq polymerase incorporation errors. Sequence comparisons between cDNA products and previously identified PMCA sequences were carried out with GCG (Genetics Computer Group, Madison, WI) and GeneWorks (IntelliGenetics, Mountain View, CA) software.
Northern blot analysis.
mDCT cell total RNA (5.0 µg) was electrophoresed on a 1.2%
agarose-formaldehyde gel and electrotransferred overnight to GeneScreen Plus Membrane (DuPont-NEN, Wilmington, DE). The blots were
prehybridized in a solution of 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS, and 10% dextran
sulfate for 60 min at 60°C and then probed with 2 × 106 cpm/ml of the randomly primed (Prime-it II kit;
Stratagene), [32P]dCTP (ICN Pharmaceuticals, Costa Mesa,
CA) mDCT PMCA1 or PMCA4 PCR products with the addition of 100 µl of a
10 mg/ml stock solution of salmon sperm DNA, where cpm is counts per
minute. The blots were washed at high stringency with 50 ml of 2×
sodium chloride-sodium citrate, 0.1% SDS three times at room
temperature and then with 0.1× sodium chloride-sodium citrate, 0.1%
SDS three times at 60°C and exposed to Kodak X-AR film for 24-48
h at 70°C.
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RESULTS |
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Analysis of PMCA protein expression in mDCT cells.
To assess PMCA protein expression in mDCT cells, immunoprecipitation
and Western blot analysis were performed on total cellular lysates by
using a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the conserved hinge domain
present within all PMCA isoforms (5) (Fig.
1). Lysates not exposed to
specific or nonspecific antibody produced no precipitants (Fig.
1A, lane 1). Nonspecific mouse IgG (0.5 µg/ml) exhibited only the IgG heavy chain band at 50 kDa (Fig. 1A, lane 2). The PMCA antibody produced
concentration-dependent precipitation, where the 0.5 µg/ml
concentration of antibody precipitated more PMCA than the 0.25 µg/ml
concentration (Fig. 1A, lanes 3 and
4). Both PMCA antibody dilutions, 0.5 and 0.25 µg/ml,
precipitated a polypeptide of 140 kDa, as well as the 50-kDa band from
the IgG heavy chain. The 140-kDa mass of the reacting polypeptide in
mDCT cell lysates agrees with reported PMCA molecular masses (5,
51). The parallel supernatants displayed a predictable pattern
of PMCA content. Both control and nonspecific mouse IgG exhibited
140-kDa PMCA bands of similar intensity (Fig. 1B,
lanes 1 and 2), whereas the corresponding
supernatants from lysates treated with the PMCA antibody showed light
bands at 140 kDa (Fig. 1B, lanes 3 and
4), confirming the immunodepletion of PMCA. Also, lane
4 showed a slightly darker 140-kDa band in the supernatant compared with lane 3, indicating that the greater dilution
of the antibody precipitated less PMCA protein; nonspecific IgG did not
precipitate the enzyme. Thus the antibody to PMCA precipitated and
recognized a single reacting species by Western blot analysis, which
demonstrates that mDCT cells express PMCA protein.
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Analysis of PMCA isoforms in mDCT cells.
RT-PCR was used to characterize the PMCA mRNA isoforms expressed in
mDCT cells. RNA from mDCT cells and mouse kidney was reverse transcribed and amplified by PCR in paired, separate experiments (each
paired experiment produced the same result) with primers specific for
the four PMCA isoforms (Table 1). The primers used for these studies
are known to amplify the four PMCA isoforms from mouse kidney RNA
(61) and were confirmed by sequencing (61).
The primers to PMCA1 mRNA revealed a product of 550 bp in mouse kidney
and mDCT cells (Fig. 2A). The
primers specific for PMCA2 and PMCA3 generated appropriately sized
products from whole kidney of 427 and 392 bp (Fig. 2, B and
C, Mouse Kidney +), respectively. No products
were detected in mDCT cells (Fig. 2, B and C,
DCT +). The primers targeting PMCA4 transcripts generated an appropriately sized product of 546 bp in mouse kidney and in mDCT
cells (Fig. 2D, Mouse Kidney + and
DCT +). Samples that were run in the absence () of RT showed
no products (Fig. 2, A-D), indicating that
the cDNAs arose from amplification of RNA and not genomic DNA.
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Analysis of regulatory domain primary structure.
PMCA transcripts are alternatively spliced to generate tissue-specific
subtypes. Site C, within the calmodulin-binding domain in
the 3' portion of the PMCA transcript, undergoes splicing that leads to
functional and regulatory differences among subtypes (21,
32). With the inclusion of an entire downstream exon, the
"a" subtype is produced; whereas, when it is excluded, the "b"
subtype is formed (53). RT-PCR was performed with primers that encompass site C (Table 1) within the PMCA1 and PMCA4
transcripts to determine PMCA subtype expression by mDCT cells. Mouse
kidney mRNA was used as a positive control. The primers targeting PMCA1 revealed the presence of a single product of 430 bp in both mDCT cells
and whole kidney (Fig. 3A,
Mouse Kidney + and DCT +). The mDCT product
was sequenced, and its identity as PMCA1b was confirmed by comparison
with the corresponding rat 1b and human 1b sequences (Fig.
4A). The PMCA4 primers
disclosed a single product of 443 bp from mDCT cells and from whole
kidney RNA, which is consistent with the predicted size for a PMCA4b
product (Fig. 3B, Mouse Kidney + and
DCT +). PMCA4b expression was confirmed by sequence
analysis (Fig. 4B). All reactions performed in the absence
() of RT (Fig. 4) yielded no products, indicating specific
amplification of mRNA. Thus mDCT cells express transcripts encoding the
PMCA1b and PMCA4b subtypes.
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Northern blot analysis of mDCT RNA.
To determine the sizes of the PMCA1 and PMCA4 transcripts expressed in
mDCT cells, Northern blot analysis was performed on total RNA with
[32P]dCTP PCR products for mDCT PMCA1 or PMCA4. The PMCA1
probe hybridized with two distinct transcripts of 7.5 and 5.5 kb in
mDCT cell RNA (Fig. 5). The probe
specific for PMCA4 hybridized with 8.5- and 7.5-kb transcripts in RNA
from mDCT cells (Fig. 5). The origin of multiple transcripts
hybridizing with the PMCA1 and PMCA4 probes is unknown. However, the
mRNA sizes in mDCT cells are similar to doublets described in other
reports (35, 36, 57) and may arise from splicing of
untranslated portions of the mRNAs (10).
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Analysis of NCX1 Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and PMCA protein expression in distal tubule cells. The NCX1 Na+/Ca2+ exchanger is principally localized to cortical distal nephrons (7, 20, 47). Primary cultures of distal tubule cells, a mixture of CAL and DCT cells (44), express the NCX1 exchanger (60) and, as shown here (Fig. 1), high levels of PMCA in mDCT cells as assessed by Western blot analysis.
The expression of PMCA and NCX1 was examined by simultaneous, dual fluorescence laser scanning confocal microscopy in subconfluent and confluent mDCT cells. In a subconfluent culture grown for 48 h on collagen-coated Transwell filters (Fig. 6), PMCA and NCX1 were colocalized and found predominately to be perinuclear, near the apex of the cells (Fig. 6, A, B, E, F, I, and J) but distributed more diffusely through the cytoplasm in the mid-to-basal regions of the cells (Fig. 6, C, D, G, H, K, and L). The high degree of intracellular colocalization suggests that the transporters are in the same compartments before targeting to the membrane. Although greater plasma membrane staining of both transporters was observed in the basolateral region of the cells (Fig. 6, D, H, and L), the "cobblestone" appearance typical of fully polarized epithelial cells was absent at this stage of growth.
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DISCUSSION |
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The DCT absorbs Ca2+ by active cellular transport in response to calcitropic hormones and to thiazide diuretics. Efflux of Ca2+ across basolateral membranes requires energy-dependent movement, because extrusion is opposed by an appreciable thermodynamic barrier. Although abundant evidence supports the functional activity and expression of PMCA in DCTs, the particular isoforms expressed by the cells forming the distal nephron are controversial. PMCA isoforms are known to be expressed in a tissue-dependent manner, with functional activity and regulation potentially varying with primary structure. In DCTs, one or more of these PMCA isoforms may mediate Ca2+ efflux. Therefore, the purpose of the present studies was to determine the PMCA isoforms and subtypes expressed by DCT cells. We also tested the hypothesis that DCT cells express both PMCA and NCX1 Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. The results demonstrate that mDCT cells express mRNA transcripts for PMCA1b, PMCA4b, and PMCA protein. In addition, laser scanning confocal microscopy revealed that only mDCT cells grown to confluence express the NCX1 Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and PMCA protein in basolateral membranes. By using immunoprecipitation and tandem Western blot analysis with a monoclonal antibody to the hinge region of the erythrocyte PMCA (5), we verified the presence of PMCA protein in mDCT cell lysates (Fig. 1). The results demonstrate that clonal mDCT cells express one or more PMCAs exhibiting a molecular mass of 140 kDa, similar to that of other PMCA enzymes (5, 13, 51). The antibody used in Western blot analysis in this report cannot distinguish among the four PMCA isoforms. Therefore, we turned to RT-PCR using isoform-specific PMCA primers. Although transcripts encoding PMCA isoforms 1 and 4 were evident by RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis (Figs. 2 and 3), only a single reacting protein was detected by Western blot analysis (Fig. 1). The similar migration of PMCA isoforms during SDS-PAGE (51) most likely accounts for the appearance of a single band. The confocal data (Figs. 6 and 7) demonstrate that PMCA and NCX1 expression is polarized to the basolateral surface in cultured mDCT cells only after confluence is achieved. This is consistent with studies of the development of basolateral membrane polarity in MDCK cells, a distal-like cell culture model. In one study, Na,K-ATPase distribution (another P-type ATPase) exhibited exclusive basolateral staining only after extensive cell-cell contacts were formed (42), and in another, basolateral polarity was not observed by 48 h of growth but was only observed after 72 h (59), which is similar to the results presented here. These observations demonstrate that not only cell density but also polarized cell development must be considered in studies involving colocalization of membrane proteins.
The presence of basolateral PMCA in mDCT cells is consistent with the hypothesized role of PMCA in DCTs to extrude Ca2+ from the cell at the basal surface against a concentration gradient. Polarization of PMCA in mDCT cells also agrees with previous observations that the same antibody identifies PMCA localized to the basolateral surface of DCTs in paraffin-embedded rat kidney sections (5). Thus PMCA shows similar polarization in cultured confluent mDCT cells as occurs in vivo. The results also incidentally verify that cultured mDCT cells exhibit a polarized phenotype when grown to confluence.
The observations reported herein of PMCA protein expression in mDCT cells are consistent with immunolocalization studies of rat kidney, in which high amounts of PMCA protein were expressed in distal nephrons (5, 38), as well as recent studies demonstrating PMCA and NCX1 immunostaining along basolateral regions of the mouse distal nephron (37). Furthermore, the clonal mDCT cell line used here expresses low levels of the Ca2+-binding protein calbindin-D28k (Christakos S and Friedman PA, unpublished observations), which is shown to colocalize with PMCA in rat distal tubule cells (5, 38) and with both PMCA and NCX1 in mouse distal tubules (37).
By using RT-PCR, we showed that mDCT cells express transcripts encoding two PMCA isoforms, PMCA1 and PMCA4 (Fig. 2). Northern blot analysis performed on RNA isolated from the mDCT cells corroborates the conclusion that PMCA1 and PMCA4 isoforms are present in these cells (Fig. 5). We previously found that renal proximal tubule cells derived from mouse S1, S2, and S3 segments similarly express PMCA1 and PMCA4 (61). Some other cells, such as UMR-106 osteosarcoma cells, are also known to express multiple PMCA isoforms, i.e., PMCA1, PMCA2, and PMCA4 (1). The consequences of expressing multiple PMCA isoforms within a single cell are not known, and further investigation will be required to resolve the roles of the individual DCT PMCA isoforms.
PMCA transcripts undergo tissue-specific alternative splicing within the calmodulin-binding domain site C (35, 51, 52). By using RT-PCR with primers encompassing this site, we determined that mDCT cells contain transcripts encoding PMCA1b and PMCA4b subtypes (Figs. 3 and 4), which most likely arise from the complete deletion of a single exon. Full-length mouse PMCA1 and PMCA4 genes have not been cloned; therefore, the exact gene structures are presently unknown. However, mouse PMCA1 and PMCA4 cDNA sequences and their respective intron-exon boundaries are highly homologous to those in rats and humans (Fig. 4, A and B) (34, 35) and suggest that the mouse possesses similar gene structures. Analysis of the site C splicing of PMCA1 and PMCA4 transcripts in human (52) and rat (34) kidney RNAs supports the view that the dominant renal isoforms are the b subtypes. It was reported that the b form of the enzyme may have a higher affinity for calmodulin and exhibit greater autoinhibition of Ca2+-ATPase activity than the a form (21). The activities of the PMCAs are regulated by protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) (14, 62), and a recent study provided evidence that phosphorylation by PKC increased the activity of PMCA4b (22). Ca2+ entry into primary cultures of DCT cells and the clonal mDCT cell line is stimulated by PTH and requires activation of PKA and PKC (25). Thus, hypothetically, downstream signaling mediated by PKC could stimulate the activity of PMCA4b through a phosphorylation event, leading to increased PMCA activity and Ca2+ efflux from DCT cells.
Magocsi et al. (39) reported a different PMCA isoform localization in the kidney than is described here. Gross identification of PMCA isoforms by RT-PCR demonstrated that PMCA1 was found in cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla; PMCA2 in cortex and outer medulla; and PMCA3 in outer medulla (39). PMCA4 was not analyzed because its cDNA sequence was not then known. More precise localization was achieved by microdissecting individual rat tubules followed by RT-PCR. They found PMCA2 exclusively in proximal tubules, CALs, and distal tubules (39). In more recent studies, mRNAs encoding the four PMCA isoforms in the rat kidney were reanalyzed (12). mRNAs for PMCA1 and PMCA2 were particularly abundant in glomeruli, proximal convoluted tubules, descending thin limbs of Henle's loop, DCTs, and cortical collecting ducts. Transcripts for PMCA3 were located in the descending thin limbs and CALs. PMCA4 was found throughout the nephron.
In contrast, we failed to detect PMCA2 by RT-PCR in mDCT cells (Fig. 2). The absence of PMCA2 most likely does not involve the inability of the PMCA2 primers to amplify the transcript, because cDNA of the appropriate size was found in mouse kidney mRNA (Fig. 2B).
The reasons for the apparent discrepancy in isoform expression between our studies and those of Magocsi et al. (39) and Caride et al. (12) are unknown at this time. Several possibilities may explain this inconsistency. The present work was conducted with an immortalized cell line, whereas the earlier observations were made with dissected nephron segments (39) or sections of kidney (5, 6). Nephron segment heterogeneity may also contribute to the disparity. Studies using markers for specific distal nephron membrane proteins (Na-Cl cotransporter, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, Tamm-Horsfall protein, and band 3 anion exchanger) showed that the DCT and CNT partially overlap in the late DCT in rat kidney (43). In this case, CNT and DCT cells may have been analyzed together and revealed the PMCA2 isoform. Moreover, by using a microdissected nephron segment composed of many cells, it is impossible to determine whether one cell type expresses multiple isoforms or whether distinct isoforms are expressed in different cells within the same nephron segment. We have shown that clonal mDCT cells express multiple PMCA isoforms (Figs. 2 and 3). It is also known that PMCA2 is largely expressed in nervous tissues (52), and the DCT is highly innervated (56). Thus PMCA2 PCR products may have arisen from renal nerves isolated in conjunction with microdissected DCTs. Finally, the PCR products described in the Magocsi et al. (39) report were not sequenced; therefore, the exact isoform amplified could not be identified.
The findings now reported are consistent with a study that examined PMCA mRNA levels in human and rat kidney (52). These investigators showed that PMCA1 and PMCA4 are the major transcripts, whereas PMCA2 mRNA constituted <2% of the total PMCA mRNA in the kidney and PMCA3 could not be detected (52). These latter results were confirmed by Western blot analysis with PMCA isoform-specific antibodies (51). PMCA1 and PMCA4 were found to be the dominant isoforms expressed in human kidney (51), although nephron localizations were not performed. The present results provide direct, molecular evidence by RT-PCR (Fig. 2) and Northern blot analysis (Fig. 5) for the expression of PMCA1 and PMCA4 isoforms in mDCT cells.
The expression of PMCA in the DCT may indicate its participation in net Ca2+ absorption. This idea is based on several observations. First, confocal and epifluorescence microscopy show that PMCA protein is localized to the basolateral membrane of distal tubules (Fig. 7, A-D) (37), which is the primary site of transcellular Ca2+ absorption. Second, the PMCA Km for Ca2+ is 0.1-0.7 µM (8, 9, 31, 58), which is within the range of free [Ca2+]i stimulated by PTH, calcitonin, and thiazide diuretics in DCT cells (28-30). However, lower affinities have also been reported (9, 55). Third, PMCA activity has been assessed in membrane vesicles prepared from distal and proximal cortical nephrons (46) and in microdissected nephron segments (19). Activity in distal segments is two to five times greater than that in proximal nephron segments or membrane vesicles derived from them. Finally, kinetic evidence points to the existence of multiple renal PMCAs with different affinities and velocities for Ca2+. Brunette et al. (9) identified low- and high-affinity PMCAs in rat renal membranes. Similarly, Sugimura et al. (55) demonstrated that rat basolateral membrane vesicles possess both a high-affinity (Km for Ca2+= 0.16 µM), low-capacity and a low-affinity (Km for Ca2+= 4.7 µM), high-capacity PMCA. Intriguingly, the mDCT cells studied here express transcripts encoding two isoforms, PMCA1b and PMCA4b (Fig. 3). It will be interesting to learn whether one isoform is the high-affinity PMCA and the other is the low-affinity pump. Hypothetically, the high-affinity isoform could be responsible for mediating changes in [Ca2+]i near resting cellular levels as a housekeeping isoform, whereas the low-affinity PMCA might be involved in hormone- or diuretic-stimulated Ca2+ absorption.
Kinetic studies of renal Na+/Ca2+ exchange
yield a K1 · mg
protein
1). Assuming that intracellular Na+
concentration is 17.5 mM (63) and
[Ca2+]i is 120-300 nM (27),
the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger operates in the forward
direction at no more than 4-10% of its
Vmax, i.e., 3-8
nmol · min
1 · mg protein
1.
Under the same conditions, the PMCA works at 30-70% of its
Vmax, or 24-56
nmol · min
1 · mg protein
1.
Thus, under resting conditions, Na+/Ca2+
exchange would account for only some 15% of the Ca2+
efflux, the remainder being due to the activity of the PMCA. Other,
greater contributions of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger
to Ca2+ efflux have also been estimated (4).
Thus it is reasonable to imagine that basal Ca2+ efflux is
mediated by the PMCA, and, at stimulated levels of Ca2+
transport after hyperpolarization, Na+/Ca2+
exchange energizes efflux. This is especially the case when
Ca2+ transport is associated with membrane
hyperpolarization, which elevates the rate of forward electrogenic
Na+/Ca2+ exchange.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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This study was supported by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Grants DK-54171 (to P. A. Friedman) and DK-51970 (to G. Apodaca).
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FOOTNOTES |
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* C. E. Magyar and K. E. White contributed equally to this study.
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: P. A. Friedman, Univ. of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Dept. of Pharmacology, E1347 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 (E-mail: paf10{at}pitt.edu).
1 The term PMCA isoform employed herein is used to distinguish PMCA gene products, such as PMCA1 and PMCA2. The term PMCA subtype refers to PMCAs that arise from alternative splicing of an individual isoform, such as PMCA4a and PMCA4b (54).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
10.1152/ajprenal.00252.2000
Received 15 August 2000; accepted in final form 26 January 2002.
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