Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, University of Buenos Aires, 1427 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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ABSTRACT |
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Previous reports have shown a
stimulatory effect of vasopressin (VP) on Na-K-ATPase and
rBSC-1 expression and activity. Whether these VP-dependent
mechanisms are operating in vivo in physiological conditions as well as
in chronic renal failure (CRF) has been less well studied. We measured
ATPase expression and activity and rBSC-1 expression in the
outer medulla of controls and moderate CRF rats both before and under
in vivo inhibition of VP by OPC-31260, a selective
V2-receptor antagonist. OPC-31260 decreased Na-K-ATPase activity from 11.2 ± 1.5 to 3.7 ± 0.8 in controls
(P < 0.05) and from 19.0 ± 0.8 to 2.9 ± 0.5 µmol Pi · mg
protein1 · h
1 in moderate CRF rats
(P < 0.05). CRF was associated with a significant increase in Na-K-ATPase activity (P < 0.05).
Similarly, CRF was also associated with a significant increase in
Na-K-ATPase expression to 164.4 ± 21.5% compared with controls
(P < 0.05), and OPC-31260 decreased Na-K-ATPase
expression in both controls and CRF rats to 57.6 ± 9.5 and
105.3 ± 10.9%, respectively (P < 0.05). On the other hand, OPC-31260 decreased rBSC-I expression in both
controls and CRF rats to 60.8 ± 6.5 and 30.0 ± 6.9%,
respectively (P < 0.05), and was not influenced by CRF
(95.7 ± 5.2%). We conclude that 1) endogenous VP
modulated Na-K-ATPase and rBSC-1 in both controls and CRF;
and 2) CRF was associated with increased activity and
expression of the Na-K-ATPase in the outer medulla, in contrast to the
unaltered expression of the rBSC-1. The data suggest that endogenous VP could participate in the regulation of electrolyte transport at the level of the outer medulla.
vasopressin; rbsc-1; sodium-potassium-adenosine 5'-triphosphatase; chronic renal failure
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INTRODUCTION |
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THERE IS STRONG
EVIDENCE that vasopressin (VP) stimulates Na-K-ATPase and
Na+-K+-Cl cotransporter in the
kidney outer medulla and, more precisely, in the medullary thick
ascending limb of Henle (mTAL) (15). However, the
experimental designs so far have been mostly related to the
administration of exogenous VP, to either intact animals or in vitro preparations.
The question of whether the level of endogenous VP activity plays a homeostatic role at the kidney outer medulla has not yet been examined. The introduction of powerful VP inhibitors has made it possible to design experiments looking at that question. OPC-31260 is a nonpeptide V2-receptor inhibitor developed by Yamamura et al. (21), and its actions are limited to states where VP activity is present. This approach was recently used by Ohara et al. (18), who were able to show a VP-mediated upregulation of the aquaporin-2 water channel in pregnant rats by using OPC-31260.
In addition, previous experiments from our laboratory and those of
others have suggested that in chronic renal failure the remaining
nephrons suffer diverse adaptive mechanisms. Thus Bertuccio et al.
(1, 2) showed an increase in intracellular cAMP levels in
microdissected mTAL segments in chronic renal failure (CRF) rats,
which were unresponsive to VP in vitro, opposed to baseline lower
levels and a dose-response stimulation in control animals (1,
2). Alternatively, Kwon et al. (16) demonstrated
compensatory increases in
Na+-K+-Cl cotransport expression
per nephron in distal segments of the remnant kidney model
(16). These results are compatible with the notion of an
augmented delivery of sodium and water to distal segments in CRF,
caused by an increase in filtered load and a decrease in the fractional
reabsorption in proximal tubule (4). Therefore, the
question of whether endogenous VP also regulates sodium transporters at
the outer medullary level in CRF, and if so, to what extent, is of interest.
In this study, we performed experiments in homogenates of outer
medulla of control and moderate CRF rats to answer the following questions: 1) does endogenous VP regulate the Na-K-ATPase
and Na+-K+-Cl cotransporters in
rats with normal renal function as well as in CRF? and 2)
are Na-K-ATPase and
Na+-K+-Cl
cotransporters modified
by CRF? The results primarily showed that endogenous VP modulates
Na-K-ATPase protein expression and activity and rBSC-1
expression in the outer medulla, both in health as well as in a
model of CRF.
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METHODS |
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Materials. Male Wistar rats (Animal Care Laboratory, Alfredo Lanari Institute of Medical Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina), weighing 250-350 g, with either normal renal function or moderate CRF, on a free diet (Ganave, Buenos Aires, Argentina) containing 24% protein, 0.5% NaCl, and 1.25% potassium, tap water ad libitum, and under controlled room temperature and light conditions, were used. The protocol was approved by the local Committee for Animal Research. Renal insufficiency was produced by suppressing a major portion of renal tissue, as described (2). Briefly, the left kidney was dipped in hot water for 14 s to burn the outer cortex. After a 7-day recovery, the right kidney was removed and the rat was studied 1 wk later. Previous studies in our laboratory (19) have demonstrated that this procedure reduces overall inulin clearance to roughly 50% of control levels, resulting in the loss, predominantly, of cortical nephrons.
Experimental protocol.
The experimental protocol is depicted in Fig.
1. Control and CRF rats were housed
individually in metabolic cages on the day of reduction of renal mass
of the left kidney and 7 days before the right nephrectomy (see
Materials). Four days after the right nephrectomy, the
animals received saline or the nonpeptide V2-receptor antagonist
5-dimethylamino-1-[4-(2-methylbenzoylamino)-benzoyl]-2,3,4,5- tetra-hydro-1H-benzazepine
hydrochloride (OPC-31260; kindly provided by Otsuka
Pharmaceutical, Tokyo, Japan). OPC-31260 was given by subcutaneous
injection (15 mg/kg twice a day for 3 days for a total of 6 injections). This dose has been proven to inhibit VP effects in normal
rats (18). Body weight and water ingestion in each rat
were measured twice daily during 4 days before the study and were
expressed as the mean of all observations. The urine was collected, the
volume was measured every 12 h for the final 3 days, and the
samples were frozen until analysis. The rats received the last
administration of saline or OPC-31260 on the day of the experiment and
4 h before being killed by decapitation. Trunk blood was
collected, and kidneys were harvested and maintained on ice during
dissection.
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Western blot analysis.
The outer medulla, containing both the outer and inner stripe, was
isolated and homogenized with 300 µl of buffer containing (in mM) 20 Tris, 2 EGTA, 2 EDTA, 1 phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), and 10 -mercaptoethanol as well as 100 KIE/ml aprotinin (pH 7.4). The
sample was stored at
70°C until assay. The protein content for each
sample was measured by Lowry et al. (17). The proteins
were separated on denaturing SDS-PAGE 8% polyacrylamide minigels
(Bio-Rad Mini Protean II), loading an equal amount of protein per lane
(~ 80 µg for Na-K-ATPase and rBSC-1). Prestained protein markers
were used for molecular weight determinations. The proteins were then
transferred from the gels to nitrocellulose membranes. After being
blocked with 5 g/dl nonfat dry milk for 1 h, the blots were probed
for 1 h at room temperature with previously characterized
antibodies: the Na-K-ATPase
1-subunit (anti-Na-K-ATPase rabbit kidney, diluted 1:1,000), the affinity-purified polyclonal antibody against a COOH-terminal fragment of the
Na+-K+-Cl
cotransporter protein
rBSC-1 (rabbit anti-rat kidney, diluted 1:2,000) and the
affinity-purified polyclonal antibody against Tamm-Horsfall protein
(rabbit anti-rat kidney, diluted 1:2,000). After being washed in
Tris-buffered saline in Tween 20 (TTBS), the membranes were exposed for
1 h at room temperature to secondary antibodies (donkey anti-goat
immunoglobulin G conjugated with horseradish peroxidase, diluted
1:3,000, for Na-K-ATPase; goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G conjugated
with horseradish peroxidase, diluted 1:2,000, for rBSC-1; and goat
anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G conjugated with horseradish peroxidase,
diluted 1:5,000, for Tamm-Horsfall). After being washed in TTBS,
antigen-antibody complexes were detected with an enhanced
chemiluminescence detection kit (Western blot chemiluminescence
reagent, NEL 100, NEN Life Science Products). After being developed
with NEL 100, nitrocellulose membranes were stained with Amido black
and showed a variation of <10% in protein loading.
Densitometric analyses of films and membranes were performed on a PC
computer using the Bio-Rad Laboratories Molecular Analyst Software
(model GS-670 Imaging Densitometer). Labeling density was always
determined on blots, where samples from CRF and OPC-31260 treated
animals were simultaneously run on each gel with samples of controls
and nontreated animals. The magnitude of the immunosignal is given as a
percentage of control rats without treatment with OPC-31260.
Na-K-ATPase activity.
Membranes of outer medulla were prepared by homogenizing slices in 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) as previously described (11).
Homogenates were centrifuged at 2,000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C. Then,
supernatants were centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 30 min at 4°C, and
the pellets were resuspended in the original buffer to the same volume.
The membranes so obtained were incubated during 15 min at 37°C in the
absence or presence of 4 mM ouabain. Na-K-ATPase activity was measured
in a buffer containing (in mM) 50 NaCl, 5 KCl, 10 MgCl2, 1 EDTA, 100 Tris · HCl, and 10 Na2ATP as well as and 2-5 Ci/mmol in tracer amounts (5 nCi/µl)
[-32P]ATP. When ouabain was present, NaCl and
KCl were omitted from the incubation medium. The phosphate liberated by
hydrolysis of [
-32P]ATP was separated by
centrifugation after adsorption of the unhydrolyzed nucleotide on 15%
activated charcoal. Radioactivity of the supernatant was measured in a
liquid scintillation spectrometer. Total and ouabain-insensitive
ATPase activity were measured, and the difference between them was
expressed in micromoles of 32P hydrolyzed per milligram
protein and per hour.
Chemicals. Anti-Na-K-ATPase [rabbit kidney (goat)] was purchased from Calbiochem, Calbiochem-Novabiochem (La Jolla, CA); rBSC-1 was a gift of Dr. Steven Hebert, Yale University; Tamm-Horsfall antibodies were a gift of Dr. John R. Hoyer (University of Pennsylvania); OPC-31260 was a gift of Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Tokyo, Japan; and secondary antibodies for Na-K-ATPase and rBSC-1 were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA) and Vector Laboratories (Burlingame, CA), respectively.
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RESULTS |
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Effect of OPC-31260 in controls and CRF rats.
Body weight is expressed as the mean of the last 3 days of the study,
and no differences were observed among groups (Table 1). Values of inulin clearance of
separated groups of animals are given, showing a reduction in
glomerular filtration rate of ~64%. OPC-31260 in control rats
increased urine volume by about three and one-half times and nearly
doubled the decrease in urine osmolality. A similar effect was
found in CRF rats. Water intake increased with OPC-31260 in both
control and CRF rats in response to changes in urine volume. As
expected, plasma osmolality was increased in CRF rats. Last, sodium
excretion increased significantly by about one and one-quarter times in
control rats when they were treated with OPC-31260, but no changes were
observed in CRF rats.
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Kidney levels of Na-K-ATPase and influence of VP blockade.
Figure 2 depicts Na-K-ATPase activity in
membrane preparations of the outer medulla of controls and moderate CRF
rats, both without and under OPC-31260 treatment. When controls and CRF
groups were analyzed, OPC-31260 treatment decreased Na-K-ATPase
activity from 11.2 ± 1.5 (n = 4) to 3.7 ± 0.8 (n = 5) in controls (P < 0.05) and
from 19.0 ± 0.8 (n = 6) to 2.9 ± 0.5 µmol
Pi · mg
protein1 · h
1 in CRF rats
(n = 10) (P < 0.05). Figure 2 also
shows that CRF was associated with a significant increase in
Na-K-ATPase activity (11.2 ± 1.5 in controls vs. 19.0 ± 0.8 µmol Pi · mg
protein
1 · h
1 in CRF)
(P < 0.05).
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Outer medullary levels of rBSC-1 and influence of VP blockade.
Figure 4A shows the expression
of rBSC-1 in controls and CRF rats both without and under
OPC-31260 administration. Tamm-Horsfall protein expression did not
change across the groups. Densitometric analysis (Fig. 4B)
shows that inhibition of the VP effect by OPC-31260 resulted in a
marked decrease in rBSC-1 expression in both controls (60.8 ± 6.5%, n = 7) and CRF rats (30.0 ± 6.9%, n = 10). Last, no effect of chronic renal
insufficiency (95.7 ± 5.2%, n = 7) on
rBSC-1 expression was observed compared with controls
(n = 20).
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DISCUSSION |
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Our results clearly show that both Na-K-ATPase and rBSC-1 in the outer medulla of the rat kidney are regulated by endogenous levels of VP activity. In effect, chronic treatment with a V2-receptor antagonist (OPC-31260) decreased both Na-K-ATPase activity and expression and rBSC-1 expression in membranes and homogenates, respectively, of the outer medulla in rats with normal renal function as well as in a model of moderate CRF (Figs. 2-4). As shown in METHODS, outer medullary homogenates contained both inner and outer stripe zones. Therefore, measured ATPase expression and activity cannot be solely assigned to the mTAL, because Na-K-ATPase is also expressed in S3 proximal tubules. We feel, however, that the decay in Na-K-ATPase expression under OPC-31260 should have originated at the mTAL level, because S3 proximal tubules do not express vasopressin receptors. Whether the described effect of OPC-31260 on Na-K-ATPase is mediated through rBSC-1 inhibition cannot be answered by this study. No changes were observed in the expression of the Tamm-Horsfall protein, indicating a specific effect of VP inhibition on the Na-K-ATPase and rBSC-1 levels.
The dose of OPC-31260 used in our study was able to inhibit VP activity, because both urine volume and urine osmolality were significantly changed in both groups of animals (Table 1), consistent with previous data by Ohara et al. (18).
Previous studies looking at whether VP regulates Na-K-ATPase have been mainly performed either in vitro or in vivo, where VP was exogenously administered. Results using in vitro preparations have demonstrated, alternatively, stimulation and inhibition by VP. Thus Charlton and Baylis (5) have reported that Na-K-ATPase activity is increased by exogenous VP in the rat renal medullary thick ascending limb and that this effect is mediated by the V2 receptor. Conversely, Fryckstedt and Aperia (8) have found a decrease in Na-K-ATPase activity in the mTAL in response to VP. On the other hand, in vivo studies in Brattleboro rats where exogenous VP was administered on a chronic basis showed, alternatively, an increase in Na-K- ATPase activity in single microdissected mTAL (20) or no change in Na-K-ATPase expression in outer medullary (inner stripe) homogenates (14). The discrepancy in the effect of VP on Na-K-ATPase could be partly ascribed to differences in either short- and long-term actions of VP in thick ascending limb transport or those in the experimental designs. In this regard, there is compelling evidence that chronic VP treatment induces a changing event characterized by 1) downregulation of V2 receptors with an escape to the action of the hormone and 2) a transient increase in NKCC2 expression at day 2 with a return to baseline at day 7 after VP administration (6). Whether these adaptive phenomena preclude the observation of Na-K-ATPase regulation by exogenous VP and magnify the effect when VP action is inhibited as in our model needs further exploration. Last, we believe that the fact that a time concordance was found in our experiments between the decrease in both rBSC-1 and Na-K-ATPase expression adds further support to our findings and would be a speculative argument for the interdependence of the two transporters at the time of the study.
Previous reports have also indicated a stimulatory effect of
vasopressin on rBSC-1 expression. Kim et al.
(14) recently demonstrated that long-term elevations in
circulating VP concentration by water restriction in normal rats or
chronic deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP)
administration to Brattleboro rats increases rBSC-1
expression by 195 and 183%, respectively (14). Kwon et al. (16) administered DDAVP for 7 days to CRF rats and
also observed a rise in total kidney
Na+-K+-Cl cotransporter expression.
Therefore, our results of a regulatory role of endogenous VP on Na-K-ATPase and rBSC-1 are consistent with most of the previous findings that point to a stimulatory role of VP in the expression and activity of both transport proteins. In addition, they provide strong, novel evidence for a key role of endogenous VP activity in regulating both Na-K-ATPase and rBSC-1 levels at the mTAL level of normal rats.
A second set of results in this study is related to changes in
both Na-K-ATPase and rBSC-1 levels induced by a decrease in renal mass. Our data in a CRF model where renal insufficiency is
moderate and medullary remnant tissue predominates showed an increase
in both activity and expression of the Na-K-ATPase by using
[-32P]ATP and an antibody directed to the
1-subunit of the Na-K-ATPase, respectively. In this
regard, previous studies have provided different results, related
mostly to the magnitude of renal tissue reduction as well as renal
function status. Whereas unilateral nephrectomy has been associated
with increases in Na-K-ATPase activity in the outer medulla
(12), results in uremic rats have been controversial (14). Bofill et al. (3) found an increase in
the mRNA
1-subunit of the Na-K-ATPase in the kidney of
rats with CRF, whereas a recent study by Kwon et al. (16)
showed a decrease in total kidney levels of Na-K-ATPase in whole kidney
homogenates of CRF rats. The differences among previous investigators
and our data could be due, at least in part, to the use of different
models of CRF.
The stimulus for the increase in Na-K-ATPase expression in CRF could be ascribed, at least in part, to VP. In effect, inhibition of V2 receptors with OPC-31260 in this study decreased Na-K-ATPase expression in the outer medulla of CRF rats. Previous observations by Kwon et al. (16) demonstrated that chronic treatment of CRF rats with DDAVP stimulated rBSC-1 expression, consistent with mTAL sensitivity to VP in this condition. Our observation of a decrease in Na-K-ATPase expression by VP inhibition in an in vivo experimental design has not been previously reported and would suggest that VP increases Na-K-ATPase activity and expression in CRF.
In contrast to the basal increase in Na-K-ATPase activity and expression observed in the outer medulla of CRF rats, there was no significant increase in the rBSC-1 expression in this study (Fig. 4). Kwon et al. (16) have addressed this issue extensively. They found in membrane fractions of whole kidneys that the density of rBSC-1 was 134 ± 13% in CRF compared with 100 ± 13% in controls (not significant) and that total kidney levels of rBSC-1 were unchanged in rats with CRF. In this regard, our results are consistent with these findings. However, when densities of rBSC-1 per nephron were estimated, they were elevated 3.6-fold and histochemical studies also showed an increased rBSC-1 signal in mTAL. Our results are difficult to compare with those of Kwon et al. (15), because our data were not corrected for total kidney levels and our studies were performed only in outer medullary homogenates. Further studies in isolated mTAL segments are probably needed to settle this question.
In summary, the reduction in kidney outer medullary levels of
Na-K-ATPase and Na+-K+-Cl
cotransporter in response to inhibition of endogenous VP may augment
previous evidence that sodium transporters of the mTAL are regulated by
VP activity. Inasmuch as these results are extended to CRF, they could
give a homeostatic cellular basis for the modulation of water and
electrolyte transport in disease states accompanied by a reduction of
renal mass.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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We are very grateful to Steven C. Hebert and Amy Hall (Yale University) and John R. Hoyer (University of Pennsylvania) for technical advice and the generous gift of affinity-purified rBSC-1 and Tamm-Horsfall antibodies, respectively. We are also indebted to Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, for provision of OPC-31260.
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FOOTNOTES |
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Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: R. S. Martin, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, 1427 Buenos Aires, Argentina (E-mail: rsmartin{at}mail.retina.ar).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
10.1152/ajprenal.00354.2000
Received 28 December 2000; accepted in final form 29 September 2001.
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