Study of intestinal flow by combined videofluoroscopy, manometry, and multiple intraluminal impedance

Hala Imam,1 Claudia Sanmiguel,1 Brett Larive,2 Yasser Bhat,3 and Edy Soffer1

Departments of 1Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2Biostatistics, and 3Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195

Submitted 16 May 2003 ; accepted in final form 12 September 2003


    ABSTRACT
 TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Assessment of patterns of flow in the small bowel is difficult. Multiple intraluminal impedance has been recently used for study of flow dynamics in the esophagus. Our aims were 1) to validate multiple intraluminal impedance by correlating impedance events with intestinal flow as detected by fluoroscopy and 2) to determine intestinal flow patterns in the fasting and postprandial period and their correspondence with manometry. First, six healthy subjects underwent simultaneous video-fluoroscopic, manometric, and impedance recording from the duodenum. Videofluoroscopy was used to validate impedance patterns corresponding with barium flow in the fasting and postprandial periods. Next, 16 healthy subjects underwent prolonged simultaneous recording of impedance and manometry in both periods. Most flow events were short (10 cm or less), with antegrade flow being the most common. Correspondence between impedance and videofluoroscopy increased with increasing length of barium flow. Impedance corresponded better with flow, at any distance, than manometry. However, impedance and manometric events, when analyzed separately as index events, always corresponded with fluoroscopic flow. The fasting and postprandial periods showed comparable patterns of flow, with frequent, highly propulsive manometric and impedance sequences. Motility index was positively and significantly associated with length of impedance events. Phase 3 of the migrating motor complex could be easily recognized by impedance. Multiple intraluminal impedance can detect intestinal flow events and corresponds better with fluoroscopic flow than manometry.

multichannel intraluminal impedance; manometry; fluoroscopy; intestinal motility


MULTIPLE INTRALUMINAL IMPEDANCE (MII) is a novel technique that can detect flow in a viscous organ by measuring changes in intraluminal impedance related to the movement of the bolus (24). MII was recently used for measuring bolus transport in the esophagus in health and disease states (12, 23, 21). The technique is capable of distinguishing between refluxate containing air or liquid (22) and can recognize nonacid reflux, currently undetected by pH monitoring (5). Whereas MII has been increasingly used in the study of esophageal physiology and disease, few data are available concerning its use in the evaluation of small bowel motor function (11).

A number of tests is currently in use for the clinical assessment of small bowel motor function. Intestinal transit can be measured by conventional scintigraphy, radio-opaque markers, or breath tests. These methods detect only total transit time and not patterns of flow and can be affected by gastric emptying rate and conditions such as bacterial overgrowth (3). Intraluminal manometry detects contractile patterns but provides only indirect data regarding flow. Fluoroscopic studies are greatly limited because of the radiation exposure involved. Thus MII, a technique that can detect the end result of contractile activity, i.e., the presence and direction of flow in the intestine, may have a distinct advantage over existing tests of intestinal motor function.

The aims of our study were twofold: 1) validation, to determine the ability of MII to detect true flow events, as determined by simultaneous videofluoroscopy, and 2) to determine patterns of flow in the small bowel by MII, during fasting, and in the postprandial (PP) period and their correspondence with manometric events.


    METHODS
 TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Part 1

Validation study. SUBJECTS. Six healthy female volunteers (mean age 43 yr, range 24-51 yr) were studied. They had no gastrointestinal symptoms or abdominal surgery. Those of child-bearing potential used contraceptive methods. The protocol was approved by our institutional review board, and all subjects gave written informed consent.

EQUIPMENT. A custom-made catheter (Konigsberg Instruments, Pasadena, CA) was used for obtaining impedance and manometric data. The flexible, silicone-covered catheter had a diameter of 4.5 mm and a length of 200 cm. It contained five pairs of electrodes, with a distance of 2 cm between the two electrodes in each pair. A pressure sensor was positioned between two electrodes in each pair. The five electrodes and pressure sensor assemblies were spaced 5 cm apart, providing a total recording length of 20 cm. Another plastic tube, 1 mm in diameter, was attached to the catheter for infusion of barium (30 ml, concentration of 30%), with its tip just proximal to the first sensor assembly, in the second portion of the duodenum. This concentration of barium was shown to have no effect on intestinal motility (16). Videofluoroscopy was performed with an OEC C-arm with a rate of framing of 30/s (OEC General Electric Medical System, Salt Lake City, UT).

DATA ACQUISITION. The catheter was connected to a personal computer with specialized software (BioVlEW, Sandhill Scientific, Highlands Ranch, CO) for acquisition, analysis, and storage of impedance and manometric data and for graphic presentation. Synchronization of all signals during simultaneous videofluoroscopy, MII, and manometry was achieved by a custom-made device (Sandhill Scientific) placed within the fluoroscopy field. The device was connected both to the computer system that displayed the impedance and manometric tracings and to a control box placed on the patient's chest. A signal delivered by the control box at the beginning of simultaneous recording could be traced to a single fluoroscopic frame and to a distinct mark on the tracing. Shielding the abdomen ensured that only a limited field of about 30 x l0 cm, which included the area involved by the catheter, was exposed to radiation.

PROTOCOL. The catheter was introduced into the duodenum at the level of the junction between the duodenum and jejunum (Fig. 1G) after an overnight fast and under fluoroscopic control. It was then aligned along the lesser curvature, taped to the face to prevent migration, and connected to the computer for recording.



View larger version (57K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
 
Fig. 1. A-F: tracing of a long sequence of flow propagating over 5 channels. A-E represent videofluoroscopic, multiple intraluminal (MII; I), and manometric (M) events recorded simultaneously at the level of each channel. The square in the fluoroscopy frame corresponds to the clearance of barium from that channel. The square also correlates with dashed vertical lines that correspond to events appearing on the pressure and MII tracings at the time of barium clearance, highlighted by the arrows. The figures show the propagation of flow and the elapsed time, in seconds, of fluoroscopic flow between channels. The exit of barium bolus from the involved channel corresponds to the rise of impedance from the nadir to baseline and also to the start of pressure wave (PW) at the level of that channel. F: the complete event as it appears on the MII and manometric tracing recorded from 5 sites in the duodenum. The arrows represent the time of barium clearance from the corresponding channels. On MII tracing, the rise of impedance from the nadir back to the baseline coincides, for most part, with the beginning of the upstroke of corresponding PW. The top 5 channels represent MII tracing, and the bottom 5 channels represent manometric tracing (D1-D5) corresponding to MII electrodes and pressure sensors located in each channel. G: position of the catheter in the bowel as it appears in A-E. The 5 assemblies span the length of the duodenum, and the tip is located at the junction of duodenum and jejunum. The box at top left corner represents the device used to synchronize fluoroscopy with MII and manometry.

 

Forty five minutes after the end of phase 3, barium was infused into the proximal duodenum and videofluoroscopic recording (15 ml) was obtained for 1 min. Dilute barium solution was infused over 30 s just before taping, and the remaining half was infused during the first 30 s of recording. On completion of the recording, a liquid meal consisting of 500 ml of BOOST (720 kcal) was given. Another 1 min of recording was obtained, starting 45 min after ingestion of the meal.

Data Analysis

Videofluoroscopic, MII, and manometric data were initially analyzed separately and then synchronized for the correspondence between the three different types of events.

Videofluoroscopy. Records were analyzed visually. Patterns of flow were defined according to the movement of barium between sensor assemblies. We identified the following movements: 1) antegrade: forward transit of barium over various lengths; 2) retrograde: backward transit of barium over various lengths; and 3) back and forth: oscillating movement of barium between two assemblies without actual transit beyond the segment.

We analyzed each fluoroscopic event separately, including instances in which unrelated events occurred at the same time over the length of the catheter.

MII. A bolus of chyme, which normally has ionic elements, is expected to cause a drop in impedance baseline as it traverses the distance between each pair of ring electrodes. To determine the degree of drop that qualified as an event of flow, we analyzed all 12 MII events corresponding with fluoroscopic flow events that were observed to migrate aborally over five channel assemblies (Fig. 1F). We also analyzed all propagating sequences of MII and pressure events involving all five assemblies (96 during fasting and 183 in the PP period) encountered in part 2 of the study. This was done because analysis of data in part 1 showed that such impedance events were always associated with flow over corresponding channels, as determined by fluoroscopy. This analysis showed that these MII events were characterized by a drop of 32 ± 10% below baseline; consequently, we determined that for an impedance event to be considered as associated with flow, it should have a drop of 12% or more below baseline (mean - 2SD). MII events were considered propagating if recorded in more than one channel and occurred within a time window that allowed a velocity of 0.2-3 cm/s between channels (25th to 75th percentile). This was based on analysis of all 21 propagating events found to correspond with fluoroscopic flow observed in the first study. Entry to entry values, defined as the 50% point between baseline impedance and its nadir, were determined for each pair of electrodes.

Manometry. Pressure waves (PWs) were considered to represent contractions if the rise in intraluminal pressure was >=10 mmHg above the baseline (17). They were considered propagating if they were recorded in more than one channel and occurred within a time frame that allowed a minimal velocity of 0.7 cm/s and maximum velocity of 4 cm/s (30).

Correspondence of events. Correspondence was determined by the evaluation of simultaneous occurrence of all three types of events in corresponding channels and time frames. First, we used videofluoroscopy as the gold standard and determined the occurrence of pressure and impedance events at the time of fluoroscopic flow events. We then used MII and manometry, in turn, as the index events and determined the occurrence of the other two events. This allowed us to determine the correspondence of MII and pressure events with flow as determined by fluoroscopy and then with each other.

Part 2

Prolonged recording of MII and manometry. METHODS. Sixteen healthy subjects (age range 20-51 yr, 9 females) were enrolled in this part, which consisted of simultaneously evaluating impedance and manometry. All subjects were studied after an overnight fast and intubated with the same probe used for part 1. The probe was advanced to the small bowel, and position was verified as described above.

Prolonged recording of MII and manometry. We measured phase 3 and analyzed a period of 30 min in phase 2, which followed the first observed phase 3, and thereafter a period of 30 min commencing 45 min after the same meal given in part 1. We chose this juncture because the fed pattern is well established at this time (27). Patterns of flow events by MII and pressure sequences by manometry were analyzed as described above.

Analysis. The total period of recording during fasting and after a meal was analyzed separately for the following: 1) comparison of patterns of flow, as determined by MII, between fasting and PP periods; and 2) correspondence between impedance and pressure events.

We arbitrarily elected to define the correspondence between pressure and impedance events as follows: 1) PWs and impedance changes that were seen in the same channels with equal numbers or 2) equal numbers of PWs and impedance changes but with PWs starting one channel above the impedance ones. Single PWs in channel 1 were excluded from analysis, because it is impossible to determine their proximal origination. Comparably, those in channel 5 were excluded because their distal extension could not be determined.

Statistics. The data were described using means ± SE for continuous variables that appeared to be normally distributed and using medians and interquartile ranges for those that did not. Categorical variables were described using counts and percentages.

The distributions of the lengths of the corresponding MII and pressure events were compared between the fasting and PP groups using a generalized estimating equations approach. The model accounted for correlation between the multiple measures per subject both over time within the two phase groups and between those two groups. Similarly, within-subject correlations were accounted for when testing for an association between motility index and length of MII propagation. This was done after stratifying for the length of propagating pressure events, thus performing five subanalyses, one each for pressure sequence length, from one to five channels. This analysis was performed using a mixed model analysis of variance. Both analyses used an autoregressive one-covariance matrix to model the within-subject correlations. Motility index formula = In(amplitude x number of contractions + 1) (3).

P values <=0.05 were considered statistically significant. All reported P values were two-sided without adjustment for multiple comparisons. All analyses were performed using SAS software (Unix version 8.0; Cary, NC).


    RESULTS
 TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Study 1

Impedance baseline (based on all impedance events analyzed) was 396.2 ± 95.5 {Omega}. The drop of the impedance baseline to the nadir matched the arrival of the barium bolus to the corresponding channel. The rise of impedance from the nadir back to the baseline coincided with bolus clearance on fluoroscopy but did not always coincide with the beginning of the upstroke of the corresponding PWs. An example of the correspondence between fluoroscopy MII and manometry is shown in Fig. 1, A-E. Propagating PWs rarely emptied the lumen of all the barium entirely.

Videofluoroscopy. The types of flow, observed by videofluoroscopy, are presented in Fig. 2. Antegrade flow events predominated overall. Most flow events were short, extending over a distance of <10 cm. Whereas antegrade flow extended over various lengths, retrograde flow did not exceed 10 cm (Table 1). Of interest were the long antegrade flow events, involving all five channels. All such events extended well beyond the most distal channel, showing a PW that propelled the barium into the proximal jejunum. Phase 2 and the PP period showed comparable patterns of PWs. Impedance changes were also comparable, suggesting common patterns of flow. The videofluoroscopic flow was taken as the gold standard, and its correspondence with impedance and manometric events is presented in Table 1. Longer flow sequences showed greater correspondence with impedance and manometric events. Antegrade flow events showed a stronger correspondence with MII and manometric events than retrograde ones. Also, the videofluoroscopic correspondence with impedance was higher than that with manometry at any given length of flow.



View larger version (31K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
 
Fig. 2. Direction and length of fluoroscopic flow events (on the x axis) as a percentage of total events in each period (on the y axis). The fasting period (F) had 138 such events, and the postprandial period (PP) had a total of 122 events. A, antegrade; R, retrograde; B&F, back and forth.

 

View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
 
Table 1. Types and lengths of fluoroscopic flow events and percentages of correspondence with MII and manometric events

 

MII as index event. When impedance events were analyzed first and considered the gold standard, we found that every impedance event corresponded with a videofluoroscopic flow. However, only 62% of impedance events corresponded with manometric events.

Manometry as index event. When manometric events were analyzed first and considered the gold standard, we found that every manometric event, whether stationary or propagating, corresponded with a videofluoroscopic flow. However, only 72% of manometric events corresponded with impedance events.

Study 2

Phase 2 and PP periods. The distribution of all MII and manometric events, per subject and according to length, is presented in Table 2. The distribution of all MII and manometric events and their correspondence with one another is presented in Tables 3 and 4. Short events predominated in both periods, and all events were more frequent in the PP period. However, the distribution of events according to length was comparable between fasting and PP periods in both MII and manometry. The correspondence between the two types of events increased as their length increased. We observed a total of 279 MII sequences involving all five channels. Correspondence with matching pressure sequences, starting at the most proximal channel, showed that 94 of these long MII events had matching pressure events over five channels (33.7%), 102 had matching pressure events over four channels (36.6), 49 had matching pressure events over three channels (17.6%), 20 had matching pressure events over two channels (7.2%), nine had matching pressure events in one channel (3.2%), and five had no matching pressure events at all (1.8%). These findings suggest that flow can occur over a segment of at least 20 cm, induced by PWs occurring over various lengths of that segment.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
 
Table 2. The distribution of MII and manometric events (pressure waves) per subject, according to length, in the fasting and postprandial periods

 

View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
 
Table 3. The distribution of total MII events, according to length, in the fasting and PPs and their correspondence with the manometric events (PWs)

 

View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
 
Table 4. The distribution of total manometric events (PWs) according to length in the fasting and PP periods and their association with MII events

 

When analyzing the length of individual MII sequences and their association with the motility index of corresponding pressure sequences, we observed that for any given sequence length, there was a significant association between the two. Figure 3, A-E, shows the mean ± SE of the increase of motility index required for an increase in MII length of 5 cm for any given PW length. The analysis showed that on average, for each increase in motility index by a value of ~0.3, there was an increase in MII event length of 5 cm.



View larger version (21K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
 
Fig. 3. Correlation between length of MII event sequence (in cm) and the motility index of PWs in the corresponding channels (presented as the average motility index per channel). A-E: length of pressure sequences analyzed, from a single PW (A) to a sequence of 5 propagating PWs (E). The means ± SE value in each figure indicate the rise in motility index required for an increase of MII propagation by 5 cm.

 

Phase 3. Phase 3 was recorded in every subject. MII events were commonly seen just before the onset of phase 3. MII changes during phase 3 were characterized by regular fluctuations of impedance, with peaks of impedance coinciding with peaks of contractions (Fig. 4). Phase 3 was easily recognizable on the MII tracing, and its onset and end matched those observed in the manometric tracing.



View larger version (50K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
 
Fig. 4. Phase 3, as detected by both MII and manometry. Configuration and propagation are easily recognized by MII. Long MII events are observed just before phase 3. Rhythmic fluctuations of impedance baseline during phase 3 correspond to PW peaks, reflecting changes in diameter of lumen. Phase 1 is characterized by slow upward drift of baseline impedance. The top 5 channels represent MII tracing, and the bottom 5 channels represent manometric tracing (D1-D5) corresponding to MII electrodes and pressure sensors located in each channel.

 

Phase I. There was a consistent upward drift of the impedance baseline, which returned to normal baseline when phase 2 was observed.


    DISCUSSION
 TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Our study is the first to assess the value of MII in the evaluation of small bowel motor function by comparing fluoroscopy with MII and manometry. The results show that MII is not only feasible but, importantly, corresponds better with flow events than manometry.

The primary function of the small bowel is proper mixing and propulsion of chyme and absorption of nutrients. Fasting and PP patterns of small bowel motility (6, 9, 10, 26-28, 30) promote this function by ensuring timely and appropriate flow of contents, thus avoiding the consequences of stasis or rapid transit. These patterns are determined largely by manometry, making use of intraluminal measurement of pressure events. Manometry, however, has limitations. Most importantly, whereas the different periods described above are easily recognizable, they provide only limited and indirect information regarding the pattern of individual flow events that ultimately determine the movement of chyme along the intestine. Consequently, these flow patterns remain poorly understood. As a clinical tool, manometry is helpful in the diagnosis of intestinal dysmotility. However, it distinguishes poorly between various types of dysmotility syndromes because they share common manometric features (3, 9). There is also poor correspondence between manometric patterns and symptoms (31). MII may overcome some of these limitations. Although MII has been tested in the small bowel, it was not validated, and comparison with manometry was not attempted (13, 14).

The first part of our study was primarily designed to validate the changes in impedance by performing a simultaneous recording of MII and fluoroscopy, considered the gold standard for assessment of flow in the bowel. This part, with the addition of manometry, also allowed the assessment of temporal and spatial relationship between events recorded by the different techniques during fasting and following a meal. Fluoroscopy showed that most flow events, whether antegrade or retrograde, extend over a short distance of 10 cm or less, with antegrade events being more predominant. These findings are supported by Andrews et al. (1), who, by using manometry, observed that antegrade sequences were more common than retrograde ones and that most sequences were over distances of 3-5 cm. Fluoroscopy showed that whereas antegrade events extended over various distances, retrograde flow occurred over distances that did not exceed 10 cm (Fig. 2). This finding is supported by previous studies (4, 8) using manometry and duplex sonography techniques. When examining correspondence of manometric events with fluoroscopy, we observed that most short retrograde flow occurred as a result of a single PW that either split the flow in antegrade and retrograde direction or generated just retrograde flow. In accordance with the findings reported by Rao et al. (16), back and forth movements on fluoroscopy corresponded very poorly with the other two events and the least so with manometry.

The most important findings of the first study were validation of impedance events by MII and the correspondence between the three types of events. This was done by considering each of the techniques, in turn, as the index one and then determining its correspondence with events detected by the other two techniques. Importantly, impedance events were more likely than manometric ones to be associated with fluoroscopic flow, regardless of the type of flow or its distance (Table 1). The correspondence of both events with antegrade fluoroscopic flow was stronger the longer the distance of fluoroscopic flow event. The correspondence between MII and fluoroscopy for antegrade flow ranged between 51.8 and 100%, likely reflecting the fact that the intestinal lumen did not completely clear the barium; thus the remaining conductive contents may minimize changes in impedance baseline, a limitation of this technique. However, longer MII sequences associated with higher motility index (Fig. 3, A-E), suggesting better lumen clearance and hence better detection by MII. When MII and manometric events were analyzed as the index event, they always corresponded with fluoroscopic flow but only corresponded with one another in two-thirds of the cases. The reason for this observation is not clear. However, one may speculate that changes in bowel tone, not detected by intraluminal sensors, may generate flow without PWs. Conversely, PWs may occur in the absence of changes in MII, perhaps because of incomplete emptying of luminal contents. This is supported by the observation that PWs commonly do not clear the lumen completely, as discussed above. These two observations indicate that MII is more sensitive than manometry in detecting flow events. Whereas flow may be undetected by MII when using the study criteria, every MII event seen corresponded with fluoroscopic flow. This is important in the analysis of routine tests, done without the simultaneous use of fluoroscopy, as done in the second part of the study.

Whereas impedance events and bolus transport points (entry, transit, and exit) in the small bowel, as indicated by fluoroscopy, resembled those in the esophagus (24, 25), a number of differences was noted. Impedance baseline in the small bowel is far lower than that in the esophagus, perhaps explained by the presence of intestinal secretions and gastric contents, which are conductive in nature. This is supported by the finding that pressure sequences, even those conducted over long distances, rarely cleared the intestine completely of barium. Also, unlike the esophagus, the exit of bolus, as determined by the increase in impedance from the nadir to baseline, did not always coincide with the upstroke of the PW, which was observed to happen along the nadir (Fig. 1, A-E). This finding was also reported in MII studies of the antrum (19).

The second part of our study served to obtain extended recording of simultaneous MII and manometry during the fasting and PP periods. As expected, both manometric and impedance events were more numerous in the PP period compared with the fasting one. Comparable with the first study, short events predominated in both periods. Comparable with the first study, the correspondence between MII and manometric events was stronger the longer the distance of the event (Table 3 and 4).

Of particular interest were the long sequences of MII involving all five channels. In all of them, barium was seen to flow well beyond the end of the catheter, suggesting that these sequences are highly propulsive. In the second study, we observed comparable proportion of such long sequences in the fasting and PP periods, although the absolute number was much higher postprandially. Approximately half of such MII sequences were associated with migrating sequences of intraluminal PWs. Similar long PW sequences were described by Sarna et al. (17). The highly propulsive nature of these sequences may explain why conditions with reduced phase 2 activity, such as postoperative states (2), somatostatin (29), or opiates (15), are associated with delayed small bowel transit, despite the normal presence of phase 3. Thus these sequences may be as important to the normal gut homeostasis as phase 3. It also explains the finding of comparable rate of transit of liquid in the jejunum in phase 2 and the PP period (18). This was also supported by studies in dogs (7, 20), using videofluoroscopy and manometry, showing that these propagating PWs were responsible for most of the aboral propulsion of intestinal chyme. These long MII sequences were observed with PW sequences of variable length, suggesting that recording of pressure events can underestimate even flow events of substantial length.

Phase 3 sequences were easily recognized by MII (Fig. 4). This is important because the presence of phase 3 and its propagating pattern are among the most common criteria used in the evaluation of small bowel manometry (9). Interestingly, long MII events were commonly observed just before phase 3, and impedance changes during phase 3 showed regular fluctuation correlated with PWs. Perhaps the long duration of the normal phase 3 sequence is required to ensure the clearance of poorly digestible material, which may not be easily cleared by a single sequence of propagated PWs.

In conclusion, measurement of impedance can be applied to the small bowel and can be incorporated in existing manometric probes used for pressure measurements. This technique provides useful information on the pattern of flow in the small bowel not obtained by manometry. MII promises to expand our knowledge of small bowel motor function in health and disease.


    FOOTNOTES
 

Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: E. Soffer, Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology A30, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclide Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195 (E-mail: Soffere{at}ccf.org).

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.


    REFERENCES
 TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 

  1. Andrews J, Doran S, Hebbard G, Malbert C, Horowitz M, and Dent J. Nutrient-induced spatial patterning of human duodenal motor function. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280: G501-G509, 2001.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. Benson MJ, Roberts JP, Wingate DL, Rogers J, Deeks J, Castillo FD, and Williams NS. Small bowel motility following major intra-abdominal surgery: the effect of opiates and rectal cisapride. Gastroenterology 106: 924-936, 1994.[ISI][Medline]
  3. Camilleri M, Hasler WL, Parkman H, Quigley EMM, and Soffer EE. Measurement of gastrointestinal motility in the GI laboratory. Gastroenterology 115: 747-762, 1998.[ISI][Medline]
  4. Castedal M, Bjornsson E, and Abrahamsson H. Duodenal juxtapyloric retroperistalsis in the interdigestive state in humans. Scand J Gastroenterol 32: 797-804, 1997.[ISI][Medline]
  5. Castell D and Vela M. Combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH-metry: an evolving technique to measure type and proximal extent of gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Medicine 111, Suppl 8A: 157S-159S, 2001.[Medline]
  6. Code CF and Marlett JA. The interdigestive myo-electric complex of the stomach and small bowel of dogs. J Physiol 246: 289-309, 1975.[Abstract]
  7. Ehrlein HJ, Schemann M, and Siegle ML. Motor patterns of small intestine determined by closely spaced extraluminal transducers and videofluoroscopy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 253: G259-G267, 1987.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Hausken T, Odegaard S, Matre K, and Berstad A. Antroduodenal motility and movements of luminal contents studied by duplex sonography. Gastroenterology 102: 1583-1590, 1992.[ISI][Medline]
  9. Husebye E. The patterns of small bowel motility: physiology and implications in organic and functional disorders. Neurogastroenterol Motil 11: 141-161, 1999.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  10. Kellow JE, Borody S, Phillips S, Tucker RL, and Haddad AC. Human interdigestive motility: variations in patterns from esophagus to colon. Gastroenterology 91: 386-395, 1986.[ISI][Medline]
  11. Nguyen H, Silny J, and Matern S. Multiple intraluminal electrical impedancometry for recording of upper gastrointestinal motility: current results and further implications. Am J Gastroenterol 94: 306-317, 1999.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  12. Nguyen HN, Silny J, Albers D, Roeb E, Gartung G, Rau G, and Matern S. Dynamics of esophageal bolus transport in healthy subjects studied using multiple intraluminal impedancometry. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 273: G958-G964, 1997.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Nguyen HN, Silny J, Wuller S, Marschall HU, Rau G, and Matern S. Abnormal postprandial duodenal chyme transport in patients with long standing insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Gut 41: 624-631, 1997.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Nguyen HN, Silny J, Wuller S, Marshall HU, Rau G, and Matern S. Chyme transport patterns in human duodenum, determined by multiple intraluminal impedancometry. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 268: G700-G708, 1995.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Powell DW. Muscle or mucosa: the site of action of antidiarrheal opiates? Gastroenterology 80: 406-408, 1981.[ISI][Medline]
  16. Rao SS, Lu C, and Schulze-Delrieu K. Duodenum as an immediate brake to gastric outflow: a videofluoroscopic and manometric assessment. Gastroenterology 110: 740-747, 1996.[ISI][Medline]
  17. Sarna SK, Soregel KH, Harig JM, Loo FD, Wood C, Donahue KM, Ryan RP, and Arndorfer RC. Spatial and temporal patterns of human jejunal contractions. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 257: G423-G432, 1989.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  18. Sarr MG, Kelly KA, and Phillips SF. Canine jejunal absorption and transit during interdigestive and digestive motor states. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 239: G167-G172, 1980.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Savoye G, Savoye-Collet C, Oors J, and Smout A. Interdigestive transpyloric fluid transport assessed by intraluminal impedance recording. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 284: G663-G669, 2003.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  20. Schanbacher LM, Nations JK, Weisbrodt NW, and Castro GA. Intestinal myoelectric activity in parasitized dogs. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 234: R188-R195, 1978.[Free Full Text]
  21. Shay SS, Bomeli S, and Richter J. Multichannel intraluminal impedance accurately detects fasting, recumbent reflux events and their clearing. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 283: G376-G383, 2002.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. Shay SS and Richter J. Multichannel intraluminal impedances (MII) ability to detect liquid vs gas reflux shows that reflux event (RE) composition varies with posture (Abstract). Am J Gastroenterol 96: S37a, 2001.
  23. Sifrim D, Holloway R, Silny J, Xin Z, Tack J, Lerut A, and Janssens J. Acid, nonacid, and gas reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease during ambulatory 24-h pH-impedance recordings. Gastroenterology 120: 1588-1598, 2001.[ISI][Medline]
  24. Silny J. Intraluminal multiple electric impedance procedure for measurement of gastrointestinal motility. J Gastrointest Motil 3: 151-162, 1991.
  25. Silny J, Knigge K, Fass J, Rau G, Matern S, and Schumpelick V. Verification of the intraluminal multiple electrical impedance measurement for the recording of gastrointestinal motility. J Gastrointest Motil 5: 107-122, 1993.[ISI]
  26. Soffer EE and Adrian TE. The effect of meal composition and sham feeding on intestinal motility in humans. Dig Dis Sci 37: 1009-1014, 1992.[ISI][Medline]
  27. Soffer EE, Thongsawat S, and Ellerbroek S. Prolonged ambulatory duodeno-jejunal manometry: normal values and gender effect. Am J Gastroenterol 93: 1318-1323, 1998.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  28. Vantrappen G, Janssens J, Hellemans J, and Ghoos Y. The interdigestive motor complex of normal subjects and patients with bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine. J Clin Invest 59: 1158-1166, 1977.[ISI][Medline]
  29. Von der Ohe MR, Camilleri M, Thomforde GM, and Klee GG. Differential effects of octreotide on human gastrointestinal motor function. Gut 36: 743-748, 1995.[Abstract]
  30. Wilmer A, Andrioli A, Coremans G, Tack J, and Janssens J. Ambulatory small intestinal manometry. Detailed comparison of duodenal and jejunal motor activity in healthy man. Dig Dis Sci 42: 1618-1627, 1997.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  31. Wilmer A, Van Cutsem E, Andrioli A, Tack J, Coremans G, and Janssens J. Ambulatory gastrojejunal manometry in severe motility-like dyspepsia: lack of correlation between dysmotility, symptoms, and gastric emptying. Gut 42: 235-242, 1998.[Abstract/Free Full Text]




This Article
Abstract
Full Text (PDF)
All Versions of this Article:
286/2/G263    most recent
00228.2003v1
Alert me when this article is cited
Alert me if a correction is posted
Citation Map
Services
Email this article to a friend
Similar articles in this journal
Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Similar articles in PubMed
Alert me to new issues of the journal
Download to citation manager
Search for citing articles in:
ISI Web of Science (5)
Google Scholar
Articles by Imam, H.
Articles by Soffer, E.
Articles citing this Article
PubMed
PubMed Citation
Articles by Imam, H.
Articles by Soffer, E.


HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Visit Other APS Journals Online
Copyright © 2004 by the American Physiological Society.