1 Departments of Anatomy and 5 Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; 2 Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4790; 3 Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; and 4 Molecular Medicine and Renal Units, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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ABSTRACT |
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Salivary glands secrete K+ and
HCO3 and reabsorb Na+ and
Cl
, but the identity of transporters involved in
HCO
3 transport remains
unclear. We investigated localization of
Cl
/HCO
3 exchanger
isoform AE2 and of
Na+-HCO
3 cotransporter
(NBC) in rat parotid gland (PAR) and submandibular gland (SMG) by
immunoblot and immunocytochemical techniques. Immunoblotting of PAR and
SMG plasma membranes with specific antibodies against mouse kidney AE2
and rat kidney NBC revealed protein bands at ~160 and 180 kDa for AE2
and ~130 kDa for NBC, as expected for the AE2 full-length protein and
consistent with the apparent molecular mass of NBC in several tissues
other than kidney. Immunostaining of fixed PAR and SMG tissue sections revealed specific basolateral staining of PAR acinar cells for AE2 and
NBC, but in SMG acinar cells only basolateral AE2 labeling was
observed. No AE2 expression was detected in any ducts. Striated, intralobular, and main duct cells of both glands showed NBC expression predominantly at basolateral membranes, with some cells being apically
stained. In SMG duct cells, NBC staining exhibited a gradient of
distribution from basolateral localization in more proximal parts of
the ductal tree to apical localization toward distal parts of the
ductal tree. Both immunoblotting signals and immunostaining were
abolished in preabsorption experiments with the respective antigens.
Thus the mechanisms of fluid and anion secretion in salivary acinar
cells may be different between PAR and SMG, and, because NBC was
detected in acinar and duct cells, it may play a more important role in
transport of HCO
3 by rat salivary duct
cells than previously believed.
bicarbonate transport; ducts; acini; secretion
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INTRODUCTION |
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SALIVA FORMATION is a two-stage process (37). Primary
saliva, a plasma-like isotonic fluid, is secreted by acinar secretory end pieces and undergoes modification of its ionic composition in the
duct system. On the basis of the anion composition of the primary
fluid, salivary glands can be divided into two groups: those producing
a Cl-rich primary saliva, such as the rat parotid
and submandibular glands, and those producing a
HCO
3- rich primary saliva, such as
sheep parotid (8, 24, 33). Agonist-induced secretion of
Cl
-rich primary saliva by acinar cells is driven by
the parallel operation of a basolaterally located
Na+-K+-ATPase, a
Na+-K+-2Cl
cotransporter
(and/or coupled Na+/H+ and
Cl
/HCO
3
exchangers), and a K+ channel together with an apically
located Cl
channel (8, 20). In contrast, stimulated
secretion of HCO
3-rich primary saliva
by the sheep parotid appears to be driven by basolateral Na+-HCO
3 cotransport and
HCO
3 efflux across the apical membrane
via a HCO
3 conductance (24, 33).
The ducts modify the electrolyte composition of the primary saliva with
little or no further net water movement to produce the hypotonic final
saliva. Luminally located Na+ and Cl
channels, Na+/H+,
K+/H+, and
Cl
/HCO
3 exchangers,
together with the basolaterally located
Na+-K+-ATPase, K+ and
Cl
channels, and additional
Na+/H+ exchangers are thought to be involved in
ductal electrolyte transport, resulting in secretion of K+
and HCO
3 and reabsorption of
Na+ and Cl
(8, 12, 13).
Which transporters could mediate HCO3
transport at the molecular level? A family of band 3-related anion exchanger (AE) gene products has been cloned that functionally mediates
Cl
/HCO
3 exchange.
It consists of three members, AE1, AE2 and AE3, which are expressed in
a variety of tissues (2). AE1 (or band 3) (15) is the major protein of
erythrocyte plasma membranes and of type A intercalated cells of the
renal cortical collecting duct. AE2 is expressed in many epithelia, including kidney, gastric parietal cells, intestine, biliary tree, and
genitourinary tract (2, 3, 4, 5, 11). AE3 has been detected in the
nervous system (bAE3) (14) and cardiac muscle (cAE3) (44), as well as
in the gut (16). The
Cl
/HCO
3 exchangers
belong to a superfamily of bicarbonate transporters (26), which also
includes the recently cloned
Na+-HCO
3 cotransporters
(1, 25, 27, 28), a K+-HCO
3
cotransporter, and a Na+-driven
Cl
/HCO
3 exchanger.
So far, little is known about the molecular identity of the
transporters involved in HCO3
secretion by salivary acinar and duct cells. Although some functional
data support the presence of
Cl
/HCO
3 exchangers
in rat submandibular ducts (8, 12, 13, 46) and rat parotid acini (20),
the identity and distribution of AE isoforms expressed in salivary
glands are still unclear (10, 42). Functional studies in sheep parotid glands (24, 33) have suggested a role for a
Na+-HCO
3 cotransporter in
HCO
3 secretion by salivary glands.
This is supported by recent studies in another exocrine gland, the
exocrine pancreas, in which the Na+-HCO
3 cotransporter
(NBC) was found to be expressed in both acinar and duct cells (1, 39).
The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate protein
expression and localization of AE2 and NBC in rat parotid and
submandibular gland by immunoblotting of subcellular membrane fractions
and by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase light microscopy of
fixed tissue sections with specific polyclonal antibodies to the
transporters. The results indicate the presence of AE2 and NBC in rat
salivary glands. AE2 is located basolaterally in acinar cells of both
parotid and submandibular glands and is absent from duct cells in both
glands. NBC is basolaterally expressed in parotid acinar cells but
undetectable in submandibular acinar cells. Duct cells of both glands
express NBC at their basolateral membranes, with some duct cells also
exhibiting apical staining. In addition, in submandibular duct cells
NBC staining shifts to a predominant apical localization in the distal
parts of the duct tree.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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Antibodies
An affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal antibody to the COOH-terminal amino acids (aa) 1224-1237 of mouse AE2 (aAE2-CT) has been previously described (34). Generation and specificity of the rabbit polyclonal anti-[maltose binding protein (MBP)-NBC3] serum raised against rat kidney NBC (rkNBC) NH2-terminal aa 338-391 and anti-(MBP-NBC5) serum raised against rkNBC COOH-terminal aa 928-1035 have been reported earlier (31). A horseradish peroxidase- conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (DAKO) and a donkey anti-rabbit IgG coupled to indocarbocyanin (Dianova, Hamburg, Germany) were used as secondary antibodies. For competition experiments with the anti-AE2-COOH-terminal (CT) antibody, either a mouse AE2 COOH-terminal peptide (aa 1224-1237) or a mouse AE1 COOH-terminal peptide (aa 917-929) were used. For competition experiments with the anti-NBC antibodies, the respective fusion proteins were used with MBP as control. All competition experiments were carried out by preabsorbing primary antibodies with the respective antigens for 2 h before application of the antibodies.Tissue Preparation for Light Microscopy
Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal, 65 mg/kg ip) and perfusion-fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde-75 mM lysine-10 mM sodium periodate (PLP) as described by McLean and Nakane (18). Parotid and submandibular glands were removed, cut into blocks, and further fixed in fresh fixative overnight at 4°C. PLP-fixed tissue was washed four times for 10 min with PBS and kept in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide at 4°C until further use.Dependence of Immunolabeling on Tissue Fixation, Processing, and Epitope Unmasking With SDS
The localization of AE2 in rat parotid and submandibular glands was examined by immunohistochemistry using the affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal antibody to the COOH-terminal aa 1224-1237 of mouse AE2. Detection and pattern of immunoreactivity appeared to depend on tissue fixation, processing for immunohistochemistry, and/or epitope unmasking procedure with SDS. This antibody detected specific immunostaining only in cryosections obtained from PLP-fixed tissue, and impressive effects on detection as well as on distribution of this AE2 epitope were observed using epitope "unmasking," i.e., by treating the sections with 1% SDS for 5 min, as described below. In contrast to the antibody against AE2, both antibodies used in the present study for detection of NBC epitopes did not appear to be fixation sensitive. In addition, treating the fixed tissue sections with 1% SDS for 5 min enhanced NBC immunolabeling but did not alter NBC staining pattern in rat parotid and submandibular glands.Immunofluorescence and Immunoperoxidase Light Microscopy on Cryosections
Tissue blocks were cryoprotected in 30% sucrose for at least 1 h and frozen in liquid N2. Indirect immunohistochemistry was performed on 5-µm cryosections. Sections were rehydrated in PBS for 5 min, blocked with 1% BSA-PBS for 15 min, and incubated with primary antibodies at dilutions of 1:800 for the aAE2-CT and of 1:400 for both NBC antibodies in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide overnight at 4°C. Epitope unmasking with SDS was also performed on some sections, as reported by Brown et al. (7). Briefly, after rehydrating in PBS, sections were treated with 1% SDS for 5 min and washed three times with PBS for 5 min before blocking with 1% BSA-PBS. After incubation with the primary antibody, slides were washed three times with PBS for 5 min and incubated with donkey anti-rabbit IgG coupled to indocarbocyanin (1:600 dilution) for 1 h at room temperature. Sections were washed three times with PBS for 5 min and mounted with 2:1 Vectashield-0.1 M Tris · HCl (pH 8.0). Labeled sections were examined using an Olympus BX50F microscope equipped with a ×40 Olympus UPlanFl objective and a narrow-band green fluorescence exciter filter (wavelength 530-550 nm). Images were recorded with a three charge-coupled device color video camera (Sony DXC-950) and were digitized to 8 bits/pixel using a software developed in the laboratory. Digitized images were processed for documentation using Adobe Photoshop D1-4.0 software (Herzogenaurach, Germany). For immunoperoxidase light microscopy, sections were treated as described above until the incubation step with primary antibodies. Slides were then washed three times with PBS for 5 min and incubated with goat anti-rabbit IgG horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibody (1:50 dilution) for 1 h at room temperature. Slides were washed three times with PBS for 5 min, and peroxidase activity was visualized with diaminobenzidine and hydrogen peroxide. Sections were dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol concentrations (70%, 80%, 90%, 96%, and 100%), cleared in xylene, and mounted with DePeX mounting medium. Labeled sections were examined with a light microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Images were recorded with charge-coupled device cameras connected to a frame grabber that was mounted in an IBM-compatible personal computer.Preparation of Glandular Tissue Homogenate and Isolation of Plasma Membranes
Four to six male Wistar rats were anesthetized with ether and perfused via the left ventricle with PBS until the salivary glands were thoroughly blanched. Subcellular fractionation of parotid and submandibular glands was performed essentially as described earlier (40). Briefly, parotid or submandibular gland homogenate was prepared by grinding tissue with 50 strokes of a motor-driven Potter homogenizer in 10 ml of ice-cold homogenizing buffer containing (in mM) 280 mannitol, 10 HEPES, 10 KCl, 1 MgCl2 (pH 7.0), and 0.1 Pefabloc SC (Boehringer Mannheim). The homogenate was centrifuged at 50 g for 5 min, and the supernatant was collected. The pellet containing unbroken cells was resuspended in 10 ml of the same buffer and homogenized once more. After centrifugation at 50 g for 5 min, both supernatants were combined. To obtain plasma membrane fractions, the cleared homogenate was centrifuged for 12 min at 1,000 g and the supernatant was centrifuged at 11,000 g for 15 min. The 11,000-g pellet was composed of an whitish fluffy upper layer and a yellowish bottom layer, which were separated. The 11,000-g fluffy layer was mixed with 2.0 M sucrose buffer to a concentration of 1.25 M, which was layered on 2.0 M sucrose and overlaid with 0.3 M sucrose. The gradient was centrifuged at 140,000 g for 90 min, and the whitish band enriched in plasma membranes (PM) at the upper surface between the 0.3 M and 1.25 M sucrose density layers was collected. Protein concentration was assayed as described by Bradford (6), using BSA as a standard.SDS-PAGE and Western Blotting
Electrophoresis and blotting procedures were performed essentially as described earlier (38). Briefly, proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE on 7.5% acrylamide Laemmli minigels and transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Dupont NEN, Bad Homburg, Germany). The efficiency of protein transfer was monitored with prestained protein standards (Bio-Rad, Munich, Germany). Blots were blocked with 3% nonfat dry milk in Tris-buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween 20 for 8 h at 4°C and incubated with the primary antibodies at dilutions 1:10,000 for the aAE2-CT and 1:500 for both anti-NBC antibodies at 4°C overnight. After incubation with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution donkey anti-rabbit IgG; Amersham-Buchler, Braunschweig, Germany), blots were developed in enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (Amersham-Buchler) and signals were visualized on X-ray films. X-ray films were scanned with a single-pass flat-bed scanner (Linotype-Hell, Eschborn, Germany) and processed for documentation using JASC Paint Shop Pro 4.1 software (Jameln, Germany). ![]() |
RESULTS |
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Immunoblotting
Immunoblotting was performed in whole parotid or submandibular gland tissue homogenate and additionally in the respective plasma membrane fraction, because both the ClAE2.
Figure 1A shows an immunoblot of
whole parotid or submandibular gland homogenate and PM fractions with
the anti-AE2-CT antibody (1:10,000). With anti-AE2-CT, a band of ~95
kDa was labeled in the parotid homogenate fraction, whereas in the
submandibular gland homogenate no bands were detectable.
In the PM fractions of both glands, this antibody recognized major
bands at ~100 kDa, ~110 kDa, and ~160 kDa and a faint band at
~180 kDa. The ~180-kDa and ~160-kDa bands were more prominent in
the submandibular than in the parotid plasma membranes. All signals
probed with the aAE2-CT antibody in the immunoblots were abolished when
this antibody was preincubated with 2.4 µg/ml AE2 peptide antigen
(data not shown).
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NBC. The results of immunoblotting experiments with NBC antisera (1:1,000) on homogenate and PM fraction of whole rat parotid [anti-(MBP-NBC3)] and submandibular gland [anti-(MBP-NBC5)] are shown in Fig. 1B. Similar results were obtained in the two glands with both antibodies. A prominent band of ~130 kDa was detected in the plasma membrane fraction of both glands that was not found in the respective homogenate. Labeling of these bands was abolished by preabsorption of the antibody with an excess concentration (10 µg/ml) of the respective fusion protein.
Immunohistochemistry
The duct system of rat submandibular gland can be morphologically divided into four segments. The intercalated ducts are short and narrow duct segments that form the most proximal part of the duct tree. They drain into the granular ducts, which are well developed in submandibular glands of male rodents. Granular ducts consist of three cell types: the wide dark granular cells, the light granular cells, and the narrow agranular cells (36). The distal parts of granular ducts form the striated ducts, which are characterized by extensive infoldings of their basal membranes surrounded by many mitochondria. Striated ducts lead to nonstriated interlobular or excretory ducts. In contrast to the rat submandibular duct system, the duct system of the parotid gland is characterized by longer intercalated ducts and the absence of granular ducts (32, 36, 45).AE2 in parotid gland.
Figure 2a shows the labeling
pattern on cryosections of PLP-fixed parotid gland with the aAE2-CT
antiserum (dilution 1:800) using immunofluorescence light microscopy.
In acinar cells, staining by this AE2 antibody was found to be
intracellular and of moderate to strong intensity. However, labeling
was not diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm but appeared
particulate, suggesting AE2 immunoreactivity in the Golgi apparatus, as
shown at the ultrastructural level in rat and mouse kidney (4, 35), but
its identity and function remain unclear. Intercalated duct cells
showed a faint diffuse intracellular staining pattern, whereas in
striated ducts labeling was weak or absent. Labeling of the parenchyma
was nearly completely abolished in the presence of the aAE2-CT peptide
(24 µg/ml) (Fig. 2b).
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NBC in parotid gland.
Figure 3 shows NBC localization in
PLP-fixed cryosections of rat parotid gland using the anti-(MBP-NBC5)
antibody and immunoperoxidase light microscopy. Identical labeling
pattern was obtained using the anti-(MBP-NBC3) antibody (data not
shown). Staining intensity obtained with both antibodies was enhanced
by treating the sections with SDS. Acinar cells uniformly exhibited
basolateral immunostaining of moderate intensity, presumably
representing labeling of the basolateral plasma membrane (Fig.
3a). Labeling in intercalated ducts was diffusely
intracellular, whereas striated duct cells showed NBC immunolabeling of
strong intensity at their basolateral cell sides (Fig. 3a).
However, cells exhibiting intracellular labeling were also observed.
Moreover, although basolateral staining was present in all cells lining
the striated ducts, some cells were labeled at both apical and
basolateral membranes (Fig. 3a). NBC distribution in
intralobular, interlobular, and main duct cells was the same as in
striated duct cells (Fig. 3b). Both acinar and duct staining
were abolished in competition experiments with 10 µg/ml fusion
protein, as shown in Fig. 3c.
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AE2 in submandibular gland.
Figure 4 shows AE2 distribution in
cryosections of PLP-fixed submandibular gland tissue with the antibody
aAE2-CT (dilution 1:800). In sections that had not been pretreated with
SDS, submandibular acinar cells (Fig. 4a) showed Golgi-like
staining similar to that found in parotid gland (see also Fig.
2a). Staining was weak or absent in granular and striated duct
cells and never detectable in intercalated duct cells. Labeling of
acinar cells was abolished when the aAE2-CT antibody was coincubated
with its peptide antigen (24 µg/ml; Fig. 4b).
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NBC in submandibular gland.
Figure 5 illustrates the labeling pattern
of fixed cryosections with the anti-(MBP-NBC3) antibody. As observed in
the parotid gland, both anti-NBC antibodies revealed identical
immunostaining patterns in submandibular gland. However, in contrast to
parotid gland, NBC immunoreactivity was absent in acinar and
intercalated duct cells (Fig. 5a). Granular and striated duct
cells showed uniform basolateral NBC immunolabeling of moderate to
strong intensity with only occasional individual cells exhibiting
apical staining (Fig. 5a). Interestingly, the number of duct
cells showing apical NBC staining increased at the distal part of the
submandibular duct tree. Most intralobular and interlobular duct cells
revealed basolateral NBC immunostaining (Fig. 5c), whereas, as
can be seen from Fig. 5, b and d, in the main duct
cell, labeling was diffuse, with a predominance at the apical membrane.
Again, labeling was abolished in the presence of 10 µg/ml fusion
protein but not in the presence of MBP alone (data not shown).
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DISCUSSION |
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Protein Expression of AE2 and NBC in Salivary Glands
AE2. With the use of specific antibodies, the presence of AE2 and NBC in rat salivary glands was first demonstrated in a plasma membrane fraction by immunoblotting (other subcellular fractions did not show any enrichment of the AE2 and NBC protein bands; data not shown). Immunoblot analysis of parotid and submandibular plasma membrane proteins with the AE2 antibody revealed protein bands at ~160 and ~180 kDa (Fig. 1a), exhibiting apparent molecular masses (Mr) corresponding to AE2a/b and to AE2c, respectively. The ~100-kDa and ~110-kDa bands correspond to the Mr of AE1 (15). Although these bands could in part be accounted for by residual erythrocytes in the gland tissue samples, their prominence may suggest expression of AE1 or the presence of a novel isoform. Indeed, a band of ~95 kDa has been reported in lung tissue that could represent a protein different from AE1 (21).
NBC. Both NBC antibodies labeled a ~130-kDa protein band (Fig. 1b and data not shown). A protein band labeled by anti-(MBP-NBC5) and anti-(MBP-NBC3) antisera of ~130 kDa has also been reported by our group in rat pancreas (39). This Mr of ~130 kDa is similar to the predicted molecular mass of mouse and human pancreatic NBC of ~121.5 kDa (GenBank AF020195.1 and AF011390.1) (1).
Immunolocalization of AE2 and NBC in Acini
Immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence labeling showed a predominant AE2 and NBC localization at the plasma membrane, in accordance with the immunoblot data.AE2.
With the use of the anti AE2-CT antibody and epitope unmasking with
SDS, a basolateral epitope was detected in parotid and submandibular
acinar cells (Fig. 2d). These results are in agreement with an
immunohistochemical study in rat submandibular gland (10) as well as
with previous functional studies in rat parotid (20) and submandibular
glands (8) and are also consistent with the current view of electrolyte
transport in salivary acinar cells (41), according to which the
basolaterally located
Cl/HCO
3 exchanger
AE2 may, together with a Na+/H+ exchanger,
control the intracellular pH and contribute to intracellular accumulation of Cl
(22).
NBC.
Interestingly, our results show that, in addition to AE2, parotid but
not submandibular acinar cells also express NBC at their basolateral
membranes, (Figs. 3a and 5a). This is in agreement with
studies on rabbit submandibular acinar cells (9, 17), which did not
find evidence for a
Na+-HCO3 cotransporter in
these cells, but different from a study by Melvin et al. (19), who have
provided no evidence for the presence of electrogenic
Na+-HCO
3 cotransport in
rat parotid acinar cells. However, the data of Melvin et al. could also
not be fully explained by the current models of electrolyte transport
in these cells, as transport was SITS insensitive but amiloride
sensitive. In contrast, a
Na+-HCO
3 cotransporter has
been postulated for accumulation of
HCO
3 in sheep parotid acinar cells
(24, 33), which may account for the ability of sheep parotid gland to
produce a HCO
3-rich primary fluid.
However, without knowledge of the HCO
3 concentration of the primary fluid, it is difficult to put forward a
model that will account for both the various
HCO
3 secretion patterns and the ductal
contribution on the HCO
3 concentration
in the final saliva. Moreover, the absence of NBC in submandibular
acinar cells may indicate different fluid and electrolyte secretion
mechanisms in the two glands.
Immunolocalization of AE2 and NBC in Ducts
Our results also demonstrate the absence or subthreshold level of expression of AE2 protein in both parotid and submandibular duct cells. These findings are in accordance with functional studies on isolated rat parotid intralobular ducts (23) and with an immunohistochemical study on rat submandibular gland (10). In contrast, perfusion experiments in the main duct of rat submandibular gland have demonstrated the presence of luminal (8, 13) or of both luminal and basolateral ClOn the basis of our studies, NBC could represent the relevant
HCO3 transporter in both apical and
basolateral membranes of parotid and submandibular glands. An
electroneutral Na+/HCO
3
exchanger (mNBC3) has been recently cloned (25) that is insensitive to
DIDS but sensitive to 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride. Although at this stage we cannot exclude that either the apical or
basolateral immunolabeling could be accounted for by mNBC3 or a yet
unknown novel isoform of NBC that may cross-react with our antibodies,
it is rather unlikely that mNBC3 would represent the isoform expressed
in salivary glands, because it was found to be uniquely expressed in
skeletal muscle and heart but not in epithelial tissues, such as
kidney, small intestine, or pancreas (25).
Our results provide evidence for a heterogeneous cellular distribution
of HCO3 transporters in rat parotid and submandibular ducts (Figs. 3a and 5a). Basolateral
NBC distribution was not consistent between duct segments but shifted
to predominantly apical localization in main submandibular but not in
parotid ducts, suggesting distinct
HCO
3 transport properties in the
different duct segments of submandibular gland. Heterogeneity between
submandibular and parotid glands has also been reported in previous
studies on the distribution of vacuolar-type
H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) in salivary ducts (29,
30). Apical colocalization of V-ATPase and NBC could lead to
HCO
3 reabsorption rather than to
HCO
3 secretion in parotid duct cells,
a possible explanation for the decrease of
HCO
3 concentration in the final fluid,
compared with that of the primary fluid (8). In contrast, submandibular
duct cells exhibit NBC at their apical membranes but no V-ATPase (29,
30), suggesting that the ducts may secrete
HCO
3 and contribute to the
HCO
3 concentration in the final fluid. Because no ductal cell AE2 expression was detected, the present study
provides evidence that NBC likely plays a more important role in ductal
HCO
3 transport than previously believed.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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We thank Alan Stuart-Tilley and Inge Naumann for excellent technical assistance.
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FOOTNOTES |
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This work was supported by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Grants DK-43495 (to S. L. Alper) and DK-30344 (to W. F. Boron), by Cystic Fibrosis Core Center Grant P30-DK27651 (to M. F. Romero), and a Training Grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (SCHM 1297/1-1, to B. M. Schmitt). Research in F. Thévenod's laboratory is supported by DFG Grant Th 345/6-1.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: F. Thévenod, Department of Physiology, University of Saarland, Building 58, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany (E-mail: frank.thevenod{at}med-rz.uni-sb.de).
Received 24 June 1999; accepted in final form 1 September 1999.
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