1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and 2Cytometry Center, University of Nevada, Reno 89557; and 3Sierra Cytometry, Reno, Nevada 89509
Submitted 1 July 2003 ; accepted in final form 7 October 2003
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ABSTRACT |
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mouse; Kit; macrophage; pacemaking; fluorescent imaging
The discovery that ICC can be identified by expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase Kit [stem cell factor (SCF) receptor, CD117] (13, 21, 39, 42) has led to several studies on the morphology of ICC networks in human GI disorders. Damages to ICC networks have been described in congenital and acquired GI disorders including anorectal malformations, Hirschsprung disease, infantile pyloric stenosis, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetic gastroenteropathy, stromal tumors, and paraneoplastic, idiopathic, or "functional" disorders (11, 20, 23, 27, 28, 32, 41). Many of these changes have also been demonstrated in animal models (2, 3, 19, 24, 25, 34), which provide an exciting opportunity to study the mechanisms and consequences of ICC loss in these diseases. For example, we have demonstrated that disruptions in gastric ICC networks resulting from impaired Kit signaling (25, 26) can lead to electrical arrhythmias by interfering with pacemaker entrainment and by remodeling of the ICC pacemaker apparatus (24). Since similar losses of ICC also occur in motility disorders, such as diabetic gastroenteropathies (11, 23, 25), which are also frequently associated with disturbed electrical pacemaking (15), it is likely that ICC damage and electrical abnormalities in diabetes and other disorders are causally related.
Pacemaker entrainment (i.e., the transformation of individual cells into a large-scale functional network) is critical for the proper function of ICC in vivo. However, analysis of the network behavior of ICC has been difficult because of their scarcity, their limited accessibility in intact tissues, and the random nature of their networks in culture. ICC have been successfully studied by electrophysiological and imaging techniques in primary cultures (16, 17, 29, 36, 37, 44) and even in situ (6, 30, 46). However, these techniques can only target a very limited number of ICC confined to small parts of large networks and therefore cannot reveal interactions that occur on a larger scale. Recently we have attempted to study pacemaker entrainment by coculturing cells from gastric corpus and antrum following labeling with cell-tracking dyes (24). Although this approach can yield interconnected clusters of corpus and antrum ICC, their occurrence was random. Purification and coculturing of functionally active ICC from various anatomic locations that normally have different intrinsic slow-wave frequencies would permit engineering of specialized interconnected networks and would also allow manipulation of the pattern and size of these networks for experimental purposes. Such engineered ICC networks could provide insights into the role of ICC-ICC interactions in slow-wave arrhythmias.
In the present work, we have evaluated immunomagnetic sorting (MACS), a bench-top technique, for obtaining enriched populations of ICC to use for functional studies. MACS may be useful for obtaining functionally active ICC because 1) the technique permits simultaneous sorting of large numbers of cells, which is an advantage when purifying rare cells, and 2) it facilitates the recovery of intact cells with minimal stress during sorting (22).
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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Tissue preparation. All steps were performed in Krebs-Ringerbicarbonate solution (see Solutions). The buffer was kept in melting ice and changed frequently during the dissection. Small intestines (jejunum and ileum) were excised and opened along the mesentery, and their contents were washed away with buffer. The mucosa and submucosa were removed by peeling, and only the tunica muscularis of the entire jejunum and ileum was used.
Primary cell cultures. Small intestinal muscles consisting of the entire jejunum and ileum from 9- to 13-day-old mice (2 per experiment) were minced, equilibrated in Ca2+-free Hanks' solution (see Solutions) for 15 min, and incubated without agitation at 37°C for 23 min in an enzyme solution containing collagenase (1.3 mg/ml Worthington Type II; Worthington Biochemical, Freehold, NJ), BSA (2 mg/ml), trypsin inhibitor (2 mg/ml), and ATP (0.27 mg/ml) (all from Sigma, St. Louis, MO) in Ca2+-free Hanks' solution. After three washes, the tissues were triturated through a series of three blunt pipettes of decreasing tip diameter. The resulting cell suspension was mixed and cultured in sterile, collagen-coated (2.5 µg murine collagen/ml; Collaborative Biomedical Products, Bedford, MA) T-25 tissue culture flasks (4 per experiment). Cells were cultured at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator in Smooth Muscle Growth Medium 2 (BioWhittaker, Walkersville, MD) supplemented with an antibiotic/antimycotic mixture (200 U/ml penicillin, 200 µg/ml streptomycin, and 0.5 µg/ml amphotericin B; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and soluble murine SCF (25 ng/ml; Sigma). The medium was changed after 24 h to Smooth Muscle Growth Medium 2 containing SCF but no antibiotic/antimycotic. Cultures were used after they had become confluent (6-8 days after plating) because ICC display stronger Kit immunoreactivity in the presence of other cell types.
Enrichment of ICC by MACS. We based our approach on the detection of the ICC marker Kit with extracellularly reacting rat monoclonal (IgG2b) antibodies (ACK2). Because the epitope recognized by ACK2 is altered or masked by collagenase, ICC labeling had to be performed in the tissues or cell cultures before dispersion (7, 10). Because this technique unavoidably and quantitatively labels resident macrophages (7, 10), we have designed the following subtractive approach to assess specific ICC enrichment (Fig. 1).
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Enrichment of ICC in freshly dispersed cell suspensions. Small intestines (jejunum, ileum) from two 9- to 13-day-old BALB/c mice were used in each experiment. After being peeled, the tissues were halved along their longitudinal axes and the opposite halves were recombined to compensate for potential differences between animals. In one of these recombined tissues, ICC (and macrophages) were labeled with ACK2 that had been conjugated with the fluorescent dye Alexa Fluor 488 (AF 488) using the Alexa Fluor 488 protein labeling kit from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR). AF 488-ACK2 conjugates were diluted to 10 µg/ml with Ca2+-containing, HEPES-buffered physiological salt solution (see Solutions) and applied at 4°C for 3 h. In the parallel samples, macrophages were first selectively labeled with FITC-dextran [70 kDa, 1.3 mg/ml in phenol red-free medium 199 (all from Sigma)] (7) by incubating the tissues at 37°C for 1 h in a 5% CO2 incubator. After being washed with cold physiological salt solution, ICC (and macrophages) were labeled with nonfluorescent ACK2 (10 µg/ml) as described above. This way the same cells (ICC + macrophages) were identified in both tissues for MACS, but only macrophages had fluorescent labels in the second tissue, whereas both ICC and macrophages were tagged with a fluorescent dye in the first one (Fig. 1). After being labeled, both tissues were washed and equilibrated with cold Ca2+-free Hanks' solution, transferred into collagenase solution (see Primary cell cultures), and incubated, without stirring, at 4°C overnight. Then the tissues were raised to 37°C for 7 min for the final digestion. After three washes, the tissues were triturated through a series of three blunt pipettes of decreasing tip diameter. The resulting cell suspensions were sedimented by centrifugation (300 g; 5 min; 4°C) and washed with 4 ml of carefully degassed, ice-cold, Ca2+-free Hanks' solution containing 2% BSA and 2 mM EDTA (sorting buffer). ACK2 was then reacted with goat F(ab')2 anti-rat IgG conjugated with superparamagnetic beads (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA; 1:5 in sorting buffer; 4°C for 15 min). The average diameter of these magnetic microparticles is 50 nm; they are biodegradable and do not influence cell function and viability (22). After being washed, the labeled cells were resuspended in 1 ml sorting buffer and passed through prewetted polyester filters (30 µm mesh size; Miltenyi), which were then washed three times with 1 ml sorting buffer. The volume of the flowthrough was adjusted to 4 ml, and 0.5 ml of this suspension was saved and diluted to 1 ml (unsorted group). The remaining 3.5 ml were then passed through prewetted MS magnetic columns placed in a strong magnet (MiniMACS; all from Miltenyi). Cells not retained on the columns by the magnet were washed three times with 0.5 ml sorting buffer. After the final volume was adjusted to 5 ml, this fraction was saved as the MACS-group. The columns were then removed from the magnet, and the retained cells were flushed out with 1 ml sorting buffer (MACS+ group). Dead cells in all three groups were labeled with propidium iodide (PI, 1.5 µg/ml; BioSure Controls, Grass Valley, CA) and live (PI-) cells labeled with AF 488-ACK2 or FITC-dextran were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM; see FCM analysis).
Enrichment of ICC from primary cell cultures. Parallel cultures (2 T-25 flasks, derived from 1 small intestine per group) were labeled for subtractive analysis as described above (Fig. 1), except that the native or fluorescent ACK2 was applied for 1 h only. After being labeled, cells were washed and equilibrated with cold, Ca2+-free Hanks' solution and then detached with an enzyme solution containing 0.05% trypsin and 0.53 mM EDTA·4Na (Invitrogen). The reaction was monitored under the microscope at room temperature and stopped by adding Ca2+-free Hanks' solution containing 5% FBS. The dissociated cells were then washed, reacted with secondary antibodies conjugated with magnetic beads, and sorted on magnetic columns as described above. After being sorted, MACS+ cells were either used for FCM or were plated onto sterile 35-mm tissue culture dishes, the bottoms of which had been replaced by No. 1 glass coverslips and coated with murine collagen as described in Primary cell cultures.
FCM analysis. Double-labeled cell suspensions (AF 488-ACK2 or FITC-dextran and PI) were analyzed with a Beckman-Coulter XL/MCL flow cytometer equipped with an Ar ion laser (excitation wavelength, 488 nm), a photodiode to measure light scattered at low forward angles (forward scatter), and photomultiplier tubes to measure orthogonally scattered light (side scatter) plus four wavelengths of fluorescence: 525 nm [used for the detection of AF 488-ACK2, emission maximum (Em), 519 nm; or for the detection of FITC-dextran, Em, 518 nm]; 575 nm (unused); 610 nm (used for PI, Em, 617 nm); and 675 nm (unused). Cells were detected by triggering on forward-scatter signals and data files of 20,000 events were collected with the Coulter System II acquisition software. These combinations of fluorescent labels did not require any compensation to resolve the green and red emissions. Listmode data files were analyzed with SuperCyt Analyst (Sierra Cytometry) software. Regions were created to define cell clusters with single or double fluorescent labeling. Dead (PI+) cells were excluded from further analysis, and the proportion of the labeled, live cells was expressed as the percentage of the total live cell count reported by this technique. The absolute number of labeled cells that did not take up PI was calculated from the number of cells with the appropriate fluorescence parameters over a certain time, the flow rate (
25 µl/min; verified by using fluorescent beads at known concentrations), and the total volume of the cell suspensions. Proper instrument operation was verified by examining standard reference beads.
Morphological imaging. Phase-contrast micrographs of cell cultures were taken on Kodak Tmax 400 or P3200 black-and-white film with a Nikon F2 camera mounted on a Nikon Diaphot microscope equipped with a x10/0.25 numerical aperture (NA) lens (Nikon Instruments, Melville, NY). Live-labeled tissues or cells (grown in glass-bottom dishes) were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde-saline (pH 7.4; 10 min at room temperature) for verification of labeling by confocal imaging. Labeled specimens were examined with a Bio-Rad MRC 600 confocal microscope (Hercules, CA) equipped with an Ar-Kr laser and coupled to a Nikon Diaphot inverted microscope. Images were acquired with Nikon Fluor x40/1.30 NA or Nikon PlanApo x60/1.40 NA oil immersion objectives. The confocal micrographs in this manuscript are digital composites of Z-series scans constructed with CoMOS software (version 7.0a; Bio-Rad).
Fluorescent imaging of pacemaker activity in purified ICC. To monitor oscillations in mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration in purified and recultured ICC (24, 44), cells were loaded with 4.4 µmol/l reduced rhod-2 AM, prepared according to the manufacturer's recommendations (Molecular Probes), in physiological salt solution containing 5% FBS for 1 h at 4°C. Loaded cells were cultured for an additional 18 h in phenol red-free medium 199 containing 5% FBS to ensure complete elimination of the dye from the cytoplasm (24, 40). Previously, we have verified the mitochondrial localization of this dye by coloading mitochondria with MitoTracker Green FM (24, 44). Time-series experiments were performed in physiological salt solution warmed to 29 ± 0.5°C. Mitochondrial Ca2+ oscillations associated with electrical pacemaking in ICC were monitored by using the line scan option of the Bio-Rad MRC 600 (acquisition rate, 4.2 Hz; excitation wavelength, 568 nm) as described previously (24, 44). Traces were smoothed offline by adjacent averaging using Microcal Origin 4.1 (Microcal Software, Northampton, MA).
In separate experiments, we monitored electrical pacemaker activity in purified, cultured ICC with tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM; Molecular Probes), a fluorescent, lipophilic, cationic dye that can undergo potential-dependent redistribution across cellular and intracellular membranes (8). TMRM was dissolved in physiological salt solution and added to the cells at a concentration of 100 nmol/l. Time series experiments were performed with confocal line-scanning microscopy as described for rhod-2 above.
Solutions. Concentrations are given in millimoles per liter. Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate solution contained 120.35 NaCl, 5.9 KCl, 2.5 CaCl2, 1.2 MgCl2, 15.5 NaHCO3, 1.2 NaH2PO4, and 11.5 glucose, pH 7.3-7.4 when bubbled with 97% O2-3% CO2. Ca2+-free Hanks' solution contained 125 NaCl, 5.36 KCl, 15.5 NaHCO3, 0.336 Na2HPO4, 0.44 KH2PO4, 10 glucose, 2.9 sucrose, and 11 HEPES, adjusted to pH 7.2 with NaOH. Sorting buffer contained Ca2+-free Hanks' solution, 2% BSA, and 2 mM EDTA. Physiological salt solution contained 135 NaCl, 5 KCl, 2 CaCl2, 1.2 MgCl2, 10 glucose, and 10 HEPES, adjusted to pH 7.4 with Tris.
Statistical analyses. The SigmaStat statistical software for Windows version 2.03 (SPSS Science, Chicago, IL) was used for all statistical analyses. Data are expressed as means ± SE, and n signifies the number of independent experiments in the tests. The frequency of rhod-2 and TMRM oscillations was calculated from the mean interevent interval for the particular recording. Before tests of significance were performed, data were examined for normality and equal variance to determine whether parametric or nonparametric tests should be employed. Percentage data were transformed [arcsin()] before statistical analysis. One-way ANOVA followed by all-pairwise multiple comparison (Tukey test) was used for statistical comparisons. A probability value of P < 0.05 was used as a cutoff for statistical significance in all procedures.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION |
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The total cell counts in the suspensions obtained from individual 9- to 13-day old small intestines (jejunum + ileum) varied between 0.86 x 106 and 1.12 x 106 (mean = 1.01 x 106; n = 3). The frequencies of ICC and macrophages were 3.26 ± 0.27 and 1.67 ± 0.28%, respectively (Fig. 3, A, D, and G), reflecting mean total cell counts of 32.8 x 103 (ICC) and 16.8 x 103 (macrophages). MACS (Fig. 3, B, E, and H) resulted in a significant increase in the proportion of the AF 488-ACK2-positive cells (to 28.88 ± 9.19%) relative to both the unsorted and the MACS-groups (P < 0.009; Fig. 3, G-I), whereas the proportion of macrophages was marginally reduced (to 1.00 ± 0.27%; not significant) despite their quantitative uptake of the ACK2. It is likely that the latter was due to the largely intracellular localization of the primary antibody (ACK2) in these cells, which probably prevented the binding of the F(ab')2 secondary antibody labeled with magnetic beads. Subtraction analysis indicated an 8.23 ± 2.09-fold enrichment of ICC to a final frequency of 27.88 ± 9.37% (P < 0.008 relative to unsorted and MACS-cells; Fig. 3, G-I). The calculated number of harvested ICC was (7.1 ± 1.2) x 103, representing a 22% rate of recovery. Although the final ICC frequency fell within the range reported, for example, for the Kit-based enrichment of spermatogonia from hamster, mouse, and marmoset testes using the same technique (35), it was clearly too low, for example, for molecular studies, which require highly purified cells. When we cultured the MACS+ cells to evaluate their utility for functional studies, we found that ICC networks occurred more frequently than in primary cultures (not shown). However, the difference did not appear to be great enough to justify the routine use of MACS for direct, one-step purification of ICC. On the other hand, MACS may be a useful technique for preenriching freshly dispersed ICC for fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
The relatively low final ICC frequency was probably due to the nonspecific binding of unlabeled cells to the columns. We estimated that because of the low abundance of ICC in the unsorted suspensions, nonspecific binding of only 1.8% of the cells applied to the MACS columns would be sufficient to dilute MACS+ ICC to the observed 27.88% mean final concentration. We verified this nonspecific binding in separate experiments by sorting in the absence of the primary or secondary antibodies (not shown). The nonspecific binding occurred despite the use of F(ab')2 secondary antibodies and Ca2+-free buffer containing 2% BSA. It may have been facilitated by the elongated shape of the dispersed smooth muscle cells (the most abundant Kit-negative cells), which is maintained even after tissue dissociation. Therefore, next we repeated the above experiments using primary cell cultures, where cell detachment with trypsin-EDTA makes even these cells round or oval shaped. We used confluent cultures because Kit immunoreactivity of ICC is stronger in the presence of other cell types (compare Fig. 2, D and E). Each group consisted of cultures derived from the jejunal and ileal muscles of a single 9- to 13-day old BALB/c mouse.
Total cell counts in the suspensions obtained from the primary cultures were about fourfold higher than in suspensions freshly dispersed from the same amount of tissue (range = 2.65-6.08 x 106; mean = 4.28 x 106; n = 3). The mean number of macrophages also increased about fourfold (to 64.6 x 103, representing 0.45 ± 0.10% of the total count), suggesting that on average the cells in primary cultures underwent about two doublings. However, the frequency of ICC was only 0.22 ± 0.15% (Fig. 4, A, D, and G), reflecting a total number of 31.0 x 103, which was less than the number of ICC in freshly dispersed tissues. In view of the well-known reduction of Kit expression by ICC in culture (see, e.g., Fig. 2, A, D, and E), which occurs without a loss of cells with ICC morphology (31), these findings probably reflect a reduction in the number of ICC identifiable with immunolabeling and FCM rather than a true reduction in their total number. In fact, assuming that ICC underwent the same number of doublings as other cells in the cultures (which is supported by the preservation of morphologically identifiable ICC networks in these cultures), it appears that only one in every four ICC remained detectable by FCM, even though the remaining Kit-positive ICC appeared to have relatively high levels of fluorescence (Fig. 4A). It is possible that only the ICC that were in physical contact with cells expressing the membrane-bound isoform of SCF, the physiologically relevant ligand for Kit, continued to express Kit at detectable levels (31) (see also Fig. 2E). MACS (Fig. 4, B, E, and H) increased the proportion of both AF 488-ACK2-positive cells (to 19.06 ± 3.58%; P < 0.001; Fig. 4, G-I) and macrophages (to 2.37 ± 0.80%; P = 0.026; Fig. 4, G-I). Similar to the suspensions derived from freshly dispersed muscles, the lower enrichment of macrophages was probably due to the largely intracellular localization of the ACK2 in these cells. Subtraction analysis indicated 63.28 ± 20.41-fold enrichment of ICC to a final frequency of 16.69 ± 2.81% (P < 0.001; Fig. 4, G-I). The calculated number of harvested ICC was (14.1 ± 3.2) x 103, indicating a 46% apparent rate of recovery. ICC detectable by FCM were practically depleted from the MACS-fraction (Fig. 4, C, F, and I). These results are very similar to those reported for immunomagnetic sorting of other rare cell types (22). Thus MACS appeared to be an effective technique to sort ICC from cultured cells, and the relatively low final ICC frequency may not have reflected the true proportion of these cells. The main difference between FCM and MACS is that in the latter the primary immunoreaction is amplified by the paramagnetic secondary antibodies, whereas detection by FCM depends entirely on the abundance of the bound primary antibodies. Therefore, ICC that had too few AF 488-ACK2 antibody molecules attached could have escaped detection by FCM while being retained on the column by the higher number of secondary antibody molecules labeled with the magnetic beads. It is also possible that cultured ICC with low levels of Kit expression were retained on the columns by nonspecific mechanisms. To verify that the efficacy of the magnetic sorting was higher than suggested by FCM, we recultured both the MACS+ and MACS-cells (see below). We did not attempt to use these cells in molecular studies because ICC gene expression is known to undergo changes in culture (7).
In primary cultures grown beyond confluence, ICC typically proliferate and form extensive networks on the surface of a cell layer mainly composed of smooth muscle cells (Fig. 5A). As predicted by FCM, secondary cultures of MACS-cells contained few ICC and were dominated by smooth muscle cells (Fig. 5B). When we recultured the MACS+ fractions (n = 24), despite the relatively low final ICC concentration suggested by FCM, we frequently observed extensive, nearly homogenous ICC networks that populated large areas of the culture dishes (Fig. 5C). Although these networks were dominated by multipolar (i.e., pacemaker-type) ICC, elongated (possibly intramuscular) ICC were also recognizable. In some cases, ICC networks appeared to be mixed with few smooth muscle cells and flat, large, fibrocyte-like cells (a similar cell is marked with an arrow in Fig. 5C). These findings imply that the MACS+ fractions contained more ICC than suggested by FCM analysis based on Kit immunofluorescence. To obtain further proof, we examined Kit-like immunoreactivity in such secondary cultures (n = 15). Indeed, in cultures with pure ICC networks, Kit immunostaining was weak (Fig. 5D) or barely detectable. In cultures containing cells other than ICC in somewhat greater numbers, Kit-like immunoreactivity was clearly recognizable. Reduction of Kit expression in cultured ICC (see also Ref. 31) is probably a sign of their dedifferentiation. ICC in culture tend to lose their typical phenotype with time and express smooth muscle myosin mRNA (7) and desmin-like immunoreactivity (T. Ördög, unpublished observations). A change toward a smooth muscle phenotype is also supported by the observation that these cells develop contractile activity (36). Therefore, an alternative explanation for the unexpected homogeneity of the ICC networks in secondary cultures is that the dedifferentiating ICC could have preferentially survived sorting and passaging and/or may have "outgrown" other cell types. Although the exact mechanism of the MACS technique's selectivity remains obscure, these observations suggest that it is an efficient and sensitive method of purifying ICC from primary cultures, where nonspecific binding of contaminating cells to the columns is lower than in the case of suspensions obtained by collagenase digestion.
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However, the reduced Kit-like immunoreactivity in secondary ICC cultures raised the possibility that the cells might have lost their functional characteristics. Therefore, we examined whether networks of ICC derived from MACS+ cells displayed rhythmic pacemaker activity. We could not investigate functions specific for ICC that mediate neuromuscular neurotransmission because at present that function is only recognizable in intact tissues (7, 10).
We used rhod-2 imaging to detect oscillations in mitochondrial [Ca2+], a critical step in the sequence of intracellular events that lead to electrical pacemaking (24, 33, 44). In each culture examined (n = 10), we detected rhythmic oscillations in rhod-2 fluorescence (Fig. 5E) that occurred at a frequency of 13.65 ± 0.73 cycles per minute. This frequency is very similar to the frequencies of rhythmic oscillations recorded previously in cultured murine small intestinal ICC at similar temperatures by various techniques, including patch-clamp recordings of transmembrane currents or voltage (16, 18, 36, 44) and imaging of mitochondrial (44) or cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations (T. Ördög and K. M. Sanders, unpublished observations). These findings indicate that purified and recultured ICC are capable of generating a normal pacemaker rhythm.
Although the intracellular mechanism for activation of pacemaker activity appeared to be intact, it is possible that secondary cultures of ICC might lose the ionic apparatus necessary to generate slow waves. Thus we also performed experiments with TMRM, a positively charged potentiometric dye that can undergo potential-dependent redistribution across cellular and intracellular membranes (8). Since mitochondrial membrane potential is more negative than the potential in the cytoplasm, TMRM accumulates in these organelles and displays a further increase in its fluorescence on depolarization of the cell membrane (8) (Fig. 5F). We verified the latter by depolarizing cultured ICC with elevated external K+ (not shown). In each culture studied (n = 14), rhythmic oscillations in membrane potential, as reported by TMRM, were observed (Fig. 5G). These oscillations occurred at a frequency of 13.68 ± 0.22 cycles per minute, indicating that the electrical pacemaker apparatus in these cells remained intact. These findings indicate that ICC networks obtained by immunomagnetic purification of cultured ICC are capable of generating rhythmic electrical pacemaker activity and underlying oscillations in mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration. The parameters of the rhythmic activity are indistinguishable from those detected in mixed primary cultures (16, 18, 36, 44).
The significance of the ICC purification technique presented in this paper is that it provides a novel tool to study the network behavior of ICC devoid of other cell types and could lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms that integrate pacemaker activity. Most studies on electrical properties of ICC have been performed in mixed primary cultures on individual cells that were parts of networks of variable size (16, 18, 24, 29, 36-38, 44). Others have recorded from ICC that grew out of small tissue explants (14) or from ICC identified in intact tissues (6, 30, 46). Our approach may enable studies that have not been possible with currently available techniques, such as the effects of network size on slow-wave amplitude (16, 29), the role of network expansion in the normal development and maturation of the GI pacemaker apparatus (39, 43), the mechanisms of pacemaker integration in ICC networks (15, 24, 30, 46), the mechanisms of arrhythmias caused by focal damages in the ICC networks (24, 26, 1), and the modulatory effects of electrically coupled smooth muscle cells on electrical pacemaking.
In this study, we demonstrate that immunomagnetic sorting of ICC from primary cultures of murine GI muscles can yield sufficiently pure, functionally intact ICC networks. Normal electrical pacemaker activity is preserved in the sorted and recultured ICC despite a significant reduction in their Kit expression. The purified ICC networks appear to be particularly suitable for the in-depth analysis of the mechanisms of pacemaker integration. However, this technique can only moderately enrich, but not purify, ICC from freshly dispersed cell suspensions and therefore is not practical for obtaining ICC for molecular studies that require high purity. FCM can be used for quantitative analysis of ICC, although low Kit expression may limit its utility in cultured cells, at least if it is used in connection with direct immunofluorescent labeling. Accurate assessment of the number and proportion of ICC in normal or diseased tissues by FCM will require the simultaneous identification of resident macrophages.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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This work was supported in part by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Grant DK-58185, a Research Grant Award from the American Motility Society and Janssen Pharmaceutica and Research Foundation, and a Seed Grant from the University of Nevada, Reno Sanford Center for Aging. The University of Nevada, Reno Cytometry Center was supported in part by the Nevada Biomedical Research Infrastructure Network Grant P20-RR-16464 from the National Center for Research Resources.
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FOOTNOTES |
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The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
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REFERENCES |
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