Departments of 1 Medicine I and 2 Dermatology I, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
![]() |
ABSTRACT |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
The interaction between intravenously transferred lymphocytes derived from spleens of multiple low-dose streptozotocin-diabetic mice with islet, exocrine pancreatic, and gastric mucosal endothelium of nondiabetic recipient mice was investigated by in vivo microscopy. Donor lymphocytes were stained with acridine red in vitro. The adoptive transfer of these cells from diabetic donor animals resulted in significantly increased lymphocyte rolling (4.46 ± 1.32%, P < 0.05) and adhesion (3.86 ± 1.04%, P < 0.05) in islets of nondiabetic recipients that had been pretreated with a single subdiabetogenic dose of streptozotocin. No increased endothelial interaction was noted in nonpretreated recipients or in experiments with nondiabetic donors. Rolling (1.19 ± 0.61 to 2.71 ± 0.62%) and adhesion (0.61 ± 0.33 to 2.80 ± 0.97%) of donor lymphocytes were low in exocrine pancreatic and gastric mucosal control tissue. It is concluded that, in this animal model, lymphocytes from diabetic donors interact preferentially with recipient islet endothelium. However, additional stimulation of recipient islet endothelium by exogenous factors is necessary to enable transferred cells to adhere to pancreatic islets.
mouse; islets of Langerhans; in vivo microscopy; microcirculation
![]() |
INTRODUCTION |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
TYPE I DIABETES MELLITUS is preceded by progressive
destruction of -cells in islets of Langerhans by autoimmune
mechanisms (2, 27). Histologically, this phase is characterized by
lymphocytic infiltration of pancreatic islets (3, 15). The initial
pathogenetic events leading to insulitis are still poorly understood.
Several animal models have been developed that allow the investigation of islet pathology leading to autoimmune diabetes mellitus in vivo. One
of these models uses the repeated administration of subdiabetogenic
doses of the betacytotoxic agent streptozotocin (STZ) in mice (21).
This treatment results in a cellular immune attack against
-cells
presumably made antigenic by low-dose STZ treatment (23). After
2-3 wk the animals develop overt diabetes (20). Main advantages of
this experimental model are the high diabetes incidence and the
invariable time course of histologic changes (20, 21, 24). Apart from
publications from one institution (4), adoptive transfer of splenic
lymphocytes from multiple low-dose diabetic donors to healthy
recipients failed to induce overt diabetes in these mice (1, 10, 16,
17). However, lymphocytic infiltration of pancreatic islets was evident
histologically in recipient mice after cell transfer (16, 17), and
impaired insulin secretion capacity could be demonstrated in these
animals (1). Several groups have been able to show preferential
trapping of transferred lymphocytes in islets of recipient animals by
use of radionuclide or fluorescent labeling of isolated donor
lymphocytes in diabetes transfer experiments (1, 22, 34). In an attempt to study the interaction between circulating lymphocytes and islet endothelium in vivo, we applied a fluorescent staining technique for in
vitro isolated lymphocytes that allows tracing of these cells in
recipient animals after donor lymphocyte transfer (7). Experiments were
performed to test the hypothesis that the interaction between donor
lymphocytes and recipient islet vascular endothelium is increased in
the transfer model of low-dose STZ-induced autoimmune insulitis. The
effect of an injection of a single very small dose of STZ into
recipient mice 1 day before the adoptive lymphocyte transfer on islet
lymphocyte adhesion was studied in the same model.
![]() |
METHODS |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Experimental animals. Male C57BL/6 mice aged 6-10 wk were purchased from Charles River, Sulzfeld, Germany. The mice, weighing between 18 and 24 g, were kept in our laboratory animal facility according to National Institutes of Health standards. We chose C57BL/6 mice for our experiments because it has been shown that in transfer experiments of multiple low-dose STZ diabetes, this mouse strain shows a high rate of lymphocytic insulitis in recipient animals (17).
STZ treatment. Donor mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of 40 mg/kg body weight STZ (Sigma Chemical, Deisenhofen, Germany) on five consecutive days. All mice had free access to food and water during this time. STZ was given within 2 min after dissolution of STZ in 0.2 ml of sodium citrate buffer at 4°C. The animals in the control groups received five intraperitoneal injections of 0.2 ml of citrate buffer at 4°C. In the second part of the study, recipient mice received either a single very small dose of STZ (5 mg/kg body weight) diluted in 0.2 ml of buffer or 0.2 ml of pure sodium citrate buffer intraperitoneally 24 h before the lymphocyte transfer. It has been shown that this STZ pretreatment significantly decreases insulin secretion capacity in recipients in a transfer model of low-dose STZ diabetes in mice (1).
Lymphocyte preparation and staining. Twenty-one days after the first injection of STZ, the donor animals were checked for glucosuria with test strips (Diabur, Boehringer Mannheim, Germany). In case of a positive result, nonfasting blood glucose was measured by the hexokinase method (Clinical System 700 Analyzer; Beckman, Munich, Germany). Animals with nonfasting blood glucose values higher than 14 mmol/l were considered diabetic. The spleens of diabetic donor mice were homogenized immediately after splenectomy under aseptic conditions. The homogenate was collected in PBS (Sigma Chemical). Aliquots were layered on Ficoll Paque 400 (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) and centrifuged at 400 g for 30 min. The buffy coat containing the lymphocytes was collected and washed three times in PBS at 20°C. The cell pellet was resuspended in 10 ml of PBS containing 0.001% of the fluorochrome acridine red (Chroma, Köngen, Germany) or 0.003% of the fluorescent dye rhodamine 6G (Sigma Chemical) for 10 min. The stained cells were harvested, washed once in PBS, and resuspended in 0.2 ml of PBS for intravenous infusion into recipient animals. Cell number and viability of every preparation were determined with a Neubauer chamber and the trypan blue exclusion test.
The labeling efficiency of this staining procedure was evaluated with a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer (FACScan; Becton-Dickinson, Mountain View, CA). Single aliquots containing 106 unstained cells were analyzed and compared with aliquots containing 106 cells stained by acridine red or rhodamine 6G as a control fluorochrome. In two-dimensional forward and side-light scatterplots, the lymphocytes were gated, and the number of unstained cells, as well as the staining intensity of the individual lymphocytes in the gate, was estimated. The distribution of the fluorescence intensity of gated lymphocytes was determined in all three groups. To exclude a negative effect of the staining procedure on the expression of adhesion-modifying cell surface proteins, we additionally performed fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analyses on stained and unstained lymphocytes after incubation with monoclonal antibodies directed against lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1; rat anti-mouse CD 11a: FITC, clone E21/7; Serotec, Oxford, England, UK) and against very late antigen-4 (rat anti-mouse VLA-4: FITC, clone PS/2, Serotec) for 10 min (n = 5 aliquots/group).Lymphocyte proliferation assay. To quantify a possible negative effect of our staining technique on the capacity of isolated lymphocytes to proliferate on mitogenic stimulation, we carried out standard lymphocyte proliferation testing. Briefly, the isolated splenic cells in culture (RPMI medium; GIBCO, Paisley, Scotland, UK; containing 10% fetal calf serum, 100 U/ml penicillin G, and 100 mg/ml streptomycin) were incubated starting at an initial concentration of 105 cells/well in triplicate wells of a 96-well microtiter plate. The cells were exposed to 5 µg/ml concanavalin A (Sigma Chemical) in 200 µl of culture medium, or to culture medium alone. After 72 h of culture (5% CO2, 37°C) 1 µCi/well [3H]thymidine (NEN Research Products, Dreieich, Germany) was added and cultures were incubated for 16 h. The cells were collected with an automatic cell harvester (Skatron, Sweden) on glass fiber filter paper. Incorporated radioactivity was measured with a liquid scintillation counter (Wallac 1409 LKB, Freiburg, Germany), and results were expressed as disintegrations per minute. The proliferation of unstained cells, of lymphocytes stained by acridine red, and of cells that had been incubated with the reference fluorochrome rhodamine 6G was tested (n = 4/group).
Adoptive lymphocyte transfer. On day 21 after the first of five daily STZ injections, diabetic donor mice were anesthetized and their spleens were removed under aseptic conditions. Donor splenic lymphocytes were isolated and stained with acridine red as described in Lymphocyte preparation and staining. The cells of one donor spleen were injected intravenously into an anesthetized, nondiabetic, and nonfasted recipient mouse within 30 min after lymphocyte isolation. The intravenous transfer of the donor cell suspension was performed with an electronic pump at a rate of 2 ml/h over 6 min. The range of donor splenic lymphocyte isolates was between 1.27 and 3.0 × 107 cells, with no significant differences of the mean donor cell yield among the five groups. As mentioned in STZ treatment, the same experiments were repeated with recipient mice that had been pretreated with 5 mg/kg STZ intraperitoneally 24 h before the lymphocyte transfer.
Histology. Additional lymphocyte transfer experiments were performed to test the capacity of isolated and stained donor lymphocytes to transfer insulitis to healthy recipient mice in our model. Each recipient received an intraperitoneal injection of 1-3 × 107 viable splenic lymphocytes derived from one donor mouse in 0.5 ml of PBS. Transfer experiments were performed from healthy to healthy animals (n = 5), from diabetic to healthy mice (n = 7), and from diabetic donors to nondiabetic recipients that had been given an intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg/kg STZ 24 h before the experiment (n = 6). Two weeks after the cell transfer, the recipient animals were killed. Their pancreata were fixed, embedded in paraffin, and prepared for light microscopical histology. In sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, the percentage of recipient islets with lymphocytic infiltrates was determined in all three experimental groups. The evaluating investigator was unaware of the treatment that had been given.
In vivo microscopy of donor lymphocyte homing. The recipient animal was anesthetized intramuscularly with 5 g/kg urethan (Sigma Chemical). This anesthetic does not lead to relevant cardiovascular depression in rodents (11). A midline laparotomy was performed, and a catheter was inserted into the inferior vena cava. The duodenal loop was exteriorized and fixed to a thermocontrolled metal plate. The preparation was permanently bathed in physiological saline solution at 37°C. Five milligrams per kilogram of a 2.5% solution of FITC-coupled dextran 150,000 (Sigma Chemical) were injected intravenously to stain the recipient animal's plasma. The isolated and stained donor lymphocytes were infused intravenously over a 6-min period. The microcirculation of the exposed pancreas was observed via an epi-illumination microscope (MM-11; Nikon, Düsseldorf, Germany) equipped with a water immersion objective (CF Fluor 10/0.3 W; Nikon) and with two different filter sets. Filter set no. 1 (excitation filter 450-490 nm, barrier filter >515 nm) was used to visualize FITC-marked structures, whereas with filter set no. 2 (excitation 515-560 nm, barrier filter >580 nm), only the acridine red-marked donor cells were seen as fluorescent corpuscules moving across the video monitor (Fig. 1B). The microcirculation was recorded on video tape with a CCD video camera (Pieper FK 6990-IQ, Schwerte, Germany) attached to the microscope and a video cassette recorder (Panasonic AG-7355 S-VHS) for later off-line evaluation. With this microscope setup, the final magnification on the video monitor was 1,133-fold. Using the filter set no. 1 configuration, an area of recipient pancreatic tissue was located, where an islet of Langerhans lay directly under the visceral serosa. A frame was chosen that showed the islet under investigation on one side and an area of exocrine pancreatic tissue of at least the same size on the other side (Fig. 1A). Video recordings were obtained with filter set no. 2 over a period of 1 h. After every 5 min the configuration was switched to filter set no. 1 to control for focus and to enable later off-line analysis of capillary blood flow in the pancreatic microvascular bed.
|
Evaluation of in vivo microscopic data.
Evaluation of the experiments was performed off-line by a
"blinded" examiner reviewing the video tapes. Immediately before cell transfer, the video image of the filter set no. 1 configuration was frozen. A semilucent foil was attached to the video monitor. The
islet under investigation was outlined on the foil with a pencil. The
foil was removed, and the islet window was cut out. A window of exactly
the same size and shape was cut out next to the islet so that an area
of exocrine pancreatic tissue containing only capillaries, small
intra-acinar collecting venules, and supplying arterioles was displayed
after reattachment of the foil to the video monitor. In review of video
recordings in filter set no. 2 configuration, the numbers of passing,
rolling, and permanently adhering donor lymphocytes were counted in
both the exocrine and the endocrine windows over a 1-h period after the
start of the intravenous lymphocyte transfer. In group
5 the size of the gastric observation windows was
matched to the size of the exocrine pancreatic observation windows in
group 4. "Lymphocyte rolling"
was defined as marked slowing of cell velocity compared with the
average speed of freely passing donor lymphocytes. "Lymphocyte
adhesion" was noted in case of a complete stop of motion for 5 s
of a donor lymphocyte passing one of the observation windows. To make
these data comparable between the individual experiments, rolling and adherence data were expressed as cells exhibiting these phenomena per
total number of cells passing the respective observation window in 1 h.
Because the interaction of blood cells and endothelium is dependent on
shear forces acting on marginated cells in the circulation, we used a
semiquantitative method for the assessment of microvascular blood flow
designed to detect marked changes of this parameter (18). Briefly, by
use of the filter set no. 1 recordings, every 5 min the flow in the
microvessels under investigation was assigned to one of the following
five scaled categories: 0, permanent stasis of blood flow; 1, slow flow
with intermittent stops; 2, continuous but slow flow; 3, fast flow,
individual cells discernible; and 4, very fast blood flow, no
individual cells visible.
Statistical analysis. FACS data were compared by t-test. Because in all other experiments sample size was <10 and not all data sets were normally distributed, Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA on ranks was used to detect significant differences between the groups. Dunn's test as a multiple comparison method was applied to the results of these analyses to correct for the different sizes of the samples. Differences in lymphocyte rolling and adhesion between gastric mucosal and exocrine pancreatic observation windows and between islet and exocrine pancreatic observation windows were compared with the Mann-Whitney rank-sum test. The chi-square test was used to evaluate the histological data. All statistical operations were performed on a personal computer with the software program SigmaStat (Jandel Scientific, Erkrath, Germany). Data are expressed as means ± SE.
![]() |
RESULTS |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Lymphocyte preparation and staining. The mean yield of splenic donor lymphocytes in all five experimental groups was 2.18 ± 0.17 × 107 cells per donor spleen. Donor lymphocyte counts after the in vitro isolation and staining procedure were 1.54 ± 0.26 cells/spleen in group 1, 2.27 ± 0.22 cells/spleen in group 2, 2.66 ± 0.52 cells/spleen in group 3, 1.78 ± 0.14 cells/spleen in group 4, and 2.55 ± 0.30 cells/spleen in group 5. The number of transferred donor lymphocytes was not significantly different among the five groups. Trypan blue testing revealed a mean overall viability of 93 ± 5% of the cells stained by acridine red. Flow cytometry showed that the pool of isolated splenic cells contained only a small fraction of larger cells. These were identified under the microscope as monocytes and neutrophils. Because most corpuscles outside the gate were small cell fragments, the purity of the lymphocyte suspension was estimated to be >90%. After gating the FACS signal for lymphocytes, it could be shown that 100% of these cells were stained by acridine red, whereas very few lymphocytes had not been stained in the rhodamine group. The fluorescence intensity of lymphocytes stained by acridine red was higher and in a smaller range than that of cells stained by rhodamine 6G. Flow cytometry after preincubation of isolated lymphocytes with monoclonal antibodies directed against cell surface integrins showed that, in the lymphocyte gate, all acridine-stained and all unstained control cells were positive for the two integrins tested. Evaluation of mean channel fluorescence (MCF) revealed no statistically significant differences between stained and unstained lymphocytes, indicating that there was at least no dramatic decrease in the expression of LFA-1 and VLA-4 after staining the cells with acridine red. MCF of acridine-stained lymphocytes was 56.25 ± 4.44 (17.34 ± 0.30) compared with 57.76 ± 3.01 [17.90 ± 0.57, not significant (NS)] in experiments with unstained cells after incubation with anti-LFA-1 (or anti-VLA-4).
Lymphocyte proliferation assay. The separated and stained donor lymphocytes proliferated readily after mitogenic stimulation with concanavalin A. However, in vitro proliferation was significantly higher in unstained control lymphocytes. Incorporation of tritium thymidine after 72 h of incubation with concanavalin A was increased from 112 ± 18 to 6,125 ± 235 dpm in the unstained control group, from 106 ± 73 to 1,404 ± 143 dpm in the acridine red group (P < 0.05 vs. control group), and from 43 ± 9 to 374 ± 83 dpm in the rhodamine 6G group (P < 0.05 vs. both other groups). Hence, lymphocyte proliferation after incubation with concanavalin A was inhibited by rhodamine 6G more than by acridine red. Furthermore, in contrast to acridine red, rhodamine 6G led to a decrease of thymidine incorporation in unstimulated donor lymphocytes after 72 h (43 ± 9 vs. 106 ± 73 dpm, P < 0.05).
Histology. Investigation of a total of 435 islets in the three groups of recipient animals showed lymphocytic insulitis in 8% of islets in the control group, in 42% of islets after transfer of lymphocytes from diabetic donors (P < 0.001 vs. control), and in 51% of islets in STZ-pretreated recipients (P < 0.001 vs. control, NS vs. other group). The lymphocyte infiltrates were located in the islet periphery, often only at one islet pole. The cell transfer did not lead to overt diabetes in the recipient animals. Fasting blood glucose of recipient mice was between 4.66 ± 0.13 and 5.04 ± 0.57 mmol/l in the three groups 2 wk after lymphocyte transfer (NS).
In vivo microscopy of donor lymphocyte homing. Within 1 min after the start of the infusion of stained donor lymphocytes, the first cells became visible on the video screen as brightly fluorescent corpuscles tracking the course of pancreatic or gastric mucosal microvessels. Most of these cells moved with the same speed as the surrounding erythrocytes, which could be demonstrated by switching between the two filter sets of the microscope. After all donor cells had been infused, the number of passing fluorescent lymphocytes per window and time stayed constant in all groups over the 1-h observation period. In every experiment a variable proportion of perfusing donor cells was slowed in both observation windows and interacted with the recipient pancreatic endothelium more or less strongly. Semiquantitative estimation of capillary blood flow velocity revealed that there were no significant differences in perfusion between the groups tested. Islet and gastric mucosal blood flow was ranked 3 to 4 during the 1-h observation period in all groups. Microvascular blood flow in exocrine pancreatic tissue was somewhat slower. The scaled values were between 2 and 3 in this control vascular bed. Blood flow did not change over the 1-h observation period in all five groups.
Donor lymphocyte flux. In exocrine pancreatic tissue, mean lymphocyte flux over 1 h was 356.0 ± 115.5 counted lymphocytes per window in group 1, 219.0 ± 31.5 lymphocytes in group 2, 200.0 ± 33.3 lymphocytes in group 3, and 103.8 ± 29.8 lymphocytes in group 4. In islets of Langerhans, donor lymphocyte flux over 1 h was 392.0 ± 248.2 counted donor cells per window in group 1, 356.8 ± 64.1 lymphocytes in group 2, 466.2 ± 73.0 lymphocytes in group 3, and 252.4 ± 71.0 lymphocytes in group 4. In STZ-pretreated recipients, the lymphocyte flux was significantly higher in the islet windows compared with the exocrine pancreatic windows (P < 0.01 in group 3 and P < 0.05 in group 4). No significant differences of lymphocyte flux between endocrine and exocrine windows were detected in the untreated recipients in groups 1 and 2. In the groups in which recipients had been pretreated by STZ, 69.49 ± 2.90% (nondiabetic donors, group 3) vs. 72.63 ± 3.38% (diabetic donors, group 4) of all counted donor lymphocytes passed the islet windows, whereas in untreated recipients, only 42.29 ± 6.12% (nondiabetic donors, group 1) vs. 60.08 ± 6.16% (diabetic donors, group 2) of cells were counted in endocrine windows. There was no significant correlation between the amount of transferred donor lymphocytes and the number of cells perfusing the two observation windows in groups 1-4 (r2 = 0.17).
Interaction of donor lymphocytes with gastric mucosa. In group 5, mean donor lymphocyte adhesion to gastric mucosal endothelium was 2.57 ± 1.90% of all visible donor cells in the observation window. In this vascular bed, mean donor lymphocyte rolling was 1.19 ± 0.61% of donor cells perfusing the area of interest. Neither donor lymphocyte adhesion nor donor lymphocyte rolling was statistically different in gastric mucosa (group 5) compared with exocrine pancreatic tissue (group 4), where adhesion was 2.80 ± 0.97% and rolling was 1.55 ± 0.59% of perfusing cells (Fig. 2). Donor lymphocyte flux was 103.8 ± 29.8 cells/h in the exocrine pancreatic observation windows (group 4) and 196.8 ± 83.3 cells/h in the gastric mucosal observation windows (group 5, NS).
|
Donor lymphocyte rolling. These data are presented in Fig. 3. In untreated recipient mice, donor lymphocyte rolling was low and did not significantly differ between endocrine and exocrine tissue, irrespective of whether the donors were diabetic or not. In this part of the study, lymphocyte rolling in the 1st h after cell transfer was 1.74 ± 0.38% of perfusing donor cells in the exocrine window and 1.85 ± 0.63% in the endocrine window if lymphocytes of untreated, nondiabetic donor mice had been transferred and 1.55 ± 0.59% (exocrine tissue, NS) vs. 1.65 ± 0.57% (islets, NS) in windows of recipients that had been infused with cells from diabetic donors. However, lymphocyte rolling was significantly enhanced in islets of STZ-pretreated recipients if lymphocytes from diabetic donors had been transferred (4.46 ± 1.32%, P < 0.05 vs. lymphocyte rolling in islets of untreated recipients that had received cells from nondiabetic donors). This constellation did not lead to increased lymphocyte rolling in exocrine tissue (1.36 ± 0.53%, NS). In STZ-pretreated recipients, rolling of lymphocytes from nondiabetic donors was essentially unchanged (2.71 ± 0.62% in exocrine, NS, and 2.78 ± 0.72% in endocrine tissue, NS).
|
Donor lymphocyte adhesion. Lymphocytes from nondiabetic donors showed very low adhesion to exocrine or endocrine pancreatic endothelium of untreated recipients (0.96 ± 0.40 vs. 0.77 ± 0.46% of perfusing cells). The same was true for lymphocytes from diabetic donors, where lymphocyte adhesion was 0.61 ± 0.33% in exocrine tissue (NS) and 1.37 ± 0.57% of passing cells in islets (NS). In STZ-pretreated animals donor lymphocyte adhesion was generally higher in all four groups (Fig. 4). In these experiments adhesion of lymphocytes from nondiabetic donor mice was 2.17 ± 0.83% in the acinar pancreas (NS) and 1.31 ± 0.36% of perfusing cells in islets of Langerhans (NS). Enhanced donor lymphocyte adhesion was most marked in pancreatic islets if lymphocytes from STZ-diabetic donors had been transferred to STZ-pretreated recipient mice (3.86 ± 1.04% of passing cells, P < 0.05 vs. lymphocyte adhesion in islets of untreated recipients that had received cells from nondiabetic donors). In the exocrine pancreas of pretreated recipients, 2.80 ± 0.97% of these lymphocytes firmly adhered to microvascular endothelium (NS).
|
![]() |
DISCUSSION |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
One of the initial steps in the pathogenesis of autoimmune
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is the adhesion of circulating cells of the immune system to islet endothelium (12, 13, 15, 32).
Recruitment of these cells leads to insulitis with progressive -cell
destruction (9, 12, 27). In severely affected islets the infiltrate is
mainly composed of lymphocytes in all species that have been
investigated so far (20). The few studies that have addressed the
homing of transferred islet reactive lymphocytes of diabetic donors to
recipient islets of Langerhans in animal experiments used in vitro cell
labeling to locate these lymphocytes histologically in different
tissues after transfer (1, 22, 34). This technique, however, does not
measure the nature and strength of the interaction between transferred
cells and the endothelium of target tissues. Furthermore, the dynamic
time course of this phenomenon and islet blood flow cannot be
investigated simultaneously in such experiments. We therefore developed
an in vivo microscopic method that enables the examiner to directly observe the behavior of transferred donor cells in one recipient islet
of Langerhans and in the exocrine pancreatic acini nearby (7). In the
model of adoptive lymphocyte transfer in multiple low-dose STZ diabetes
mellitus in C57BL/6 mice, we demonstrate that splenic lymphocytes from
diabetic donor mice preferentially adhere to islet endothelium if the
recipient animals have been pretreated with a single very low dose of
STZ 1 day before the cell transfer. Although insulitis could be
demonstrated in the recipients, it was not possible to transfer overt
diabetes in our transfer model, regardless of whether the recipient
mice had been pretreated with STZ.
The isolation of splenic lymphocytes by Ficoll gradient centrifugation resulted in a highly enriched lymphocyte preparation, as could be demonstrated by analysis of light scatter in a flow cytometer and by microscopic examination of isolated cells in the Neubauer chamber. The cell suspension contained only few smaller cell fragments or bigger monocytes and neutrophils. FACS analysis showed that acridine red stained 100% of the isolated cells, whereas staining by rhodamine 6G resulted in incomplete cell staining. The fluorescent staining with acridine red did not significantly reduce the viability of donor cells, but it impaired these lymphocytes' ability to proliferate on mitogenic stimulation. This represents a known problem associated with fluorescent labeling of lymphocytes (30). However, staining with acridine red still permitted a 13.2-fold increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation after stimulation with concanavalin A, whereas rhodamine 6G-stained cells could be stimulated only 8.7-fold, and proliferation of unstimulated lymphocytes was compromised by this fluorochrome. Lymphocytes labeled with acridine red showed a preserved ability to adhere to endothelium in vivo. On the basis of these results, we conclude that, for lymphocyte transfer studies, acridine red is a better fluorescent marker than rhodamine 6G, which has been widely used to stain leukocytes in microcirculation studies (5).
The advantages of our in vivo technique to track tagged donor lymphocytes in recipient tissue after cell transfer are accompanied by several problems that need to be addressed. The experimental setup allows the examination of only one of the many islets in the animal under study. Furthermore, the exposure to epi-illumination might artificially activate islet endothelium by light toxicity (25), thereby nonspecifically increasing islet lymphocyte adhesion. This problem was managed by investigating the nearby exocrine pancreatic tissue, which was exposed to exactly the same experimental conditions, as an endogenous control vascular bed. Because significantly increased donor lymphocyte rolling and adhesion could only be demonstrated in one group and only in islet tissue, a relevant impact of experimental influences on the interaction between donor cells and endothelium can be excluded. The same is true for possible changes in shear stress on interacting donor lymphocytes. The semiquantitatively estimated blood flow velocity was not significantly altered over the 1-h observation period in any group. This excludes at least marked changes in shear stress in our experiments. There were no significant differences in donor lymphocyte interaction with recipient vascular endothelium between exocrine pancreas and gastric mucosa. Hence, acinar pancreatic tissue can be regarded as a representative control vascular bed for lymphocyte adhesion studies in islets of Langerhans.
Rolling as well as endothelial adhesion of lymphocytes from diabetic donors was increased significantly only in islets. This indicates that the pool of transferred splenic lymphocytes of multiple low-dose STZ diabetic mice contains islet-specific cells and therefore underlines the immunologic pathogenesis of this diabetes model (14, 23, 29). Lymphocytes from nondiabetic donors did not show this phenomenon. It is therefore concluded that it is the induction of diabetes mellitus by STZ that leads to the presence of islet-specific lymphocytes in the reticuloendothelial system of this mouse species.
Interestingly, the interaction of transferred cells and recipient islet
endothelium is significantly enhanced only if the recipient animal has
been pretreated with a single very low dose of STZ. Because this dose
was given 24 h before the lymphocyte transfer, the homing of donor
lymphocytes to islets certainly is not a result of an interaction of
STZ-reactive subpopulations with STZ itself, which is known to
accumulate in islets of Langerhans (31). The very unstable STZ molecule
has a half-life of few minutes in vivo (26). Thus islet endothelium
appears to be activated either directly by STZ or, more likely, by
inflammatory mediators released from -cells damaged by the cytotoxic
effect of STZ or by cytokines released from lymphocytes under the
influence of STZ (6, 14). The pretreatment of recipient animals with
STZ led to significantly increased donor lymphocyte flux in pancreatic islets. This shunt of lymphocytes from exocrine to islet tissue might
be the result of a release of chemoattractant substances from islets of
Langerhans under the influence of STZ. Obviously, increased delivery of
lymphocytes to islet microvessels and enhanced interaction of these
circulating immune cells with islet endothelium both play a role in the
pathogenesis of lymphocytic infiltration of islets in the transfer
model of multiple low-dose STZ diabetes mellitus. The need to pretreat
recipients with STZ to produce enhanced islet adhesion of transferred
lymphocytes from diabetic donors in this model illustrates that not
only islet-reactive immune cells have to be present but also that there
are environmental factors involved in the initiation of autoimmune
insulitis (19). Finally, another important factor in diabetogenesis,
genetic background, is operative in the low-dose STZ model (28). Kiesel
et al. (17) could demonstrate that insulitis in multiple low-dose STZ
diabetes mellitus is transferable in C57BL/6 mice but not in BALB/c or in other mouse strains.
In conclusion, the described experimental model for the investigation of islet lymphocyte homing has many features also observed in human autoimmune diabetes mellitus: the requirement of a permissive genetic background, triggering environmental factors, and the generation and action of islet-reactive lymphocytes. The presumed mechanism by which transferred lymphocytes from diabetic donors interact preferentially with islet endothelium of STZ-pretreated recipient mice is the induction of vascular adhesion molecules or an activation of these adhesion-promoting surface proteins on both cell types involved (8, 32). Thus investigation of this model with in vivo microscopy is a tool to gain insights in the initial steps leading to lymphocytic insulitis. This approach will help to further characterize the interactions between circulating islet-reactive immune cells and islet endothelium in autoimmune diabetes mellitus, i.e., by investigating the effect of blocking monoclonal antibodies against cell adhesion molecules (33) or by other adhesion-modifying substances, such as soluble adhesion molecules.
![]() |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
---|
The authors thank Sandra Diehl and Manfred Stegmüller for valuable technical assistance.
![]() |
FOOTNOTES |
---|
This work was supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to K. Kusterer (DFG KU 622/4-1).
Address for reprint requests: M. Enghofer, Dept. of Medicine I, J. W. Goethe Univ., Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Received 31 October 1997; accepted in final form 5 February 1998.
![]() |
REFERENCES |
---|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
1.
Arata, M.,
F. De Bruno,
W. M. Goncalvez Volpini,
J. C. Quintans,
V. G. D'Alessandro,
M. Braun,
and
J. C. Basabe.
Beta cell function in mice injected with mononuclear splenocytes from multiple-dose streptozotocin diabetic mice.
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.
206:
76-82,
1994[Abstract].
2.
Bach, J. F.
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus as an autoimmune disease.
Endocrine Rev.
15:
516-542,
1994[Abstract].
3.
Bottazzo, G. F.,
B. M. Dean,
J. M. McNally,
E. H. MacKay,
P. G. F. Swift,
and
D. R. Gamble.
In situ characterization of autoimmune phenomena and expression of HLA molecules in the pancreas in diabetic insulitis.
N. Engl. J. Med.
313:
353-360,
1985[Abstract].
4.
Buschard, K.,
and
J. Rygaard.
Passive transfer of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus with spleen cells. Studies of syngeneic and allogeneic transfer to normal and athymic nude mice.
Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand.
85:
469-472,
1977.
5.
Butcher, E. C.,
and
I. L. Weissman.
Direct fluorescent labeling of cells with fluorescein or rhodamine isothiocyanate. I. Technical aspects.
J. Immunol. Methods
37:
97-108,
1980[Medline].
6.
Cockfield, S. M.,
V. Ramassar,
J. Urmson,
and
P. F. Halloran.
Multiple low dose streptozotocin induces systemic MHC expression in mice by triggering T cells to release IFN-gamma 1.
J. Immunol.
142:
1120-1128,
1989
7.
Enghofer, M., J. Bojunga, K. H. Usadel, and K. Kusterer. Intravital measurement of donor lymphocyte adhesion to
islet endothelium of recipient animals in diabetes transfer
experiments. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol.
103, Suppl.: 99-102, 1995.
8.
Fabien, N.,
I. Bergerot,
J. Orgiazzi,
and
C. Thivolet.
Lymphocyte function associated antigen-1, integrin alpha-4, and L-selectin mediate T-cell homing to the pancreas in the model of adoptive transfer of diabetes in NOD mice.
Diabetes
45:
1181-1186,
1996[Abstract].
9.
Foulis, A. K.,
C. N. Liddle,
M. A. Farqhharson,
J. A. Richmond,
and
R. S. Weir.
The histopathology of the pancreas in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: a 25-year review of deaths in patients under 20 years of age in the United Kingdom.
Diabetologia
29:
267-274,
1986[Medline].
10.
Gerling, I. C.,
H. Friedman,
D. L. Greiner,
L. D. Shultz,
and
E. H. Leiter.
Multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes in NOD-scid/scid mice in the absence of functional lymphocytes.
Diabetes
43:
433-440,
1994[Abstract].
11.
Green, C. J.
Laboratory Animal Handbook 8: Animal Anaesthesia. London: Laboratory Animal, 1979, p. 81-82.
12.
Hänninen, A.,
M. Salmi,
O. Simell,
and
S. Jalkanen.
Endothelial cell-binding properties of lymphocytes infiltrated into human diabetic pancreas. Implications for pathogenesis of IDDM.
Diabetes
42:
1656-1662,
1993[Abstract].
13.
Hänninen, A.,
C. Taylor,
P. R. Streeter,
L. S. Stark,
J. M. Sarte,
J. A. Shizuru,
O. Simell,
and
S. A. Michie.
Vascular addressins are induced on islet vessels during insulitis in nonobese diabetic mice and are involved in lymphoid cell binding to islet endothelium.
J. Clin. Invest.
92:
2590-2515,
1993.
14.
Herold, K. C.,
V. Vezys,
Q. Sun,
D. Viktora,
E. Seung,
S. Reiner,
and
D. R. Brown.
Regulation of cytokine production during development of autoimmune diabetes induced with multiple low doses of streptozotocin.
J. Immunol.
156:
3521-3527,
1996[Abstract].
15.
Itoh, N.,
T. Hanafusa,
A. Miyazaki,
J. I. Miyagawa,
K. Yamagata,
K. Yamamoto,
M. Waguri,
A. Imagawa,
S. Tamura,
M. Inada,
S. Kawata,
S. Tarui,
N. Kono,
and
Y. Matsuzawa.
Mononuclear cell infiltration and its relation to the expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens and adhesion molecules in pancreas biopsy specimens from newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.
J. Clin. Invest.
92:
2313-2322,
1993[Medline].
16.
Kiesel, U.,
G. Freytag,
J. Biener,
and
H. Kolb.
Transfer of experimental autoimmune insulitis by spleen cells in mice.
Diabetologia
19:
516-520,
1980[Medline].
17.
Kiesel, U.,
H. Kolb,
and
G. Freytag.
Strain dependency of the transfer of experimental immune insulitis in mice.
Clin. Exp. Immunol.
43:
430-433,
1981[Medline].
18.
Kusterer, K.,
M. Enghofer,
S. Zendler,
C. Blöchle,
and
K. H. Usadel.
Microcirculatory changes in sodium taurocholate-induced pancreatitis in rats.
Am. J. Physiol.
260 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 23):
G346-G351,
1991
19.
Leslie, R. D. G.,
and
R. B. Elliott.
Early environmental events as a cause of IDDM. Evidence and implications.
Diabetes
43:
843-850,
1994[Abstract].
20.
Like, A. A.,
M. C. Appel,
R. M. Williams,
and
A. A. Rossini.
Streptozotocin-induced pancreatic insulitis in mice.
Lab. Invest.
38:
470-486,
1978[Medline].
21.
Like, A. A.,
and
A. A. Rossini.
Streptozotocin-induced pancreatic insulitis: new model of diabetes mellitus.
Science
193:
415-417,
1976[Medline].
22.
Logothetopoulos, J.,
N. Valiquette,
D. MacGregor,
and
T. Hsia.
Adoptive transfer of insulitis and diabetes in neonates of diabetes-prone and -resistant rats. Tissue localization of injected blasts.
Diabetes
36:
1116-1123,
1987[Abstract].
23.
McEvoy, R. C.,
J. Andersson,
S. Sandler,
and
C. Hellerström.
Multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the mouse: evidence for stimulation of a cytotoxic cellular immune response against an insulin-producing beta cell line.
J. Clin. Invest.
74:
715-722,
1984[Medline].
24.
Papaccio, G.,
T. Linn,
K. Federlin,
A. Volkman,
V. Esposito,
and
V. Mezzogiorno.
Further morphological and biochemical observations on early low dose streptozotocin diabetes in mice.
Pancreas
6:
659-667,
1991[Medline].
25.
Reed, M. W. R.,
and
F. N. Miller.
Importance of light dose in fluorescent microscopy.
Microvasc. Res.
36:
104-107,
1988[Medline].
26.
Rerup, C. C.
Drugs producing diabetes through damage of the insulin secreting cells.
Pharmacol. Rev.
22:
485-519,
1970[Medline].
27.
Roep, B. O.,
A. A. Kallan,
G. Duinkerken,
S. D. Arden,
J. C. Hutton,
G. J. Bruining,
and
R. R. P. De Vries.
T-cell reactivity to beta-cell membrane antigens associated with beta-cell destruction in IDDM.
Diabetes
44:
278-283,
1995[Abstract].
28.
Rossini, A. A.,
M. C. Appel,
R. M. Williams,
and
A. A. Like.
Genetic influence of the streptozotocin-induced insulitis and hyperglycemia.
Diabetes
26:
916-920,
1977[Abstract].
29.
Rossini, A. A.,
R. M. Williams,
M. C. Appel,
and
A. A. Like.
Complete protection from low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice.
Nature
276:
182-184,
1978[Medline].
30.
Samlowski, W. E.,
B. A. Robertson,
B. K. Draper,
E. Prystas,
and
J. R. McGregor.
Effects of supravital fluorochromes used to analyze the in vivo homing of murine lymphocytes on cellular function.
J. Immunol. Methods
144:
101-115,
1991[Medline].
31.
Tjälve, H.,
E. Wilander,
and
E. B. Johansson.
Distribution of labelled streptozotocin in mice: uptake and retention in pancreatic islets.
J. Endocrinol.
69:
455-456,
1976[Medline].
32.
Yang, X. D.,
S. A. Michie,
R. E. Mebius,
R. Tisch,
I. L. Weissman,
and
H. O. McDevitt.
The role of cell adhesion molecules in the development of IDDM. Implications for pathogenesis and therapy.
Diabetes
45:
705-710,
1996[Abstract].
33.
Yang, X. D.,
H. K. Sytwu,
H. O. McDevitt,
and
S. A. Michie.
Involvement of 7-integrin and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) in the development of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice.
Diabetes
46:
1542-1547,
1997[Abstract].
34.
Yoneda, R.,
K. Yokono,
M. Nagata,
Y. Tominaga,
H. Moriyama,
K. Tsukamoto,
M. Miki,
N. Okamoto,
H. Yasuda,
K. Amano,
and
M. Kasuga.
CD8 cytotoxic T-cell clone rapidly transfers autoimmune diabetes in very young NOD and MHC class I-compatible scid mice.
Diabetologia
40:
1044-1052,
1997[Medline].