Parathyroid hormone-parathyroid hormone-related peptide
receptor expression and function in otosclerosis
Alexis Bozorg
Grayeli1,
Olivier
Sterkers1,2,
Pierre
Roulleau3,
Pierre
Elbaz4,
Evelyne
Ferrary1, and
Caroline
Silve1
1 Institut National de la
Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 426,
Faculté Xavier Bichat, Université Paris 7, 75018 Paris;
2 Service d'Otorhinolaryngologie,
Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitau de Paris,
92118 Clichy; 3 Service
d'Otorhinolaryngologie Department, Hôpital Necker, Enfants
Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris; and
4 Service d'Otorhinolaryngologie,
Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, 75012 Paris,
France
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ABSTRACT |
The aim of this
study was to investigate the possibility that an abnormality related to
parathyroid hormone (PTH) action is involved in the increased bone
turnover observed in otosclerosis. To do so, expression and function of
the PTH-PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) receptor were studied in the
involved tissue (stapes) and compared with that in control bone sample
obtained from the external auditory canal (EAC) in the same patient in
10 cases of otosclerosis and in 1 case of osteogenesis imperfecta.
PTH-PTHrP receptor expression was studied by RT-PCR of RNA prepared
from cultured cells in three patients and RNA directly extracted from bone samples in four patients. PTH-PTHrP receptor function was assessed
by measuring the stimulation of cAMP production by 0.8, 8, and 80 nM
PTH in bone cell cultures in seven cases. Results showed that PTH-PTHrP
receptor mRNA expression in the otosclerotic stapes was lower than that
in EAC samples (P < 0.05), whereas it was higher in stapes than that in EAC in the case of osteogenesis imperfecta. cAMP production after PTH stimulation was lower in bone
cells cultured from otosclerotic stapes compared with that in cells cultured from EAC (range of increase in stimulation: 0.8-4.5 and 1.5-7 in stapes and EAC bone cells, respectively, P < 0.05). In contrast, the
stimulation of cAMP production by forskolin was not significantly
different in otosclerotic stapes and EAC bone cells (range of increase
in stimulation: 20.7-83.1 and 4.9-99.8 in stapes and EAC,
respectively, P > 0.05). These results show a lower stimulation of cAMP
production in response to PTH associated with a lower PTH-PTHrP
receptor mRNA expression in pathological stapes from patients with
otosclerosis compared with that in control EAC samples. This difference
supports the hypothesis that an abnormal cellular response to PTH
contributes to the abnormal bone turnover in otosclerosis.
bone turnover; middle ear; stapes
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INTRODUCTION |
OTOSCLEROSIS is a bone dystrophy localized to the otic
capsule, an embryonic structure from which develop the inner ear and the stapes footplate (9, 13). This disease is a frequent cause of
deafness in adults, affecting over 10% of deaf adult patients seen in
outpatient activity by otolaryngologists (9). Its prevalence is
estimated as 0.2-0.3% of the population in Western Europe and
North America (9). About 10% of Caucasian adult temporal bones present
histological foci of otosclerotic lesions (9, 14). In the early forms,
otosclerotic foci are found only in the stapes and disturb the sound
transmission, whereas advanced lesions can involve the cochlea,
producing sensorineural hearing loss, or the vestibule, causing vertigo
(9, 12). The otosclerotic process in the otic capsula is initiated by
an increase in bone resorption with the presence of numerous resorption foci rich in blood vessels, also designated as otospongiotic foci (6,
13, 14, 23). In response to this increase in bone resorption, a
reconstruction phase conducted by numerous osteoblasts present in
otosclerotic tissue leads to fibrous bone foci (13, 23). These lesions
showing a high bone turnover are similar to those observed in Paget's
disease (23). Although the clinical signs and the histological aspects
of otosclerosis are widely described (9, 13, 14, 17), the pathogenesis
of this disease remains unclear and many hypotheses including
autoimmune and viral origins have been advanced (19, 22, 26).
The precise cellular mechanisms leading to the increased bone turnover
in otosclerosis are not elucidated (9). Considering the major role of
parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the physiology of bone turnover mediated
by osteoblasts (1) and the histological aspect of otosclerotic foci,
the possibility of an abnormality related to PTH action can be raised.
The aim of this study was to investigate such a possibility. In order
to do so, PTH-PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) receptor expression and
function were compared in pathological stapes and external auditory
canal (EAC) cortical bone samples (used as control bone) in patients
undergoing functional surgery for otosclerosis.
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PATIENTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS |
Patients and bone samples. Eleven
patients undergoing surgery for hearing loss due to stapedovestibular
ankylosis were included in this study. Ten patients presented
otosclerosis (patients
A-F and
H-K),
and one had osteogenesis imperfecta involving both stapes and EAC
(patient
G). Ethics committee approval and
patients' consent were previously obtained for the bone samplings.
Clinical data were obtained from medical files. The diagnosis of
otosclerosis was based on clinical, audiometric, and computed
tomography scan findings and confirmed by the peroperative aspect of
the stapes. Pathological stapes and bone chips from the
EAC were obtained during surgery. Bone samples were immediately
immersed in either culture medium for subsequent cell cultures
(patients A, B,
C, and H-K) or liquid nitrogen for RNA
extraction (patients
D, E, F, and
G). Stapes and EAC from the same
patient were always studied in parallel. The volume of the bone samples
obtained from the stapes and EAC was similar and did not exceed a few
tenths of a cubed millimeter.
Primary cell cultures and passages.
Stapes and EAC bone fragments were placed in
10-cm2 culture wells in culture
medium composed of 4.5% DMEM glucose (GIBCO, Gaithersburg, MD)
containing 25 mg/l vancomycine (Lilly France SA, St. Cloud, France) and
30% FCS in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air and 5%
CO2 at 37°C. Cells migrated
from bone explants and maximal cellular growth from the explants were
obtained in ~21 days, at which time cells were trypsinized, plated
homogeneously on the culture surface, and allowed to grow to confluence
during 14-21 additional days in contact with the explants. At
confluence, cells were trypsinized, counted, distributed in 48-well
plates (0.8 × 104 to 1.6 × 104
cells/cm2), and cultured for 7 days at which time they reached confluence and were used for
measurement of osteocalcin secretion, cAMP production, and PTH-PTHrP
receptor mRNA expression. Cell cultures were photographed under a
phase-contrast microscope (Fig.
1A).
SaOS-2, a human osteoblast-like cell line, was cultured in parallel in
12-well plates with DMEM with 100 IU/ml penicillin G, 100 GU/ml
streptomycin, and 10% FCS. For
patients
I, K,
and H, cellular morphological changes
were studied after PTH stimulation on primary cell cultures. For these experiments, nonconfluent first passage cells were incubated with 80 nM
bovine PTH-(1
34) (bPTH) during 60 min at 37°C. Morphological changes were easily evidenced in three samples: stapes of
patient H and EAC of
patients
I and
K. In these cultures, a cellular
contraction appeared in elongated cells, whereas an elongation could be
observed in already contracted cells. Thus the morphological changes
induced by PTH appeared to depend on the initial shape of the cells as previously observed (2). Morphological studies in the rest of the
samples (EAC of the patient
H and stapes of
patients
I and
K) before and after PTH were not
conclusive.

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Fig. 1.
Photomicrograph of a representative stapes bone cell culture at
confluence (A) and Von Kossa
staining of mineralization foci surrounded by cells in a stapes bone
cell culture (B).
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Osteocalcin secretion assessment.
Osteocalcin concentration was measured by a radioimmunological method
(ELSA Osteo, IS Bio, France) in cell culture media from stapes and EAC
cell cultures obtained from patients
A, B,
and C.
Von Kossa staining of the primary cell
cultures. Primary passage cells from stapes and EAC
samples of patients
H, I,
and K were grown to confluence in
12-well plates. Cells were fixed by 4% neutral Formalin during 10 min
at room temperature, washed three times with distilled water, covered
by 1% silver nitrate solution, and exposed to ultraviolet light during
60 min. Wells were subsequently washed, incubated with 2.5% sodium
thiosulfate solution during 5 min, washed again with distilled water,
and dried. Mineralization foci were photographed under a phase-contrast microscope (Fig. 1B).
RNA extraction from bone cell cultures and bone
samples. Cells grown in 48-well plates were lysed by
repetitive aspiration in 80 µl/well of a lysis buffer containing 10 mM Tris, 1% NP-40, 0.3 U RNAsine, and 10 mM
1,4-dithiothreitol. Cellular debris was eliminated by
centrifugation at 12 × 103
rpm during 5 min, and the cell supernatant was used for
RT. To extract total RNA from bone fragments, the bone fragments were crushed in 1 ml of lysis buffer (4 M guanidium thiocyanate, 25 mM
sodium citrate, pH 7.0, 0.5%
N-laurylsarcosine, and 0.1 M
-mercaptoethanol) with a polytron. RNA was then extracted with
phenol water and isoamyl alcohol-chloroform (1:24, vol/vol) and
precipitated by isopropranol (7). The pellet was resuspended in 50 µl
of water and RNA suspension used for RT.
RT of RNA extracted from cultured cells and bone
fragments. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized by
RT of RNA in solution (27 µl of cell supernatant or 5 µl RNA
solution extracted from bone fragments) with 400 U Moloney murine
leukemia virus RT (200 U/µl, GIBCO) in a buffer containing 250 mM
Tris · HCl, pH 8.3, 375 mM KCl, 15 mM
MgCl2, and 1 mM
D-nucleotide triphosphate (final volume: 40 µl).
PCR. cDNA amplification of the
PTH-PTHrP receptor was obtained by a nested PCR with two
oligonucleotide pairs designated C/B and E/D (Table
1). The pair C/B amplified a 430-bp cDNA
fragment, and the internal pair E/D amplified a final product of 181 bp. A 784-bp fragment of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was amplified with a pair of oligonucleotides
designated 10/11 (Table 1). The cDNA segments were amplified from 10 µl of the RT product in a PCR buffer (10 mM
Tris · HCl, 0.1% Triton X-100, and 0.2 g/l BSA) and
in the presence of 0.2 mM of dNTP and 1 U of Taq polymerase at 5 U/µl
(Appligen, Gaithersburg, MD). Each PCR cycle comprised denaturation at
94°C, annealing at 60°C, and elongation at 72°C, each step
during 1 min. Thirty-three cycles were used for each stage of PTH-PTHrP
receptor and GAPDH cDNA amplification. The reaction was stopped by a
temperature decrease to 10°C. Preliminary experiments, measuring
PCR product signal as a function of PCR cycle number on comparable
quantities of RNA in SaOS-2 and with the same primers, had shown that
at 33 cycles amplification was not saturated for GAPDH or PTH receptor cDNA in these conditions. Stapes and EAC samples of each patient were
assessed in parallel. A 10-µl sample of the PCR product was run on a
2% agarose gel with ethidium bromide. A 100-bp molecular weight ladder
permitted verification of the length of the amplified fragment.
Semiquantitative assessment of the PTH-PTHrP receptor
mRNA expression. Electrophoresis gels were exposed to
ultraviolet light and directly scanned on computer with a digital
camera and Biocopy software (version 2.03, Bioprobe systems,
Montreuil-sous-Bois, France). The fluorescence intensity of each spot
was measured on the digital image directly obtained from the camera by
calculating the integral of the intensity curve in arbitrary units on
National Institutes of Health image 1.47 software. The ratio of
PTH-PTHrP receptor mRNA signal over GAPDH mRNA signal was calculated
for each sample (normalized PTH-PTHrP receptor mRNA expression). It was
verified that the intensity of the signal was linear over the range
detected in these studies. Separately, Polaroid photographs were
obtained from the gels to illustrate the type of signal observed.
Stimulation of the cAMP production in the cell
cultures by PTH and forskolin. Stimulation of cAMP
production was performed as previously described (24). The culture
medium of each well was replaced by 250 µl of a stimulation medium
composed of 4.5% DMEM glucose (GIBCO), 0.1% BSA (GIBCO), and 1 mM
3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). bPTH (Sigma) was
diluted in 10 mM acetic acid and 0.1% BSA
(buffer
A) (4 × 10
6 M), and 5 µl of this
solution were added to the stimulation medium to obtain as final PTH
concentration 8 × 10
10 M (for
patients
A, B,
C, H,
I, J,
and K in both stapes and EAC), 8 × 10
9 M (for
patients
A, B,
and C in stapes and for
patients
A and C in EAC), and 8 × 10
8 M (for
patients
A, B,
C, H,
I, J,
and K in both stapes and EAC). In
control wells, 5 µl of buffer
A without PTH were added. Forskolin stimulation of cAMP production was assessed in parallel for
patients A, B,
C, H,
I, J,
and K in both samples. A
forskolin-absolute ethanol solution (Calbiochem, La Jolla, CA) was
diluted 100 times in DMEM, and 5 µl of this intermediate solution
were added to the stimulation medium to obtain a 5 × 10
5 M forskolin final
concentration (final concentration of ethanol: 1
). In
parallel, SaOS-2 cells were stimulated by bPTH at 8 × 10
10, 8 × 10
9, and 3 × 10
8 M and by forskolin at 5 × 10
5 M final
concentrations. Cells were incubated at room temperature during 15 min
after the forskolin or PTH addition. The medium was then replaced by
500 µl of 85% ethanol and 15% formic acid in each well and
incubated at 4°C during 30 min. This solution was transferred into
test tubes and evaporated, and the sediment was suspended in 400 µl
of 50 mM sodium acetate, pH 6.2, (buffer B) for cAMP assessment. cAMP
concentration was measured by an in-house radioimmunoassay as
previously described (18). Cellular proteins in each well were measured
with Bradford's method (5) adapted to microdosage. BSA was used as a
standard, and concentrations were measured by optic densitometry at 750 nm. Results were expressed as picomoles of cAMP per milligrams of
protein per 15 min of stimulation.
Statistical tests. For stimulation of
cAMP production, each data point was obtained in triplicate and the
means ± SE were then calculated. Stimulated values were compared
with basal value in each sample by Student's
t-test. Stimulation increases over basal value obtained in stapes were compared with those measured in EAC
by Wilcoxon's signed rank test. Each experiment was performed twice
for patients
A, B,
and C and once for
patients
H, I,
J, and
K due to low cellular number obtained
for these patients (Table 2). PTH-PTHrP
receptor and GAPDH mRNA expressions were studied twice, and the mean
value of the normalized PTH-PTHrP receptor mRNA expression obtained in
the two experiments was calculated. Normalized PTH-PTHrP receptor mRNA
expression obtained in stapes was compared with that in EAC by paired
t-test.
P < 0.05 was considered significant.
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Table 2.
Bone cell number obtained from stapes and EAC bone samples at
confluence around explant from each patient
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RESULTS |
Clinical, audiometric, and radiological
findings. The otosclerosis population
(patients
A-F
and
H-K)
was composed of five males and five females. The mean age was 37 yr,
ranging between 24 and 55 yr. A bilateral involvement was noted in
seven cases (64%). A hereditary factor was noted in three cases
(27%). No other past medical history of systemic, otologic, or bone
disease was observed. Patient
G was a 25-yr-old female who presented
an osteogenesis imperfecta involving the EAC in addition to typical lesions of the stapes.
The mean hearing loss assessed on tonal audiometric test at 500, 1,000, and 2,000 Hz was 55 dB, ranging from 35 to 80 dB. A pure conductive
hearing loss was observed in six cases (55%), and the conductive loss
was associated with a sensorineural component in five cases (45%).
Middle ear computed tomography scan revealed a demineralization focus
at the oval fenestra in six cases of otosclerosis.
Cell culture phenotype. Cells grew in
a centrifugal manner from the explants. Due to the small size of the
bone samples, the cell number obtained in stapes and EAC bone cultures
at confluence around the explant, before the first passage, was small
and for all samples ranged from 0.6 to 3.7 × 105 except in one case (EAC,
patient
C; Table 2). Cell numbers depended mainly on the bone quantity, which varied between samples especially for EAC. No significant difference was noted in the delays of cell
growth between EAC and stapes. In bone cell cultures at confluence, numerous mineralization foci surrounded by polygonal plump cells resembling osteoblasts were observed (Fig. 1,
A and
B). Von Kossa staining, as shown on
Fig. 1B, was positive in all stapes
and EAC cultures assessed, demonstrating nodular calcified material deposits. Foci were similar in size and number in all the samples. No
morphological difference was observed between cell cultures obtained
from EAC and stapes on the one hand or between first passage and
primary cell cultures on the other hand (data not shown). Osteocalcin
secretion, when assessed, was detected in the cell culture media from
both stapes and EAC cell cultures (Table
3).
mRNA expression of PTH-PTHrP receptor and GAPDH by
RT-PCR. mRNA expression of the PTH-PTHrP receptor could
be evidenced in all samples (RNA extracted from cultured cells and
directly from stapes and EAC bone samples) after a nested PCR (Fig.
2). mRNA expression of GAPDH was evidenced
by a single-step PCR in all cases (Fig. 2). Normalized PTH-PTHrP
receptor mRNA expression was lower in stapes compared with EAC samples
in all cases of otosclerosis (stapes-EAC normalized PTH-PTHrP receptor
mRNA expression ratio: 0.40 ± 0.06, means ± SE,
n = 6, P < 0.05 comparing stapes and EAC;
Fig. 3). In
patient
G (osteogenesis imperfecta), the normalized PTH-PTHrP receptor mRNA expression was higher in the stapes
compared with that in EAC (Fig. 3; stapes-EAC normalized PTH-PTHrP
receptor mRNA expression ratio: 12). The difference of PTH-PTHrP
receptor-GAPDH signal between otosclerotic and control samples was
important and constant in all otosclerotic patients tested on RNA
extracted from tissue or from cell cultures, underlining the
reproducibility of the data.

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Fig. 2.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) receptor and
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA expression in
stapes and external auditory canal (EAC) from patients with
otosclerosis (patients
A-F)
and osteogenesis imperfecta (patient
G) assessed by RT-PCR. RT-PCR was
performed as described in PATIENTS, MATERIALS, AND
METHODS on RNA prepared from cultured cells for
patients
A, B,
and C and on RNA directly extracted
from bone samples for patients
D-G.
PCR products were visualized on 1% agarose gel containing ethidium
bromide. Arrows: molecular weight of PCR products. Gels were directly
scanned by a digital camera, and fluorescence intensity of each spot
was measured in arbitrary units as described in
PATIENTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS. The
ratio of PTH-PTHrP receptor over GAPDH mRNA signal was calculated for
each sample (normalized PTH-PTHrP receptor mRNA expression) as
described in PATIENTS, MATERIALS, AND
METHODS.
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Fig. 3.
Ratios of normalized PTH-PTHrP receptor mRNA expression in stapes (ST)
and EAC in patients with otosclerosis
(patients
A-F)
and in a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta
(patient
G). Bars: ratio of normalized
PTH-PTHrP receptor mRNA expression determined as described in Fig. 2
and PATIENTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS.
For patients
A-F,
this ratio in stapes is lower than that in EAC
(P < 0.05).
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PTH and forskolin stimulation of cAMP
production. PTH (80 nM) induced a significant
stimulation of cAMP production in three stapes cultures out of seven
(Table 4). Comparatively, a significant stimulation of cAMP production by 80 nM PTH was observed in five to
seven EAC cultures. The mean stimulation increase of cAMP production by
80 nM PTH over basal was significantly lower in bone cells cultured
from stapes compared with that obtained in EAC cells (ranges:
0.8-4.5 and 1.5-7 in stapes and EAC cells, respectively, P < 0.05; Fig.
4, A and
B). PTH at 0.8 nM concentration
induced a significant cAMP stimulation in two stapes
(patients
A and
B) and in two EAC samples
(patients
A and
C) over seven patients tested. At 8 nM, PTH produced a cAMP stimulation in one stapes (patient
B) over three tested and in one EAC
sample over two tested (patient
C). In SaOS-2, cAMP response was
submaximal with 8 × 10
10 M PTH (see Fig. 6).
Forskolin (5 × 10
5 M)
induced a significant stimulation of cAMP production in all otosclerotic and control samples (ranges: 20.7-83.1 and
4.9-99.8 in stapes and EAC, respectively,
P < 0.05; Fig.
5). The stimulation increase of cAMP
production by 50 µM forskolin over basal was similar in bone cells
cultured from stapes and EAC and in SaOS-2 (Figs. 5 and
6). In SaOS-2, 50 µM forskolin elicited a
lower cAMP response than 30 nM PTH. Basal cAMP production was
significantly higher in the stapes than that in the EAC for the
patient
I. There was no significant difference
between basal values of cAMP production measured in bone cells cultured
from stapes and EAC bone chips in the rest of the cases (Table 4).

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Fig. 4.
PTH stimulation of cAMP production in cell cultures obtained from
stapes (A) and EAC
(B) from patients with otosclerosis.
Results are %change of cAMP production measured 15 min after PTH
addition over basal values. Stimulation of cAMP production was
performed as described in PATIENTS, MATERIALS, AND
METHODS. , Patient
A; ,
patient
B; ,
patient
C; ,
patient
H; ,
patient
I; ,
patient
J; ,
patient
K. Solid lines: mean values obtained
in stapes and EAC. * Significantly different compared with stapes
for same PTH concentration, P < 0.05.
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Fig. 5.
Stimulation of cAMP production by forskolin in cell cultures obtained
from stapes and EAC from patients with otosclerosis. Stimulation of
cAMP production was performed as described in
PATIENTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS. ,
Patient
A; ,
patient
B; ,
patient
C; ,
patient
H; ,
patient
I; ,
patient
J; ,
patient
K. Solid lines: mean values obtained
in stapes and EAC.
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Fig. 6.
Stimulation of cAMP production in SaOS-2 cell line by PTH and forskolin
(FK). Stimulation of cAMP production was performed as described in
PATIENTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS.
Values are means ± SD of triplicates from one representative
experiment performed in parallel with primary bone cell cultures.
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DISCUSSION |
To investigate a possible role of PTH-PTHrP receptor in abnormal bone
turnover observed in otosclerosis, the function and expression of the
receptor were studied in the involved tissue (stapes) in comparison
with that in a normal bone sample obtained in a near anatomic site, the
EAC, from the same patient.
The results showed a lower stimulation of cAMP production by PTH in
stapes cells in comparison with that measured in EAC cells. A wide
range of values was measured for basal and agonist-stimulated cAMP
production for both stapes and EAC cell cultures. This may be, at least
in part, explained by differences in cell composition of the individual
cultures. This heterogeneity, which is inherent to our model, would
partially mask the phenotype differences due to the pathological
process depending on the proportion of the involved cells in our
cultures. Although published results (20) and our observations suggest
the presence of osteoblast-like cells in these cultures, a difference
of osteoblast-like cell proportion between stapes and EAC cultures
cannot be totally excluded. This difference could explain a higher cAMP
response to the PTH stimulation in the EAC. However, the microscopic
aspects of the bone cells cultured from stapes and EAC were similar,
mineralization foci were observed in all cases, and osteocalcin was
detected in the culture medium from stapes and EAC bone cells when it
could be measured. These suggest that the stage of differentiation of
cells grown from stapes and EAC was similar and thus that difference in
cell differentiation does not explain the lower response obtained in
stapes cells. Osteocalcin secretion in cell culture media was used as a
specific indicator of osteoblast-like cell presence and osteoblastic
high differentiation in the cultures. This marker could not be used to
exclude differences of cell population between the cultures, because
this would have required the assumption that there is no difference in
osteocalcin secretion activity in otosclerotic and control
osteoblast-like cells. Moreover, no relation can be established between
osteocalcin production and the ability of these cultures to form
mineralization foci, because these were similarly present in all
cultures in spite of differences in osteocalcin concentrations in the media.
The observation that PTH induced a lower stimulation of cAMP production
in stapes cells compared with that measured in EAC cells is in
agreement with previous work by Fano et al. (11) who reported that a
higher PTH concentration was required to stimulate adenyl cyclase (AC)
activity in stapes to the same extent as in EAC cells. In contrast to
our study, the basal AC activity reported by these authors was
significantly higher in otosclerotic cells compared with that in
control cells. Difference in experimental conditions, and in particular
the fact that we measured cAMP production in the presence of
3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine in intact cells, whereas Fano et al.
measured AC activity in cell membrane, may explain these results.
Different mechanisms could be responsible for a decreased PTH
stimulation of cAMP production. Inadequate experimental conditions can
be excluded because SaOS-2, used as positive control in our series,
showed cAMP response to low PTH concentrations. Moreover, they would
not explain the difference of cAMP response between stapes and EAC in
our series. Observations by Della Torre et al. (8) and Maurizi et al.
(21), based on an abnormal cAMP response to propranolol and on a
difference of AC activity between otosclerotic and control cell
homogenates in the presence of GTP,
Ca2+,
Mn2+, and calcitonin, suggested
that a calcitonin receptor/G protein binding alteration may be
responsible for the abnormal agonist-stimulated AC activity in
otosclerotic cells. Other possibilities, which do not exclude a defect
in receptor/G protein interaction, comprise defects in AC activity and
receptor expression or structure. The lower response in stapes samples
reported here was not due to an AC defect because the stimulation of
cAMP production by forskolin was evidenced in all cases and was similar
to that in EAC cells. In other types of osteoblast-like cell cultures,
a wide range of cAMP response to PTH and forskolin has been reported
(10, 25). In our series, the control bone samples were obtained from a
near anatomic site the involvement of which by the otosclerotic lesions
has never been observed in large autopsy series (14). However,
excluding positively any difference of cAMP response between stapes and
EAC not related to otosclerosis would have necessitated the comparison
of normal stapes and EAC, which was ethically impossible in this study.
The observation that PTH evoked a cAMP response lower than that
produced by forskolin in our series is interesting to point out,
because PTH elicited a similar or even greater cAMP response than
forskolin in SaOS-2 (this study) and in other primary bone cell
cultures (24). The significance of this observation remains unclear.
Importantly, a lower cAMP response to PTH than to forskolin was
evidenced in both stapes and EAC cells. As regards the PTH-PTHrP receptor mRNA expression, this was found to be lower in the
otosclerotic stapes, which is in accordance with the lower cAMP
response to PTH in the otosclerotic stapes. The high sensitivity of
RT-PCR, a technique used for the assessment of the mRNA expression,
imposes a cautious interpretation of the results. In fact, the
PTH-PTHrP receptor cDNA could not be amplified in a single PCR round.
Despite this limitation, it is noteworthy that all patients with
otosclerosis presented a lower PTH-PTHrP receptor expression in the
involved tissue (stapes) than that in the control sample (EAC). In
addition, stapes-EAC normalized PTH-PTHrP receptor mRNA expression
ratios were homogeneous and similar between cases studied by RNA
extraction from bone and those studied through cell cultures,
demonstrating that cell cultures conserved their original PTH-PTHrP
receptor expression phenotype. Interestingly, the patient who did not
have a lower PTH-PTHrP receptor mRNA expression in the stapes compared with that in EAC presented osteogenesis imperfecta involving both external and middle ear and not otosclerosis.
It is unlikely that the decreased PTH-PTHrP receptor expression and
function are the triggering event leading to otosclerosis. More
probable etiologic factors include a persistent measles infection (19,
22) and an abnormal regulation of bone matrix protein metabolism such
as glycosaminoglycan (4). Abnormalities of PTH-PTHrP receptor
expression and function can be easily integrated in the mechanisms
leading to abnormal bone remodeling induced by these possible
etiologies. PTH-PTHrP receptor function and expression abnormalities
are among potential consequences of measles infection, because this
virus induces multiple cytopathogenic effects such as upregulation of
heat shock proteins and chromosomal fragmentation (3). Moreover, the
PTH-PTHrP receptor may be directly involved in the regulation of
glycosaminoglycan metabolism or may indirectly influence it through a
modification of its sulfation (16).
The relation between the low PTH-PTHrP receptor expression and the high
bone turnover in the otosclerotic stapes remains to be elucidated.
Different hypotheses can be proposed concerning this relation.
Observations in SaOS-2, a human osteoblastic cell line, show that the
activation of the cAMP transduction pathway mimicked the PTH metabolic
stimulatory effects (15) and decreased the PTH-PTHrP receptor mRNA
expression (12). An anomaly of this pathway beyond cAMP production
(e.g., an abnormal activation of the protein kinase A) would explain a
lower receptor mRNA expression associated with a high bone remodeling
in otosclerotic tissue. It could also be speculated that PTH stimulated
second messengers other than cAMP, such as intracellular
Ca2+, could be incriminated in the
increased bone turnover. In favor of that hypothesis, a higher basal
intracellular Ca2+ concentration
associated with a lower stimulation of this messenger's concentration
by PTH was observed in otosclerotic bone cultures compared with that
obtained in EAC control samples (11).
In conclusion, our results are compatible with a lower PTH-PTHrP
receptor mRNA expression in tissular samples and in early stage primary
cell cultures associated with a lower cAMP response in the otosclerotic
stapes compared with that in EAC. This difference supports the
hypothesis that an abnormal cellular response to PTH contributes to the
abnormal bone turnover in otosclerosis.
 |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
This work was supported by grants from the Institut National de la
Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris 7, Faculté Xavier Bichat, and the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale.
 |
FOOTNOTES |
Preliminary results were presented at the Molecular Biology of Hearing
and Deafness Symposium, Bethesda, MD, 1995.
The costs of publication of this
article were defrayed in part by the
payment of page charges. The article
must therefore be hereby marked
"advertisement"
in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: C. Silve,
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
Unité 426, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue
Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France.
Received 14 December 1998; accepted in final form 13 July 1999.
 |
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