Manipulation of dietary carbohydrate and muscle glycogen affects glucose uptake during exercise when fat oxidation is impaired by
-adrenergic blockade
Theodore W. Zderic,1
Simon Schenk,1
Christopher J. Davidson,1
Lauri O. Byerley,2 and
Edward F. Coyle1
1Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712; and 2Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 78080
Submitted 9 July 2004
; accepted in final form 10 August 2004
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ABSTRACT
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We have recently reported that, during moderate intensity exercise, low muscle glycogen concentration and utilization caused by a high-fat diet is associated with a marked increase in fat oxidation with no effect on plasma glucose uptake (Rd glucose). It is our hypothesis that this increase in fat oxidation compensates for low muscle glycogen, thus preventing an increase in Rd glucose. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether low muscle glycogen availability increases Rd glucose under conditions of impaired fat oxidation. Six cyclists exercised at 50% peak O2 consumption (
O2 peak) for 1 h after 2 days on either a high-fat (HF, 60% fat, 24% carbohydrate) or control (CON, 22% fat, 65% carbohydrate) diet to manipulate muscle glycogen to low and normal levels, respectively. Two hours before the start of exercise, subjects ingested 80 mg of propanolol (
B), a nonselective
-adrenergic receptor blocker, to impair fat oxidation during exercise. HF significantly decreased calculated muscle glycogen oxidation (P < 0.05), and this decrease was partly compensated for by an increase in fat oxidation (P < 0.05), accompanied by an increase in whole body lipolysis (P < 0.05), despite the presence of
B. Although HF increased fat oxidation, plasma glucose appearance rate, Rd glucose, and glucose clearance rate were also significantly increased by 13, 15, and 26%, respectively (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, when lipolysis and fat oxidation are impaired, in this case by
B, fat oxidation cannot completely compensate for a reduction in muscle glycogen utilization, and consequently plasma glucose turnover increases. These findings suggest that there is a hierarchy of substrate compensation for reduced muscle glycogen availability after a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, with fat being the primary and plasma glucose the secondary compensatory substrate. This apparent hierarchy likely serves to protect against hypoglycemia when endogenous glucose availability is low.
lipolysis; glycerol rate of appearance; free fatty acids; glucose rate of appearance
AN IMPAIRED ABILITY TO OXIDIZE FAT is an important parameter governing fat accumulation and obesity (11). Impaired fat oxidation occurs with aging (3), physical inactivity (31, 33), and low aerobic fitness (33). Importantly, it has been shown that dietary fat does not affect its own oxidation at rest (32), but instead low endogenous glycogen stores associated with high-fat, low-carbohydrate (HF) diets stimulate increased fat oxidation (31). Therefore, the glycogen-lowering effect of exercise appears to drive increases in fat oxidation (31). In addition to increasing fat oxidation, low muscle glycogen stores might increase plasma glucose utilization during exercise and thus cause hypoglycemia and reduced work capacity (4, 13). Although it is generally accepted that fat oxidation increases in response to low muscle glycogen associated with HF diets, whether plasma glucose utilization increases is unclear. There are reports on exercising humans that low muscle glycogen does not affect plasma glucose appearance or muscle glucose uptake (15, 16, 37, 38), whereas others report an increase in muscle glucose uptake (4, 13).
We have recently observed that low muscle glycogen caused by a 2-day HF diet and exercise caused a marked elevation in lipolysis, fat oxidation, and intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) use with no effect on glucose uptake (Rd glucose) (38). It is our hypothesis that the extent to which plasma glucose utilization compensates for reduced muscle glycogen depends on the ability of the muscle to increase fat oxidation in response to an HF diet and exercise. That is to say, we hypothesize that an HF diet might increase plasma glucose utilization during exercise under conditions of an impaired ability to increase fat oxidation. Therefore, this study determined the substrate compensation for low muscle glycogen associated with an HF diet under conditions when fat oxidation was attenuated by administration of a nonselective
-adrenergic receptor blockader (propanolol). We have recently described the mechanisms by which it markedly reduces whole body lipolysis and fat oxidation during exercise (20).
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METHODS
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Subjects.
Six endurance-trained male cyclists (73.3 ± 2.4 kg) volunteered to take part in this study after being informed of potential risks associated with participation and providing written consent. The study was approved by the University of Texas Internal Review Board.
Preliminary testing.
Peak pulmonary oxygen uptake (
O2 peak) was determined while subjects cycled an ergometer (Excalibur Sport; Lode, Groningen, The Netherlands) using an incremental protocol lasting 710 min.
O2 peak and body mass index (BMI) averaged 4.45 ± 0.24 l/min (60.6 ± 1.7 ml·kg1·min1) and 22.5 ± 0.28 kg/m2, respectively.
General procedures.
Subjects exercised in the laboratory for 3 consecutive days for two trials. Each trial was separated by
7 days, and trial order was counterbalanced. On days 1 and 2 of each trial, subjects consumed either a control (CON) or HF diet of equal caloric content while exercising for 2 h at 65%
O2 peak on day 1 followed by 1 h at 65%
O2 peak on day 2. In our previous report using similar subjects, we observed that this 2-day exercise and dietary regimen yields twofold differences in muscle glycogen concentrations the morning of day 3 (716 ± 68 vs. 348 ± 36 mmol/kg dry wt, CON vs. HF) (38). On day 3 of each trial, after a 12-h overnight fast, subjects exercised at 50%
O2 peak for 1 h while metabolism was monitored with stable isotope tracer infusion ([6,6-2H2]glucose and [1,1,2,3,3-2H5]glycerol) and indirect calorimetry. Two hours before exercise, subjects consumed 80 mg of propanolol, a nonselective
-adrenergic receptor blocker (
B). Propanolol is a potent inhibitor of lipolysis and fat oxidation during exercise (20). The two trials are referred to as control diet with
B (
B CON) and HF diet with
B (
B HF).
Diet.
Subjects were provided all their food for the CON and HF diets, and they were asked to carefully and honestly report any food not eaten as well as food eaten in addition to that provided. CON was composed of 22% fat (1 g·kg1·day1), 65% carbohydrate (9 g·kg1·day1), and 13% protein, and the equal caloric HF was 60% fat (3 g·kg1·day1), 24% carbohydrate (3 g·kg1·day1), and 16% protein. On the evening before the experimental trial on day 3, subjects consumed a 0.5 g/kg snack of high-glycemic carbohydrate before initiating a 12-h overnight fast before exercise. This final meal was maintained constant for both trials to ensure that the metabolism measured on day 3 was a reflection of the cumulative effects of the 2-day diet and not the effect of the last meal before the overnight fast on metabolism (29).
Experimental trial (day 3).
Subjects arrived at the laboratory in the morning 10 h after the standardized last meal described above. Upon arrival, teflon catheters were inserted into an antecubital vein in each arm for infusion and blood sampling, respectively. Blood was sampled (8 ml) for determination of background isotopic enrichment. Subjects then ingested 80 mg of propanolol 2 h before exercise. Primed constant-rate infusions of [1,1,2,3,3-2H5]glycerol (prime = 3.7 µmol/kg, constant = 0.25 µmol·kg1·min1) and [6,6-2H2]glucose (prime = 35 µmol/kg, constant = 0.40 µmol·kg1·min1; Isotec, Miamisburg, OH) were initiated using calibrated syringe pumps (Harvard Apparatus, South Natick, MA) and maintained for 1.5 h before exercise and during 1 h of exercise. Subjects exercised on a cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport; Lode, Groningen, The Netherlands) for 1 h at 50%
O2 peak.
Blood sampling and analysis.
Blood was sampled (
10 ml) at rest and every 10 min during exercise for determination of plasma glucose, glycerol, free fatty acids (FFA), insulin concentrations, and rates of plasma glycerol and glucose kinetics and placed in tubes chilled on ice. Eight milliliters were placed into tubes containing 0.4 ml of ethylenediaminetetraacetic anhydride solution (EDTA, 25 mg/ml) and 2 ml were placed in tubes with 0.2 ml of EDTA (25 mg/ml) and aprotinin (0.5 TiU/ml). Plasma was separated by centrifugation (i.e., 1,000 g for 20 min at 4°C) and frozen at 80°C until analysis. Plasma FFA (22) and glucose concentrations (Trinder; Sigma, St. Louis, MO) were determined with colorimetric assays, and plasma glycerol was analyzed with a fluorometric assay (9). Plasma insulin concentrations were analyzed with a radioimmunoassay kit (catalog no. HI-11K; Linco Research, St. Charles, MO).
Isotope enrichment sample separation.
Plasma samples (300 µl) were deproteinized with 450 µl of 0.3 N ZnSO4 and 450 µl of 0.3 N Ba(OH)2. Each tube was vortexed and incubated in an ice bath for 20 min. After centrifugation at 1,000 g for 15 min at 4°C, the supernatant was passed down an ion exchange column, which was then rinsed five times with 400 µl of deionized distilled water. The eluant was captured in glass 13 x 100-mm test tubes and then dried overnight with compressed air. Acetic anhydride (75 µl) and pyridine (75 µl) were added to dried samples and then incubated at 100°C for 1 h and subsequently dried with N2 gas. Samples were then resuspended in ethyl acetate and injected into a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer with autosampler (Hewlett Packard 5890 Series II-5988A mass spectrometer), and the masses 145 and 148 of the triacetate derivative of glycerol and the masses 200 and 202 of the pentaacetate derivative of glucose were monitored with selective ion monitoring (23).
Glycerol and glucose kinetics.
Glycerol and glucose kinetics during exercise were calculated with a modified one-pool non-steady-state model (35).
where F is the isotope infusion rate, Vd is the effective volume of distribution, C is the plasma concentration of the tracee, and (E2 E1)/(t2 t1) is the change in enrichment (i.e., E = tracer/tracee ratio) between two consecutive samples (t2 t1 = 10 min). Vd was estimated to be 230 ml/kg for glycerol (30) and 150 ml/kg for glucose (1). Ra glucose is a validated measurement of hepatic glucose production (1). Rd glucose is an index of muscle glucose uptake and oxidation (18). Glucose clearance rate is an index of the glucose uptake relative to the prevailing plasma glucose concentration. The rate of appearance of glycerol in plasma (Ra glycerol) was measured as an index of whole body lipolysis with the assumption that all glycerol released in the process of lipolysis appears in the plasma. Ra glycerol could potentially underestimate whole body lipolysis if glycerol is utilized by tissues instead of being released into plasma (14). Glycerol kinase activity is low in mammalian skeletal muscle, although it appears sufficient to allow some glycerol to be used for muscle triglyceride resynthesis at rest (14). However, during exercise, it is unlikely that glycerol utilization takes place in human tissues to an extent that would meaningfully invalidate the measurement of lipolysis from plasma glycerol kinetics.
Measurements of gas exchange.
During exercise, subjects inhaled through a two-way valve while inspired air volume was measured with a pneumotachometer (Hans Rudolph, Kansas City, MO) and analyzed for oxygen (Applied Electrochemistry, SA3, Ametek, Pittsburgh, PA) and carbon dioxide (Beckman LB2, Schiller Park, IL). These instruments were interfaced to a computer for calculation of
O2 and
CO2.
Substrate oxidation.
Fat and carbohydrate oxidation was calculated from
O2 and
CO2 measurements (12). Because at 50%
O2 max it has been reported that 96100% of Rd glucose is oxidized, an estimate of whole body glycogen oxidation was calculated as total carbohydrate oxidation minus Rd glucose (18).
Statistics.
A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (diet x time) with mean contrasts according to Bonferroni inequalities was used to analyze dependent variables at specific time points during exercise when there was a significant main effect or interaction. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05. The results are presented as means ± SE.
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RESULTS
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Glycerol Ra (lipolysis).
Throughout exercise, Ra glycerol was significantly higher after the
B HF than after the
B CON diet (4.48 ± 0.14 vs. 2.63 ± 0.14 µmol·kg1·min1, mean of 1555 min, P < 0.05; Fig. 1A). During exercise,
B HF significantly elevated Ra glycerol above the resting value of 3.87 ± 0.74 µmol·kg1·min1 by 45 and 55 min (4.79 ± 0.35 and 4.89 ± 0.34 µmol·kg1·min1, respectively, vs. rest, P < 0.05), whereas during exercise in
B CON Ra glycerol did not significantly increase above the resting level.
Fat oxidation.
Fat oxidation during exercise was significantly higher during
B HF by 8.46 ± 1.12 µmol·kg1·min1 compared with
B CON (18.46 ± 1.14 vs. 10.00 ± 0.74 µmol·kg1·min1, mean 1055 min, P < 0.05; Fig. 1B). Throughout exercise in both trials, there was not a significant effect of time on fat oxidation, as it remained it steady.
Glycogen and total carbohydrate oxidation during exercise.
Total carbohydrate oxidation during exercise was reduced 18% by
B HF compared with
B CON (132 ± 7 vs. 160 ± 9 µmol·kg1·min1, mean 1055 min, P < 0.05; Fig. 2). Furthermore, calculated whole body glycogen oxidation was reduced 29% by
B HF diet (74 ± 7 vs. 104 ± 9 to µmol·kg1·min1, mean of 1555 min of exercise, P < 0.05).
Ra glucose and Rd glucose.
Resting glucose kinetics were not affected by diet. However, during exercise, Ra glucose (27.5 ± 2.1 vs. 24.3 ± 1.3 µmol·kg1·min1; Fig. 3) and Rd glucose (28.5 ± 2.8 vs. 24.7 ± 1.7 µmol·kg1·min1; Fig. 3) were significantly increased by 13 and 15% during
B HF vs.
B CON (
B HF >
B CON, mean 1555 min, P < 0.05). Glucose clearance rate during exercise was elevated by 26% in
B HF (6.74 ± 0.83 vs. 5.36 ± 0.40 ml·kg1·min1, mean 1555 min,
B HF vs.
B CON, P < 0.05; Fig. 4).
Plasma glucose concentrations.
At rest, plasma glucose concentrations were not significantly affected by the preceding diet (4.88 ± 0.16 vs. 4.89 ± 0.07 mM,
B HF and
B CON; Fig. 5). During exercise in
B CON, plasma glucose concentration was not significantly different from the resting value until 60 min of exercise when plasma glucose concentration decreased to 4.48 ± 0.22 mM (P < 0.05 vs. resting value). However, exercise during
B HF significantly lowered plasma glucose concentrations throughout 1060 min of exercise compared with resting value (4.37 ± 0.18 mM, mean 1060 min, vs. rest, P < 0.05); specifically, plasma glucose concentration was lowered to 4.07 ± 0.22 mM at 60 min of exercise (vs. rest, P < 0.05). Over the exercise period, mean plasma glucose concentrations tended to be lower during exercise in
B HF vs.
B CON (Fig. 5; 4.37 ± 0.18 vs. 4.66 ± 0.18 mM, mean 1060 min, P = 0.16).
Plasma FFA concentrations.
At rest,
B HF slightly but significantly elevated plasma FFA concentrations above
B CON (0.34 ± 0.06 vs. 0.27 ± 0.04 mM, P < 0.05; Fig. 6). Throughout exercise in both trials, plasma FFA concentrations were significantly lower than resting values (P < 0.05). Mean plasma FFA concentrations were similar with the two diets during exercise (0.21 ± 0.03 vs. 0.25 ± 0.02 mM, P = 0.28).
Plasma insulin concentrations.
At rest, plasma insulin concentration was significantly lower during
B HF compared with
B CON (1.82 ± 0.29 vs. 2.86 ± 0.63 µIU/ml, P < 0.05). In both trials, plasma insulin concentrations were significantly lower than resting values throughout most of the exercise (i.e., 2060 min), and there were no differences between the diets (Fig. 7).
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DISCUSSION
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The primary finding of this study was that the uptake of blood glucose during exercise (i.e., Rd glucose) was significantly increased by low muscle glycogen associated with a high-fat diet, when lipolysis and fat oxidation were impaired by
-adrenergic blockade. Previously, using the same dietary and exercise protocol (38), we reported that, in the overnight-fasted state without
B, the decrease in glycogen concentration and utilization common to a high-fat diet is compensated by a marked increase (i.e., 71%) in fat oxidation associated with a similar increase in whole body lipolysis (i.e., 78%). This compensatory increase in fat oxidation was apparently very well matched to the reduction in glycogen utilization, because the other major fuel source, plasma glucose as measured from Rd glucose, was unaffected by the high-fat diet (17.3 ± 1.0 vs. 18.4 ± 1.5 µmol·kg1·min1, high-fat vs. control diet) (38). In the present study, the increase in lipolysis and fat oxidation caused by the high-fat diet was attenuated by
-adrenergic blockade and thus may be responsible for the 15, 26, and 13% compensatory increase in Rd glucose, glucose clearance rate, and Ra glucose, respectively.
Previously, we (38) reported that the same high-fat diet, in similarly trained subjects without
B, significantly lowered muscle glycogen concentration by 51% and decreased glycogen oxidation during exercise by 42%. This reduction in muscle glycogen previously did not increase Rd glucose, glucose clearance rate, or Ra glucose; yet it caused an
14 µmol·kg1·min1 increase in fat oxidation and an
6 µmol·kg1·min1 increase in triglyceride lipolysis during exercise in the normal overnight-fasted state (38). In the present study, under conditions of
-adrenergic blockade, the increases in fat oxidation and lipolysis were attenuated, as the increase in fat oxidation was only
8.5 µmol·kg1·min1 and the increase in triglyceride lipolysis was
2 µmol·kg1·min1 (vs. Ref. 36, both P < 0.05). Interestingly, Rd glucose during exercise, an index of muscle glucose uptake, increased by 15% following the high-fat diet, and, because mean exercise glucose concentration also tended to be lower (4.37 vs. 4.66 mM, P = 0.16), the glucose clearance rate was increased by 26% above control. Changes in plasma insulin concentrations were not responsible for this elevated Rd glucose or glucose clearance rate, as insulin concentrations were similar during exercise with both diets. As has been reported before, the reduction in fat oxidation caused by nonselective
-adrenergic receptor blockade increases Rd glucose and clearance rate (20, 28), and we report here that this effect is further augmented by low muscle glycogen.
Whether low muscle glycogen concentration from a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet affects glucose uptake has been controversial. Previous studies have reported that 2 days (15, 37, 38) and 7 wk (16) of a high-fat diet and exercise regimen and associated low muscle glycogen concentration did not increase plasma glucose utilization, whereas others have reported elevated muscle glucose uptake after
1624 h on a high-fat diet and glycogen-depleting exercise regimen (4, 13). In light of our present findings, the elevated muscle glucose uptake previously reported by others (4, 13) may have been due to an inadequate compensation from fat oxidation, considering that adaptation to a high-fat diet may require 24 h or more, even in those who engage in exercise training (33). In addition, reports of the inverse relationship between muscle glycogen concentration and glucose uptake in the rat hindlimb perfusion model (7, 17, 27) may have been due to the inability of the muscle to increase fat oxidation to compensate for low glycogen because muscle glycogen was typically lowered fewer than 24 h before measurement of muscle glucose uptake. Moreover, because the sources for the elevated fat oxidation following a high-fat diet have been reported to be due to elevated muscle triglyceride concentration and breakdown (19, 38) and increased VLDL-triglyceride uptake (16), the absence of catecholamines (i.e., to facilitate IMTG breakdown) and VLDL-triglyceride in the perfusion medium of rat muscle would have likely compromised the ability of fat oxidation to increase and, according to the present results, would have increased dependence on glucose uptake. Therefore, the hindlimb perfusion model for assessing the effect of low glycogen on glucose uptake is distinct from the in vivo human studies wherein IMTG breakdown is facilitated by catecholamines (5) and plasma triglycerides are available to skeletal muscle (16).
Cellular mechanisms that may be responsible for elevated muscle glucose uptake with low muscle glycogen may involve changes in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity and glucose 6-phosphate concentrations. AMPK activation may be responsible for glucose uptake in type II muscle fibers, as its activity and glucose uptake have been reported to be potentiated by low muscle glycogen in rat skeletal muscle (7). In addition, low muscle glycogen may decrease glucose 6-phosphate concentrations (27) and thus disinhibit hexokinase and thereby increase glucose phosphorylation and uptake. Elevated fatty acid availability and oxidation in the normal overnight-fasted state following a high-fat diet (38) may retard the effects of low glycogen on AMPK and/or glucose 6-phosphate concentrations, as fatty acid elevation and oxidation (i.e., via Intralipid and heparin infusion) have been reported to elevate glucose 6-phosphate concentrations (e.g., Randle effect) and decrease AMP concentration (8).
The elevated Ra glucose following the high-fat diet in the present study may have been derived from increased hepatic glycogenolysis and/or elevated gluconeogenesis. Because a high-fat diet reportedly lowers liver glycogen concentrations (21) and increases gluconeogenesis (26), the latter seems to be a more plausible source of the increase in Ra glucose with the high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet. Enhanced stimulation of Ra glucose may also have resulted from the tendency for lower plasma glucose concentration to stimulate hepatic Ra glucose independently of adrenergic stimulation (6).
Together, our present and recent (38) findings that low muscle glycogen concentration associated with a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet increases glucose uptake only when lipolysis and fat oxidation are limited suggest that there is a hierarchy of substrate compensation, with fat being the primary compensatory substrate and plasma glucose secondary for reduced muscle glycogen availability. This apparent hierarchy is not surprising in light of the limited supply of liver glycogen (
200 kcal after overnight fast) relative to the large amount of energy available from fatty acids stored as triglycerides in muscle and adipose tissue (>30,000 kcal). An increased dependence on glucose uptake could certainly challenge already-limited liver glycogen stores and thus threaten the maintenance of euglycemia. As suggested by the tendency for a decrease in mean exercise plasma glucose concentration and the statistically significant (P < 0.05) lower glucose concentrations at the 30- and 60-min time points after the high-fat diet in the
B condition (4.37 ± 0.18 vs. 4.66 ± 0.18,
B HF vs.
B CON, P = 0.16) and the well-maintained euglycemia after the high-fat diet in control conditions in Ref. 38 (4.86 vs. 4.92 mM, CON vs. HF, P = 0.5), the elevated lipolysis and fat oxidation caused by a high-fat diet defend the body from systemic hypoglycemia. Similarly, the exercise-trained state is another condition whereby the oxidation of IMTG is increased and plasma glucose turnover is slowed, resulting in better maintenance of euglycemia during 90 min of exercise compared with exercise in the untrained state performed at the same absolute work rate (24, 25).
We recently reported that IMTG breakdown during exercise could account for the increase in fat oxidation and lipolysis caused by this high-fat diet (38). The present results also support this in that
-adrenergic receptor blockade impairs IMTG breakdown (5) and concomitantly attenuates the increase in fat oxidation caused by the high-fat diet. We have also reported that suppression of plasma FFA concentration with the adipose lipolysis inhibitor acipimox does not impair the marked increase in fat oxidation caused by a high-fat diet (38). Despite the
-adrenergic receptor blockade, fat oxidation and lipolysis were still increased by the high-fat compared with the control diet, and this may have been due to elevated VLDL-triglyceride uptake (16) and/or an incomplete
-adrenergic receptor blockade of IMTG breakdown as well as the possibility that IMTG breakdown is still elevated by the high-fat diet via mechanisms independent of
-adrenergic stimulation, such as changes in intracellular fatty acid-binding proteins (2) and elevated IMTG concentration (10, 34, 36).
In conclusion, when lipolysis and fat oxidation are impaired during exercise, in this case by
B, increases in fat oxidation derived from a high-fat diet cannot completely compensate for a reduction in muscle glycogen utilization, and consequently plasma glucose turnover increases. These findings suggest that there is a hierarchy of substrate compensation during exercise in response to reduced muscle glycogen availability following a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, with fat being the primary compensatory substrate and plasma glucose the secondary substrate. This apparent hierarchy likely serves to protect against hypoglycemia when endogenous glucose availability is low.
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GRANTS
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This study was supported, in part, by a student grant from the Texas Chapter of the American College of Sports Medicine to T. W. Zderic.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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We thank the study participants for dedication and effort. The technical assistance of Steven L. Walker is appreciated.
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FOOTNOTES
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Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: E. F. Coyle, Bellmont Hall 222, Dept. of Kinesiology and Health Education, The Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 (E-mail: coyle{at}mail.utexas.edu)
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
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