Role of cAMP and calcium influx in endothelin-1-induced ANP
release in rat cardiomyocytes
M. C.
Rebsamen1,
D. J.
Church2,
D.
Morabito1,
M. B.
Vallotton1, and
U.
Lang1
1 Division of Endocrinology and
Diabetology, University Hospital, and
2 Geneva Biomedical Research
Institute, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
 |
ABSTRACT |
The mechanism of endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release was studied in neonatal rat
ventricular cardiomyocytes. These cells expressed a single
high-affinity class of ETA
receptor (dissociation constant = 54 ± 18 pM,
n = 3), but no
ETB receptors. Incubation of
cardiomyocytes with ET-1 led to concentration-dependent ANP release and
prostacyclin production. ET-1-induced ANP release was affected by
neither protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition or downregulation nor by
cyclooxygenase inhibition, indicating that ET-1-stimulated ANP
secretion is not a PKC-mediated, prostaglandin-dependent process.
Furthermore, ET-1 significantly stimulated adenosine
3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) production and increased
cytosolic calcium concentration in these preparations. Both
ET-1-induced calcium influx and ANP release were decreased by the cAMP
antagonist Rp-cAMPS, the Rp diastereoisomer of cAMP. Moreover,
ET-1-induced ANP secretion was strongly inhibited in the presence of
nifedipine as well as in the absence of extracellular calcium. Thus our
results suggest that ET-1 stimulates ANP release in ventricular
cardiomyocytes via an ETA
receptor-mediated pathway involving cAMP formation and activation of a
nifedipine-sensitive calcium channel.
endothelin-1; receptor; prostacyclin formation; protein kinase C
downregulation; adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate
antagonist; nifedipine-sensitive calcium channel; signal transduction; atrial natriuretic peptide
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INTRODUCTION |
ENDOTHELIN-1 (ET-1), the principal peptide of
the endothelin family, has been shown to have a variety of biological
activities in both vascular and nonvascular tissues, including the
heart, the kidney, and the central nervous system (21). In
cardiomyocytes, ET-1 has been found to increase cell contraction
frequency (12) and to stimulate the release of atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP; see Ref. 11), a hormone that regulates salt and water
balance and is synthesized and secreted by both atrial and ventricular myocytes.
At the cellular level, the effects of ET-1 appear to be mediated by two
specific receptor subtypes termed
ETA and
ETB (21), both of which are
functionally coupled to phospholipase C (PLC). Interestingly, the
intracellular signaling pathways underlying ET-1-induced ANP release
have been proposed to result at least in part from the activation of
this effector (15), an event leading to increased phosphatidylinositol
4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis, which in turn promotes both inositol
1,4,5-trisphosphate-mediated Ca2+
mobilization and the diacylglycerol-dependent activation of protein kinase C (PKC). Although a number of studies have indicated a role for
PKC in ET-1-induced ANP secretion in various cardiomyocyte models (11,
15, 26), the role of Ca2+
mobilization in ET-1-induced ANP release remains to be demonstrated. It
is generally believed that Ca2+
plays an important role in ET-1-dependent ANP secretion (11, 13, 15,
26), and it is likely that this occurs through an influx of
extracellular Ca2+ in most
experimental models, since ET-1-induced ANP release is inhibited in the
presence of the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker nifedipine
(11).
Despite the above, the mechanism of ET-1-induced ANP secretion remains
incompletely understood, particularly with regard to the effect(s) of
ET-1 on cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c),
PKC activation, and/or increase in contraction frequency, as
well as to the role of these responses in ET-1-induced ANP secretion.
In ventricular cardiomyocytes, Damron et al. (7) found that inhibition
of PKC reduces ET-1-induced increase in ATP-triggered calcium
transients, whereas Xu et al. (30) report that PKC inhibition increases
ET-1-stimulated calcium responses. In atrial cardiomyocytes, PKC
inhibition was found to partially inhibit ET-1-induced ANP release
(26).
Discrepancies have also been reported regarding ET-1-induced calcium
responses. Uusimaa et al. (26) observed that ET-1 causes concentration-dependent increases in cytosolic calcium concentration in
atrial myocytes, whereas McDonough et al. (15) found that ET-1 did not
significantly increase basal cytoplasmic calcium in the same cells. Ono
et al. (19) showed that ET-1 inhibits the L-type calcium channels in
adult guinea pig atrial myocytes. In contrast, ET-1 has been found to
increase calcium conductance through L-type calcium channels in
ventricular cardiomyocytes (26).
Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that, in spontaneously
beating neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes, angiotensin II (ANG
II), arginine vasopressin (AVP), and phorbol diester-induced ANP
release are phenomena mediated by PKC-dependent prostaglandin formation, a response that appears to lead to cAMP production and
nifedipine-sensitive calcium influx (2, 27). In the present study, we
identified the ET-1 receptor subtype present in cultured, spontaneously beating neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes and further investigated the role of PKC, intracellular calcium mobilization, calcium influx, prostaglandin formation, and cAMP production in ET-1-induced ANP secretion.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
Materials.
Rat
[3-125I-Tyr125]ANP-(99
126)
was purchased from Novabiochem (Basel, Switzerland).
3H-labeled 6-keto-prostaglandin
(PG) F1
(6-keto-PGF1
) was obtained
from Amersham International (Bucks, UK). ET-1, ET-3, succinyl-[Glu9,
Ala11,15]endothelin-1-(8
21)
(IRL-1620), and
[D-Trp16-
(Ac)]endothelin-1-(16
21) were from Bachem (Bubendorf,
Switzerland). 4
-Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA),
3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), indomethacin, nifedipine, ethylene
glycol-bis(
-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic
acid (EGTA), insulin-transferrin-selenium medium supplement (ITS; 5 µg/ml, 5 µg/ml, and 5 ng/ml, respectively), bovine serum albumin
(BSA) fraction V, aprotinin, bacitracin, and probenicid were from Sigma
(St. Louis, MO). Fura 2-acetoxymethyl ester (fura 2-AM), fluo
3-acetoxymethylester (fluo 3-AM) and puronic acid were obtained from
Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR). Calphostin C, chelerythrine, and the Rp
diastereoisomer of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Rp-cAMPS) were from LC Laboratories (Woburn, MA).
The PKC inhibitor CGP-41251 was a gift from Ciba-Geigy (Basel, Switzerland). Thapsigargin was from Anawa Trading (Wangen,
Switzerland). Ionomycin and cyclosporin A were from Calbiochem (San
Diego, CA). McCoy's modified 5A medium, Hanks'
Ca2+- and
Mg2+-free balanced salt solution
(HBSS), Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)-F12, fetal calf
serum (FCS), trypsin, and deoxyribonuclease (type III) were from GIBCO
(Basel, Switzerland). Anti-ANP antiserum was obtained from Peninsula
Labs (Belmont, CA). Anti-6-ketoprostaglandin (PGF1
) antiserum was from
Oxford Biomedical Research (Oxford, MI).
125I-labeled cAMP,
125I-labeled
[Tyr13]endothelin-1,
and 125I-IRL-1620 were from Du
Pont-NEN (Regensdorf, Switzerland). Antibiotics (penicillin and
streptomycin) were from Hoechst (Frankfurt, Germany) and Grunenthal
(Glarus, Switzerland), respectively. Anti-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) antiserum was a generous
gift from Dr. A. Baukal (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
MD). Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay reagent
was from Pierce Chemical (Rockford, IL).
Cell culture.
Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were obtained from 1- to 2-day-old Wistar
rats, as previously described (27). Briefly, the lower two-thirds of
30-50 neonatal rat hearts were excised and placed in 40 ml of
sterile Ca2+- and
Mg2+-free HBSS containing 100 IU/ml of penicillin and 10 µg/ml of streptomycin at 4°C. The
tissue was washed with 20 ml of HBSS, cut into small pieces, further
washed with 40 ml of HBSS and enzymatically digested for 8 min with 10 ml of trypsin/DNase HBSS solution (2.5 mg/ml and 0.03 mg/ml,
respectively) at 37°C in a 50-ml sterile conical tube subjected to
constant stirring. The supernatant from the first incubation was
discarded, 10 ml of fresh enzyme were added, and the incubation
procedure was repeated. Subsequent supernatant volumes were collected
and centrifuged at 200 g for 5 min,
and the resulting cell pellets were resuspended in McCoy's modified 5A
medium containing 10% FCS and 1% ITS at 37°C. Once the sequential digestions were terminated, the cells were pooled, washed with 40 ml of
McCoy's modified 5A medium containing 10% FCS, 1% ITS, 100 IU/ml
penicillin, 10 µg/ml streptomycin, and 0.5 µg/ml fungizone and
seeded in 90-mm plastic petri dishes or six-well culture plates (Costar, Cambridge, MA). The majority of cultured cells (i.e., >90%)
began to contract spontaneously within 24-48 h of plating (30-50 beats/min) and exhibited positive staining for pro-ANP, as
we have previously shown (27). Confluent, spontaneously beating cells
were used on the 3rd day of culture for all experiments described
herein.
Receptor-binding assays.
Cell membranes from cultured neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes were
obtained as described by Thibault et al. (24). Protein concentration
was determined with BCA protein assay reagent using BSA as a standard.
For saturation analysis, membrane proteins (20 µg) were resuspended
in a binding buffer [50 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) · HCl, 50 U/ml aprotinin, 0.1% bacitracin, 5 mM MgCl2, 0.5% BSA, pH 7.2]
and incubated for 1 h at 37°C in the presence of increasing
concentrations of 125I-labeled
[Tyr13]endothelin-1 or
125I-IRL-1620 (2,200 Ci/mmol), a
specific ETB receptor agonist.
After the incubation, the tubes were filtered on Whatman GF/C glass fiber filters with a cell harvester (Brandel). The filters were washed
six times with 50 mM Tris · HCl, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.2, and radioactivity was measured in a gamma counter. For nonspecific binding determination, a large excess of unlabeled ET-1 or ET-3 (1 µM) was added. For competition analysis 20 µg of membrane protein were incubated with 10 pM
125I-labeled
[Tyr13]endothelin-1 in
the presence of increasing concentrations of different competitors. All
other parameters were identical to those used in the saturation
experiments.
Determination of ANP release.
For assessment of ANP release, six-well tissue culture plates
containing confluent, spontaneously contracting cardiomyocyte monolayers were washed with 2 ml of Krebs-Ringer buffer containing 0.2% BSA and 0.2% glucose, as previously described (2). After the
supernatant was replaced with 1 ml of fresh buffer, the cells were
incubated at 37°C for the indicated times in the presence of the
various pharmacological agents, and 500-µl aliquots of the
supernatants were collected and assayed for ANP content, according to
radioimmunological methods already described (2). Agents used in these
studies were dissolved in either water, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or
mixes thereof so that the final concentration of DMSO did not exceed
0.5%. When tested for ANP release-inhibiting or -stimulating
properties, a 1% concentration of DMSO induced neither negative nor
positive responses in these preparations (data not shown). Relative
affinity of the anti-ANP antiserum for rat atriopeptides was given as
follows: 100% for
-human ANP and rat ANP
([Ile12]
-human
ANP), 100% for rat atriopeptin III, 60% for rat ANP fragment 18
28,
5% for rat atriopeptin II, <0.001% for rat ANP fragment 13
28, 0%
for rat brain natriuretic peptide, rat C-type natriuretic peptide, ANP
fragment 1
11, rat atriopeptin I and substance P. The
detection limit for ANP determinations was 5 pg/ml of incubation medium. The intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were estimated at 5 and 7%, respectively
(n = 8). Nonspecific binding was
typically 4% of maximal rat
[3-125I-Tyr125]ANP-(99
126)
binding. The dose eliciting 50% of the maximal response for ANP tracer
displacement occurred at 48 ± 5.2 pg
(n = 5). Serial dilutions of the
incubation media yielded results that paralleled those of synthetic ANP
standard.
Determination of prostacyclin production.
For assessment of PGI2 formation,
six-well tissue culture plates containing spontaneously contracting
cardiomyocyte monolayers were washed with 2 ml of Krebs-Ringer buffer
containing 0.2% BSA and 0.2% glucose, as previously described (2).
After the supernatant was replaced with 1 ml of fresh buffer, the cells
were incubated at 37°C for 60 min in the presence of various
pharmacological agents. PGI2
production was determined by radioimmunoassay of 50-µl aliquots of
the incubation medium for
6-keto-PGF1
, the stable
metabolite of PGI2. Relative
affinity of the
anti-6-keto-PGF1
for
eicosanoids was given as follows: 100% for
6-keto-PGF1
, <1 % for
PGE2,
PGF2
,
PGD2,
PGE1,
PGF1
, and thromboxane B2. Nonspecific binding was
estimated at 2.9 ± 0.11% (n = 10). The detection limit for
6-keto-PGF1
determinations was
3 pg/ml of incubation medium, whereas the intra-and interassay
coefficients of variation were evaluated at 4 and 5%, respectively
(n = 12). The dose eliciting 50% of
the maximal response for
6-keto-PGF1
tracer displacement
occurred at 9.6 ± 0.2 pg (n = 10).
Determination of cAMP formation.
For cAMP determination, contracting cells were grown to confluency in
six-well tissue culture plates, washed two times with 2 ml Krebs-Ringer
buffer, and incubated with various pharmacological agents at 37°C
for 30 min in the presence of 0.2 mM IBMX. cAMP was measured according
to Harper and Brooker (9), with acetylation of the samples. Dioxan
(70% vol/vol) was used for separation, and bound radioactivity was
counted with a multigamma counter. The limit of detection
was 30 fmol/tube. Specific binding ranged from 15.4 to 28.9%, and
nonspecific binding ranged from 2.1 to 3.3%. Fifty-percent tracer
displacement occurred at 477.7 ± 53.3 fmol (means ± SE,
n = 18). Intra- and interassay
coefficients of variation were 10 and 12%, respectively.
Calcium fluorometry.
Determinations of
[Ca2+]c
were carried out in confluent monolayers of spontaneously contracting
cardiomyocytes grown on glass slides with the use of the fluorescent
Ca2+ probe fura 2, adapting the
method described elsewhere (3). Briefly, the monolayers were washed
twice with modified Krebs-Ringer buffer [136 mM NaCl, 1.8 mM KCl,
1.2 mM
KH2PO4,
1.2 mM MgSO4, 5 mM
NaHCO3, 1.2 mM
CaCl2, 0.21 mM EGTA, 20 mM
N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), 5.5 mM glucose, and 0.5% BSA at pH 7.4], covered with 400 µl of modified Krebs-Ringer buffer containing 3 µM fura 2-AM and 0.5% BSA, and incubated for 15 min at 37°C. At the end of
the loading period, the slides were washed twice with modified Krebs-Ringer buffer, inserted into glass cuvettes containing 3 ml of
the same buffer, and placed in the thermostated holder of an LS-3
Perkin-Elmer fluorescence spectrophotometer. Continuous stirring was
achieved by means of a magnetic stirrer. Fluorescence of fura 2-loaded
monolayers was measured using an excitation wavelength of 340 nm and an
emission wavelength of 505 nm. Calibration of the signal was carried
out with ionomycin and MnCl2 in
the presence of excess of Ca2+.
The dissociation constant
(Kd) of fura 2 for Ca2+ was assumed to be 224 nM.
Mean diastolic
[Ca2+]c
was estimated by averaging basal (resting)
[Ca2+]c
values for each tracing over a 30-s interval preceding stimulation with
the various pharmacological agents.
Alternatively, cytosolic free calcium determinations were conducted by
plating cells in black-walled 96-well microtiter plates and by washing
confluent monolayers of cardiomyocytes with 150 µl/well serum-free
DMEM-F12 medium containing 2 mM glutamine and 100 U/ml penicillin
and/or streptomycin. The washes were removed, and the
monolayers were incubated at 37°C for 60 min with 100 µl/well of
serum-free DMEM-F12 medium containing 2 mM glutamine, 1 µM cyclosporin, 1 µM probenicid, and 4 µM fluo 3-AM previously dissolved in 20% puronic acid (1 mg/ml stock). After the loading procedure, the monolayers were washed four times at room temperature with 150 µl of HEPES buffer (10 mM, pH 7.4) containing 145 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl2, 1 mM
MgCl2, 10 mM glucose, 1 µM
cyclosporin A, and 1 µM probenicid (assay buffer), after which 180 µl of the same buffer were added to each well, and the plates were
used immediately.
ET-1-induced calcium mobilization and influx were monitored at room
temperature by means of a FLIPR fluorescent imaging plate reader
(Molecular Devices, UK). The excitation wavelength of 488 nm was
supplied by a 3-W argon laser (Coherent, Lausanne, Switzerland) set at
0.8-1.2 W, according to the level of cell confluency. Fluorescent emission was measured at 512 nm. All assays were conducted at a mean
fluorescent baseline signal of 3.0-3.5 × 104 fluorescent counts per minute
per well and per plate. Lens aperture was maintained constant at f/1.4,
and shutter speed was set at 0.3-0.4 s. A total of 120 sampling
points were collected for each well over 6- to 8-min periods. Sample
injection speed was set at 175 µl/min. Under these conditions,
maximal signal amplitude was an additional 2-5 × 103 fluorescent counts on addition
of 0.1 µM ET-1 to wells containing only vehicle.
Statistical analysis.
Student-Fisher unpaired bilateral
t-tests and/or analysis of
variance using the Scheffé
F-test criterion for unbalanced groups was used were applicable. A value of P < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Results represent
the means ± SE of at least three experiments performed in duplicate
or triplicate determinations.
 |
RESULTS |
Determination of the endothelin receptor subtype present in neonatal
ventricular cardiomyocytes.
As is shown in Fig.
1A,
binding experiments showed that
125I-ET-1 bound specifically to
cultured neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocyte membranes. Scatchard
analysis of the data obtained from these preparations indicated the
presence of a single class of high affinity binding site for ET-1
displaying a Kd
value of 54 ± 18 pM and a maximum binding capacity of 108 ± 51 fmol/mg protein (n = 3, Fig.
1B). In contrast, no specific
binding was observed with the ETB
receptor-selective agonist
125I-IRL-1620 (Fig.
2).

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Fig. 1.
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) binding to cultured neonatal ventricular
cardiomyocytes. A: cell membranes were
incubated at 37°C for 1 h in the presence of increasing
concentrations of
[125I]-ET-1, and
binding was determined as described in MATERIALS AND
METHODS. Results are means of triplicate
determinations; similar data were obtained in 3 independent
experiments; cpm, counts/minute. B:
Scatchard plot from same data.
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Fig. 2.
Binding of ETB receptor agonist
IRL-1620 to neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes. Cell membranes were
incubated at 37°C for 1 h in presence of increasing concentrations
of 125I-labeled IRL-1620, and
binding was determined as described in MATERIALS AND
METHODS. Results are means of triplicate
determinations; similar data were obtained in 3 independent
experiments.
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In competition experiments (Fig. 3), ET-1
potently displaced 125I-ET-1
binding with a half-maximal inhibition
(Ki) of 81 ± 8 pM (n = 4). With the use of
[D-Trp16(Ac)]ET-1-(16
21),
a compound known to have a high affinity for the
ETA receptor (6), a
Ki of 65 ± 10 nM was observed (n = 4). Finally, the
competition binding assay results further indicated that IRL-1620
displaced labeled ET-1 binding with a
Ki of 1.5 ± 0.3 µM, a value consistent with that determined by Takai et al. (23)
for IRL-1620 binding to the ETA
receptor subtype. Thus these data present strong evidence that
ETA is the endothelin receptor
subtype present in rat ventricular cardiomyocyte membranes.

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Fig. 3.
Competition curves of 125I-ET-1
binding to membrane preparations of ventricular cardiomyocytes. Cell
membranes were incubated at 37°C for 1 h with 10 pM
125I-ET-1 in the presence of
increasing concentrations of ET-1 ( ),
[D-Trp16(Ac)]ET-1-(16 21)
( ), or IRL-1620 ( ). Results are expressed as percentages of
specific binding and are means of triplicate determinations. Similar
data were obtained in 3 independent experiments.
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Role of PKC and PGI2 in ET-1-induced ANP
secretion.
As illustrated in Fig. 4, ET-1 induced a
concentration-dependent increase in ANP secretion in neonatal rat
ventricular cardiomyocytes, exhibiting a 50% effective concentration
(EC50) value of 0.11 nM.
Incubation of cells with 1 nM of ET-1 significantly increased ANP
release to 135 ± 7% of basal values
(n = 5).

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Fig. 4.
Concentration-dependent effect of ET-1 on atrial natriuretic peptide
(ANP) secretion in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes. Cultured
cardiomyocytes were incubated at 37°C for 30 min with varying
concentrations of ET-1. ET-1-induced ANP secretion, expressed as
percentages of ANP release in control cells, was determined as
described in MATERIALS AND METHODS.
Results represent means ± SE of 3-5 experiments carried out in
triplicate determinations. * P < 0.05 vs. control.
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It has previously been shown that PKC-dependent prostaglandin formation
is at the basis of ANG II- and AVP-induced ANP secretion in
cardiomyocytes (2, 27). In this light, we further investigated whether
the ETA receptor couples to the
same transduction pathway to induce ANP release by testing the effects
of the PKC inhibitors calphostin C (500 nM), chelerythrine (1 µM),
and CGP-41251 (1 µM), a derivative of staurosporine (2) (Fig.
5). The influence of PKC was also studied
by using cardiomyocytes in which PKC had been downregulated by
prolonged, 24-h incubation with 200 nM PMA. This experimental procedure
has been shown to induce downregulation of PKC
,
, and
in
neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (20). In this context it is
interesting to note that the only two PKC isoforms that have been found
to be activated by ET-1 in these cells are PKC
and
(5). As
illustrated in Fig. 5, ET-1-induced ANP secretion appeared not to be
PKC dependent. Indeed, ET-1-stimulated ANP release was decreased in
neither the presence of PKC inhibitors nor in cells pretreated with PMA
(n = 4-6).

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Fig. 5.
Effect of calphostin C, chelerythrine, CGP-41251, and protein kinase C
(PKC) downregulation on ET-1-induced ANP release in neonatal rat
ventricular cardiomyocytes. Cultured cardiomyocytes were incubated at
37°C for 30 min with 0.1 µM ET-1 in absence (Basal) or presence
of 500 nM calphostin C (Cal), 1 µM chelerythrine (Chel), or 1 µM
CGP-41251 (CGP). To downregulate PKC, cells were incubated for 24 h
with 0.2 µM 4 -phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) before
stimulation with ET-1. ANP release was determined as described
in MATERIALS AND METHODS and expressed
as a percentage of control values. Results represent means ± SE of
values obtained in 4-6 experiments performed in triplicate
determinations. * P < 0.05 vs.
control.
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In parallel to ET-1-induced ANP secretion, ET-1 also induced an
increase in cardiomyocyte PGI2
production, as assessed by determination of its stable metabolite
6-keto-PGF1
. Incubation of
ventricular cardiomyocytes with 10 nM ET-1 increased
6-keto-PGF1
secretion by 218 ± 37% (n = 3, Fig.
6A). In
this view, we further investigated whether ET-1-induced ANP secretion
was affected in the presence of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor
indomethacin. As shown in Fig. 6C,
incubation of cardiomyocytes with 5 µM indomethacin, a concentration
that almost abolishes ET-1-induced
PGI2 production (Fig.
6B; n = 10), had no effect on ET-1-induced ANP release
(n = 7). These results strongly
suggest that, in contrast to what has been previously observed for
other PLC-stimulating agonists, ET-1-stimulated ANP secretion is
neither PKC nor prostacyclin dependent.

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Fig. 6.
A: concentration-dependent effect of
ET-1 on 6-ketoprostaglandin F1
(6-keto-PGF1 ) production.
Cultured cardiomyocytes were incubated at 37°C for 1 h with varying
concentrations of ET-1.
6-Keto-PGF1 secretion was
determined as described in MATERIALS AND
METHODS and expressed as a percentage of control
values. Results represent means of 2-3 experiments carried out in
triplicate determinations. * P < 0.05 vs. control. B: effect of
indomethacin on ET-1-induced
6-keto-PGF1 formation. Cultured
cardiomyocytes were incubated at 37°C for 1 h with 0.1 µM ET-1 in
absence or presence of 0.5 µM indomethacin (Indo).
6-Keto-PGF1 secretion was
determined as described in MATERIALS AND
METHODS. Results represent means of 10 experiments
performed in triplicate determinations.
* P < 0.05 vs. maximal
stimulation. C: effect of Indo on
ET-1-induced ANP release in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes.
Cultured cardiomyocytes were incubated at 37°C for 30 min with 0.1 µM ET-1 in absence or presence of 5 µM Indo. ANP secretion was
determined as described in MATERIALS AND
METHODS. Results represent means ± SE of 7 experiments performed in triplicate determinations.
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Role of cAMP and
[Ca2+]c
in ET-1-induced ANP secretion.
To identify the signaling pathway by which ET-1 induces an increase in
cardiomyocyte ANP release, we investigated whether ET-1 promotes cAMP
formation in these cells. As shown in Fig. 7A, ET-1
induced a 50 ± 5% increase of cAMP formation in the presence of
0.2 mM IBMX in these preparations (n = 10). The hypothesis that cAMP formation is responsible for ET-1-induced
ANP secretion was tested by incubating cardiomyocytes with 0.1 µM
ET-1 in the presence of Rp-cAMPS (0.5 µM), a membrane-permeant
phosphodiesterase-resistant cAMP analog displaying cAMP-antagonizing
properties (3). As shown in Fig. 7B,
Rp-cAMPS was found to decrease ET-1-induced ANP release by 51 ± 3%
(n = 9). In addition to this, we have
previously shown that both the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin
(0.1 µM) and the cell-permeant cAMP analog dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP; 10 µM) promote significant increases in cardiomyocyte ANP secretion (3).
Taken together, these findings suggest that an increase in cAMP
production is involved in ET-1-induced ANP release in this system.

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Fig. 7.
A: effect of ET-1 on cAMP production.
Cardiomyocytes were incubated at 37°C for 30 min with 0.1 µM ET-1
in presence of 0.2 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). cAMP
production was determined as described in MATERIALS
AND METHODS and expressed as a percentage of control
values. Results represent means ± SE of 10 experiments carried out
in triplicate determinations.
* P < 0.05 vs. control.
B: effect of cAMP antagonist Rp-cAMPS
on ET-1-induced ANP release. Cultured cardiomyocytes were incubated at
37°C for 30 min with 0.1 µM ET-1 in absence or presence of 0.5 µM Rp-cAMPS. ANP secretion was determined as described in
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Results
represent means ± SE of 9 experiments performed in triplicate
determinations. + P < 0.05 vs.
maximal stimulation.
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Because it has been suggested that calcium influx is an important
signaling component in agonist-induced ANP release (14), we further
tested the effect of ET-1 on
[Ca2+]c
in cultured cardiomyocytes. Calcium fluorometry using the
calcium-sensitive fluorescent probe fura 2 revealed that cultured
cardiomyocytes behave much like a syncytium, such that each contraction
of the whole cell population was accompanied by a single
Ca2+ transient. As shown in Fig.
8, stimulation of cardiomyocyte monolayers with 0.1 µM ET-1 induced a biphasic calcium response: a rapid and
transient increase in
[Ca2+]c
followed by a sustained phase of elevated
[Ca2+]c
(n = 13). In addition to this, ET-1
increased the frequency of calcium spikes as well as the contraction
frequency of the beating monolayers by ~40%
(n = 4, data not shown).

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Fig. 8.
Effect of ET-1 on cytosolic free
Ca2+ concentration
([Ca2+]c).
Ventricular cardiomyocytes were stimulated with 0.1 µM ET-1 and
[Ca2+]c determinations
were performed using the fluorescent probe fura 2 as described in
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Tracing is representative of results
obtained in 13 separate experiments.
|
|
To obtain more information concerning the effect of ET-1 on the
different components of the calcium response, we studied the influence
of ET-1 on
[Ca2+]c
in the presence of 0.1 µM nifedipine and in the absence of extracellular calcium (0.2 mM EGTA). Under these conditions calcium influx can be excluded from partaking in ET-1-induced calcium responses, whereas release of Ca2+
from intracellular stores remains possible. As is shown in Fig. 9A,
nifedipine abolished the sustained phase of the ET-1-induced [Ca2+]c
response in these cells (plateau), and this without affecting the rapid
transient increase in
[Ca2+]c
due to calcium release from intracellular stores (initial peak, n = 7). The same response was obtained
in the absence of extracellular calcium (n = 6; Fig.
9B). Indeed, the amplitude of the
ET-1-induced Ca2+ peak was the
same in the presence and in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, whereas ET-1-induced
Ca2+ influx (plateau phase) was
observed only in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ (Fig. 8 vs. Fig. 9). In
addition to this, nifedipine abolished Ca2+ spikes and cell contractions
in these preparations (data not shown).

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Fig. 9.
Effect of nifedipine and extracellular calcium on
[Ca2+]c
variations induced by ET-1.
[Ca2+]c
determinations were carried out by using fluorescent probe fura 2 as
described in MATERIALS AND METHODS.
A: cardiomyocytes were incubated with
0.1 µM nifedipine before addition of 0.1 µM ET-1. Tracing is
representative of results obtained in 7 separate experiments.
B: cardiomyocytes were incubated with
0.1 µM ET-1 in absence of extracellular calcium and in the presence
of 0.2 mM EGTA. Tracing is representative of results obtained in 6 separate experiments.
|
|
In the same context, we studied the effect of calcium influx on ANP
secretion in cultured cardiomyocytes. Fig.
10 illustrates that the calcium ionophore
A-23187 (5 µM) induced an ANP response of a similar magnitude as that
elicited by 0.1 µM ET-1. Moreover, in the absence of extracellular
calcium (0.2 mM EGTA), as well as in the presence of nifedipine (0.1 µM), ET-1-induced ANP release was markedly inhibited. To confirm the
hypothesis that calcium influx but not
Ca2+ release from intracellular
stores is implicated in ET-1-induced ANP release, we further tested the
effect of 100 nM thapsigargin on cardiomyocyte ANP secretion.
Thapsigargin, which is known to increase
[Ca2+]c
in cardiomyocytes by discharging intracellular
Ca2+ stores (29), strongly
inhibited ET-1-induced release of calcium from intracellular stores
(n = 4, Fig.
11A)
yet was ineffective at inducing ANP secretion in ventricular
cardiomyocytes on its own (from 387 ± 52 to 354 ± 43 pg/well,
n = 6, Fig.
11B). Along the same lines,
depleting intracellular Ca2+
stores by adding thapsigargin before stimulation with 100 nM ET-1 did
not affect ET-1-induced ANP release (547 ± 64 pg/well compared with
499 ± 58 pg/well in the presence of 100 nM thapsigargin, n = 6, Fig.
11B). Taken together, these data
indicate that Ca2+ release from
intracellular stores is not involved in ET-1-induced ANP secretion.

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Fig. 10.
Role of Ca2+ influx in
agonist-induced ANP release. Cultured cardiomyocytes were incubated at
37°C for 30 min with 5 µM ionophore A-23187 or with 0.1 µM
ET-1, and ANP secretion was determined as described in
MATERIALS AND METHODS. ET-1-induced
ANP release was also measured in absence of extracellular calcium (0.2 mM EGTA) or in presence of 0.1 µM nifedipine. Results represent means ± SE of 4-6 experiments performed in triplicate
determinations. * P < 0.05 vs.
maximal stimulation.
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Fig. 11.
Effect of thapsigargin on ET-1-induced calcium mobilization and ANP
release. Cytosolic free calcium determinations and assessment of ANP
secretion were carried out as described in MATERIALS
AND METHODS. A:
cultured cardiomyocytes were preloaded with 4 µM fluo 3-acetoxymethyl
ester, incubated with ( ) and without ( ) 100 nM thapsigargin
(+Thap) for 4 min and exposed to increasing concentrations of ET-1,
during which time Ca2+ responses
were monitored by 96-well plate fluorometry. Points represent average
maximal amplitude of the ET-1-induced
Ca2+ response obtained in 4 experiments conducted in single determinations.
* P < 0.05 vs. control cells
incubated without thapsigargin. B:
cardiomyocytes were incubated at 37°C for 30 min with 100 nM
thapsigargin (Thap) or 100 nM ET-1 alone (ET-1) or together with
thapsigargin (ET-1+Thap). ANP release was expressed as a percentage of
control values. Results represent means ± SE of 6 experiments
performed in triplicate determinations.
* P < 0.05 vs. control.
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|
Experiments using different concentrations of nifedipine and Rp-cAMPS
(see Table 1) revealed that nifedipine
inhibited ET-1-stimulated ANP release by 62 ± 5 and 82 ± 1% at
0.1 and 1 µM, respectively, whereas Rp-cAMPS reduced ET-1-induced ANP
secretion by 62 ± 12 and 73 ± 5% at 0.5 and 5 µM,
respectively (n = 4). Table 1 also illustrates that the inhibitory effects of nifedipine and Rp-cAMPS on
ET-1-induced ANP release were not additive, suggesting that cAMP
production and calcium influx are involved in the same signaling cascade leading to increased ANP secretion in ET-1-stimulated cardiomyocytes.
To better understand the interaction between calcium influx and cAMP
formation in ET-1-induced ANP secretion, we studied the effect of
nifedipine on cAMP production. We observed that nifedipine (0.1 µM)
had no effect on basal cardiomyocyte cAMP production, whereas, in the
presence of IBMX (0.2 mM), it induced a 24-93% augmentation of
cAMP formation in ET-1 and forskolin-stimulated cells (data not shown).
Interestingly, this result is in agreement with the observation that
cardiac tissue contains an adenylyl cyclase that is inhibited by
increases in cytosolic free Ca2+
(31). Because this suggests that calcium influx is not responsible for
increased cAMP formation in ET-1-stimulated cells, we ultimately studied the influence of cAMP on ET-1-induced calcium influx by exposing cardiomyocytes to Rp-cAMPS (Fig.
12). Although Rp-cAMPS (5 µM) had no
effect on basal
[Ca2+]c
in unstimulated cardiomyocytes (data not shown), it reduced ET-1-induced calcium influx by 34 ± 2%
(n = 5, Fig. 12). Conversely, Rp-cAMPS
(5 µM) did not affect the calcium influx caused by application of 50 mM of K+ to the monolayers, a
concentration that depolarizes the cell membrane (data not shown). This
observation indicates that Rp-cAMPS has no effect on the opening of
voltage-operated calcium channels due to depolarization, but decreases
ET-1-induced calcium influx through its cAMP-antagonizing properties.

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Fig. 12.
Effect of Rp-cAMPS on ET-1-induced calcium influx. Cultured
cardiomyocytes were first stimulated with 0.1 µM ET-1, and thereafter
5 µM Rp-cAMPS and 0.1 µM nifedipine were added.
[Ca2+]c
was mesured using the fluorescent probe fura 2 as described in
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Tracing is
representative of results obtained in 5 separate experiments.
|
|
In agreement with these findings as well as with the presumption that
ANP secretion is related to cell contraction, Rp-cAMPS was found to
have a similar inhibitory effect on ET-1-induced increases in cell
contraction frequency (38 ± 3% inhibition,
n = 4). Thus these results suggest
that cAMP is involved in ET-1-induced increases in cell contraction
frequency and calcium influx leading to ANP release.
 |
DISCUSSION |
Taken together, the present results indicate that ET-1 promotes ANP
release in cultured spontaneously beating neonatal rat ventricular
cardiomyocytes via an ETA
receptor-mediated pathway involving cAMP formation and the activation
of a nifedipine-sensitive calcium channel.
We showed that neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes express a single
high affinity class of ETA
receptors but no ETB receptors, whereas Touyz et al. (25) summarized in a short report that these cells
possess both ETA and
ETB receptors, predominantly the
ETA subtype. Substantiating our
conclusion, the ETA receptor subtype agonist
[D-Trp16(Ac)]ET-1-(16
21)
inhibited 125I-ET-1 binding with
high affinity, whereas the
ETB-selective agonist IRL-1620
inhibited binding with low affinity. In addition, no specific binding
was observed with the labeled ETB
agonist 125I-IRL-1620. In this
context, it is also noteworthy that the
EC50 for the stimulation of ANP
secretion by ET-1 (110 pM) is in the same range of
concentration as the concentration of
125I-ET-1, resulting in half-maximal binding
(Kd = 54 pM).
Experiments conducted in PKC-downregulated cardiomyocytes or in the
presence of PKC and cyclooxygenase inhibitors indicated that
ET-1-induced ANP secretion is not a PKC-mediated,
prostaglandin-dependent event as we have previously shown is the case
for ANG II- and AVP-stimulated ANP release (2, 27). Our observation
that cyclooxygenase inhibiton has no effect on ET-1-induced ANP release is in agreement with the findings of Uusimaa et al. (26) in ventricular
and atrial cardiomyocytes.
In contrast to the results obtained with PKC and cyclooxygenase
inhibitors, the membrane-permeant, phosphodiesterase-resistant cAMP
antagonist Rp-cAMPS substantially reduced ET-1-induced ANP secretion,
pointing to a role for cAMP in ET-1-stimulated ANP release in neonatal
ventricular cardiomyocytes. This is further substantiated by the fact
that both forskolin and DBcAMP induce ANP secretion in neonatal
spontaneously beating ventricular cardiomyocytes, as we have shown
previously (3).
We further showed that ET-1-induced ANP release was strongly inhibited
both in the absence of extracellular
Ca2+ and in the presence of the
calcium channel blocker nifedipine, whereas the ionophore A-23187
stimulated ANP secretion in spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes. These
results are in agreement with a study reporting that calcium influx
plays an important role in myocardial ANP secretion (14). The fact that
thapsigargin, while depleting intracellular
Ca2+ stores, had no effect on
basal and ET-1-induced cardiomyocyte ANP secretion further confirmed
that calcium influx, but not Ca2+
release from intracellular stores, is involved in ET-1-stimulated ANP
secretion.
In this context, it is important to note that our observations with
neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes concern acute ANP granule
release, and not ANP message for long-term secretion, since Nakagawa et
al. (16), using the same cells, have shown that ANP mRNA begins to
increase only 3 h after stimulation with ET-1. Similarly, it has been
shown that both cAMP and extracellular Ca2+ also play an important role
in increasing ANP message for long-term ANP release in cultured
cardiomyocytes (4, 13).
The observation that Rp-cAMPS and nifedipine both inhibited
ET-1-induced ANP release without having an additive effect suggests that both cAMP and calcium influx are involved in the same signaling cascade leading to ANP release in ET-1-stimulated cardiomyocytes. However, the mechanism by which ET-1-induced activation of myocardial, cAMP-activated, voltage-operated calcium channels leads to ANP secretion remains to be fully elucidated. For example, the cAMP analog
Rp-cAMPS inhibited ET-1-stimulated ANP release by ~73%, whereas it
reduced ET-1-induced calcium influx and increase in cell contraction
frequency by only 35 and 38%, respectively. Conversely, we have
previously shown (3) that forskolin induces a small increase in
cardiomyocyte calcium influx leading to a significant ANP secretion, a
response that is completely abolished in the presence of nifedipine.
All these findings could be explained by the hypothesis that calcium
influx-mediated ANP release is a very sensitive process, insofar as
small changes in calcium influx, possibly interacting with cell
contraction, very strongly affect ANP secretion.
In this context, it is also very interesting to note that inhibition of
calcium influx by nifedipine, while suppressing ANP release, augmented
cAMP production in ET-1 and forskolin-stimulated cardiomyocytes. This
observation is in agreement with previous studies reporting that
cardiomyocytes express the types V and VI of adenylyl cyclase, which
are known to be inhibited by Ca2+
influx (31). It has therefore been suggested that in cardiomyocytes calcium influx acts as a negative feedback control on the activation of
adenylyl cyclases. Thus it appears that ET-1, while stimulating adenylyl cyclase through activation of
Gs (8, 18, 1), also has an
inhibitory effect on cAMP production via an increase in
Ca2+ influx.
This complex mechanism of action could at least partially explain the
controversial observations concerning the effects of ET-1 receptor
activation on cAMP formation discussed in the next paragraph.
Our data are in agreement with the findings that, in several cell
systems such as vascular smooth muscle cells (8), embryonic bovine
tracheal cells (18), and transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells (1),
the ETA receptor is functionally
coupled to the adenylyl cyclase system via
Gs. In contrast, the
ETB receptor appears to be linked
to adenylyl cyclase by Gi (8). In
rat atrial slices, Sokolovsky et al. (22) observed both
ET-1-induced stimulation and inhibition of cAMP formation depending on
ET-1 concentration, whereas Ono et al. (19) showed that ET-1 decreased basal and isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP production in adult guinea pig
atria. In contrast, Irons et al. (11) observed no effect of ET-1 on
basal or forskolin-stimulated cAMP production in rat atrial myocytes,
whereas Hilal-Dandan et al. (10) found that, in adult ventricular
cardiomyocytes, ET-1 reduced isoproterenol- and forskolin-stimulated
cAMP production.
Overall, our results indicate that, in neonatal rat ventricular
cardiomyocytes, the ET-1-ETA
receptor complex activates Gs, leading to stimulation of the cAMP cascade. They further suggest that
in these cells calcium mobilization from intracellular stores and
stimulation of cAMP production represent two cellular events linked to
two different G proteins that are coupled to one receptor, the
ETA receptor. Oda et al. (18) have
already shown that in embryonic bovine tracheal cells the
ETA receptor is linked to two
effector systems, phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase. The coupling of
a single receptor to multiple signal transduction pathways has been
shown with other receptors.
Direct linkage to both phosphoinositide hydrolysis and cAMP cascade has
been reported for the thyrotropin receptor (28) and tachykinin
receptors (17).
Our results further indicate that
Ca2+ influx is one of the main
mechanisms by which ET-1 induces acute ANP secretion in spontaneously beating neonatal cardiomyocytes and suggest that a substantial part of
the ET-1-stimulated ANP release occurs via increased cAMP production
leading to the activation of nifedipine-sensitive calcium channels.
 |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
We thank M. Rey, M. Klein, C. Gerber-Wicht, and C. Arbogast for
excellent technical assistance.
 |
FOOTNOTES |
We thank the Fondation Carlos and Elsie de Reuter for partial support.
This study was supported by Grant 31-42295.94 from the Swiss
National Science Foundation.
Address for reprint requests: M. Rebsamen, Division of Endocrinology
and Diabetology, Univ. Hospital, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
Received 6 February 1997; accepted in final form 24 July 1997.
 |
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