Cloning of Trp1
isoform from rat brain: immunodetection
and localization of the endogenous Trp1 protein
Weiching
Wang1,
Brian
O'Connell2,
Raymond
Dykeman1,
Takayuki
Sakai1,
Christine
Delporte1,
William
Swaim3,
Xi
Zhu4,5,
Lutz
Birnbaumer6, and
Indu S.
Ambudkar1
1 Secretory Physiology Section,
2 Gene Regulation and Expression
Unit, Gene Therapy and Therapeutics Branch, and
3 Imaging Core Facility, National
Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
4 Department of Anesthesiology and
6 Departments of Anesthesiology,
Biological Chemistry, and Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024; and
5 Department of Pharmacology and
Neurobiotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio,
43210
 |
ABSTRACT |
The Trp gene product has been proposed as a candidate protein
for the store-operated Ca2+
channel, but the Trp protein(s) has not been identified in any nonexcitable cell. We report here the cloning of a rat brain Trp1
cDNA and detection and immunolocalization of the endogenous and expressed Trp1 protein. A 400-bp product, with >95% homology to mouse Trp1, was amplified from rat submandibular gland RNA.
Rat-specific primers were used for cloning of a full-length rat brain
Trp1
cDNA (rTrp1), encoding a protein of 759 amino acids. Northern blot analysis demonstrated the transcript in several rat and mouse tissues. The peptide (amino acids 523-536) was used to generate a
polyclonal antiserum. The affinity-purified antibody
1) immunoprecipitated human Trp1
(hTrp1) from transfected HEK-293 cells,
2) reacted with a protein of ~92
kDa, but not with hTrp3, in membranes of hTrp3-expressing HEK-293
cells, and 3) reacted with proteins
of 92 and 56 kDa in human and rat brain membranes. Confocal microscopy and cell fractionation demonstrated that endogenous and expressed hTrp1
and expressed hTrp3 proteins were localized in the plasma membrane of
HEK-293 cells, consistent with their proposed role in
Ca2+ influx. The data demonstrate
for the first time the presence of Trp1 protein in a nonexcitable cell.
store-operated calcium channel; Trp protein; plasma membrane; nonexcitable cells
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INTRODUCTION |
CALCIUM INFLUX HAS an important role in the regulation
of many cellular processes in both excitable and nonexcitable cells (1,
2, 4, 8, 21). In excitable cells,
Ca2+ enters the cytosol through
voltage-dependent channels that have been characterized in great detail
(2, 8). In nonexcitable cells, stimulation of plasma membrane receptors
by a variety of hormones, growth factors, and other agonists induces a
G protein-dependent activation of phosphatidylinositol
4,5,-bisphosphate-specific phospholipase C (PLC) to produce
D-myo-inositol
1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3]
(1, 3, 8, 20, 21).
Ins(1,4,5)P3 is a
critical intracellular second messenger, since it diffuses into the
cytosol and binds to the
Ins(1,4,5)P3
receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), resulting in the release of
Ca2+ from an internal store. The
depletion of Ca2+ from the ER
store activates a Ca2+ influx
pathway in the plasma membrane, whereas refill of the stores
inactivates Ca2+ influx (20). This
phenomenon has been described as store-operated or capacitive
Ca2+ entry. The molecular nature
and mechanism of the Ca2+ influx
is not yet known. Recent studies have suggested that this Ca2+ influx is mediated by a
channel that has been referred to as Ca2+ release-activated
Ca2+ channel or store-operated
Ca2+ channel (SOC). Inward
currents due to Ca2+ influx via
SOCs have been measured in a number of different cell types (8, 16). A
critical and as yet unanswered question concerns the mechanism that
relays the status of the internal Ca2+ store to the plasma membrane
to either activate or inactivate Ca2+ influx.
Searching for genes encoding the SOC has initiated the cloning of
mammalian homologues of the Drosophila
transient receptor potential (Trp) gene (5, 13, 14). The visual signal
transduction cascade in the Drosophila
eye is coupled to the activation of PLC and has been suggested to
involve
Ins(1,4,5)P3-induced
Ca2+ mobilization (13). Trp and
Trp-like (Trpl) genes have been cloned from
Drosophila, and these have been
proposed to have a role in store-operated
Ca2+ influx. (13, 14). Expression
of the Drosophila Trp (dTrp) cDNA in
insect Sf9 cells and Xenopus oocytes
was associated with the appearance of a novel
Ca2+-selective channel that was
activated when internal Ca2+
stores were depleted by thapsigargin treatment, i.e., via inhibition of
ER Ca2+-ATPases (11, 17, 24).
Mammalian homologues of the Trp genes have been reported in several
mammalian species and tissues, including human brain and embryonic
kidney cells (hTrp) (26, 28, 32), mouse brain and mouse pancreatic B
cells (mTrp) (5, 22), rat brain (rTrp) (10), and bovine adrenal and
endothelial cells (bTrp) (9). These genes appear to be part of a gene
family and presently include six genes: Trp1, Trp2, Trp3, Trp4, Trp5, and Trp6. Full-length cDNAs of hTrp1, mTrp1, bTrp3, hTrp3, bTrp4, rTrp4, mTrp5, and mTrp6 have been reported. In addition, splice variants of hTrp1, bTrp1, and mTrp1, have been identified, which primarily differ in the amino acid sequence of the amino-terminal region of the protein (7, 15, 18, 22, 26, 28, 32). The long form of
this gene, referred to as Trp1
, has an additional 34-amino acid
sequence (amino acids 126-159) that is lacking in the short,
Trp1
, isoform. Recently a shorter Trp gene, a splice variant of
bTrp4 encoding a protein of 495 amino acids, has been reported (9).
hTrp1, hTrp3, bTrp4, mTrp5, and mTrp6 genes have been expressed in
cells such as HEK-293, CHO, and COS, and some functional studies have
been carried out, including intracellular
Ca2+ mobilization and
Ca2+ current measurements (5, 6,
15, 17, 18, 29-32). A number of these studies have revealed that the
functional characteristics of the
Ca2+ influx in cells expressing
the Trp gene product(s) are distinct from those of the endogenous
store-operated Ca2+ influx in the
nontransfected cells. Furthermore, expression of hTrp3 and mTrp6
resulted in increased levels of
Ca2+ influx activity that was
associated with PLC activation but not with internal
Ca2+ store depletion (29, 31).
However, the expression of TRPC1A, which is equivalent to the
-isoform of Trp1 gene, and bTrp4 (bovine CCE1) resulted in the
appearance of a nonselective cation channel in response to internal
Ca2+ store depletion (32). The
most convincing evidence relating Trp to store-operated
Ca2+ entry was reported by Zhu et
al. (30), who showed that expression of a mixture of RNA in the
antisense direction (encoding all six mTrp isoforms, mTrp1 through
mTrp6) attenuated store-operated Ca2+ influx in murine
Ltk
cells. Thus there is a
strong possibility that one of the Trp isoforms that has already been
cloned, or an as yet unidentified Trp gene, might encode the SOC.
Although the use of tag sequences has been useful for the detection of
the expressed gene product (25, 29), the presence of endogenous Trp
protein(s) has not yet been demonstrated, and neither has its function
been clearly determined. It has been proposed that the expressed Trp
protein might form homo- or heterodimers or multimers via interactions between the expressed Trp isoforms or between the expressed and endogenous Trp proteins (27). However, to test this hypothesis, it is
first necessary to develop tools for determining the presence and
function of the endogenous Trp protein(s) in various tissues.
Toward this goal, we isolated a full-length Trp1
cDNA from rat brain
and identified the presence of both the Trp1
and Trp1
variants in
rat brain. Furthermore, on the basis of the deduced amino acid sequence
of the carboxy-terminal region of this gene, we have synthesized a
Trp1-specific peptide, which was used to generate polyclonal antiserum.
This antibody was used to demonstrate, for the first time, the presence
of the endogenous Trp1 protein in human and rat brain and to localize
the protein in the plasma membrane of HEK-293 cells.
 |
MATERIALS AND METHODS |
All reagents used in the study were of the highest grade available.
hTrp3-expressing, hTrp1-expressing, or control (vasopressin receptor-expressing) HEK-293 cells were cultured as described (29, 30).
Rat tissues were excised from 4-wk-old male Wistar rats (Harlan
Sprague-Dawley) and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Human
(cadaver) brain samples were obtained from the National Institute on Aging.
RNA isolation, synthesis of first-strand cDNA, and RT-PCR analysis.
Total RNA was extracted from the frozen tissues using TRIzol reagent
(GIBCO BRL). mRNA was isolated using the Oligotex mRNA minikit
(Qiagen). Total RNA was treated with DNase I (amplification grade,
GIBCO BRL) at a concentration of 1 U/µg RNA in the
reaction buffer, containing (in mM) 20 Tris · HCl (pH 8.4), 2 MgCl2, and 50 KCl, for 15 min at
room temperature. The reaction was terminated by adding EDTA at a final
concentration of 2.5 mM and heated at 65°C for 10 min.
The first-strand cDNA was synthesized at 42°C for 1 h in a 20-µl
reaction mixture containing 300 ng DNase I-treated total RNA, 2.5 U/µl Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV) RT (Perkin-Elmer), 5 mM
MgCl2, 1× buffer II
(Perkin-Elmer), 1 U/µl RNase inhibitor, 1 mM each dNTP, and 2.5 µM
oligo(dT). The PCR reactions were performed by using 2.5 U/100 µl of
AmpliTaq DNA polymerase (Perkin-Elmer), 2 mM
MgCl2, and 1× buffer
II. The PCR conditions were as follows for 35 cycles:
denaturation at 95°C for 30 s, annealing at 60°C for 20 s, and
synthesis at 70°C for 1 min. After PCR, 10 µl of the RT-PCR
product were analyzed on a 2% agarose gel.
RACE library preparation and RACE-PCR.
The cDNA libraries for rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) were
prepared using the Marathon cDNA amplification kit (Clontech), with
some modifications. Briefly, the first strand was synthesized in 10 µl of reaction solution containing 1 µg of RNA, 1 µl of cDNA
synthesis primer (10 µM), 2 µl of 5× first-strand buffer, 1 µl of dNTP mix (10 mM), and 1 µl of MMLV RT (100 U/µl), which was
incubated at 42°C for 1 h. The second strand was then synthesized in a reaction tube containing 10 µl of the first-strand reaction solution, 48.4 µl of water, 16 µl of 5× second-strand buffer, 1.6 µl of dNTP (10 mM), and 4 µl of 20× second-strand enzyme
cocktail, and the tube was incubated at 16°C for 1.5 h. After
incubation, 2 µl of T4 DNA polymerase were added to the solution,
which was further incubated at 16°C for 45 min. The reaction was
stopped by adding 4 µl of the EDTA-glycogen mixture. Double-strand
cDNA (ds cDNA) was purified using the Qiagen nucleotide purification kit. Finally, the adaptors were ligated to the ds cDNA in 10 µl of
reaction medium containing 5 µl of ds cDNA, 2 µl of Marathon cDNA
adaptor (10 µM), 2 µl of 5× DNA ligation buffer, and 1 µl of T4 DNA ligase (1 U/µl). This reaction mixture was incubated at
16°C overnight and then was stopped by heating at 70°C for 5 min. RACE-PCR was performed in 50 µl of reaction mixture containing 37 µl of water, 5 µl of 10× KlenTaq PCR reaction buffer, 5 µl of dNTP (10 mM), 1 µl of advantage KlenTaq polymerase mix
(50×), 1 µl of adaptor primer (AP1; 10 µM), and 1 µl of Trp genespecific primer (10 µM). The PCR conditions were
initial denaturation at 94°C for 1 min, followed by three different
temperature cycles as follows: 1) 5 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 s and annealing and extension
at 72°C for 4 min, 2) 5 cycles
of denaturation at 94°C for 30 s and annealing and extension at
70°C for 4 min, and 3) 25 cycles
of denaturation at 94°C for 30 min and annealing and extension at
68°C for 4 min. After these cycles, the reaction mixture
was incubated for an additional 7 min at 68°C, followed by soaking
at 4°C before termination of the reaction.
Gene cloning and ligation.
The RACE-PCR product was cloned into a T/A cloning-based vector, pT-Adv
(Clontech), which contains lacZ fragment for
-complementation in
Escherichia
coli and ampicillin resistance and
kanamycin resistance genes for selection. The ligation reaction was
performed at 14°C overnight in 10 µl of mixture that contained 1 µl of 10× ligation buffer (Clontech), 2 µl of the vector (25 ng/µl), 1-6 µl of PCR product, and 1 µl of T4 DNA ligase (10 U/µl). Ligated plasmids were transformed to TOP10F'
E.
coli competent cells and plated on LB
plates with X-gal/isopropyl
-D-thiogalactopyranoside
and 50 µg/ml ampicillin. The plates were incubated at 37°C for
18-20 h and put into 4°C for color development. Single white
clones were selected for plasmid DNA isolation, restriction enzyme
analysis, and DNA sequencing.
DNA sequencing and DNA/protein sequence analysis.
DNA sequencing was performed by automatic sequencing, using an ABI 377 sequencer in the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
core facility. The DNA and the deduced protein sequences were analyzed
by several DNA sequence analysis software packages: Mac Vector, MacLing
(Molecular), GCG (Genetics Computer Group), and the Blast and ClustalW
online service of the National Center for Biotechnology Information.
Northern blot analysis.
The probes were labeled with
[
-32P]dCTP
(Amersham Life Sciences) by using the Primer-it room temperature random
primer labeling kit (Stratagene) and purified by passage through
ProbeQuant G-50 microcolumns (Pharmacia Biotech) to remove
unincorporated
32P-labeled nucleotides.
The multiple tissue Northern blots (Clontech) were prehybridized in
ExpressHyb solution (Clontech) at 68°C for 1-2 h and were then
hybridized in the same solution with the probes at 68°C overnight.
The blots were rinsed in a solution of 2× SSC (1× SSC is
0.15 M NaCl and 0.015 M sodium citrate, pH 7.0) and 0.05% SDS three to
four times and then washed twice in this solution at room temperature
(15-30 min each). The blots were then washed twice (20-40 min
each time) in a solution containing 0.1× SSC and 0.1% SDS at
50°C. After the washing, the blots were exposed to the X-OMAT films
(Kodak) for detection of the hybridization signals.
Generation of anti-Trp1 antiserum.
Polyclonal antibody was generated against the sequence
Gln-Leu-Tyr-Asp-Lys-Gly-Tyr-Thr-Ser-Lys-Glu-Gln-Lys-Asp (see Fig. 3). The synthetic purified peptide was conjugated and used to immunize one
rabbit. Peptide synthesis and antibody generation were carried out by
Lofstrand Labs (Gaithersburg, MD). The antiserum was affinity purified
using the peptide and Immunopure Ag/Ab immobilization kit no. 2 (Sulfolink gel, Pierce). The antibody was effective in Western
blotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunolocalization studies.
Membrane preparation and Western blot analysis.
Crude membrane protein was prepared from frozen human and rat brain
tissues and HEK-293 cells in buffer containing 50 mM
Tris · HCl, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF;
Calbiochem), and 19 µl/ml aprotinin (Sigma). The tissues or cells
were homogenized using a Polytron homogenizer, and the homogenate was
centrifuged at 3,000 rpm (1,090 g)
at 4°C for 10 min. The supernatants were filtered and centrifuged
at 19,000 rpm (43,700 g) for 30 min. The pellets were suspended in the above buffer, aliquoted, frozen, and
stored at
70°C until use.
HEK-293 cell plasma membranes were purified as described before (12),
using a Percoll gradient. Briefly, cells were grown to confluence and
harvested in a lysis buffer (10 mM Tris · HCl containing the proteolytic inhibitors aprotinin and PMSF, pH 7.4). Cells were subjected to one freeze-thaw cycle in the lysis buffer and
then briefly homogenized by hand in a Dounce homogenizer, mixed with
2× sucrose solution to give a final concentration of 250 mM
sucrose, and then homogenized by a Polytron tissue homogenizer for 10 s
at maximum speed. The homogenate was centrifuged in a Beckman
centrifuge (JA 20 rotor) at 4,500 rpm (2,450 g). The supernatant was centrifuged
at 13,500 rpm (22,000 g), and the
pellet from this spin was resuspended in sucrose-containing Percoll and
spun at 18,500 rpm (41,400 g) for 30 min. The plasma membrane band was then collected, aliquoted, and kept
frozen at 80°C until use. Typically, we obtain a 30- to 35-fold
enrichment of
Na+-K+-ATPase
in membranes prepared using this protocol. The mitochondrial marker
cytochrome-c oxidase is not detected,
whereas ER markers are enriched twofold. We have extensively used
membrane preparations that were prepared by similar protocols (12).
Samples were incubated with SDS-containing sample buffer (under
reducing conditions) at 37°C for 30 min and then loaded on 4-20% Bis-Tris gels (Novex), and electrophoresis was performed for ~1 h. The protein in the gels was transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Millipore) in 1× NuPAGE transfer buffer (Novex) with 10% methanol at 10 V overnight. The membranes
were blocked with blocking buffer containing 20 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 68.5 mM NaCl, and 0.1% Tween-20 (TTBS buffer) with 5% milk and were washed
in TTBS buffer two times for 15 min each and three times for 5 min
each. The membranes were then incubated in TTBS containing the primary
antibodies, either anti-Trp1 or anti-HA (1:1,000 dilution; Boehringer-Mannheim), for 1 h with constant shaking, followed by five
washes as above. The membrane was then incubated with the secondary
antibody, either anti-rabbit or anti-mouse IgG, as required, in TTBS
with 0.05% milk, followed by five washes with TTBS buffer of 15 min
each. After the last wash, the membranes were treated with the enhanced
chemiluminescence (ECL) reagent (Amersham Life Sciences) and were
exposed to X-OMAT films (Kodak) as required for detection of the proteins.
35S labeling of Trp-expressing
cells, immunoprecipitation, and autoradiography were performed
according to the method previously described by Birnbaumer and
co-workers (5, 30). Dilutions of the Trp1 antibody used are indicated.
Immunolocalization of Trp proteins in HEK-293 cells.
hTrp3-expressing, hTrp1-expressing, or control (vasopressin
receptor-expressing) HEK-293 cells were cultured on glass coverslips coated with poly-L-lysine (25 or
50 µg/ml) for 2 days. These cells were rinsed once with PBS (pH 7.5),
fixed with 3% formaldehyde-1× PBS for 30 min, treated with 100 mM glycine-PBS for 30 min, permeabilized with methanol at
70°C on dry ice for 5 min, and then washed three times with
PBS. After the washes, the samples were blocked with 5% donkey serum
for 1 h, then incubated with the primary antibodies, mouse monoclonal
anti-HA (Boehringer-Mannheim) or rabbit polyclonal anti-Trp1 at 1:150
or 1:100 dilution, and then washed three times. The samples were then
incubated with FITC-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG or anti-mouse IgG at
1:150 dilution for 1 h, washed with PBS three times, and mounted on
glass slides. Slides were examined on a Leica TCS 4D CLSM confocal
microscope equipped with an argon-krypton laser; 488-nm light was used
for excitation of the FITC-labeled antibodies, and images were
collected using a 100× oil immersion objective (Leica
Lasertechnik, Heidelberg, Germany). Differential interference contrast
images of the same fields of cells were also collected.
 |
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION |
Cloning of a full-length cDNA of Trp1
isoform from
rat brain.
Alignment of the sequences of the reported Trp genes demonstrated
conserved DNA sequences in the amino acid regions
Glu-Trp-Lys-Phe-Ala-Arg-(Ser) and (Phe)-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gln-Ser, as was
previously reported (30). Based on these conserved regions, the primer
pairs AW2A/AW2B and AW3A/AW3B were synthesized (see Table
1 for the sequences) and used to amplify
Trp-homologous sequences, by RT-PCR, from total RNA
isolated from the rat submandibular gland, a nonexcitable tissue. The
results of the RT-PCR reaction (Fig.
1A)
demonstrated a single product (~400 bp). This sequence (Fig.
1B), encoding the conserved domain
present in Trp genes, showed 94% homology to mTrp1 and 88% homology
to hTrp1.

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Fig. 1.
RT-PCR amplification of a Trp1-homologous sequence from rat
submandibular gland RNA. A: arrow
indicates RT-PCR product amplified from rat submandibular gland RNA
(lane
1) by using primer pair AW3A/AW3B
(based on conserved Trp domains). Lane labeled M shows DNA size markers
(100 bp). B: DNA sequence of RT-PCR
products from rat submandibular glands. Boxed sequences were used for
design of primers for rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR
amplification.
|
|
The DNA sequence shown in Fig. 1B was
used to design rat Trp1-specific primers AW6A, AW6B, AW10B, and AW11B
(see Table 1). These primers were used for isolation of the full-length
cDNA of Trp1 from rat brain cDNA templates based on the RACE-PCR method (Fig. 2). By use of AW6A and the specific primer AP1, a
product of ~2.4 kb was amplified from rat brain RNA (Fig.
2A). These products were ligated to
pT-Adv vector and sequenced by using M13 forward and reverse primers.
The nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the clones had the highest
homology to mTrp1 (~94%) and contained the 3' end of the cDNA.
The rat brain clone is referred to as pT-rb-3' in this paper. For
cloning the 5' end of the Trp1 gene from rat brain, the primers
AW6B and AW7B were used separately with AP1 to first amplify the cDNA.
The PCR product was then used as the cDNA template for nested PCR
reactions using the primers AW10B and AW11B with AP1. A 1.6-kb PCR
product was obtained from these reactions (Fig.
2B), which was cloned and sequenced
(and is referred to as pT-rb-5' clone). The 3' end sequence
of this clone showed an overlap region with 5' end sequence of
the pT-rb-3' clone, indicating that the two clones together
represent the complete cDNA sequence of the Trp1 gene. To further
confirm that the two clones were amplified from the same gene, primers
were designed (see Table 1) based on the sequence of pT-rb-5'
(AW23A) and pT-rb-3' (AW7B). The PCR amplification of the RACE
library resulted in a product with the predicted size (681 bp; see Fig.
2C). The nucleotide sequence of this
product matched the sequence of overlap regions of pT-rb-5'
(3' end) and pT-rb-3' (5' end).

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Fig. 2.
Cloning of Trp1-homologous cDNA from rat brain by RACE-PCR.
A: amplification of 3' end of
Trp1 cDNA from rat brain (lane 2).
RACE-PCR product size is ~2.4 kb.
Lanes
1 and
3 are molecular size markers.
B: amplification of 5' end of
Trp1 cDNA from rat brain (results from 2 experiments are shown in
lanes
2 and
3). RACE-PCR product size is ~1.6
kb. Lanes
1 and
4 are molecular markers as in
A. C:
PCR amplification of overlapping region of 5' and 3' clones
shown in A and
B. Size of product is ~700 bp.
Lanes
1 and
4 are molecular markers as in
A;
lanes
2 and
3 show results of two experiments.
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|
The cDNA sequence of the full-length clone (rTrp1) was analyzed by
using the BLAST program, which showed that the cloned cDNA had 93, 87, and 87% homology to mTrp1
-isoform, TRPC1, and HTRPC1A, respectively. The full-length cDNA of 4069 nucleotides (GenBank no.
AF061266) had a 2.2-kb coding region between nucleotides 76 and 2355. The predicted size of the encoded protein, containing 759 amino acids,
is 91 kDa; ~1.8 kb of the cDNA comprises the 3' untranslated
sequence. The alignment the rTrp1 sequence with other Trp1 genes showed
(Fig.
3A)
that it is most similar to TRPC1A (32) and hTrp1 (
34, short form).
The rTrp1 cDNA differs from both mTrp1
(22) and mTrp1
in the
translational start site, which is 46 nucleotides downstream from that
of mTrp1. However, as in mTrp1
, a 34-amino acid sequence is missing
in the amino-terminal region (amino acids 126-159). This 34-amino
acid sequence is present in all reported
-isoforms of Trp1. Long
(
) and short (
) forms of Trp1 have been found in human, bovine,
and mouse tissues (5, 11, 22, 26, 28, 32). Therefore, following the
current nomenclature for Trp genes, we have identified the rat brain
Trp1 gene as the
-isoform and refer to it as rTrp1
.
Hydrophobicity analysis showed that rTrp1
has seven hydrophobic
domains. These putative transmembrane regions are similar to those
suggested for other Trp1 gene products (5) (Fig.
3B).

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Fig. 3.
A: alignment of rat Trp1 (rTrp1 )
with Trp1 genes from different species. Deduced amino acid sequences of
reported Trp1 genes. MTrp1, mouse Trp1 isoform; RTrp1 , rat Trp1
-isoform (present report); HTrp1, alternatively spliced short form
(D34) of human Trp1; BTrp1, long ( ) form of bovine Trp1. Amino acid
differences between species are indicated in bold. Major difference is
additional 34-amino acid sequence (amino acids 126-159) in
amino-terminal region of -isoform that is missing in truncated
-isoforms (indicated by dashes). Underlined sequence was used to
synthesize a peptide for generation of polyclonal anti-Trp1 antiserum.
B: hydrophilicity plot of
rTrp1 protein. Kyte-Doolittle analysis of hydropathy was done with a
window of 21 amino acids. * Seven putative transmembrane domains
located between amino acids 320 and 620.
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Expression of Trp1
transcripts in rat and mouse
tissues.
To determine whether both
- and
-isoforms of rTrp1 are present in
rat brain, we performed PCR amplification of the region (nucleotides
316-449) by using the primers AW29A and AW29B (see Table 1). Two
products of the expected molecular masses were amplified from rat brain
RNA (Fig. 4,
lane
2) and represent the two isoforms of
rTrp1, rTrp1
(long form, with 34 extra amino acids) and rTrp1
(short form, without the 34-amino acid sequence). Furthermore, using
the same set of primers, only the smaller product was amplified from
the pT-rb-5' clone, confirming that it is the Trp1
isoform
(Fig. 4, lane
1).

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Fig. 4.
Detection of both - and -isoforms of rTrp1 in rat brain. RT-PCR
analysis was performed using specific primer pairs (AW29A and AW29B) to
amplify - and -isoforms. Both isoforms are present in rat brain
(lane
2).
Lane
1 is amplification of pT-rb-5'
clone by using primers AW29A and AW29B. Lanes marked M represent
nucleic acid size standards of 100-bp DNA ladder.
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|
An RNA blot of various rat tissues (heart, brain, spleen, lung, liver,
skeletal muscle, kidney, and testis; Clontech RNA blot) was hybridized
with an rTrp1
cDNA probe (nucleotides 1-1505). The results
reproducibly demonstrated that rTrp1
-homologous mRNA were highly
expressed in rat tissues such as heart, brain, lung, and liver,
relatively less expressed in the spleen, kidney, and testis, and least
expressed in skeletal muscle (Fig.
5A). A
major transcript of ~4.5 kb was detected in all tissues except liver, where the major transcript was ~4.0 kb. The size of these transcripts is consistent with the presence of 3' untranslated regions. Other transcripts of ~4.0, 2.2, and 1.3 kb were also detected in the brain,
of which the 2.2-kb transcript was relatively more abundant. The 1.3-kb
transcript was also detected in the heart, spleen, and lung, with
highest levels in the heart. Further studies will be needed to identify
these transcripts.

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Fig. 5.
Expression of rTrp1 in rat and mouse tissues. Rat and mouse
multiple-tissue mRNA blots (Clontech) were hybridized with rTrp1
cDNA probe (Kpn I and
SexA I fragment; 1.7 kb) under
high-stringency conditions (see MATERIALS AND
METHODS). Lanes
1-8
represent mRNA from tissues of heart, brain, spleen, lung, liver,
skeletal muscle, kidney, and testis, respectively.
A: hybridization results of rTrp1
probe with rat blot (12-h exposure).
B: results with mouse blot (60-h
exposure). C: hybridization of
-actin probe with rat blot (12-h exposure). Mouse and human RNA
blots gave similar results with -actin probe (not shown).
|
|
To determine the expression of rTrp1
in other mammalian tissues, we
used the same probe in Northern blot analysis of mRNA obtained from
mouse (Fig. 5B) and human (data not
shown) tissues under similar high-stringency hybridization conditions.
The results indicated that rTrp1
homologues were present in mRNA of
several mouse tissues, although a longer exposure time was needed (the rat RNA blot was exposed for 12 h, whereas the mouse blot was exposed
for 60 h). Some variation in the pattern of expression was also seen
compared with that in the rat tissues. Some transcripts seen in the
mouse RNA were not detected in the rat RNA (e.g., 2.4 kb in mouse
kidney, 1 kb in mouse testis, and 2.6 kb in mouse heart). On the other
hand, the major 4.5-kb transcript (likely Trp1
) detected at high
levels in rat heart RNA was not detected in mouse heart, spleen, or
liver RNA. We did not detect any hybridization of the rTrp1
cDNA
probe with Northern blots of human tissue RNA, even with longer
exposures, likely due to the high-stringency condition of
hybridization. Levels of mRNA on the blots were determined by using a
-actin probe (Fig. 5C shows the rat
blot after 12 h of exposure; the mouse blot gave a similar signal for
-actin after 12 h). The results above demonstrate the expression of
the Trp1 gene in both excitable and nonexcitable tissues from rat and
mouse. These data are consistent with the previous findings of Zhu et
al. (28) showing that Trp1 is expressed in several different tissues. On the other hand, Trp3 is almost exclusively expressed in brain and heart. The significance of the other transcripts detected here remains to be established.
Detection of the endogenous Trp1 protein in rat and human brain.
The hTrp3 and mTrp6 genes have been expressed and the
35S-labeled Trp proteins have been
detected by using an antibody against a carboxy-terminal HA tag
sequence (5, 25). However, the presence of endogenous Trp protein in
any tissue or cell type has not yet been demonstrated. Toward this
goal, we synthesized a peptide corresponding to the deduced amino acid
sequence of rTrp1
(amino acids 523-536, with sequence
Gln-Leu-Tyr-Asp-Lys-Gly-Tyr-Thr-Ser-Lys-Glu-Gln-Lys-Asp) and used it to
generate polyclonal antisera in rabbits. The antigenicity of this
sequence was determined by the BLAST program. Furthermore, it should be
noted that this region appears to be present only in Trp1 and not in
other reported Trp genes. The antiserum was affinity
purified using the peptide and was initially used for immunoprecipitation of the expressed hTrp1 gene product.
35S-labeled hTrp1 (Fig.
6A,
lanes
2-4),
but not mTrp4 (Fig. 6A, lane
1) or hTrp3 (not shown), was
immunoprecipitated by this antibody from lysates of COSM6 cells
transfected with the respective Trp cDNAs. Similar results were
obtained on Western blots. Figure 6B
shows the proteins from membranes isolated from HEK-293 cells expressing either hTrp3 protein (lanes
2 and
4) or the control vector
(vasopressin receptor; lanes
1 and
3) reacting with anti-Trp1 (lanes
1-4)
and anti-HA tag (lane
5) antibodies. With the anti-Trp1 antibody (Fig. 6B), reactivity was
detected at similar levels with a protein of ~92 kDa
(lanes
1 and
2) in both control and hTrp3-expressing cells, which could be blocked by preincubation of the
antibody with the peptide (lanes
3 and
4). Proteins of ~148, 120, and 100 kDa displayed reactivity toward the anti-HA tag antibody (Fig.
6B,
lane
5; note that in this case the
reactivity was only seen in membranes of cells transfected with the
hTrp3 cDNA, data not shown). The multiple bands seen in the case of hTrp3 are consistent with the glycosylation states of this protein (5,
25, 29). Importantly, proteins in this molecular mass range were not
detected by the Trp1 antibody in the same blot. In aggregate, the data
demonstrate 1) the specificity of
the anti-Trp1 antibody for the Trp1 protein and
2) the presence of endogenous Trp1
protein in HEK-293 cells.

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Fig. 6.
Detection of endogenous Trp1 protein.
A:
35S-labeled hTrp1
(lanes
2-4,
1:30, 1:100, and 1:300 dilution of anti-Trp1, respectively; arrow), but
not mTrp4 (lane
1, 1:100 dilution) was
immunoprecipitated from COSM6 cell lysates. Cells were transfected with
respective cDNAs and selected by G418 (30).
B: Western blot analysis of plasma
membrane proteins from HEK-293 expressing hTrp3 cDNA
(lanes
2, 4,
and 5) or control
(vasopressin-receptor-expressing) vector
(lanes
1 and
3). Anti-Trp1
(lanes
1-4)
or anti-HA tag (lane
5) antibodies were used. Endogenous
Trp1 protein was detected (lanes
1 and
2); arrow at
left indicates reactivity with a
protein of ~92 kDa. This reactivity was blocked by preincubation of
antibody with peptide (lanes
3 and
4). Proteins of ~148, 120, and 100 kDa displayed reactivity toward the anti-HA tag antibody
(lane
5; arrows at
right).
C: Western blot analysis of
proteins in a crude membrane fraction of human
(lane
1) and rat
(lane
2) brain. Reactivity to
anti-Trp1 was detected with 92- and 56-kDa proteins (arrows).
Reactivity was competed against by preincubation of antibody with
peptide (not shown).
|
|
Figure 6C shows the presence of the
Trp1 protein in crude membrane fractions from rat and human brain.
Reactivity to anti-Trp1, which could be competed against by the peptide
(not shown), was seen in both samples at molecular masses of ~92 and
56 kDa. The higher molecular mass band is consistent with the
reactivity seen in the HEK-293 cells and with the expected molecular
mass of Trp1. We have not identified the lower molecular mass form as
yet. Further studies will be required to determine whether this is a
proteolytic fragment of the Trp1 protein or a shorter isoform.
Immunolocalization of endogenous Trp1 protein in HEK-293 cells.
Because HEK-293 cell membranes showed high levels of reactivity with
the anti-Trp1 antibody, we used anti-Trp1 antibody in combination with
an FITC-labeled secondary antibody to detect the endogenous protein in
these cells by confocal microscopy. Figure
7A shows
the localization of the endogenous Trp1 protein in HEK-293 cells
transfected with the hTrp3 cDNA. A strong reaction to the antibody was
observed in the cells. Localization of the Trp1 protein was clearly
seen in the plasma membrane of these cells, although some reactivity
was seen inside the cell, in a nonnuclear region. The image shown is a
z-series section through approximately
the middle of the cell. Notably, the reactivity was much reduced and
not detected in the plasma membrane in the absence of the primary
antibody (image was similar to that shown in Fig.
8E).
When anti-Trp1 was first incubated with the peptide, the reactivity in
the plasma membrane was attenuated significantly (Fig.
7B), although the reactivity inside
the cells was not completely competed out. Similar results were
obtained with control HEK-293 cells (i.e., transfected with the
vasopressin receptor cDNA; data not shown). Thus HEK-293 cells appear
to contain the Trp1 protein at levels high enough to be detected by
immunofluorescence. The localization of the immunofluorescence (e.g.,
at the cell boundary) was further confirmed by superimposing the FITC
image on a light-field image (not shown). To our knowledge, this is the
first evidence for the presence and localization of an endogenous Trp
protein in any cell type.

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Fig. 7.
Immunolocalization of endogenous hTrp1 protein in HEK-293 cells by
confocal microscopy. HEK-293 cells were plated onto glass coverslips
and cultured overnight. Cells were fixed and permeabilized as described
in MATERIALS AND METHODS and then
treated with anti-Trp1 antibody (A)
or anti-Trp1 antibody-peptide (B)
followed by a secondary FITC-linked anti-rabbit IgG. Image in
A is a stacked image of ~15
z-series sections in middle region of
cells. Plasma membrane areas are indicated by arrows.
|
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Fig. 8.
Immunolocalization of hTrp1 and hTrp3 proteins. After culture, HEK-293
cells, expressing either HA-tagged hTrp1 protein
(A,
B, and
D) or HA-tagged hTrp3 protein
(C), were fixed and permeabilized
with methanol and then treated either with anti-Trp1 antibody
(A and
D) or with anti-HA antibody
(B and
C) and then with required
FITC-labeled secondary antibody. D:
anti-Trp1 was first incubated with synthetic Trp1 peptide.
E: cells were treated only with
anti-mouse secondary antibody (treatment with anti-rabbit IgG alone
gave similar results). Unlabeled arrows indicate plasma membrane
region; arrows labeled 2 indicate intracellular fluorescence.
|
|
Immunolocalization of hTrp1 and hTrp3 proteins in HEK-293 cells.
To confirm the localization of Trp1 protein, we used HEK-293 cells
transfected with the HA-tagged hTrp1 cDNA. Immunolocalization of Trp1
in these cells was examined by confocal microscopy using either
anti-Trp1 or anti-HA and the respective FITC-labeled secondary antibody. A strong reactivity was observed in the plasma membrane region of these cells with either antibody. Figure 8,
A and
B, shows the images obtained with
anti-Trp1 and anti-HA, respectively, in hTrp1-expressing HEK-293 cells.
In ~20% of the cells, a prominent cytosolic localization was also
seen (Fig. 8, A and
B). Figure 9 shows a ×4 zoom image of such a
cell using the anti-HA (a similar pattern was seen in cells treated
with anti-Trp1). Immunofluorescence was associated with the plasma
membrane and a reticular structure inside the cell, which appeared to
exclude the nuclear region. We have not yet identified this
intracellular organelle. When anti-HA was first incubated with the HA
peptide (Fig. 8D) or in the absence
of the primary antibody (Fig. 8E shows
the reactivity detected with anti-mouse IgG, which was similar to that
seen with anti-rabbit IgG), the signal was considerably dampened and
the plasma membrane or ER localizations were not seen. Thus the
expressed hTrp1 protein, like the endogenous Trp1 protein, was
localized primarily in the plasma membrane of the cell (compare Fig. 8, A and
B). The reason for the heterogeneity
in the Trp1 localization and the significance of its intracellular
localization in some cells is not presently clear. One possible
explanation is that, due to the high levels of expression, some of the
protein might not be routed correctly. This needs to be examined in
greater detail. Notably, such heterogeneity was not very
prominent in localization of the hTrp3 protein in HEK-293 cells
transfected with the HA-tagged hTrp3 cDNA. In these cells, the protein
was clearly localized in the plasma membrane (see Fig.
8C; note that the same primary and
secondary antibodies were used in Fig. 8, B and
C). Intracellular reactivity was
also observed in these cells. However, this was localized (like a
"hot spot") to a specific region that was seen in almost every
cell. Although we have not yet identified this subcellular location of
the protein, given that the hTrp3 is glycosylated (5), this region is
likely to be the Golgi apparatus. In a recent study, Vannier et al.
(25), using the same cells and primary antibody, suggested that Trp3 is
localized throughout the cell.

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Fig. 9.
Intracellular localization of hTrp1 in HEK-293 cells transfected with
Trp1 cDNA. Approximately 20% of Trp1-expressing cells showed
intracellular localization of protein (e.g., see cell labeled 2 in Fig.
8, A and
B). A 4× zoom image of
such a cell is shown. Immunofluorescence is present in a
reticular intracellular structure. Image was obtained using anti-HA
antibody. Similar pattern was seen with anti-Trp1 antibody. Arrow
labeled 1 indicates plasma membrane region, and arrow labeled 2 indicates intracellular fluorescence.
|
|
Presence of endogenous hTrp1 and HA-tagged expressed hTrp3 proteins
in plasma membrane fraction of transfected HEK-293 cells.
The data in Figs. 7 and 8 show that although the Trp1 and Trp3 proteins
are localized in the plasma membrane they are also present in
intracellular locations in HEK-293 cells. To further demonstrate that
these two proteins are localized in the plasma membrane of the cell, we
have fractionated Trp3-expressing HEK-293 cells and isolated the plasma
membrane by density gradient centrifugation using Percoll. The presence
of endogenous Trp1 (Fig.
10A)
and the expressed HA-tagged Trp3 (Fig.
10B) proteins in the various
fractions was examined by Western blotting using the anti-Trp1 antibody and the anti-HA antibody, respectively. The fractions examined for Fig.
10 were unbroken cells (lane
1), 4,500-rpm supernatant (lane
2; starting fraction for plasma
membrane isolation), 13,500-rpm supernatant
(lane
3; fraction remaining after plasma
membranes were pelleted, which contains most of the ER component of the cell), and purified plasma membrane fraction
(lane
4). Both proteins were similarly
enriched in the purified plasma membrane fraction (compare
lanes
2 and
4 in Fig. 10,
A and
B). It should be noted that each
lane contained 5 µg of protein. In the case of hTrp3 the ECL reaction
was stopped after 1 min, whereas in the case of hTrp1 the reaction was
carried out for >1 h to detect a signal. This difference can be
explained on the basis of the expected expression levels of the two
proteins, since hTrp3 is overexpressed in these cells compared with the
endogenous hTrp1. The lower band seen with the anti-HA antibody (Fig.
10B) is not the Trp3
protein, since it is also detected by this antibody in the control,
vasopressin receptor-expressing cells (data not shown). Note that this
band does not appear to be enriched in any fraction.

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Fig. 10.
Enrichment of hTrp1 and hTrp3 proteins in HEK-293 cell plasma membrane
fraction. hTrp3-expressing HEK-293 cells were grown to confluence and
harvested. Plasma membranes were purified as described in
MATERIALS AND METHODS; 5 µg of same
protein samples were loaded as follows in both gels
(A and
B).
Lane
1, unbroken cells;
lane
2, 13,5000-rpm pellet, crude plasma
membrane fraction; lane
3, 13,500 rpm supernatant, contains
bulk of endoplasmic reticulum; lane
4, Percoll density gradient-purified
plasma membrane fraction. Blots of gels were incubated with either
anti-Trp1 (A) or anti-HA
(B) and respective secondary
antibodies. Enhanced chemiluminescence reaction was performed for 30 s
for B and 2 h for
A. Endogenous hTrp1 protein
(A) and expressed HA-tagged hTrp3
(B) are indicated by arrows. In both
cases, protein is relatively enriched in purified plasma membrane
fraction (compare intensities of bands in
lanes
2 and
4 in both gels).
|
|
Thus these data demonstrate that the expressed Trp3 and Trp1 proteins
are localized in the plasma membrane of HEK-293 cells. Importantly, we
show that the expressed Trp3 protein and the endogenous Trp1 protein
are localized in the plasma membrane of these cells. Further studies
will be required to characterize possible interactions between these
two proteins as has been suggested in the model proposed by Birnbaumer
et al. (5) and by the data reported by Montell and co-workers (27).
In summary, we report here the cloning of a full-length cDNA of the
Trp1
isoform from rat brain. In addition, we demonstrate that both
- and
-isoforms of Trp1 are present in rat brain. Previously,
Trp1-homologous genes have been cloned from a human fetal brain cDNA
library (32), HEK-293 cells (28), bovine endothelial
cells (7), and a mouse insulinemia cell line (22). In addition, the
presence of Trp1 in several human, mouse, and rat tissues has been
shown using RT-PCR and Northern blot procedures (3, 23). This is the
first report demonstrating the presence of the two isoforms of this
gene in rat brain and the full-length sequence of the rat brain Trp1
-isoform. The reported Trp1 genes, including rTrp1, are highly
homologous, with differences in only a few amino acids even across
species. The major differences in these Trp1-homologous genes appear to
be in the translation start site and 5' alternative splicing. The
Trp1
-isoform has a 34-amino acid sequence in its amino-terminal
region that is missing in the
-isoform. The functional significance
of the different isoforms of Trp1 genes has not yet been established.
Interestingly, unlike mTrp1 and hTrp1, the rTrp1 transcript was
detected in liver, although at a slightly different molecular mass. It
will be important in future studies to identify the Trp gene(s) in this tissue.
Toward identification of the Trp1 protein, a polyclonal Trp1 antibody
was generated against a Trp1-specific region of the protein, based on
the deduced amino acid sequence of rTrp1
. This antibody was used to
demonstrate the presence of the endogenous Trp1 protein in rat and
human brain tissues and in HEK-293 cells. Importantly, we have shown
for the first time that the endogenous Trp1 protein and the expressed
HA-tagged Trp1 and Trp3 proteins are localized in the plasma membrane
of HEK-293 cells. This localization is consistent with the proposed
role of this protein as a Ca2+
influx channel. It is important to note that HEK-293 cells display robust capacitive Ca2+ entry
following treatment with thapsigargin (I. S. Ambudkar and X. Liu,
unpublished observations). As discussed above, several Trp genes have
been cloned and expressed in various cell lines. A store-regulated
nonspecific cation channel activity has been associated with hTrp1
expression (31) but not with Trp3 or hTrp1 (long form) expression.
However, these studies have also shown that the
Ca2+ influx activity related to
some expressed Trp proteins is distinct in its characteristics from
that of the endogenous store-operated Ca2+ influx (16). Thus the role of
the endogenous Trp protein(s) in the regulation of SOC has not yet been
established. Furthermore, the activity of the Trp protein might depend
on the protein constituents of the cells used for the functional
expression studies. For example, it has been hypothesized that the
expressed Trp proteins might form homo- or heterodimers or multimers in
cells (5, 27). It has been demonstrated that transiently expressed
hTrp1 and hTrp3 proteins can be coimmunoprecipitated (27). However,
that study did not determine whether the interaction between the
proteins was in the plasma membrane. Furthermore, other proteins might also associate with Trp and modulate its functions, as has been proposed for the Drosophila Trp
complex (14). To more clearly understand the role of the Trp
protein(s), either the endogenous or the expressed gene product, in the
Ca2+ influx process and to define
the molecular mechanisms that regulate Trp function, it is important to
determine the presence and localization of the endogenous Trp proteins
in cells. The present studies demonstrate for the first time the
presence of endogenous Trp1 protein in the plasma membrane of HEK-293
cells. Further studies are required to determine the function of this protein.
 |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
We thank Dr. Bruce Baum for help and support. We also thank the
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research DNA-sequencing facility.
 |
FOOTNOTES |
This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants
HL-45198 (to L. Birnbaumer) and GM-54235 (to X. Zhu).
The costs of publication of this
article were defrayed in part by the
payment of page charges. The article
must therefore be hereby marked
"advertisement"
in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: I. S. Ambudkar,
Bldg. 10, Room 1N-113, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 (E-mail:
ambudkar{at}yoda.nidr.nih.gov).
Received 26 October 1998; accepted in final form 8 January 1999.
 |
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